Academic literature on the topic 'Herbivorie'
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Journal articles on the topic "Herbivorie"
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Montti, Lía, María Marta Ayup, Roxana Aragón, Weilong Qi, Honghua Ruan, Romina Fernández, Sergio A. Casertano, and Xiaoming Zou. "Herbivory and the success of Ligustrum lucidum: evidence from a comparison between native and novel ranges." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 3 (2016): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15232.
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Invasive plant species may benefit from a reduction in herbivory in their introduced range. The reduced herbivory may cause a reallocation of resources from defence to fitness. Here, we evaluated leaf herbivory of an invasive tree species (Ligustrum lucidum Aiton) in its native and novel ranges, and determined the potential changes in leaf traits that may be associated with the patterns of herbivory. We measured forest structure, damage by herbivores and leaf traits in novel and native ranges, and on the basis of the literature, we identified the common natural herbivores of L. lucidum. We also performed an experiment offering leaves from both ranges to a generalist herbivore (Spodoptera frugiperda). L. lucidum was more abundant and experienced significantly less foliar damage in the novel than in the native range, in spite of the occurrence of several natural herbivores. The reduced lignin content and lower lignin : N ratio in novel leaves, together with the higher herbivore preference for leaves of this origin in the laboratory experiment, indicated lower herbivore resistance in novel than in native populations. The reduced damage by herbivores is not the only factor explaining invasion success, but it may be an important cause that enhances the invasiveness of L. lucidum.
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Johnson, Scott N., Olivia L. Reynolds, Geoff M. Gurr, Jessica L. Esveld, Ben D. Moore, Gavin J. Tory, and Andrew N. Gherlenda. "When resistance is futile, tolerate instead: silicon promotes plant compensatory growth when attacked by above- and belowground herbivores." Biology Letters 15, no. 7 (July 2019): 20190361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0361.
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Plants have evolved numerous herbivore defences that are resistance- or tolerance-based. Resistance involves physical and chemical traits that deter and/or harm herbivores whereas tolerance minimizes fitness costs of herbivory, often via compensatory growth. The Poaceae frequently accumulate large amounts of silicon (Si), which can be used for herbivore resistance, including biomechanical and (indirectly) biochemical defences. To date, it is unclear whether Si improves tolerance of herbivory. Here we report how Si enabled a cereal ( Triticum aestivum ) to tolerate damage inflicted by above- and belowground herbivores. Leaf herbivory increased Si concentrations in the leaves by greater than 50% relative to herbivore-free plants, indicating it was an inducible defensive response. In plants without Si supplementation, leaf herbivory reduced shoot biomass by 52% and root herbivory reduced root biomass by 68%. Si supplementation, however, facilitated compensatory growth such that shoot losses were more than compensated for (+14% greater than herbivore-free plants) and root losses were minimized to −16%. Si supplementation did not improve plant resistance since Si did not enhance biomechanical resistance (i.e. force of fracture) or reduce leaf consumption and herbivore relative growth rates. We propose that Si-based defence operates in wheat via tolerance either in addition or as an alternative to resistance-based defence.
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Beaumont, Kieren P., Duncan A. Mackay, and Molly A. Whalen. "Ant defence of a dioecious shrub, Adriana quadripartita (Euphorbiaceae), with extrafloral nectaries." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 6 (2016): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16034.
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Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) can function to indirectly reduce herbivory by attracting ants that interfere with or predate on herbivorous insects. So as to examine the efficacy of ants as defenders of plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) against herbivores, an ant-exclusion experiment was conducted on plants of the dioecious species Adriana quadripartita (Euphorbiaceae). The experiment was conducted on Torrens Island, South Australia, and adds to previous work that examined the associations among adrianas, ants and invertebrate herbivores at several locations across Australia. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether ants that tend EFNs reduce herbivore numbers and levels of herbivory, and whether this ant–plant–herbivore interaction differs between male and female A. quadripartita plants. The abundances of ants and invertebrate herbivores were overall greater on male than on female plants. The exclusion of ants from branches resulted in an increase in herbivore abundance on male and female plants; however, ant exclusion resulted in an increase of foliar damage on male plants only. Whereas previous research on A. tomentosa shows that ants can decrease herbivore abundance, the results here provide the first evidence that EFNs on adrianas can function to decrease foliar herbivory.
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Barrio, Isabel C., David S. Hik, Kristen Peck, and C. Guillermo Bueno. "After the frass: foraging pikas select patches previously grazed by caterpillars." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20130090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0090.
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Interactions among herbivores can shape the structure of their communities and drive their dynamics. However, detecting herbivore interactions can be challenging when they are deferred in space or time. Moreover, interactions among distantly related groups of herbivores, such as vertebrates and invertebrates, are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of invertebrate herbivory on the subsequent foraging choices of a small alpine-dwelling vertebrate, the collared pika ( Ochotona collaris ). We carried out a field experiment within pika territories, by presenting them with a choice of foraging sites following manipulation of invertebrate (caterpillar) herbivory. Pikas actively selected areas with increased, recent invertebrate herbivory. While the underlying mechanisms behind this interaction remain unknown, our results demonstrate a positive effect of invertebrate herbivores on subsequent vertebrate foraging preferences for the first time. Even among distantly related taxa, such interactions where one herbivore is cueing on the foraging of another, could drive the creation of herbivory hotspots, with cascading consequences for ecosystem processes.
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Liu, Xiaoyu, Carri J. LeRoy, Guobing Wang, Yuan Guo, Shuwang Song, Zhipei Wang, Jingfang Wu, et al. "Leaf defenses of subtropical deciduous and evergreen trees to varying intensities of herbivory." PeerJ 11 (November 7, 2023): e16350. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16350.
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Generally, deciduous and evergreen trees coexist in subtropical forests, and both types of leaves are attacked by numerous insect herbivores. However, trees respond and defend themselves from herbivores in different ways, and these responses may vary between evergreen and deciduous species. We examined both the percentage of leaf area removed by herbivores as well as the percentage of leaves attacked by herbivores to evaluate leaf herbivore damage across 14 subtropical deciduous and evergreen tree species, and quantified plant defenses to varying intensities of herbivory. We found that there was no significant difference in mean percentage of leaf area removed between deciduous and evergreen species, yet a higher mean percentage of deciduous leaves were damaged compared to evergreen leaves (73.7% versus 60.2%). Although percent leaf area removed was mainly influenced by hemicellulose concentrations, there was some evidence that the ratio of non-structural carbohydrates:lignin and the concentration of tannins contribute to herbivory. We also highlight that leaf defenses to varying intensities of herbivory varied greatly among subtropical plant species and there was a stronger response for deciduous trees to leaf herbivore (e.g., increased nitrogen or lignin) attack than that of evergreen trees. This work elucidates how leaves respond to varying intensities of herbivory, and explores some of the underlying relationships between leaf traits and herbivore attack in subtropical forests.
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Barnes, A. D., C. Scherber, U. Brose, E. T. Borer, A. Ebeling, B. Gauzens, D. P. Giling, et al. "Biodiversity enhances the multitrophic control of arthropod herbivory." Science Advances 6, no. 45 (November 2020): eabb6603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6603.
