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Tam, Chun Fung. "Microscopic identification of western medicinal herbs." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/917.
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Sang, Wei. "Siegesbeckia pubescens extract attenuates Pam3CSK4-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages through suppressing TLR1 TLR2-mediated NF-κB activation." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3952138.
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Xu, Jun. "Improved approaches and strategies for analyzing decoctions of medicinal herbs." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/216.
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Herbs have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and even now such herbalism is still widely practiced around the world. Most frequently and traditionally, water is used as the extraction solvent for preparing medicinal herbs to generate decoction or infusion for medicinal purpose. In other words, in most cases, multiple chemical components in water extracts should be responsible for therapeutic (toxic and side, if any) effects of medicinal herbs. Phytochemical analysis of water extracts for quality control of medicinal herbs is therefore important to ensure their safeties and efficacies. Unfortunately, however, it is not given enough attention in the modern research whereas the relative current studies are intensively focused on organic solvent-extracts of medicinal herbs. In this project, analysis of medicinal herbs’ water extracts is thus focused. Various analytical approaches have been exhaustively developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemicals in water extracts of medicinal herbs. However, many research challenges in methodology still exist. Polysaccharides and small molecules are two most important kinds of chemcials in water extracts of medicinal herbs, so they also widely regarded as markers for quality evaluation. For analysis of small molecules, the levels of quantitative determination are always far unsatisfactory, normally less than 10%. For analysis of polysaccharides, the existed problems are even more serious in both sample preparation and chemical analysis. Ethanol precipitation is always the first step for crude polysaccharide preparation. But it is just directly used without optimization and its capacity has never been evaluated. Following that, chemical analysis of natural polysaccharide also suffers severe methodological bottlenecks and many drawbacks occurre in qualitative and quantitative characterization. Besides, polysaccharides and small molecules in medicinal herbs are always individually investigated but hardly studied together before. Concerning these issues, here several approaches and stratigies were accordingly proposed to improve the current situations using decoctions of some traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) as the research objects and examples. In detail, first, a quantitative method was developed for quality evaluation of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang. In this study, quantitative levels of small molecules were greatly improved, compared with the current analogous studies for quality evaluation of medicinal herbs. Then, shifting to polysaccharides, availability of ethanol precipitation for natural polysaccharide precipitation was critically evaluated. Parameters which could affect the ethanol precipitation results, such as structural features, molecular size of polysaccharide, and ethanol concentration were systematically investigated. Successively, a novel and rapid HPGPC-based strategy for quality control of saccharide-dominant medicinal herbs was proposed using Dendrobium officinale as the example. Polysaccharides in the decoction of Dendrobium officinale were qualitatively and quantitatively determined. The methodological superiority of the developed method compared with conventional approaches was highlighted. To facilitate this study, research on chemistry, bioactivity and quality control of Dendrobium was systematically reviewed in advance. After that, small molecules and polysaccharides in in Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Chuanxiong Rhizoma were compared together. Lastly, effects of ginseng polysaccharides on the in vivo pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg1 on induced immunosuppressive model rats was investigated to provide a chemically holistic view for Du-Shen-Tang. By these studies, the above mentioned predicament in chemical analysis on both small molecuels and polysaccharides in water extracts of medicinal herbs were methodologically improved to varying degrees. Concerning small molecules and polysaccharides from multiple perspectives, the successive studies are helpful for enhancing quality evaluation and scientific understanding of medicinal herbs’ decoctions.
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Zhang, Xiao, and 張瀟. "The effects of l-tetrahydropalmatine and rhynchophylline, alkaloids derived from herbal medicines, on cellular and molecular neurotoxicityof cocaine in PC12 cells." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43572248.
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Lü, Guanghua. "Chemical identification and quality assessment of Radix Angelicae sinensis (Danggui roots)." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/639.
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Patnala, Satya Siva Rama Ranganath Srinivas. "Pharmaceutical analysis and quality of complementary medicines : sceletium and associated products." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018263.
