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Journal articles on the topic 'Herbal drug'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Parvez, Mohammad K., and Vikas Rishi. "Herb-Drug Interactions and Hepatotoxicity." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 4 (June 11, 2019): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666190325141422.

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Background: In recent times, herbals or phytomedicines have become very popular due to their global acceptance as a complementary and alternative remedy. While modern drugs are commercially available only after laboratory validations, clinical trials, as well as approval from drug regulatory authorities, majority of the marketed herbal products lack such scientific evidence of efficacy and safety. This results in herb or herb-drug interaction induced unfavorable clinical outcomes without crucial documentation on their temporal relations and concomitant use. Methods: An online literature search for peer-reviewed articles was conducted on the PubMed, Europe PMC, Medline and Google Scholar portals, using the phrases: complementary & alternative medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, herb-drug interaction, mechanisms of herb-drug interaction, herb-induced toxicity, herbal hepatotoxicity and causality, traditional medicine, viral hepatitis, etc. Results: The retrieved data showed that globally, patients are attracted to herbal remedies with the misconception that these are completely safe and therefore, use them simultaneously with prescription drugs. Notably, there exists a potential risk of herb-drug interactions leading to some adverse side effects, including hepatotoxicity. The toxicological effect of a drug or herb is due to the inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450), including interactions with certain prescription drugs through various mechanisms. Several cases of hepatotoxicity due to use of herbals in viral hepatitis-related liver diseases have been recently reported. However, limited experimental data and clinical evidence on herbal pharmacokinetics hamper the evaluation and reporting of adverse reactions and the underlying mechanisms. Conclusion: Herb-drug interaction related morbidity is thus an emerging serious public health issue with broad implications for clinicians, pharmaceutical industries and health authorities. Nonetheless, despite increasing recognition of herb-drug interaction, a standard system for interaction prediction and evaluation is still nonexistent. This review article discusses the herb-drug interactions related hepatotoxicity and underlying mechanisms, including drug metabolizing enzymes and their regulation.

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Dülger, Gül. "Herbal drugs and drug interactions." MARMARA PHARMACEUTCAL JOURNAL 1, no. 16 (January 1, 2012): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12991/201216415.

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3

Chavhan, Sarin A., Sushilkumar A. Shinde, Sandip B. Sapkal, and Vinayak N. Shrikhande. "Herbal excipients in Novel Drug Delivery Systems." International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences 6, no. 3 (April 2017): 2597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2017.6(3).2597-2605.

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4

Choi, Min-Koo, and Im-Sook Song. "Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions and Herb–Drug Interactions." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050610.

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Gari, Manju, Lakhan Majhee, and Kavita Kumari. "HERBAL DRUG-INDUCED ADVERSE DRUG REACTION: A CASE REPORT." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.22208.

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The present study done to focus many adverse drug reactions unrecorded with either patients failing to present to health services due to herbal medicine or no pharmacovigilance analysis is being made. In this case, a 55-year-old female patient with 41 kg weight, she received herbal treatment for gastritis and menstrual disturbance since November 2015. After administration of drug, she suddenly developed 23 small vesicles over neck and upper chest. Few vesicles ruptured over 4–5 days and few gradually increased in size to form bulla. The use of herbal drug has increased tremendously across the world in recent times. Hence, it has become important for pharmacovigilance of herbal drugs and adverse effect issues for the consumers and health-care professionals as it is complex to analyze these products than the conventional pharmaceuticals. “Safe” and “natural” cannot be used anonymously. Sufficient adverse drug monitoring of herbal drugs is as important as any other formularies.

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Patil, Rinku Y., Shubhangi A. Patil, Niranjan D. Chivate, and Yogesh N. Patil. "Herbal Drug Nanoparticles: Advancements in Herbal Treatment." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 11, no. 1 (2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00078.1.

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Saini, Malvika, Manjula Manjula, and Mita Kotecha. "EVALUATION OF AN HERBAL ANTISEPTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM." Indian Research Journal of Pharmacy and Science 5, no. 1 (March 2018): 1324–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/irjps.2018.5.1.11.

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Chhabra, Anshu, Gurvinder Singh, and Yash Upadhyay. "A Review on Herbal Drug Interaction." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v8i1.663.