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Arthropod herbivores cause substantial economic costs that drive an increasing need to develop environmentally sustainable approaches to herbivore control. Increasing plant diversity is expected to limit herbivory by altering plant-herbivore and predator-herbivore interactions, but the simultaneous influence of these interactions on herbivore impacts remains unexplored. We compiled 487 arthropod food webs in two long-running grassland biodiversity experiments in Europe and North America to investigate whether and how increasing plant diversity can reduce the impacts of herbivores on plants. We show that plants lose just under half as much energy to arthropod herbivores when in high-diversity mixtures versus monocultures and reveal that plant diversity decreases effects of herbivores on plants by simultaneously benefiting predators and reducing average herbivore food quality. These findings demonstrate that conserving plant diversity is crucial for maintaining interactions in food webs that provide natural control of herbivore pests.
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Brocklehurst, Neil, Christian F. Kammerer, and Roger J. Benson. "The origin of tetrapod herbivory: effects on local plant diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (June 10, 2020): 20200124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0124.
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The origin of herbivory in the Carboniferous was a landmark event in the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems, increasing ecological diversity in animals but also giving them greater influence on the evolution of land plants. We evaluate the effect of early vertebrate herbivory on plant evolution by comparing local species richness of plant palaeofloras with that of vertebrate herbivores and herbivore body size. Vertebrate herbivores became diverse and achieved a much greater range of body sizes across the Carboniferous–Permian transition interval. This coincides with an abrupt reduction in local plant richness that persists throughout the Permian. Time-series regression analysis supports a negative relationship of plant richness with herbivore richness but a positive relationship of plant richness with minimum herbivore body size. This is consistent with studies of present-day ecosystems in which increased diversity of smaller, more selective herbivores places greater predation pressures on plants, while a prevalence of larger bodied, less selective herbivores reduces the dominance of a few highly tolerant plant species, thereby promoting greater local richness. The diversification of herbivores across the Carboniferous–Permian boundary, along with the appearance of smaller, more selective herbivores like bolosaurid parareptiles, constrained plant diversity throughout the Permian. These findings demonstrate that the establishment of widespread vertebrate herbivory has structured plant communities since the late Palaeozoic, as expected from examination of modern ecosystems, and illustrates the potential for fossil datasets in testing palaeoecological hypotheses.
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Potter, Arjun B., Muhammad Ali Imron, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, and Matthew C. Hutchinson. "Short-term plant-community responses to large mammalian herbivore exclusion in a rewilded Javan savanna." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 22, 2021): e0255056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255056.
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Grassy biomes such as savannas are maintained by an interacting suite of ecosystem processes from herbivory to rainfall to fire. Many studies have examined the impacts of large mammalian herbivores on herbaceous plant communities, but few of these studies have been conducted in humid, fertile savannas. We present the findings of a short-term experiment that investigated the effects of herbivory in a fertile, humid, and semi-managed savanna. We erected large-herbivore exclosures in Alas Purwo National Park, Java, Indonesia where rainfall is high and fire is suppressed to test how herbivores impact plant community development across the growing season. Where large mammalian herbivores were excluded, herbaceous plant communities contained more non-grasses and were less similar; diverging in their composition as the growing season progressed. Effects of herbivore exclusion on plant species richness, evenness, and biomass per quadrat were generally weak. Notably, however, two weedy plant species (one native, Imperata cylindrica and one introduced, Senna cf. tora) appeared to benefit most from herbivore release. Our results suggest that heavy grazing pressure by native large mammalian herbivores controlled the composition of the herbaceous plant community. Moreover, exclusion of large mammalian herbivores led to divergence in the plant species composition of exclosures; compositional dissimilarity between herbivore-exclusion plots was higher than between plots exposed to large mammalian herbivores. Our findings suggest that, at this high-rainfall site, large mammalian herbivores constrained the developmental trajectory of plant communities across the growing season.
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Rusman, Quint, Peter N. Karssemeijer, Dani Lucas-Barbosa, and Erik H. Poelman. "Settling on leaves or flowers: herbivore feeding site determines the outcome of indirect interactions between herbivores and pollinators." Oecologia 191, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04539-1.
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Abstract Herbivore attack can alter plant interactions with pollinators, ranging from reduced to enhanced pollinator visitation. The direction and strength of effects of herbivory on pollinator visitation could be contingent on the type of plant tissue or organ attacked by herbivores, but this has seldom been tested experimentally. We investigated the effect of variation in feeding site of herbivorous insects on the visitation by insect pollinators on flowering Brassica nigra plants. We placed herbivores on either leaves or flowers, and recorded the responses of two pollinator species when visiting flowers. Our results show that variation in herbivore feeding site has profound impact on the outcome of herbivore–pollinator interactions. Herbivores feeding on flowers had consistent positive effects on pollinator visitation, whereas herbivores feeding on leaves did not. Herbivores themselves preferred to feed on flowers, and mostly performed best on flowers. We conclude that herbivore feeding site choice can profoundly affect herbivore–pollinator interactions and feeding site thereby makes for an important herbivore trait that can determine the linkage between antagonistic and mutualistic networks.
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Johnson, Scott N., Rhiannon C. Rowe, and Casey R. Hall. "Silicon is an inducible and effective herbivore defence against Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean." Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000798.
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AbstractThe role of silicon (Si) in alleviating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses, including defence against insect herbivores, in plants is widely reported. Si defence against insect herbivores is overwhelmingly studied in grasses (especially the cereals), many of which are hyper-accumulators of Si. Despite being neglected, legumes such as soybean (Glycine max) have the capacity to control Si accumulation and benefit from increased Si supply. We tested how Si supplementation via potassium, sodium or calcium silicate affected a soybean pest, the native budworm Helicoverpa punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Herbivory reduced leaf biomass similarly in Si-supplemented (+Si) and non-supplemented (–Si) plants (c. 29 and 23%, respectively) relative to herbivore-free plants. Both Si supplementation and herbivory increased leaf Si concentrations. In relative terms, herbivores induced Si uptake by c. 19% in both +Si and –Si plants. All Si treatments reduced H. punctigera relative growth rates (RGR) to a similar extent for potassium (−41%), sodium (−49%) and calcium (−48%) silicate. Moreover, there was a strong negative correlation between Si accumulation in leaves and herbivore RGR. To our knowledge, this is only the second report of Si-based herbivore defence in soybean; the rapid increase in leaf Si following herbivory being indicative of an induced defence. Taken together with the other benefits of Si supplementation of legumes, Si could prove an effective herbivore defence in legumes as well as grasses.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Herbivorie"
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Amasifuen, Guerra Carlos Alberto. "Étude écologique et biochimique de Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) : patrons de production et rôle dans l’interaction plante – insecte de la pluméricine, en milieu naturel amazonien." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT111/document.