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There has been an upsurge in the use of Complementary and Alternate Medicines (CAMs) in both developed and developing countries. Although herbal medicines have been in use for many centuries, their quality, safety and efficacy are still of major concern. Many countries are in the process of integrating CAMs into conventional health care systems based on the knowledge and use of traditional medicines. The quality control (QC) of herbal products usually presents a formidable analytical challenge in view of the complexity of the constituents in plant material and the commercial non-availability of appropriate qualified reference standards. Sceletium, a genus belonging to the family Aizoaceae, has been reported to contain psychoactive alkaloids, specifically mesembrine, mesembrenone, mesembrenol and some other related alkaloids. Sceletium is marketed as dried plant powder and as phyto-pharmaceutical dosage forms. Sceletium products and plant material marketed through health shops and on the internet are associated with unjustified claims of specific therapeutic efficacy and may be of dubious quality. Validated analytical methods to estimate Sceletium alkaloids have not previously been reported in the scientific literature and the available methods have focused only on qualitative estimation. Furthermore, since appropriate markers were not commercially available for use as reference standards, a primary objective of this study was to isolate relevant compounds, qualify them as reference standards which could be applied to develop appropriate validated qualitative and quantitative analytical methods for fingerprinting and assay of Sceletium plant material and dosage forms. The alkaloidal markers mesembrine, mesembrenone and ∆⁷ mesembrenone were isolated by solvent extraction and chromatography from dried plant material. Mesembranol and epimesembranol were synthesised by hydrogenation of the isolated mesembrine using the catalyst platinum (IV) oxide and then further purified by semi-preparative column chromatography. All compounds were subjected to analysis by ¹H, ¹³C, 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Mesembrine was converted to hydrochloride crystals and mesembranol was isolated as crystals from the hydrogenation reaction mass. These compounds were analysed and characterised by X-ray crystallography. A relatively simple HPLC method for the separation and quantitative analysis of five relevant alkaloidal components in Sceletium was developed and validated. The method was applied to determine the alkaloids in plant material and dosage forms containing Sceletium. An LCMS method developed during the study provided accurate identification of the five relevant Sceletium alkaloids. The method was applied for the quantitative analysis and QC of Sceletium plant material and its dosage forms. This LCMS method was found to efficiently ionize the relevant alkaloidal markers in order to facilitate their detection, identification and quantification in Sceletium plant material as well as for the assay and QC of dosage forms containing Sceletium. The chemotaxonomy of some Sceletium species and commercially available Sceletium dosage forms were successfully studied by the LCMS method. The HPLC and LCMS methods were also used to monitor the bio-conversion of some of the alkaloids while processing the plant material as per traditional method of fermentation. Additionally a high resolution CZE method was developed for the separation of several Sceletium alkaloids in relatively short analysis times. This analytical method was used successfully to fingerprint the alkaloids and quantify mesembrine in Sceletium and its products. Sceletium species grown under varying conditions at different locations, when analyzed, showed major differences in their composition of alkaloids and an enormous difference was found to exist between the various species with respect to the presence and content of alkaloids. Sceletium and its products marketed through health shops and the internet may thus have problems with respect to the quality and related therapeutic efficacy. The QC of Sceletium presents a formidable challenge as Sceletium plants and products contain a complex mixture of compounds. The work presented herein contributes to a growing body of scientific knowledge to improve the QC standards of herbal medicines and also to provide vital information regarding the selection of plant species and information on the specific alkaloidal constituents to the cultivators of Sceletium and the manufacturers of its products.
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Wang, Xiao Suo School of Medical Science UNSW. "Mass spectrometric characterization and analysis of anti-oxidative properties of medicinal herbs." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Medical Science, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19180.