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Herbal medicines are becoming popular worldwide, despite their mechanisms of action being generally unknown, the lack of evidence of efficacy, and inadequate toxicological data. An estimated one third of adults in developed nations and more than 80% of the population in many developing countries use herbal medicines in the hope of promoting health and to manage common maladies such as colds, inflammation, heart disease, diabetes and central nervous system diseases. To date, there are more than 11 000 species of herbal plants that are in use medicinally and, of these, about 500 species are commonly used in Asian and other countries. These herbs are often co-administered with therapeutic drugs raising the potential of drug–herb interactions, which may have important clinical significance based on an increasing number of clinical reports of such interactions.The interaction of drugs with herbal medicines is a significant safety concern, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices (e.g. warfarin and digoxin). Because the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of the drug may be altered by combination with herbal remedies, potentially severe and perhaps even life-threatening adverse reactions may occur. Because of the clinical significance of drug interactions with herbs, it is important to identify drugs and compounds in development that may interact with herbal medicines. Timely identification of such drugs using proper in vitro and in vivo approaches may have important implications for drug development.

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Aminova, Al'bina, Idris Yumaguzin, Niyaz Subhankulov, and Tatyana Sedykh. "Efficacy of a herbal drug in treating bovine mastitis." Agrarian Bulletin of the 209, no. 06 (July 15, 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-209-06-34-42.

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Abstract. Presently, mastitis is being addressed by biologically active agents of plant origin having a bactericidal, viricidal and immune-modulating effect. In this regard, the study of the Raido drug to treat different types of mastitis in lactating cows is of a certain scientific and practical importance. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of the Raido herbal drug against serous and catarrhal mastitis in cows during the lactation period. Research methods. Mastitis was detected according to clinical observations, with the results being confirmed by the express diagnosticum Mastidinum or a quick mastitis test. The blood morphological composition in terms of erythrocyte, leucocyte and haemoglobin content was analyzed on a haematological analyzer. Milk samples were examined bacteriologically for the pathogenic microflora. Results. Treating serous and catarrhal mastitis with the Raido herbal drug increased the level of erythrocytes and haemoglobin in recovering cows, reduced their leucocyte content in the peripheral blood, and somatic cells in milk more than doubled. There were no clinical signs of the disease on the fifth day when serving serous mastitis with 5 or 7 ml of the herbal drug intercisternally. Treating catarrhal mastitis with 10 and 12 ml of the drug using the same administration method produced a similar effect on the sixth day. Thus, the optimal dose for daily interstitial administration of serous mastitis was 5 ml and 10 ml for catarrhal mastitis. A comparison of the therapeutic effects of the phytomedicines Raido and Riposol revealed higher efficacy of the daily Raido use in these dosages. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the optimal dosage of the Raido herbal drug for intercisternal administration to cows with serous and catarrhal mastitis was determined; the therapeutic effect of the Raido herbal remedy was detected; a comparative assessment of the Raido and Riposol herbal remedies' effect in the treatment of serous and catarrhal mastitis was made.

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Pan, Si-Yuan, Shu-Feng Zhou, Si-Hua Gao, Zhi-Ling Yu, Shuo-Feng Zhang, Min-Ke Tang, Jian-Ning Sun, et al. "New Perspectives on How to Discover Drugs from Herbal Medicines: CAM's Outstanding Contribution to Modern Therapeutics." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/627375.

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With tens of thousands of plant species on earth, we are endowed with an enormous wealth of medicinal remedies from Mother Nature. Natural products and their derivatives represent more than 50% of all the drugs in modern therapeutics. Because of the low success rate and huge capital investment need, the research and development of conventional drugs are very costly and difficult. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on drug discovery from herbal medicines or botanical sources, an important group of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy. With a long history of herbal usage for the clinical management of a variety of diseases in indigenous cultures, the success rate of developing a new drug from herbal medicinal preparations should, in theory, be higher than that from chemical synthesis. While the endeavor for drug discovery from herbal medicines is “experience driven,” the search for a therapeutically useful synthetic drug, like “looking for a needle in a haystack,” is a daunting task. In this paper, we first illustrated various approaches of drug discovery from herbal medicines. Typical examples of successful drug discovery from botanical sources were given. In addition, problems in drug discovery from herbal medicines were described and possible solutions were proposed. The prospect of drug discovery from herbal medicines in the postgenomic era was made with the provision of future directions in this area of drug development.

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Prieto-Graica, Jose M. "Common herbal-drug and food-drug interactions." Nurse Prescribing 11, no. 5 (May 2013): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2013.11.5.240.

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12

Länger, Reinhard, Erich Stöger, Wolfgang Kubelka, and Keith Helliwell. "Quality Standards for Herbal Drugs and Herbal Drug Preparations – Appropriate or Improvements Necessary?" Planta Medica 84, no. 06/07 (August 29, 2017): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-118534.