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Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) connu au Pérou comme "bellaco caspi", est un arbre répandu dans plusieurs types d’habitat de l’Amazonie péruvienne où il est très utilisé en médicine traditionnelle pour le traitement de certaines maladies. Les propriétés médicinales des espèces de Himatanthus sont liées notamment à la présence du terpène bioactif pluméricine. Le potentiel pharmacologique de la pluméricine et le succès reproductif de H. tarapotensis ont mené à la réalisation de cette étude afin d’explorer les patrons de production de ce composé le long des variations des gradients environnementaux déterminés par les différents types d’habitat où la plante pousse naturellement. Cependant, il existe une confusion autour de la délimitation des espèces du genre Himatanthus qui pousseraient au Pérou et les noms scientifiques qui doivent être utilisés. En conséquent une partie de cette étude a consisté en l’évaluation taxonomique du genre Himatanthus. Dans la première partie de la thèse est présentée une révision synoptique des espèces de Himatanthus de l'Amazonie péruvienne, avec la finalité d'introduire une stabilité taxonomique de ces espèces au Pérou. Trois espèces de Himatanthus se trouvent au Pérou : H. tarapotensis, H. phagedaenicus et H. revolutus, distinguées entre eux notamment par des traits reproductifs. Dans la seconde partie, les feuilles d’individus juvéniles de H. tarapotensis qui se développent sur deux types d’habitat ont été prélevées pour évaluer la production de pluméricine en fonction des facteurs environnementaux : type de sol, période de précipitations, et pression des insectes en tenant compte de la croissance de la plante. La production de pluméricine chez H. tarapotensis ne montre pas différences significatives en fonction des types de sol. Mais, il a été observé une variation temporelle de la concentration du composé corrélée positivement avec la pression des insectes, notamment avec la larve herbivore Isognathus leachii (Lepidoptera : Sphingidae) et négativement avec la croissance. En même temps, ces deux facteurs ont été corrélés avec la précipitation, ce qui suggère que l’intensité de pluie influencerait la production de pluméricine de manière indirecte. Le composé bioactif pluméricine pourrait avoir un patron de production déterminé par son rôle médiateur des interactions de H. tarapotensis avec son environnementHimatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) known in Peru as "bellaco caspi", is a common tree from several habitats in the Peruvian Amazon, where is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Medicinal properties from species of Himatanthus have been mainly related to the presence of a bioactive terpene plumericin. The pharmacological potential of plumericin and reproductive success of H. tarapotensis gave rise to the present study to explore the production patterns of this compound in function of environmental gradients determined by the different habitat types where this species grows in nature. However, the delimitation of Himatanthus species has long been problematic, and much confusion remains as to which names should be used and which species delimitations should be adopted. Consequently, a part of this study was dedicated to a taxonomic revision of Himatanthus species occurring in Peru. Therefore, in chapter 1 is presented a synoptic revision of Himatanthus species from the Peruvian Amazon, with the aim of introducing taxonomic stability of those species in Peru. Three species of Himatanthus are present in Peru: H. tarapotensis, H. phagedaenicus and H. revolutus, distinguished among themselves mainly by reproductive traits. In chapter 2, leaves collected from juvenile individuals of H. tarapotensis growing on two Amazonian habitats were used to evaluate the plumericin production in relation to environmental factors: soil type, period of precipitation, and insects pressure, keeping in mind their relation with the growth patterns of the plant. Plumericin production in H. tarapotensis was not affected by differences in soil types. However, it was observed a temporal variation in the concentration of this compound correlated positively to the insects pressure, mainly with the herbivorous larva of Isognathus leachii (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and negatively to the growth pattern of the plant. These two factors were correlated to the rainfall, thus suggesting that precipitation would be affecting indirectly on plumericin production. The bioactive compound plumericin would have a production pattern determined by its mediator role in interactions phenomena of H. tarapotensis and its environment
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Brugneaux, Sophie. "Régulation des communautés algales par les macro-herbivores dans les communautés récifales des Antilles françaises : (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint-Barthélémy)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0522/document.
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Une étude des facteurs influençant la composition et la répartition spatiale des abondances algales dans les communautés récifales des Antilles françaises et plus spécifiquement de Guadeloupe a été réalisée. Le rôle joué par les oursins diadème est plus particulièrement étudié. Les principaux compartiments des communautés récifales et les facteurs d'influence susceptibles de jouer un rôle dans la régulation du compartiment algal ont été dimensionnés sur 22 stations des Antilles françaises. Pour cela plusieurs indicateurs ont été testés. Après une description de chaque compartiment biotique (algues, herbivores, prédateurs), une recherche des facteurs influençant les caractéristiques du compartiment algal a été menée à trois échelles spatiales, à l'aide d'analyses statistiques non paramétriques, notamment des analyses canoniques des redondances et des correspondances. Puis, une recherche des facteurs influençant la répartition des oursins diadème a été également menée. Si les deux guildes d'herbivores étudiées (poissons et oursins diadème) ont un impact significatif sur l'abondance de gazon algal, seuls les poissons herbivores ont la capacité d'exercer cette influence à l'échelle des récifs de Guadeloupe et cette influence ne s'étend pas aux autres catégories algales. Notamment les phéophycées. A l'échelle de l'ensemble des îles étudiées, les analyses effectuées n'ont pas permis de mettre en évidence l'influence des herbivores sur la régulation des abondances algales. Les oursins diadèmes sont en faible densité dans les iles antillaises étudiées. Plusieurs facteurs susceptibles de participer à leur répartition en taille et en abondance sont identifiésA study of factors influencing the composition and spatial distribution of algal abundance in the French Caribbean reef communities and more specifically in Guadeloupe was conducted. The role of diadema sea urchins was particularly studied. For that, 22 stations in the French Antilles were selected and several indicators tested. After a description of each biotic compartment (algae, herbivore, predators), a search for factors influencing the characteristics of the algal compartment was conducted at three spatial scale, using non-parametric statistical analyses, including canonical correspondence analyses (cca) and redundancy analyses (rda). Then a search for the factors influencing the distribution of diadema sea urchins was also conducted. If the two guilds of herbivores (diadema sea urchin and fish) have a significant impact on the abundance of algal turf, only herbivorous fish was found to have an influence in the reefs of Guadeloupe and that influence was not observed on other algal groups, including phaeophyceae. At the scale of all the islands, the analyses did not enable to show the influence of herbivores in the regulation of algal abundance. The density of sea urchins was found to be low in the studied sites. Several factors likely to influence their distribution in size and their abundance were identified
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Ye, Lambiénou. "Stratégies des Graminées pour le recyclage des nutriments et herbivorie." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066324.