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The aim of this project was to investigate a range of medicinal herbs which have radical scavenging and antioxidant activities and then apply novel mass spectrometric techniques to investigate and analyse active components responsible for their pharmaceutical actions. A sensitive electron capture negative ionization of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (ECNI-GC-MS) method was developed to assess hydroxyl radical production, as indicated by 3.4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) production, which allows excellent evaluation of hydroxyl radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of a number of medicinal Chinese herbs. Melatonin is an effective multiple radical scavenger and antioxidant and has been used in this study for the comparison of radical scavenging activity with medicinal herbs. To analyse active compounds from herbal extracts, mass spectrometric techniques were used to separate components that suppressed hydroxyl radical production from Dimocarpus longan Lour, determine known ginsenosides from ginseng extracts as well as to identify and quantify melatonin in ten herbal extarcts. The results obtained indicated that 1) the utilization of alumina in the ECNI-GC-MS method diminished interferences from ???noise??? products in a Fenton-type reaction, which allows obtaining pure final hydroxyl radical product and this method demonstrated optimal sensitivity and reliability; 2) Aqueous extracts of all herbs analysed showed different levels of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Dimocarpus longan Lour, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, Lonicera hypoglauca Miq, Ginkgo biloba L, Rehmannia flutinosa and Libosch Cornus officinalis Sieb all exhibited stronger inhibitory effect on hydroxyl radical production than melatonin. 3) Aqueous extract of Dimocarpus longan Lour. showed the greatest inhibitory effect on hydroxyl radical production among the other herbs tested. The active fractions of this herb eluted just after the void volume using HPLC suggesting that the active compounds responsible for radical scavenging activity are polar and water soluble. They may belong to phenol group of chemicals. 4) Herbal extracts using non-polar solvents showed no effect on hydroxyl radical production suggesting active compounds in those herbs are water soluble. 5) Different species and origins of ginseng were compared for their radical scavenging activity. Chinese fresh ginseng (Oriental ginseng) showed higher activity than Korean ginseng tablet and American ginseng. Seven known active ginsenosides were identified using HPLC-MS-MS. 6) Melatonin was found at varying concentrations in ten herbs, which may contribute to the radical scavenging activity of herbs, on the other hand, it may provide the justification of clinical use and food resources, particularly for those herbs contain high level of melatonin.
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衛穎賢 and Wing-yin Eric Wai. "Effect of herbal medicine (Ganoderma lucidum) on nitric oxide production in macrophages." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3197126X.
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麥超常 and Chiu-sheung Simon Mak. "Efficacy of herbal medicine on neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40738905.
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Liu, Zhongqiu. "Mechanism of pharmacokinetic interaction between paeoniflorin and sinomenine." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2006. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/720.
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Shi, Yan. "A comparative study on the treatment of exercise induced fatigue between qi-supplementing herbs and qi-rectifying herbs." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2002. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/429.
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Li, Ting. "Study on the immunomodulatory property and mechanism of active compounds derived from chinese medicinal herbs." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1400.
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Ho, Chun-sing Johnson, and 何晉陞. "Adjunctive use of a Chinese herbal medicine in the non-surgical mechanical treatment of advanced periodontal disease on smokers: a randomized clinical trial." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37651584.
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Sinn, Wai-hang, and 冼惠恆. "The role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor andalpha-tumor necrosis factor in accelerated recovery fromcyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia in mice administered a traditionalChinese medicine, Bu-zhong-qi-tang." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45010407.
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Tsang, Ting Fung. "Mechanistic study of Chinese herbal medicines on melanogenesis and anti-melanoma effects." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1506.
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Au, Ching Tung Dawn. "Pharmacognostical studies on Hakka herbal medicine Wuzhimaotao." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/991.
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Zhang, Xiaojun. "Analgesic effect of paeoniflorin in rats with visceral hyperalgesia induced by neonatal maternal separation." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/919.
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Cheng, Chung Wah. "Chinese herbal medicine for functional constipation." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1090.
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Sagbo, Idowu Jonas. "Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Brachylaena elliptica (Thurb.) dc. and Brachylaena ilicifolia (Lam.) Phill & Schweick." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021289.
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Resistance of human pathogenic bacterial strains results in selective pressure against known antibiotic. However, plant derived compounds that possess antibacterial potential are currently being investigated for treatment of wound infections in diabetic patients as they are inexpensive and non-toxic. Hence, this dissertation was designed to evaluate two medicinal plants (Brachylaena elliptica and Brachylaena ilicifolia) traditionally used in the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, and its secondary complications in diabetic patients. The in vitro antioxidant activity of both plants were evaluated using DPPH (1, 1-diphenylhydrazl), ferric reducing power, ABTS (2, 2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), NO (nitric oxide) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) techniques. The antibacterial test and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution method against 5 bacteria strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogene, Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis) infecting wounds in diabetic patients using amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin as positive control. The phytochemical analyses were assessed using standard published methods. Identification of bioactive components in essential oils of both plants were assessed using GCMS. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of both plants were also evaluated to identify bioactive components using LC-MS. The results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, flavanoids, flavanols, proanthocyanidins, saponins and alkaloids in both plants. Both plants indicated strong antioxidant activities which might be due to the presence of bioactive compounds. The aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of both plants demonstrated appreciable broad spectrum activities against these wound pathogens with MIC ranging between 5 and 0.3 mg/ml. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oils of both plants revealed the presence of monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, phenolics and esters. The LC-MS analysis of the aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of both plants showed that both plants are rich in alkaloids, terpenes, terpenoids, monoterpernoids, and flavanoids. Conclusively, this study has partially justified the ethnomedicinal use of B. elliptica and B.licifolia leaves for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes and wound infections caused by bacteria in diabetic patients. These may be attributed to the presence of antioxidant compound such as phenols, flavanoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and other phytochemical compounds.