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AbstractStandards for quality control as defined in the European Pharmacopoeia contribute significantly to a consistent and high quality of herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations, and herbal medicinal products. The minimum content of single plant constituents is considered of high relevance. Therefore, nearly all monographs on herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations contain an obligatory assay.However, a critical evaluation of the data published for such assayed constituents reveals that in most cases these constituents have to be considered as purely analytical markers without correlation to quality or efficacy. Examples where the assay does not meet its objective support the need to adapt current quality standards. Moreover, the trend to increase the content of certain constituents may lead to significant modifications to traditional manufacturing processes.In order to initiate a scientific discussion, the role of the assay in the context of quality requirements, quality documentation in the manufacturing process, safety, and efficacy is discussed and possible alternatives to the single marker assay are examined.

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13

Ambwani, Sonu, Roopali Tandon, and Tanuj Kumar Ambwani. "Metal Nanodelivery Systems for Improved Efficacy of Herbal Drugs." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 16, no. 2 (May 25, 2019): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2741.

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Herbal drugs have been used since ancient times in various parts of the world. These have wide acceptability due to their time-tested therapeutic values and minimal side effects in contrast to modern allopathic medicines. Mostly, the herbal drugs are either in dried powder form or in crude extract form prepared in different solvent systems. These preparations generally need large dose administration and also could be less effective in the form of conventional formulations. Moreover, these herbal formulations cannot be targeted to specific tissue in case of different chronic diseases. Oral consumed herbal formulations display reduced bioavailability as these are subjected to adverse pH, enzymatic degradation and ultimately poor gut absorption. Constraints associated with conventional phytopharmaceuticals have been improved by designing and using “Nano Delivery Systems” (NDS). The foremost aim of NDS is to provide sustained drug release, site-specific action, and improved patient’s compliance. Nanometal based herbal drugs can be used for targeted drug delivery in the body which improves their safety, effectiveness and reduces need of frequent large doses. Metal Nanocarriers loaded with herbal drugs can carry the optimal amount of the drug to their site of action avoiding different obstructions such as low pH in the stomach, metabolism by liver so that the drug can circulate into the blood for a longer period of time. Herbal drugs with NDS thus would be helpful in enhancing their efficacy.

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Chaudhari, Pallavi M., and Shrutika R. Randive. "Incorporated herbal drugs in novel drug delivery system." Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6, no. 2 (2020): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31024/ajpp.2020.6.2.3.

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15

Naz, Sabreena, Kislaya Mishra, and Ali Abbas Rizvi. "Drug Induced Nephrotoxicity Treatment: Synthetic and Herbal Drugs." Advances in Medical, Dental and Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (July 24, 2020): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/amdhs.2020.2.6.

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16

Kuhn, Merrily A. "Herbal Remedies: Drug-Herb Interactions." Critical Care Nurse 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2002.22.2.22.

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17

YAMAZAKI, Kiyoshi, Kazuyuki SUZUKI, Kimihiko SATO, Ken OUCHI, Hitoshi YOSHINARI, Ichita ISOZAKI, Ichiro NAKADATA, et al. "Herbal drug-induced fulminant hepatitis." Kanzo 32, no. 7 (1991): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2957/kanzo.32.724.

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18

Srinivas, Prathima, Sadanandam, and Sunitha Manthena. "Phytosomes in herbal drug delivery." Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals 1, no. 1 (2010): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5119.73581.

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19

Shi, Shaojun, and Ulrich Klotz. "Drug Interactions with Herbal Medicines." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 51, no. 2 (February 2012): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11597910-000000000-00000.

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20

Chavez, Mary L., Melanie A. Jordan, and Pedro I. Chavez. "Evidence-based drug–herbal interactions." Life Sciences 78, no. 18 (March 2006): 2146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.009.

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21

Sanechika, Sho, Katsuya Ohbuchi, Chika Shimobori, Atsushi Kaneko, and Masahiro Yamamoto. "Herbal drug TRP channel screening." Proceedings for Annual Meeting of The Japanese Pharmacological Society 93 (2020): 2—P—262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/jpssuppl.93.0_2-p-262.

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22

Skalli, Souad, Abdelhamid Zaid, and Rachida Soulaymani. "Drug Interactions With Herbal Medicines." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 29, no. 6 (December 2007): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0b013e31815c17f6.

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23

Tabak, O., F. Cenik, U. B. Demircioglu, A. Temel, and G. Y. Dumanli. "Herbal drug related warfarin intoxication." African Journal of Emergency Medicine 3, no. 4 (December 2013): S9—S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2013.08.023.

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24

Amaeze, O. U., O. A. Olugbake, and M. Lawal. "Knowledge of Herbal Medicines and Herb-drug Interaction Among Medical and Pharmacy Students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 16, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v16i1.7.