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L’objectif de cette thèse portant sur une savane arbustive sèche du Burkina Faso est de déterminer, par un échantillonnage de terrain et une mise en exclos, les effets des Graminées en interaction avec le bétail sur le recyclage des nutriments. J’ai décrit une zone aux sols peu profonds, dominée par les Graminées annuelles et plus fréquentée par le bétail et une zone aux sols profonds, dominée par les Graminées pérennes et peu fréquentée par le bétail. Les Graminées pérennes A. Ascinodis et A. Gayanus sont susceptibles de mieux contrôler le recyclage de l’azote par rapport aux Graminées annuelles A. Pseudapricus et L. Togoensis. Les pérennes produisent une biomasse racinaire plus élevées que les annuelles. L’activité biologique du sol est plus importante sous les deux Graminées pérennes que sous les deux annuelles. Avec des teneurs en ammonium plus élevées et des valeurs de N15 du sol plus faibles sous les pérennes, ces espèces de Graminées paraissent inhiber la nitrification. Cependant A. Ascinodis mais pas A. Gayanus augmente la teneur du sol en carbone organique. Enfin, à court terme (effet des exclos), le pâturage n’a pas un effet significatif sur les teneurs en carbone et azote total et en phosphore assimilable. Le pâturage diminue la respiration basale du sol mais pas la biomasse microbienne. Le pâturage favorise les graminées annuelles par rapport aux pérennes et diminue la richesse spécifique herbacée. L’ensemble de la thèse confirme que les graminées annuelles sont une marque de dégradation des pâturages et de perte de fertilité et suggère que ce lien est dû à la meilleur capacité de contrôle du recyclage des nutriments minéraux par les pérennesThe objective of this thesis is to determine the impacts of grasses, in interaction with grazing by cattle, on nutrient cycling. This is achieved through field sampling and exclosures in a dry savanna of Burkina Faso. I have described a zone of shallow soils dominated by annual grasses and highly frequented by cattle and a zone with deeper soils dominated by perennial grasses and less frequented by cattle. The perennial grasses, A. Ascinodis and A. Gayanus, likely better control nutrient cycling than the annual grasses, A. Pseudapricus and L. Togoensis. Perennials have a higher root biomass than annuals. Soil biological activity is higher in the soil of perennials than in the soil of annuals. Ammonium availability is higher and soil N15 is smaller under perennials, which suggests that perennials but not annuals are able to inhibit nitrification. However, A. Ascinodis but not A. Gayanus increases soil concentration in organic carbon. On the short term, cattle impact neither soil total C and N, nor the available P. Cattle also decrease soil basal respiration but do not affect microbial biomass. Cattle favor the abundance of annuals relatively to the abundance of perennials and decrease the richness in herbaceous species. Overall, my thesis confirms that annuals are a mark of pasture degradation and decrease in fertility. My results suggest that this is due to the capacity of perennials to better control nutrient cycling and decrease nutrient losses
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Bernard, Marianne. "Changements climatiques et herbivorie : influence sur la régénération et le potentiel d'avenir des forêts mélangées." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG052/document.
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L’inquiétude au sujet du devenir des forêts tempérées de moyenne montagne va croissant, du fait du changement climatique d’une part, et des difficultés de régénération liées à la pression exercée par les grands ongulés d’autre part. Les populations d’ongulés herbivores connaissent en effet une forte augmentation depuis le milieu du XXème siècle dans l’hémisphère Nord ; et leur abroutissement sélectif, dû à leurs préférences alimentaires, exerce une forte pression sur la régénération, dont l’intensité sur les essences varie selon leur appétence. La réponse de la régénération au changement climatique en termes de survie et de croissance demeure méconnue, mais de premiers résultats suggèrent qu’elle pourrait être encore plus affectée que les arbres adultes, et de manière différentielle également du fait des diverses autécologies des essences. Dans ce contexte de changements globaux, le recours aux forêts mélangées est envisagé comme une option valable de minimisation des risques. Comment caractériser la réponse de la régénération à ces deux pressions de sélection, et quel pourrait être l’avenir d’un peuplement mélangé dans ce contexte ? Notre étude se focalise sur les effets de l’abroutissement par les grands ongulés et du changement climatique sur la régénération du sapin, du hêtre et de l’épicéa en mélange. Nous utilisons pour cela diverses approches. Nous montrons que la germination et l’installation de semis de hêtres n’est pas affectée par l’éclairement au sol plus faible en situation de mélange. Nous mettons en évidence une quasi-inversion d’essences entre sapin et épicéa au niveau de la strate de régénération, bénéficiant à l’épicéa, lorsqu’ils sont soumis à une forte pression d’abroutissement. A l’échelle des traits foliaires, nous trouvons des réponses différentes entre les trois essences aux pressions du climat et de l’abroutissement, le sapin étant le seul à exprimer une réponse claire à l’abroutissement (tissus plus résistants, augmentation du rapport C/N foliaire). Nos résultats démontrent également une diminution de l’abroutissement avec l’augmentation de la température hivernale et un effet plus important de l’abroutissement que de la température printanière sur la croissance des semis de sapin, hêtre, érable. Enfin, via une approche de modélisation, nous avons simulé la dynamique d’un peuplement mélangé de sapin, hêtre et épicéa sur une durée de 100 ans, et montré une modification des seuils de tolérance à la sécheresse par l’abroutissement, et vaildé la possible disparition du sapin dans des scénarios comprenant abroutissement et changement climatique. Ces travaux soulignent l’influence des grands ongulés en interaction avec les conditions climatiques sur la dynamique de la régénération forestière, et l’importance de prendre cette pression en compte dans les protocoles de recherche destinés à étudier l’évolution de la régénération en contexte climatique changeantThere is growing concern about the future of temperate mountainous forests, because of climate change and of the difficulties in regenerating forests caused by large ungulates pressure. Herbivore ungulate populations have strongly increased since the middle of the XXth century in the northern hemisphere. By their selective browsing due to their dietary preferences, they exert a strong pressure on regeneration, which intensity on each tree species varies with their palatability. The response of regeneration to climate change in terms of growth and survival is still poorly known, but some results suggest it could be affected differentially given the different autecologies of the species. In such a global changes context, mixed forests are considered a valuable option of adaptation. How would the regeneration phase respond to those two pressures, and what could be the future of a mixed stand in such a context? This study focuses on the effects of browsing by large ungulates and climate change on mixed silver fir, Norway spruce and beech stand regeneration. We show that the lower amount of light reaching the ground in mixed stands does not affect beech regeneration germinating. We demonstrate a quasi-substitution of silver fir by Norway spruce saplings when submitted to high browsing pressure. At the finer scale of foliar traits, we find different responses among the three species to varying climate and browsing pressure, silver fir being the only species expressing an answer to browsing (increase in shoot mechanical resistance and in foliar C:N). Our results also demonstrate a decrease in browsing with increasing winter temperature, and a stronger effect of browsing than of spring temperature on saplings growth for silver fir, beech and sycamore maple. Finally, our simulations of the dynamics of a mixed silver fir-Norway spruce-beech stand suggest a shift in tolerance to drought thresholds due to browsing, and confirm the possible eradication of silver fir in scenarios combining browsing and climate change. This work highlights the influence of large ungulates interacting with climate conditions on forest regeneration dynamics, and the importance to consider this pressure in research protocols aiming at studying the behaviour of regeneration in changing climate contexts
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Scheidel, Ulrich. "Die Bedeutung der Herbivorie für die Verbreitung montaner Compositen im Harz : mit 26 Tab. im Text /." Berlin ; Stuttgart : Cramer in der Gebr.-Borntraeger-Verl.-Buchh, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/334938163.pdf.
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Barrere, Julien. "Interactions entre chêne et cervidés durant le processus de renouvellement - cas des peuplements forestiers tempérés de plaine (Quercus robur et Q. petraea)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0285.