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Xiao, Haitao. "Therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of qing-dai powder against experimental colitis in mice." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/213.
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Ulcerative colitis (UC), a subset of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is a chronic uncontrolled inflammatory condition of the intestinal mucosa. As its etiology remains unclear, no specific effective treatment is available. Therefore, development of novel strategies for IBD treatment remains a major medical need. Qing-dai Powder (QDP), an ancient herbal medicinal formula, exerted potent therapeutic effect on intractable UC patients; however, evidence-based support is needed. The aims of this study are: i) to delineate the anti-colitis effect of QDP and its underlying mechanisms in murine colitis; 2) to explore the rationality of QDP formula; 3) to investigate the anti-colitis effects of major component(s) or/and active ingredient(s) of QDP and their underlying mechanisms in murine colitis. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of QDP on UC was investigated on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute murine colitis. Results showed that i) QDP dose-dependently attenuated disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, histological damage and colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of DSS-treated mice; ii) QDP significantly decreased the infiltration of immune cells, particularly macrophages and CD4+ T cells, colonic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and plasma level of chemokine MCP-1. In RAW 264.7 cells, QDP significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced the production of TNF-α and IL-6, and the expression levels of COX-2 and iNOS via inhibiting IкB-α degradation and p65 nuclear translocation; Also, in primary CD4+ T cells, QDP significantly suppressed the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. These findings indicate that the anti-colitis effects of QDP might be associated with inhibition of inflammatory responses of colonic macrophages and CD4+ T cells. QDP is composed of Qing-dai and Ku-fan. The comparative study of anti-colitis of QDP, Qing-dai and Ku-fan revealed that QDP is a reasonable TCM formula, and Qing-dai is mainly responsible for the anti-colitis effect of QDP and Ku-fan exhibits a weak beneficial effect. Mechanistically, it was found that Qing-dai significantly suppressed Th1 and Th17 responses, characterized as i) suppressing mRNA expression of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and Th17 cytokine IL-17A, inhibiting the production of Th1 and Th17-related cytokines IFN-γ, IL-17A/F and TNF-α in the colon of DSS-treated mice; ii) restraining the proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes of DSS-treated mice; iii) suppressing the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells in vitro. Indirubin is the principle active component of Qing-dai. It was found that indirubin significantly suppressed the generation of Th17 cells in DSS-treated mice, evidenced by i) suppressing the mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and RORγt, and inhibiting the production of IL-17A/F, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the colon of DSS-treated mice; ii) reducing Th17 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes of DSS-treated mice through reducing GSK-3β activity and p-STAT3 expression; iii) suppressing the differentiation of Th17 cells through down-regulating the expression of GSK-3β and p-STAT3 in vitro. In summary, the present study provides evidence-based support for the clinical use of QDP in the management of UC, and indicates that indirubin is the main active compound of QDP responsible for its anti-colitis effect.
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Marnewick, Jeanine Lucasta. "Cancer modulating properties of unique South African herbal teas (rooibos and honeybush) in short term in vitro and in vivo carcinogenesis assays." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21888.