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Background: Concurrent use of herbal and orthodox medicines can result in herb-drug interaction, which could remain unidentified due to the limited knowledge of health care providers on herbal medicines effects and safety.Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of medical and pharmacy students of the University of Lagos on herbal medicines and herb-drug interactions.Method: The study was a cross-sectional survey of final year pharmacy and medical undergraduate students (422) of the University of Lagos. Data was collected using a validated, previously developed, and standardized self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to evaluate the students’ demographics, knowledge of herbal medicines and herb-drug interactions, types and uses of herbal medicines, while inferential statistics was employed to assess the association between the students’ demographics and their knowledge of herb-drug interactions. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.Results: The response rate was 97%. The students (98.0%) knew that herbs can be used as medicines; common uses of herbal medicines reported by the students include malaria (11.4%), pain (24.6%), and fever (36.2%). There was no association between the students’ demographics and their knowledge about herbal medicine. Age was significantly associated with knowledge of herb-drug interaction (P<0.05). The students (96.8%) knew that herbs can interact with conventional drugs when administered concurrently. The sources of the students’ knowledge about herbal medicine and herb-drug interaction include lectures (52.2%), literature (14%) and personal experience (13.9%).Conclusion: The students had good knowledge of herbal medicines; however, the subject of herbal medicines and their effects should be given more attention in the medical and pharmacy program curriculum, in order to enhance the students’ knowledge base of herbal medicines and interactions, and equip the future physicians and pharmacists adequately for better patient care. Keywords: Herbal medicines, Herb-drug interaction, Pharmacy students, Medical students

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Prajakta N. Dongare, Anuja S. Motule, Mahesh R. Dubey, Manisha P. More, Prerna A. Patinge, Ravindra L. Bakal, and Jagdish V. Manwar. "Recent development in novel drug delivery systems for delivery of herbal drugs: An updates." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 008–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.8.2.0158.

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In the recent years, herbal medicines have gained worldwide attention of peoples and researchers due to their esthetic value, more patient’s compliance and prominent therapeutic effects. Novel drug delivery systems for delivery of herbal drugs possesses several advantages over conventional formulations. It includes enhancement of solubility, bioavailability, and protection from toxicity, etc. The herbal drugs can be used in a more upright course with enhanced efficacy by incorporating them into suitable dosage forms. This can be achieved by designing novel drug delivery systems for such drugs. Such systems are polymeric nanoparticles, nanocapsules, phytosomes, animations, microsphere, etc. The present article highlights the current condition of the development of novel herbal formulations and summarizes their type of active components, biological activity, and applications of novel formulations.

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Rombolà, Laura, Damiana Scuteri, Straface Marilisa, Chizuko Watanabe, Luigi Antonio Morrone, Giacinto Bagetta, and Maria Tiziana Corasaniti. "Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Herbal Medicines and Drugs: Their Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance." Life 10, no. 7 (July 4, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life10070106.

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The therapeutic efficacy of a drug or its unexpected unwanted side effects may depend on the concurrent use of a medicinal plant. In particular, constituents in the medicinal plant extracts may influence drug bioavailability, metabolism and half-life, leading to drug toxicity or failure to obtain a therapeutic response. This narrative review focuses on clinical studies improving knowledge on the ability of selected herbal medicines to influence the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs. Moreover, in vitro studies are useful to anticipate potential herbal medicine-drug interactions. In particular, they help to elucidate the cellular target (metabolic or transporter protein) and the mechanism (induction or inhibition) by which a single constituent of the herbal medicine acts. The authors highlight the difficulties in predicting herbal–drug interactions from in vitro data where high concentrations of extracts or their constituents are used and pharmacokinetics are missed. Moreover, the difficulty to compare results from human studies where different kinds of herbal extracts are used is discussed. The herbal medicines discussed are among the best sellers and they are reported in the “Herbal Medicines for Human Use” section of the European Medicinal Agency (EMA).

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Mudzviti, Tinashe, Charles C. Maponga, Star Khoza, Qing Ma, and Gene D. Morse. "The Impact of Herbal Drug Use on Adverse Drug Reaction Profiles of Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Zimbabwe." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/434171.