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Les cervidés ont vu leur abondance et leur distribution spatiale augmenter fortement depuis les dernières décennies, en France, et plus généralement à l’échelle de l’hémisphère Nord. Si ces espèces jouent un rôle clé dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers, le niveau actuel des populations compromet le processus de régénération forestière de certaines essences cruciales pour la filière sylvicole telles que les chênes sessile et pédonculé (Quercus robur et Q. petraea). L’objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier et décrire les mécanismes sous-jacent de la contrainte exercée par les cervidés sur la régénération et d’identifier dans quelle mesure certaines opérations sylvicoles (coupe, dégagement et pose d’enclos) influencent cette contrainte. L’analyses de la composition de panses de cerf et de chevreuil sur le site de La Petite Pierre (Vosges) a permis de montrer que les glands de chêne représentaient une ressource significative dans le régime alimentaire de ces deux espèces, mais que leur consommation de gland saturait les années de forte fructification. Par des approches expérimentales, nous avons mis en évidence que l’abroutissement de la pousse apicale réduisait toujours la croissance en hauteur des semis que ce soit en condition de terrain, ou en pépinière, et que ce phénomène s’expliquait par une faible plasticité d’allocation des ressources pour compenser la perte de tissu. L’analyse d’un résultats d’un réseau d’enclos-exclos répartis sur plusieurs sites en France et en Suède a permis de montrer que la coupe d’arbre adulte pour augmenter l’ouverture de la canopée accentuait l’effet négatif des cervidés sur la croissance et la survie de jeunes semis de chêne, via une plus forte fréquentation des cervidés dans les patches de régénération ouverts. Enfin, suite à l’implémentant du processus d’herbivorie dans un modèle de dynamique forestière (bibliothèque Régénération de CAPSIS), j’ai effectué des simulations suggérant que sous une forte pression d’herbivorie, des opérations de dégagement moins fréquentes et maintenant des espèces accompagnatrices appétentes comme le charme permettrait de réduire l’influence négative des cervidés sur la croissance du chêne. En conclusion, les résultats de cette thèse étayent l’hypothèse que les cervidés représentent une contrainte significative pour le processus de régénération du chêne, mais suggère qu’une gestion de la végétation de sous-bois adaptée permettrait de réduire cette contrainte et de se rapprocher d’un équilibre plus durable entre faune sauvage et activités sylvicolesThe abundance and spatial distribution of cervids have drastically increased in France, and more generally in the Northern hemisphere over the last decades. These species play a crucial part in the functioning of forest ecosystems, but the current level of their populations compromises the process of forest regeneration for many tree species of crucial importance such as pedunculate and sessile oak (Quercus robur et Q. petraea). The objectives of this thesis are to quantify and unravel the mechanisms underlying the constraint exerted by cervids on oak regeneration through the consumption of acorns, of oak saplings and of admixed understory species, and (ii) to identify how specific forest management operations (i.e. fencing, felling, and clearing) can limit or enhance this constraint. The analysis of a long-term dataset of red and roe deer rumen content sampled in the study site of La Petite Pierre (Northeastern France) showed that acorns represented a significant resource in the diet of these two species, but that their acorn consumption saturated years of high fructification. Using experimental approaches, we showed that simulated deer browsing on the apical shoot systematically reduced oak sapling height growth both in situ and ex situ, and this was explained by a relatively poor plasticity in resource allocation following browsing to compensate for the loss of tissues. The analysis of a network of fenced-unfenced plots located in several sites in France and in Sweden showed that felling to increase canopy openness enhanced the negative effect of cervids on oak sapling growth and survival through a higher frequentation of cervids under open canopies. Lastly, after implementing the process of herbivory in a forest dynamic model (i.e. Regeneration library of CAPSIS modelling tool), I conducted simulations that suggested that under a high browsing pressure, less frequent clearing operations maintaining highly palatable sapling species such as hornbeam could reduce the negative influence of cervids on oak regeneration. To conclude, this thesis results confirm that cervids exert a significant constraint on the process of oak regeneration, but also suggest that adapted management of the understory vegetation could reduce this constraint and contribute to restore a balance between wildlife and silvicultural activities
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Schaal, Gauthier. "Structure et fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques associés aux écosystèmes littoraux rocheux en situation écologiques contrastées : approches isotopiques et biochimiques combinées." Paris 6, 2009. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01110855.
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L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser la structure et le fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques associés aux écosystèmes de la frange infralittorale rocheuse en Bretagne, à canopée de Laminaria digitata ou fortement affectés par l’activité humaine. Contrairement aux études précédentes, le réseau trophique n’apparaît simplifié ni fonctionnellement ni structurellement en milieu anthropisé, probablement en lien avec la complexité topographique de l’habitat, permettant la coexistence de plusieurs voies de transfert trophique menant à des prédateurs exploitant des niches trophiques variées. Les résultats mettent en évidence pour les trois sites étudiés que le réseau trophique se base sur une large diversité de sources et, en particulier, que L. Digitata ne représente pas une source de nourriture majoritaire à l’état frais pour la majorité des consommateurs. L’utilisation de cette algue par les différents groupes trophiques semble toutefois varier en fonction des conditions locales, à l’état fraîche comme sous forme détritique. Enfin, nos résultats montrent un lien entre la microstructure spatiale de l’habitat rocheux et une variabilité de certaines voies de transfert trophiques à très fine échelle. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que les écosystèmes rocheux de la frange infralittorale sont caractérisés par une forte diversité fonctionnelle qui contribue au maintien d’une importante biodiversité dans ces milieux
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Gayet, Guillaume. "Colonisation d'un écosystème d'eau douce hétérogène, par un oiseau d'eau herbivore : le cygne tuberculé (Cygnus olor) dans les étangs piscicoles de Dombes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20119.
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Dans certains cas, la colonisation des zones humides par les espèces animales et végétales peut être une menace majeure pour la biodiversité. Il est donc primordial de mieux connaître l'écologie des espèces colonisatrices pour définir leurs relations avec le reste de l'écosystème. Nous avons étudié les conséquences de la colonisation relativement récente des étangs piscicoles français par le cygne tuberculé (Cygnus olor). Nous nous sommes intéressés à l'expression de cette colonisation dans l'espace par l'étude des processus de sélection de l'habitat. Nos résultats montrent que dans un paysage d'étangs, la répartition des cygnes tuberculés dépend à la fois de la configuration spatiale des étangs (aire isolement), des ressources disponibles et du statut de reproduction des cygnes tuberculés. Nous avons ensuite étudié les interactions entre le cygne tuberculé et les communautés animales et végétales des étangs. Sur les sites de cantonnement des couples, nous n'avons pas montré d'effet de la présence des cygnes tuberculés sur l'abondance des oiseaux d'eau, et aucune forme d'exclusion spatiale à l'échelle de l'étang. En revanche, les cygnes tuberculés peuvent générer une déplétion significative des herbiers de macrophytes aquatiques, suggérant des effets en cascade sur les autres communautés des étangs piscicoles. Comme toute perturbation générée par une espèce colonisatrice, celle associée à l'arrivée des cygnes doit néanmoins être replacée dans le contexte plus large des régimes de perturbations à l'oeuvre sur l'écosystème, ce qui importe particulièrement dans le cas d'écosystèmes aussi dépendants de l'activité humaine que les étangs piscicolesIn some cases, wetland colonization by animals and plants may be a major threat to biodiversity. It is therefore crucial to better understand the ecology of colonizing species to assess their relationships with the other elements of ecosystems. We studied the consequences of the relatively recent colonization of French fishponds by mute swan (Cygnus olor). We especially considered how such colonization now translates into space, through the analysis of habitat selection processes. Our results show that swan distribution within a fishpond landscape depends on fishpond spatial configuration (area isolation), available resources as well as mute swan breeding status. We then analysed the relationships between mute swan and fishpond animal and plant communities. Where swan pair settle, we do not demonstrate any effect of swan presence on the abundance of other waterbirds, nor any spatial exclusion within fishponds. Conversely, mute swans can signif icantly deplete aquatic macrophyte beds, suggesting cascade effects on other fishpond communities are possible. Like any perturbation caused by a colonizing species, that associated with swan arrival however has to be considered in the broader context of perturbation regimes onto the ecosystem. This is especially crucial in ecosystems like fishponds, that are so much dependent upon human activity
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Elger, Arnaud. "Herbivorie et stratégies adaptatives des végétaux : étude expérimentale de la palatabilité des macrophytes aquatiques des zones humides fluviales." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10144.