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Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis provides the first scientific evidence on the cancer modulating properties of two unique South African herbal teas, rooibos (Aspalathus Iinearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) utilizing in vitro as well as in vivo carcinogenesis assays by: • Demonstrating the in vitro antimutagenic activity of aqueous extracts of the herbal teas against the metabolic activated mutagens, 2-acetylaminofluorene (2- AAF) and the mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB,) as well as, to a certain extent, against the direct acting mutagen, hydrogen peroxide, utilizing the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. • Increasing the activity of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, glutathione Stransferase alpha and UPD-glucuronosyl transferase, and reduced the oxidative stress by stabilizing the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) resulting in an increased hepatic reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSG:GSSG). No toxic effects were noticed in rats consuming the herbal teas for 10 weeks as their sole source of drinking fluid. • Demonstrating the ex vivo modulation of 2-AAF- and AFB1-induced mutagenesis by sub- cellular hepatic fractions of rats consuming the herbal teas in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Hepatic cytosolic fractions protected against mutagenesis of both mutagens, while the microsomal fractions exhibited a reduced capacity to metabolize AFB1 to its active mutagenic metabolite. • Providing evidence for the in vivo modulation of tumour promotion using the liver as well as the two-stage skin carcinogenesis animal models. The unprocessed herbal teas arrested proliferation of the placental form of glutathione-Stransferase (GSTP+) altered cells as well as reduced the total number of enzyme altered foci in the liver of rats. Topical application of polyphenolic fractions of the various herbal teas prior to 12-0-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) tumour promotion, reduced tumour formation in mouse skin initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[ ajanthracene (DMBA). The protective effect was illustrated by a decreased tumour incidence, a reduction in tumour volume as well as a delayed onset of tumour development. The f1avanol/proanthocyanidin content of the fractions could playa major role in the protection against skin tumour promotion. • Proposing possible mechanisms whereby rooibos and honeybush herbal teas could exert their cancer modulating properties with respect to in vitro and ex vivo antimutagenicity, in vivo oxidative status and reduced tumour promotion. • Providing evidence that the herbal teas mimic the cancer modulating properties of green and black teas although differences exist, presumably due to differences in the polyphenolic constituents. • Suggesting that rooibos and honeybush herbal teas may play an important role as chemopreventive agents in the modulation of cancer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bevat die eerste ondersoek na die effek van waterige en polifenoliese ekstrakte van rooibos (Aspalathus Iinearis) en heuningbos (Cyclopia intermedia) op verskeie aspekte van kankerontwikkeling. Die twee kruietees is uniek aan Suid-Afrika en kan 'n belangrike rol speel in die voorkoming van kanker. Verskillende in vitro so wei as in vivo studies het die volgende getoon: • Antimutageniese aktiwiteite teen die metabolies-geaktiveerde mutagene, 2- asetielaminofluoreen (2-AAF) en die mikotoksien, aflatoksien B1 (AFB1) in die Salmonella fyphimurium mutagenisiteitstoets. 'n Beperkte mate van beskerming is ook verleen teen die oksidatiewe mutageen, waterstofperoksied, sonder metaboliese aktivering. • Verhoogde aktiwiteite van die fase II ensieme, glutatioon S-tranferase alfa en UDP-glukuronidase, wat liggaamsvreemde verbindings metaboliseer. Die kruietees verlaag die oksidasietoestand soos weerspieel word deur 'n toename van gereduseerde glutatioon tot die geoksideerde vorm in die lewer van rotte wat 10 weke hierdie kruietees gedrink he!. Die kruietees het geen toksiese uitwerking op die rotte gehad nie. • Antimutageniese aktiwiteite van subselluiE~re fraksies van die lewer teenoor 2- AAF en AFB1 in die Salmonella toets. Die sitosolfraksie van die rotlewer bied beskerming teen die ge"induseerde mutagenese van beide mutagene, terwyl die mikrosomale fraksie ook die metaboliese aktivering van AFB1 na die aktiewe mutageniese metaboliet verminder. • In vivo modulering van kankerpromosie met behulp van bekende rotlewer en muisvel kankerontwikkelingsmodelle. In die lewermodel het die ongeprosesseerde kruietees beide die ontwikkeling en getal van GSTP+ fokusse onderskeidelik vertraag en verminder. In die geval van die velkankermodel het aanwending van polifenoliese fraksies van die kruietees beskerming gebied teen die ontwikkeling van velkankers by muise. Die aantal en grootte van die tumors het afgeneem terwyl die verskyning daarvan ook vertraag is. • Verskeie meganismes waardeur rooibos- en heuningboslee moonllik kanker kan moduleer word voorgeslel. Verskille in die polifenoliese sameslelling asook hul onderskeie konsenlrasies kan 'n belangrike rol speel in die kankerveranderende effekle van die lees. • Oal gereelde inname van rooibos- en/of heuningboslee moonllik 'n belangrike rol kan speel in die voorkoming van dieel- en omgewings-geYnduseerde kankers.