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Background. The main objective was to determine the impact of herbal drug use on adverse drug reactions in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART).Methodology. Patients receiving first-line ART from the national roll-out program participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were interviewed and a data collection sheet was used to collect information from the corresponding medical record.Results. The majority (98.2%) of participants were using at least one herbal drug together with ART. The most common herbal remedies used wereAllium Sativum(72.7%),Bidens pilosa(66.0%),Eucalyptus globulus(52.3%),Moringa oleifera(44.1%),Lippia javanica(36.3%), andPeltoforum africanum(34.3%). Two indigenous herbs,Musakavakadzi(OR=0.25; 95% CI 0.076–0.828) andPeltoforum africanum(OR=0.495; 95% CI 0.292–0.839) reduced the occurrence of adverse drug events.Conclusions. The use of herbal drugs is high in the HIV-infected population and there is need for pharmacovigilance programs to recognize the role they play in altering ADR profiles.

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Rita, Bilia Anna. "Herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations and medicinal products: quality standards according to European Pharmacopoeia." European Journal of Integrative Medicine 4 (September 2012): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2012.07.725.

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29

Hossain, Md Nazmul, Nishat Akther, Md Alauddin, Robiul Hasan Bhuiyan, Muhammad Mosaraf Hossain, and Md Abdur Rahaman. "In Vitro Interaction Between Oral Hypoglycemic Drug And Herbal Sex Stimulants: Drug Interactions." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 9 (March 30, 2016): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n9p238.

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Sexual dysfunction is a common, underappreciated complication of diabetes. Male sexual dysfunction among diabetic patients can include disorders of libido, ejaculatory problems, and erectile dysfunction (ED). All three forms of male dysfunction can cause significant bother for diabetic patients and can affect their quality of life. Diabetic patients take oral hypoglycemic drug to control their diabetic as well as take herbal sex stimulants to control to increase the libido. The combined use of herbs and drugs has increased the possibility of herb-drug interactions. The study was undertaken to explore the herb-drug interactions. To investigate the herbdrug interactions an in vitro dissolution study in different simulated pH medium were performed. In this study gliclazide containing tablet of 80mg as oral hypoglycemic drug and different herbal sex stimulants available in local market were used. The release mechanism was explored and explained with zero order, first order and Higuchi equations to identify drug interaction. Higher percentage release of gliclazide was found at simulated phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 compared to gastric medium of pH 1.2 and also in presence of herbal sex stimulants. Increased release pattern of gliclazide by concomitant administration of herbal sex stimulants gives slightly higher absorption, which gives the indication of herb-drug interactions.

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Jeslin D, Panneerselvam P, Vijayamma G, Suryasree Y, Siddeswari T, and Nithyakalyani K. "Novel drug delivery system of Lycopene: Preparation and in-vitro investigation." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Life Sciences 9, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijprls.v9i1.1397.

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Compared to pharmaceutical drugs, herbal medications have known to be more affordable and better for the treatment of many diseases but are less effective and not targeted. Therefore, the use of innovative drug delivery devices to distribute herbal drugs is very helpful in enhancing their release, potency and operation. Lycopene was introduced into the muco-adhesive microspheres. Using sodium alginate, carbopol 934, and sodium CMCC, mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared (carboxy methyl cellulose). The prepared microspheres had been evaluated for its physical and physicochemical parameters, invitro release. The prepared microspheres showed consistent physicochemical parameters, release sustained to 8hrs. Herbal drugs can preferably be delivered using novel drug delivery systems after proper chemical and biological standardization.

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Chavan, Preeti, Kalpana Joshi, and Bhushan Patwardhan. "DNA Microarrays in Herbal Drug Research." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3, no. 4 (2006): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nel075.

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Natural products are gaining increased applications in drug discovery and development. Being chemically diverse they are able to modulate several targets simultaneously in a complex system. Analysis of gene expression becomes necessary for better understanding of molecular mechanisms. Conventional strategies for expression profiling are optimized for single gene analysis. DNA microarrays serve as suitable high throughput tool for simultaneous analysis of multiple genes. Major practical applicability of DNA microarrays remains in DNA mutation and polymorphism analysis. This review highlights applications of DNA microarrays in pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenomics, toxicogenomics and quality control of herbal drugs and extracts.

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Han, Ke, Lei Zhang, Miao Wang, Rui Zhang, Chunyu Wang, and Chengzhi Zhang. "Prediction Methods of Herbal Compounds in Chinese Medicinal Herbs." Molecules 23, no. 9 (September 10, 2018): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092303.

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Chinese herbal medicine has recently gained worldwide attention. The curative mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine is compared with that of western medicine at the molecular level. The treatment mechanism of most Chinese herbal medicines is still not clear. How do we integrate Chinese herbal medicine compounds with modern medicine? Chinese herbal medicine drug-like prediction method is particularly important. A growing number of Chinese herbal source compounds are now widely used as drug-like compound candidates. An important way for pharmaceutical companies to develop drugs is to discover potentially active compounds from related herbs in Chinese herbs. The methods for predicting the drug-like properties of Chinese herbal compounds include the virtual screening method, pharmacophore model method and machine learning method. In this paper, we focus on the prediction methods for the medicinal properties of Chinese herbal medicines. We analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the above three methods, and then introduce the specific steps of the virtual screening method. Finally, we present the prospect of the joint application of various methods.