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La relation entre la palatabilité des macrophytes aquatiques et leur distribution sur les gradients de stress nutritionnel et de perturbation par les crues a été étudiée dans les zones humides du Rhône et de l'Ain (France). La végétation aquatique de 33 anciens chenaux fluviaux a été échantillonnée, et le taux de consommation du Gastéropode Lymnaea stagnalis (L. ) a été mesuré en laboratoire sur les 41 espèces de macrophytes les plus fréquentes. Parallèlement, les niveaux de perturbation et de stress ont été évalués dans chaque chenal. Le taux de consommation de L. Stagnalis varie fortement selon les espèces de macrophytes, et peut donc être utilisé comme un indice de palatabilité. Une corrélation positive a été mise en évidence entre la palatabilité des macrophytes et le niveau de perturbation de leur habitat. La palatabilité des macrophytes n'est pas directement influencée par le niveau de stress de leur habitat, mais dépend de l'interaction entre ce paramètre et le niveau de perturbation, la relation positive entre la palatabilité des macrophytes et le niveau de perturbation s'estompant à mesure que le niveau de stress diminiue. Des expériences complémentaires, notamment sur des espèces invasives appartenant au genre Elodea, ont permis d'attribuer ces différences de palatabilité à des patrons divergents d'allocation des ressources entre les processus de défense et de croissance du végétal. Le processus de défense serait favorisé lorsque l'environnement est stable et la pression de broutage élevée, alors que le processus de croissance serait favorisé en milieu perturbé, permettant à la plante d'accomplir son cycle de développement entre deux perturbations. Cette tendance est exacerbée en milieu stressant, mais tend à disparaître lorsque la disponibilité des ressources augmente
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Loranger, Jessy. "Prédiction des dommages foliaires causés par les herbivores invertébrés dans une prairie expérimentale à partir des traits des plantes." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5758.
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Les herbivores invertébrés sont présents dans presque tous les habitats de la planète et peuvent grandement affecter la performance des plantes en nature. Que ce soit en communautés naturelles ou artificielles, une grande variation des taux d'herbivorie entre différentes espèces de plante [i.e. plantes] peut être observée. Ceci s'explique par le fait que les caractéristiques fonctionnelles des plantes, aussi appelées « traits », affectent les préférences des herbivores. Une espèce de plante, de par ces traits physiologiques, morphologiques ou phénologiques, peut donc décourager et/ou éviter l'herbivorie. La compréhension des relations entre les herbivores invertébrés et les traits des plantes est donc indispensable à la compréhension de l'assemblage des communautés herbivores-plantes. Cependant, les connaissances sur les liens entre les différents traits des plantes et la préférence des herbivores sont diffuses et incomplètes. Ce mémoire vise donc à quantifier et caractériser les effets de plusieurs traits fonctionnels de plantes herbacées sur la quantité de dommage foliaire faite par des herbivores invertébrés et à comparer ces effets entre monocultures et polycultures. Pour ce faire, j'ai participé au projet du Jena Experiment , une prairie expérimentale située en Allemagne visant à étudier la biodiversité. Cette prairie est exposée aux herbivores invertébrés naturels se trouvant sur le site de l'étude. Pour réaliser mon projet, les degrés d'herbivorie causés par les invertébrés ainsi que les valeurs de plusieurs traits fonctionnels des plantes ont été mesurés pour chacune de 51 espèces de plante [i.e. plantes] se trouvant sur le site d'étude. Travaillant d'abord avec des monocultures, sept traits sur 42 mesurés ont été sélectionnés dans une régression multiple en tant que prédicteurs importants de l'herbivorie. Le modèle est robuste et explique 63% de la variation en dommage subi par les espèces à l'étude. Parmi ces sept traits, deux sont physiologiques (concentration de lignine et d' azote dans les feuilles), deux sont morphologiques (architecture des racines et érection de la tige), un est phénologique (durée de vie du feuillage) et deux sont reliés aux herbivores (nombre d'espèces de coléoptère et d'hémiptère pouvant potentiellement prédater les plantes). Dans une seconde étape, à partir de l'herbivorie mesurée en monoculture et des sept traits sélectionnés dans le premier volet, trois modèles ont été développés pour prédire l'herbivorie dans des communautés formant un gradient de biodiversité de une à 60 espèces de plantes. Pour les trois différents modèles, le pouvoir de prédiction était faible; de 6 à 32% de variance en dommage foliaire expliquée. De plus, la déviation entre valeurs observées et valeurs prédites de l'herbivorie augmentait significativement avec l'augmentation du niveau de biodiversité dans les communautés. Les résultats de ce mémoire suggèrent que des patrons complexes de corrélation entre les différents traits des plantes existent et qu'il est donc nécessaire de travailler avec le plus de traits possibles pour identifier ceux qui contrôlent vraiment l'herbivorie. De plus, des interactions entre les différentes espèces de plante [i.e. plantes] d'une communauté semblent affecter de façon importante, directement ou pas, les dommages foliaires infligés par les herbivores invertébrés.Les conclusions de ce mémoire remettent en question l'importance relative des traits agrégés pour prédire des processus écologiques à facteur biotique tel que l'herbivorie et soulignent la complexité des relations entre deux niveaux trophiques.
Books on the topic "Herbivorie"
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W, Tallamy Douglas, and Raupp Michael J, eds. Phytochemical induction by herbivores. New York: Wiley, 1991.
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1938-, Hacker J. B., Ternouth J. H, and International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores (2nd : 1987 : University of Queensland), eds. The Nutrition of herbivores. Sydney: Academic Press, 1987.
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Hudson, Robert J., Ph. D. and White Robert G, eds. Bioenergetics of wild herbivores. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1985.
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Duke, Shirley Smith. Herbivores and carnivores explained. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Herbivorie"
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Tscharntke, Teja. "Die Auswirkungen der Herbivorie auf Wachstum und Konkurrenzfähigkeit von Pflanzen." In Populationsbiologie der Pflanzen, 254–80. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5637-9_17.