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Leung, Sze-wan, and 梁詩韻. "Activity of Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang (補中益氣湯) fractions oncyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia in mice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45010249.
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Odeyemi, Samuel Wale. "A comparative study of the in vitro antidiabetic properties, cytotoxicity and mechanism of action of Albuca bracteata and Albuca setosa bulb extracts." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3154.
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The search for cheap, non toxic and readily available antidiabetic drugs has been a challenge for researchers and the pharmaceutical industries. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by defects in the synthesis of insulin and/or insensitivity to the action of insulin at the target cells. The disease has been on the increase mostly in developing countries where large proportions of the population have little access to good medical care due to either accessibility or non availability of synthetic drugs. This has led to the use of medicinal plants to treat diabetes because it is safe, cheap and with few side effects. There is little scientific evidence on the dosages, active compounds, mechanisms of action and toxicity of these traditionally used plants. Two of the most frequently used plants; Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were investigated in this study. The qualitative analysis of different extractions of these plants revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The antioxidant properties of aqueous, acetone and methanollic extracts of Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were investigated using models such as Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), Ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). Both plants revealed inhibitions against DPPH in a concentration - dependent manner with Albuca setosa (0.330 mg/ml) showing higher activity than Albuca bracteata (0.647 mg/ml) determined from the IC50. The aqueous extract of Albuca setosa showed a higher inhibition against DPPH radical compared to the Albuca bracteata aqueous extract at all concentrations investigated. The isolated saponins from Albuca bracteata had a higher DPPH scavenging activity than the crude methanolic extract of the plant in a concentration - dependent manner but are significantly different from each other at 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/ml only. The IC50 of the saponins was also observed to be higher than the crude extracts and standards.The Albuca setosa aqueous extract showed a higher percentage inhibition of ABTS radicals than Albuca bracteata at all the concentrations investigated. Overall, the Albuca setosa aqueous extract (0.0809 mg/ml) showed maximum activity against ABTS radicals. The iron reducing power was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the methanolic extract of both plants compared to the aqueous counterpart. Overall, the Albuca bracteata aqueous extract (0.344 mg/ml) showed maximum activity as indicated by the IC50. The aqueous extracts of both plants also revealed percentage inhibitions in a concentration - dependent manner against NO2. The aqueous extract of Albuca bracteata bulb was more active against nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide inhibition. In this study, the cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated at a high dose of 100 μg/ml on Chang liver cells and determined using MTT, crystal violet, glucose consumption, lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase release and FRAP. The aqueous extracts of both Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were non-toxic on Chang liver cells at the concentrations investigated. The MTT revealed that the aqueous extract of Albuca setosa bulb had the optimum cell viability of 108.09 percent while the acetonic extract of Albuca bracteata showed the least cell viability (37.72 percent) compared with the control. The crystal violet test also revealed the acetone extract of Albuca bracteata to have the least percentage of cell viability at 31.47 percent, while the aqueous extract of Albuca setosa showed the maximum cell viability at 112.5 percent. The aqueous extracts of both plants showed higher percentage cell density on the second day of incubation from the proliferation assay. All the tested samples were observed to consume more glucose than the blank except for the methanollic and acetone extracts of Albuca bracteata bulb. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Albuca setosa bulbs produced the highest lactate with 120.2 μg/ml and 113.7 μg/ml respectively. The acetone extracts of both Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata revealed toxicity with a higher lactate dehydrogenase release compared to the control.
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Wong, Queenie Lai Lai. "Pharmacognostic studies on folk medicinal herb xihuangcao." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/215.