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Sugandi, Gagan, Tezza Adriansyah Anwar, and Ari Purno Wahyu Wibowo. "Proposed Sales Strategy in Herbal Medicine Products Using the Association Rule Method for Trimitra Herbal Pharmacy." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.34 (December 13, 2018): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.25300.

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Pharmacies are a place for selling drugs based on a prescription from a doctor. Pharmacies themselves have a close relationship with pharmaceutical companies and of course the Ministry of Health as a regulator related to the sale and marketing of drugs to the public. The main task of a pharmacy is to distribute drugs and provide a report data recap. At present, the problems faced in drug distribution are the uneven demand for drug distribution. Sometimes, the drug runs out or excess stock will be problematic with the accumulation of the amount of goods in the warehouse and can become expired and can be dangerous if distributed to the public. To overcome this problem, a computerized system was created. The system functions to recap the amount of goods and provides a recommendation on what items are most purchased by customers or patients. The method used is by using the Association rule Algorithm. The algorithm can display the number of relationships or relationships of the most sold products from 20% to 80% by calculating the value of support and confident.

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Bilia, Anna Rita. "1968–2008: 40 Years of Franco F. Vincieri's Natural Products Research." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 12 (December 2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301201.

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This paper presents an overview of Prof. Vincieri's accomplishments in his career as a researcher in the field of pharmacognosy (pharmaceutical biology), analytical phytochemistry and pharmaceutical technology applied to herbal drug preparations at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of Florence. This article is a recognition of his valuable contributions to these research fields, especially for his outstanding and innovative interdisciplinary studies on the quality control of herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations, herbal medicinal products, botanical food supplements, and some “special foods” such as grapes, wines, olives and olive oil.

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Gupta, K. K., G. Prasad, A. K. Chopra, and D. R. Khanna. "Contamination of Asian herbal drugs : Need for its critical evaluation." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v1i2.74.

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Herbal drugs have been used as remedies for the treatment of large number of humans, ailments since ancient times as the traditional medicine system; India has a glorious past, having first documented record of fully developed medical science known as Ayurveda written by several ancient Rishi’s. Major groups of indigenous system of medicine are based on herbal drugs. A survey made by WHO indicated that about 80% of the world population relies on herbal drugs. Herbal drugs are becoming more popularized and important even in the developednations with hope of their non-toxicity and may play a role of substitute to overcome the problems of multi drug resistant pathogens. Cultivation of drug plants has been started in large scale without considering the land quality and in certain cases irrigation with waste water. Application of different fungicides, pesticides in that specific field or in neighboring fields may be directly deposited superficially or may be absorbed by the plant system. Therefore in the present situation possibilities of the Asian herbal drugs, contaminated with large number of toxic components cannot be ignored which may severely hurt human life in place of healing or curing.These contaminants may be either alone or in combination and may be originated intrinsically, extrinsically and deliberately. Certain contaminants may be highly toxic and may cause severe adverse effect in the human system. Some of the important contaminants are the heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, copper and pesticides. Adulteration of modern drugs to enhance drug potency and heterogenous microbial population including human pathogens may contaminate both raw and powdered herbal drugs. Among these contaminants, microbial contamination seems more severe and may be due to their dual action on the drug i.e. utilization of medicinally important chemical components as nutrients and in certain cases by producing certain mycotoxins, which may be even carcinogenic under certain conditions . Critical evaluation of both raw and powdered herbal drugs for contaminants is the urgent need of the time in order to provide safety measures in herbal health care medicine.

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Rashrash, Mohamed, Jon C. Schommer, and Lawrence M. Brown. "Prevalence and Predictors of Herbal Medicine Use Among Adults in the United States." Journal of Patient Experience 4, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373517706612.