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Brown, Valerie K. "Insect Herbivores, Herbivory and Plant Succession." In Insect Life Cycles, 183–96. London: Springer London, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3464-0_13.
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Capinera, John L., Thomas O. Crist, John B. Heppner, Minos E. Tzanakakis, Severiano F. Gayubo, Aurélien Tartar, Pauline O. Lawrence, et al. "Herbivore." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1792. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1314.
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Kumar, Gaurav, Akanksha Vashishtha, Tansukh Barupal, Siva P. K. Chetri, Monika Heikrujam, Mukesh Meena, Tripta Jain, and Kuldeep Sharma. "Herbivore." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_854-1.
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Kumar, Gaurav, Akanksha Vashishtha, Tansukh Barupal, Siva P. K. Chetri, Monika Heikrujam, Mukesh Meena, Tripta Jain, and Kuldeep Sharma. "Herbivore." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 3079–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_854.
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Kotanen, Peter M. "Direct and indirect effects of herbivores influencing plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 226–40. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0226.
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Abstract Non-native plants rarely escape damage by herbivores. Instead, upon arrival in a new region, they begin to acquire new enemies, replacing those they have lost during their migration. These herbivores can include both natives to the new region and species that have themselves been accidentally or deliberately introduced from elsewhere, potentially including examples originating from the invader's original range. Shifts of new enemies from other hosts can occur over a range of timescales, depending in part on whether evolutionary change is required, but are likely to be faster for plants that are widespread and phylogenetically related to a herbivore's original host, and faster for generalist herbivores than for specialists. The occurrence of herbivores is not necessarily uniform across an invader's range; instead, they may be less diverse or abundant in host populations that are geographically or ecologically marginal, though existing evidence is mixed. Collectively, these new suites of herbivores can affect the growth and fitness of invaders, both directly by damaging them and indirectly by attacking their competitors. Studies comparing the demographic consequences of herbivory for successful vs unsuccessful invaders may help to clarify how often such impacts limit invasiveness. The view that an invader enters 'enemy-free' space is inaccurate; instead, persistence and spread of non-native plants often may be affected by the novel and changing assemblage of herbivores that they acquire within their new distribution.
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Lehtilä, K., and E. Boalt. "The Use and Usefulness of Artificial Herbivory in Plant-Herbivore Studies." In Ecological Studies, 257–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74004-9_13.
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Capinera, John L., Thomas O. Crist, John B. Heppner, Minos E. Tzanakakis, Severiano F. Gayubo, Aurélien Tartar, Pauline O. Lawrence, et al. "Herbivory." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1792. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1315.
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Allan, J. David. "Herbivory." In Stream Ecology, 187–203. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0729-7_8.
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Thornber, Carol. "Herbivory." In Encyclopedia of Estuaries, 357. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_203.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Herbivorie"
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Shesteperov, A. A. "THE EVOLUTION PROCESS OF EPIPHYTOSYSTEMS OF ANGUINOSIS (ANGUINA SPP.) OF CEREALS." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.538-543.
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The evolution of flowering plants including the Gramineae family is associated with
birds and mammals that play a large role in distribution of seeds. The appearance
of galls in the evolution which are formed as a result of the vital activity of Anguina
in various organs of cereal plants resembles the convergence process with flowering
plant seeds. Like seeds, galls firstly appear to be the resting structures having a
strong envelope which helps Anguina to survive unfavorable conditions. Like seeds,
galls possess the same distribution ways that have been developed in the evolution,
namely by wind, water, mammals and birds. Anguina form galls that look like seeds
of cereals, namely plant embryo in a seed and many nematodes in galls. Together
with coevolution of the epiphytosystem (plant + phytoparasite + herbivore), one
herbivore species in biogeocenosis is changed for another species that ousts it in the
competitive struggle. However due to its peculiarities such species spread seeds and
galls poorly. Different microorganisms adapt to each species of the epiphytosystem
including those "useful" for the epiphytosystem. Bacteria Rathayibacter tritici and R.
toxicus colonized galls and caused death of herbivorous mammals. Those animals
stopped to consume cereal seeds and galls which granivorous birds began to consume
and "sow" seeds and galls into typical and other biogeocenoses. As a result of the
coevolution, the epiphytosystem with included toxic microorganisms developed to a
higher level. The very set of anguinosis epiphytosystems in a particular biogeocenosis
is determined by historically established interspecific relationships and characteristics
of coalition of host plants, Anguina, “useful” bacteria, herbivores and birds.
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Pérez Enríquez, Alejandra, Roberto Cordero, and Elizabeth Braker. "La respuesta compensatoria de Pentaclethra macroloba ante tratamientos antagónicos: la fertilización y la defoliación." In I Congreso Internacional de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/cicen.1.66.
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La combinación de rasgos como la fijación de nitrógeno en plantas tropicales con otros rasgos como disponibilidad nutricional podría incidir en el éxito de algunas especies para su establecimiento y desarrollo. Otras interacciones como la herbivoría podrían cambiar sutilmente estas relaciones y llegar a ser relevantes para su éxito ecológico. Sometimos brinzales de Pentaclethra macroloba (Gavilán, Fabaceae) en macetas, con y sin adición de nutrientes y a la interacción con defoliación controlada (herbivoría artificial), en el sotobosque secundario dentro de un bosque de Sarapiquí, Costa Rica. La biomasa total muestra una fuerte compensación neta y la defoliación indujo una mayor asignación al follaje. La fertilización siempre resultó en menos asignación a nódulos. La esbeltez respondió a ambos factores de manera sinergística. Sugerimos que la herbivoría puede ocasionar cambios importantes en la manera en que las especies asignan sus recursos en concordancia con sus simbiosis y la disponibilidad de nutrientes.
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Ramos, Julia Kaori Kuriyama, Bruna Caroline Kotz Kliemann, José Daniel Soler Garves, Lidiane Franceschini, and Igor Paiva Ramos. "ALTERAÇÕES NA COMPOSIÇÃO DA DIETA, GUILDA TRÓFICA E AMPLITUDE DE NICHO TRÓFICO DE METYNNIS LIPPINCOTTIANUS (CHARACIFORMES, SERRASALMIDAE) ASSOCIADO A PISCICULTURA EM TANQUES-REDE." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências Biológicas On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1275.