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Xihuangcao is a folk medicinal herb used in southern China with three botanical origins: Isodon lophanthoides (IL), I. lophanthoides var. graciliflorus (ILG) and I. serra (IS). They are often used indiscriminately, numerous commercially available herbal products list Xihuangcao as an ingredient without listing the source. This situation has led to a growing concern about the differentiation and quality evaluation of Xihuangcao. To address this concern, a systematic study was conducted to identify the origin. The study is divided into five parts, which aimed to establish and apply the authentication methods of the origins. Four Isodon species were recorded in research papers as the plant sources. However, a new classification suggested in 2004 and two of the IL varieties were merged. In the ancient herbal documents, ILG was first recorded as the origin plant. IL was the major species in the ancient texts, IS was only listed as an additional sources in recent herbal references. The“yellow juices which proven to be the exudates of glandular scales was the key identification features recorded. Macroscopic and microscopic studies provided identification features of the three Isodon species. IL and ILG share very similar features, but IS can be easily distinguished. By morphological features, IL and ILG can be distinguished by the shape of leaves, which IL has a broader leaves than ILG; IS can be identified by its very bitter taste and broadly winged petioles. By microscopic features, IL and ILG have a tiny difference in the shape of epidermal cells of leaf, and IS can be recognized by small raphides of calcium oxalate. In the UPLC-MS fingerprinting and tissue-specific profiling, the chemical profiles the three species were revealed. The chemical profiles of IL and ILG were similar, while IS has its specific chemical profiles. Twenty-seven characteristic peaks were chosen and showed a good distinction of the three species. The tissue-specific profiling of leaves showed the diterpenoids of all the species were accumulated only in the glandular scales. Lipidomics study on IL, ILG and IS was also conducted. A total of 92 lipids were identified. The variation of lipid profiles of the three Isodon species was further quantified, the results showed that the contents of the lipids in the three Isodon species varied. Statistical analyses showed IS has distinctly different lipid profile, while that of IL and ILG are very similar. Finally, the methods of macroscopic microscopic authentication and UPLC-MS fingerprinting were applied in identifying the source species of commercial Xihuangcao products. Twenty-seven batches of Xihuangcao decoction pieces were identified, results showed ILG is the major source of the collected samples. The ingredients in eight Xihuangcao herbal tea bags were also identified. IS is the major species, and none of the samples match their labels. The study provided valuable information on the authentication and quality control of folk medicinal herb Xihuangcao. The work also provided fundamental information on further studies on the chemical constituents of IL and ILG, also and role of lipids in the production of bioactive diterpenoids in Isodon species
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Dong, Hang. "Study of the anti-cancer effect and mechanism of compound 9 : a novel derivative of the PPD-type ginsenoside." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1446.
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Kum, Wan Fung. "Evaluation of effects of the Chinese herbal medicine jia wei liu jun zi granules on the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease : a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1016.
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傅凱文 and Hoi-man Kelvin Fu. "The immunomodulatory effects of Chinese medicinal products Yun Zhi andDanshen: flow cytometric studies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575916.
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Bai, Liping. "The noncovalent binding of benzophenathridine alkaloids to double-stranded, bulged and G-quadruplex DNA." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/910.
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Wang, Hui. "Molecular mechanisms of oridonin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 cells." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1162.
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Xie, Ying. "Studies on the quality control and pharmacokinetics of QFGJS capsule, an anti-arthritic Chinese herbal preparation." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/881.
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Komperlla, Mahesh Kumar. "The formulation and evaluation of rapid release tablets manufactured from Artemisia Afra plant material." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Infusions, decoctions, alcoholic preparations and other dosage forms of Artemisia afra are frequently used in South African traditional medicine. Generally when these preparations are made without applying good manufacturing practices they do not meet microbial quality control standards, safety and toxicity criteria and encourage poor patients compliance. To overcome the aforementioned disadvantages of traditional dosage forms a sold dosage form, i.e. a table might be recommended. The first objective of this study was to formulate and manufacture a rapid release tablet dosage of Artemisia afra that would contain an amount of plant material equivalent to that found in its traditional liquid dosage forms and that would meet conventional pharmaceutical standards. The second objective was to conduct a pilot study to obtain a preliminary profile of the bioavailability of select flavonoids presents in both the tablet and traditional liquid preparation of Artemisia afra in humans.
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Owen, Patrick L. "Antioxidant activity of Tibetan plant remedies used for cardiovascular disease." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0035/MQ64425.pdf.
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Cheung, Hiu-yee Zelda, and 張曉宜. "Neuroprotection by a mixture of herbal extracts following axotomy: its effect on the molecular mechanisms ofaxotomized retinal ganglion cell death." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242984.
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Chan, Pui-sze, and 陳沛思. "Effects of modified Yunu Jian: a traditional Chinese medicine formula, in non-surgical periodontal treatment ofsmokers with periodontitis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39634139.
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Ho, Yuen-shan, and 何宛珊. "Investigation of lycium barbarum as neuroprotective drug against Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43572388.