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Objective: To describe the prevalence of herbal medicine use among US adults and to assess factors associated with and predictors of herbal use. Design: The data for herbal products use were collected from the 2015 National Consumer Survey on the Medication Experience and Pharmacists’ Roles. Chi-square test was used to analyz factors associated with herbal use, and predictors of herbal use were assessed with logistic regression analysis. Results: Factors associated with herbal supplement use include age older than 70, having a higher than high school education, using prescription medications or over-the-counter (OTC) medications, and using a mail-order pharmacy.” All Disease state associated significantly with herbal use. Approximately thirty-eight percent of those who used herbals used prescription medications and 42% of those who used herbals also used an OTC medication. The most frequent conditions associated with herbal supplement use were a stroke (48.7%), cancer (43.1%), and arthritis (43.0%). Among herbal product users, factors that predicted use included having higher than school education, using OTC medications, using mail-order pharmacy, stroke, obesity, arthritis, and breathing problems. Conclusions: More than one-third of respondents reported using herbal supplements. Older age and higher education were associated with a higher use of herbal supplements. People with chronic diseases are more likely to use herbal medicines than others. OTC drug users and patients with stroke are more likely to use herbal medicines than others.

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Knoess, Werner. "Herbal Medicines." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 86, no. 1 (May 2003): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00005-9.

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Schultes, Richard Evans. "Herbal medicine." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 26, no. 3 (October 1989): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90105-0.

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Aparna Mohan, Arathy Menon, James Chacko, and Preethi Mohan. "A new drug delivery strategy targeting mass population in combating epidemic crisis." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 5994–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3261.

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Ultrasound as an alternative model for mass prophylaxis to check outbreaks in epidemics is being proposed in this paper. The outbreak of communicable diseases and mass gathering are certainly related through the obvious risk of transmission of infectious agents. Either as the source or being susceptible, the gathering makes the disease spread rapidly challenging the medical community. To combat the steady rise in the incidence of disease, appropriate control measures need to be adopted. An alternative drug delivery model utilizing the potential of ultrasound through percussion – as medicated drumming is hence presented here taking the reference from Indian traditional system of medicine. In this model the herbal or herbo-mineral drugs applied over drum surface followed by drumming releases biochemicals of high bioavailability. Studies have shown the simultaneous production of ultrasound with audible frequency while playing musical instruments and the high affinity of herbal and herbo-mineral drugs towards it. The particle reduction technology through Bhasmikarana (producing herbo-mineral-metallic compounds in nano dimensions) and Bhavana (liquid-assisted trituration of drug powders) incorporates nanotechnology for better stability, bioavailability and targeted delivery. Sonication as such enables production of herbal drugs in sub-micron and nano-sized dimensions. Hence, this novel approach of medicated drumming integrating nanotechnology along with ultrasonic sound (corresponding to the nanotechnology coupled sonodynamic therapy with improved pharmacokinetics) could function as an efficient drug delivery strategy to check outbreaks.

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Serrano, R., P. Ferreira, E. T. Gomes, and O. Silva. "The Use of SEM and Light Microscopy for the Characterization of Hypericum foliosum Aerial Part as a Medicinal Plant." Microscopy and Microanalysis 14, S3 (September 2008): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927608089551.

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The first step in quality control of herbal drugs is ensuring the correct identification of the plant intended for use. The required analytical procedures (macroscopic characterization of the entire or fragmentized material, microscopic characterization after pulverization of the plant material and chemical characterization), are usually described on quality monographs reported in authoritarian texts such as the European 6th Pharmacopoeia. Further information related to the name of the each herbal drug, the herbal drug definition, purity tests and assay are also provided.

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K, Jayashree, and Kingsly A. "Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Siddha Formulation Arootha Chooranam: A Review." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210522.

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Siddha system of medicine is the one of the ancient system of medical practiced among Tamil speaking community. The medicine in this system prepared from raw drug from only herbals. Arootha chooranam is a herbal preparation with ingredients of 9 herbals. It’s used to treat the sexual desire disease particularly for indiriyanastam [pre mature ejaculation]. This review is aimed to bring out scientific evidence for the therapeutic usage of Arootha chooranam and focused on the pharmacological activity for the curative nature of the drug. Most of the drugs have anti-oxidant activity and anti-infertility, spermatogenesis, Aphrodisiac activity hence justifying its usage in above mentioned disease. Key words: Siddha medicine, Arootha chooranam, indiriyanastam, pharmacological activity.

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Meredith, Michael J. "Herbal Nutriceuticals: A Primer for Dentists and Dental Hygenists." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 2, no. 2 (2001): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-2-2-48.

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Abstract Herbs have been in use for centuries to prevent and control disease. In recent history demand by the public for herbal supplements has created a multimillion-dollar industry. Herbal extracts are effective because they interact with specific chemical receptors within the body and are in a pharmacodynamic sense, drugs themselves. A matter for public concern is that herbal supplements are currently independent of regulation by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA considers herbal products to be dietary supplements, not drugs. The National Toxicology Program has recently started to examine the composition and standardization of commercial preparations to identify potential health hazards from contaminants or product over use. Many herbal preparations have significant pharmacological effects. The problem that arises for the dental professional is the effect these products have in concert with prescription medications as well as effects on the patient's general response to medication and dental treatment. Drug interactions with the large number of commercially available herbal products can be grouped by the mechanism of most common interactions. These major types of reactions are: (1) alteration of drug metabolizing enzyme activity, (2) interactions with the blood clotting process, and (3) alteration of the inflammatory and immune response. The widespread use of herbal supplements makes it essential that healthcare providers become informed about this aspect of a patient's personal health practices.