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Introdução: Associado a implementação de pisciculturas em tanques-rede, um input de matéria orgânica ocorre no ambiente aquático adjacente, influenciando a biota local, em especial a alimentação de peixes silvestres. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência desse modelo de cultivo sobre a composição alimentar, guilda trófica e amplitude de nicho trófico de Metynnis lippincottianus, espécie abundante no reservatório de Ilha Solteira, SP. Materiais e Métodos: Foram realizadas coletas em duas áreas amostrais (controle e tanque) em 2019. Vinte dois conteúdos estomacais na área tanque e 17 na área controle, foram quantificados por meio do método volumétrico. Resultados: Diferenças na dieta entre as áreas foram observadas (PERMANOVA, p<0,001). Macrófitas (20,4%), algas Cladophoraceae (20,3%) e Elodea sp. (17,7%), foram os principais itens consumidos na área controle, enquanto ração (46,7%) e Elodea sp. (23,4%) na área tanque. Os itens que mais contribuíram para diferença entre as áreas foram ração, Elodea sp., macrófita e as algas Ulthricaceae e Rhodophiceae (SIMPER). Na área controle, como os itens predominantes foram algas (48,2%) e macrófitas (41,4%), a espécie foi classificada como herbivora, enquanto na área tanque, observou-se tendência a herbivoria (24,7% alga e 23% macrófita), mas a maior predominância é de ração. A mediana da amplitude de nicho trófico (PERMDISP, p<0,001) também diferiu entre as áreas (tanque, 0,51; controle, 0,64), sendo menor na área tanque. Conclusão: Observou-se alterações na composição da dieta, com consequentes, mudanças na guilda trófica e amplitude de nicho trófico. Metynnis lippincottianus passou a consumir ração na área tanque, reduzindo assim o consumo da variedade de vegetais aquáticos, corroborando com a contração do nicho trófico. Por se tratar de um consumidor primário, a mudança na alimentação da espécie pode interferir na dinâmica da comunidade da biota aquática local e na ciclagem de nutrientes. Ainda, foi observada a presença de fragmentos de plásticos no estômago de alguns indivíduos. Tais resultados demonstram a influência negativa de atividades antrópicas sobre a ictiofauna local, ressaltando a importância de estudos sobre a ecologia trófica de espécies silvestres que forrageiam o entorno de tanques de cultivo.
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Fordyce, James A. "Host breadth, host shifts, and herbivore diversification." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93615.
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Aziz, Mina. "Herbivore defenses induced inArabidopsisby beneficial soil bacteria." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94319.
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Cummings, Jonathan. "Software-Configurable Herbivore Control Device ("Pseudo-Fence")." In 2011 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2011.15.
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Armbrecht, Inge. "Ant-plant-herbivore interactions in northern neotropical agroecosystems." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.91860.
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Amleh, A. M., G. Ladas, and J. Hoag. "Boundedness of Solutions of a Plant-Herbivore System." In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Difference Equations. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203745854-2.
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Takala, Jouni, Matti Laehdeniemi, and Juha T. Tanttu. "Infrared monitoring of plant damage and herbivore invasions." In SPIE's 1995 Symposium on OE/Aerospace Sensing and Dual Use Photonics, edited by Sharon A. Semanovich. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.204874.
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Labandeira, Conrad. "THE FUNCTIONAL HERBIVORE NICHE IN ANCIENT TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-378781.
Full textReports on the topic "Herbivorie"
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Chamovitz, A. Daniel, and Georg Jander. Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597917.bard.
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Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development Glucosinolates are a class of defense-related secondary metabolites found in all crucifers, including important oilseed and vegetable crops in the Brassica genus and the well-studied model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon tissue damage, such as that provided by insect feeding, glucosinolates are subjected to catalysis and spontaneous degradation to form a variety of breakdown products. These breakdown products typically have a deterrent effect on generalist herbivores. Glucosinolate breakdown products also contribute to the anti-carcinogenic effects of eating cabbage, broccoli and related cruciferous vegetables. Indole-3-carbinol, a breakdown product of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, forms conjugates with several other plant metabolites. Although some indole-3-carbinol conjugates have known functions in defense against herbivores and pathogens, most play as yet unidentified roles in plant metabolism, and possibly also plant development. At the outset, our proposal had three main hypotheses: (1) There is a specific detoxification pathway for indole-3-carbinol; (2) Metabolites derived from indole-3-carbinol are phloem-mobile and serve as signaling molecules; and (3) Indole-3-carbinol affects plant cell cycle and cell-differentiation pathways. The experiments were designed to enable us to elucidate how indole-3-carbinol and related metabolites affect plants and their interactions with herbivorous insects. We discovered that indole-3- carbinol rapidly and reversibly inhibits root elongation in a dose-dependent manner, and that this inhibition is accompanied by a loss of auxin activity in the root meristem. A direct interaction between indole-3-carbinol and the auxin perception machinery was suggested, as application of indole-3-carbinol rescued auxin-induced root phenotypes. In vitro and yeast-based protein interaction studies showed that indole-3-carbinol perturbs the auxin-dependent interaction of TIR1 with Aux/IAA proteins, supporting the notion that indole-3-carbinol acts as an auxin antagonist. Furthermore, transcript profiling experiments revealed the influence of indole-3-carbinol on auxin signaling in root tips, and indole-3-carbinol also affected auxin transporters. Brief treatment with indole-3-carbinol led to a reduction in the amount of PIN1 and to mislocalization of PIN2. The results indicate that chemicals induced by herbivory, such as indole-3-carbinol, function not only to repel herbivores, but also as signaling molecules that directly compete with auxin to fine tune plant growth and development, which implies transport of indole-3- carbinol that we are as yet unsuccessful in detecting. Our results indicate that plant defensive metabolites also have secondary functions in regulating aspects of plant metabolism, thereby providing diversity in defense-related plant signaling pathways. Such diversity of of signaling by defensive metabolites would be beneficial for the plant, as herbivores and pathogens would be less likely to mount effective countermeasures. We propose that growth arrest can be mediated directly by the herbivory-induced chemicals, in our case, indole-3-carbinol. Thus, glucosinolate breakdown to I3C following herbivory would have two outcomes: (1) Indole-3-carbinaol would inhibit the herbivore, while (2) at the same time inducing growth arrest within the plant. Thus, our results indicate that I3C is a defensive phytohormone that modulates auxin signaling, leading to growth arrest.
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Perkovich, Cynthia. Differentiated plant-defense strategies: herbivore community dynamics affect plant-herbivore interactions. Kent State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21038/perk.2021.0101.
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Wright, Sarah. Environmental Science / Herbivory - Cornell University. Purdue University Libraries, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315002.
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Adams, B. M., H. T. Banks, J. E. Banks, and J. D. Stark. Population Dynamics Models in Plant-Insect Herbivore-Pesticide Interactions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444007.
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Cibils, Andres F., David M. Swift, and E. Durant McArthur. Plant-herbivore interactions in Atriplex: current state of knowledge. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-14.
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Lincoln, D. Herbivore responses to plants grown in enriched carbon dioxide atmospheres. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6808774.
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Mattson, William J., Pekka Niemila, and Matti Rossi. Dynamics of forest herbivory: quest for pattern and principle. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-gtr-183.
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Ward, Kenneth E., and Mary Anne Sword Sayer. Susceptibility of Potted Sweetgum Seedlings to Insect Herbivore Damage as Influenced by Fertilization. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rp-33.
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Ward, Kenneth E., and Mary Anne Sword Sayer. Susceptibility of Potted Sweetgum Seedlings to Insect Herbivore Damage as Influenced by Fertilization. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rp-33.
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Knoester, Ewout G., Veerle E. Plug, Albertinka J. Murk, Susan O. Sande, and Ronald Osinga. Fisheries restrictions and their cascading effects on herbivore abundance and macroalgae removal at Kenyan coral reefs. Peeref, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2306p8176337.
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