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Rathod, Rucha, and Raman R. Chandak. "Review on “Standardization an Imp Tool for Herbal Drug Development”." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 6-s (December 15, 2019): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i6-s.3784.

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The medicinal plants are important source for pharmaceutical manufacturing. Medicinal plants & herbal medicines account for a significant percentage of the pharmaceutical market. There is increasing awareness and general acceptability of the use of herbal drugs in today’s medical practice although most of these applications are not scientific. Herbal medicines are not a simple task since many factors influence the biological efficacy and Reproducible therapeutic effect. So it is necessary to improve safety of herbal drugs by developing certain quality control parameters & by following the WHO guidelines for herbal medicines. This review seeks to enlighten the need to establish quality parameters for collection, handling, processing and production of herbal medicine as well as employ such parameters in ensuring the safety of the global herbal market. It is necessary to introduce measures on the regulation of herbal medicines to ensure quality, safety, efficacy of herbal medicines by using modern suitable standards & GMP. The processes of good quality assurance and standardization of herbal medicines and products using various spectroscopic, chromatographic and electrophoretic methods were also discussed. In fact, the research field of quality control of herbal medicines is really an interdisciplinary research. It needs crossover of chemistry, pharmacology, medicine and even statistics to provide a platform for the quality control of traditional herbal medicines and further to discover the novel therapeutics composed of multiple chemical compounds. Keywords: Herbal drugs, Adulteration, Standardization, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, HP-LC and GC-MS.

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Kansara, Mital B., and Ashutosh J. Jani. "Possible interactions between garlic and conventional drugs: a review." Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations 4, no. 2 (April 2, 2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26510/2394-0859.pbe.2017.12.

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Herbs can affect body function; therefore, when herbs are taken concurrently with drugs, interactions are possible. The interaction between drugs and herbal medicines is a safe concern and these interactions are especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutics index. The probability of herb-drug interaction can be higher than drug interaction, if conventional drug having single chemical entities, whereas most of the herbal medicinal product contain a mixture of pharmacologically active constituents. The herb-drug interaction may involve either an increase or decrease in the amount of drug in blood, either by altering the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of drug and by antagonizing or synergism of the effect of drug or pharmacodynamics interaction may arise. This article we focus on how garlic interacts with conventional drug or it is favourable or not.

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Meier. "The process of the herbal drug to the herbal medicinal product." Therapeutische Umschau 59, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.59.6.275.

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In der Phytotherapie wird die Wirksamkeit den Pflanzen zugeschrieben. Aus diesen werden jedoch nur die zu verarbeitenden Rohstoffe gewonnen, die eigentlichen Wirkstoffe entstehen erst nach einer Aufarbeitung. Die meisten Wirkstoffe in Phytotherapeutica sind Extrakte. Dies führt zu einer großen Vielfalt, die jedoch in heutiger Zeit auch zahlreiche Fragen aufwirft. Die Besonderheit der Phytotherapie liegt darin, dass die Wirkstoffe komplex zusammengesetzte und deshalb schwierig zu charakterisierende Vielstoffgemische sind. Dennoch kann die Qualität von pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln gewährleistet werden, wenn Ausgangsmaterial, Herstellprozess und Endprodukt vom Hersteller genau definiert sind.

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Sardana, Satish. "Herbal drug development from natural sources." Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research 3, no. 2 (2012): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.97274.

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Jaiswal, Shubham, Sarin A. Chavhan, Sushilkumar A. Shinde, and N. K. Wawge. "New Tools for Herbal Drug Standardization." Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Science 8, no. 3 (2018): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-5659.2018.00029.2.

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Afrin, Sanjida, Ishrat Jahan, A. Hasan, and Kanij Deepa. "Novel Approaches of Herbal Drug Delivery." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 21, no. 5 (March 22, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2018/39143.

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Parasuraman, Subramani. "Herbal Drug Discovery: Challenges and Perspectives." Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine 16, no. 1 (July 16, 2018): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875692116666180419153313.

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Latif, Abdul, and S. Z. Rahman. "DRUG SAFETY IN TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINE." Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 56, no. 2 (September 2007): e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2007.02.094.

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