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Cheung, Hoi-yan, and 張凱恩. "The study of Chinese herbal medicinal compound on implantation : in vitro spheroid-endometrium co-culture." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196547.
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays an important role in the Chinese healthcare system for over five thousand years. It includes the use of herbal medicine, acupuncture, Tui Na (推拿), and diet therapy. TCM helps to maintain a balance of Yin-Yang (阴阳), Five Phases (五行), Meridians (经络) and Qi (气) inside the body. In practise, pregnant women take tocolytic drugs to tonify the blood and qi to provide a continuous supply of nutrients for baby.
Traditional Chinese herbal medicines usually prescribed as a complex formula to produce synergistic or agonistic effect to maintain a well balance of the above components in human bodies. Moreover, TCM usually cannot produce immediate effect on patients, therefore, the efficacy of individual component remains largely unknown. This study aims to investigate whether Chinese tocolytic drug components could modulate fertility by affecting the in vitro spheroid (blastocyte surrogate) attachment process by using trophoblastic (JEG-3) and endometrial epithelial (Ishikawa) cells to mimic the embryo-endometrial implantation process.
Nine Chinese herbal medicinal compounds (Atractylenolide I(白术内酯), Atractylenolide II(白术内酯II), Atractylenolide III(白术内酯III), Paeoniflorin(芍药苷), Albiflorin(芍药内酯苷), Nuzhenide(女贞子甙), Ecliptasaponin A(旱莲甙A), Wedelolactone(蟛蜞菊内酯) and Columbianadin(二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯)) which are commonly found in traditional Chinese tocolytic drug formula were selected to study (1) the toxicity of the drugs on trophoblastic (JEG-3) and endometrial epithelial (Ishikawa) cells growth, (2) the effect of three tocolytic drugs (Atractylenolide I, Atractylenolide II and Atractylenolide III) on spheroid attachment, and (3) their effect of the expression of Wingless (Wnt) signaling molecules (Active-β-Catenin, Axin-2, β-catenin, E-cadherin, GSK-3β, and Mucin-1).
It was found that the nine compounds, Atractylenolide I, Atractylenolide II, Atractylenolide III, Paeoniflorin, Albiflorin, Nuzhenide, Ecliptasaponin A, Wedelolactone and Columbianadin did not affect cell viability at 25μM, 25μM, 5μM, 0.2μM, 125μM, 125μM, 125μM, 5μM and 25μM, respectively, by cell proliferation assay. However, at these concentrations, the spheroid attachment was not significantly increased by Atractylenolide I, Atractylenolide II and Atractylenolide III. Interestingly, the protein expression of GSK-3β and Active-β-catenin were up-regulated by the three compounds in both cells and JEG-3 cells respectively. The expressions of Axin-2 and E-cadherin were up-regulated by Atractylenolide III in Ishikawa cells and Atractylenolide II in JEG-3 cells. Atractylenolide I and Atractylenolide III increase the Ishikawa cells expression of Active-β-catenin and β-catenin respectively and together suppress the JEG-3 cells Mucin-1 and β-catenin expression.
In conclusion, the nine tocolytic compounds have different effect on cell proliferation. Atractylenolide I, Atractylenolide II and Atractylenolide III did not enhance the attachment rate of JEG-3 spheroid onto Ishikawa monolayer. However, they affected Wnt-signaling molecules expression, suggesting that they may modulate endometrial receptivity. Further experiments are needed to study their combined effect on co-culture and expression of Wnt-signaling molecules.published_or_final_version
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Master
Master of Medical Sciences
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Wu, Pui Kei. "Application of differential proteomic strategies to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins in rat 6 fibroblast cell system." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/990.
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Tian, Xiao Ying. "The study of Chinese herbal medicine in embryonic development of mice." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1071.
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Adefuye, Ogheneochuko Janet. "Anti-diabetic and phytochemical analysis of sutherlandia frutescens extracts." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3549.
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In Africa, the importance of medicinal plants in folklore medicine and their contribution to primary healthcare is well recognized. Across the continent, local herbal mixtures still provide the only therapeutic option for about 80% of the population. The vast floral diversity and the intrinsic ethnobotanical knowledge has been the backbone of localized traditional herbal medical practices. In Africa, an estimated 5400 of the 60000 described plant taxa possess over 16300 therapeutic uses. Similarly, with a therapeutic flora comprising of approximately 650 species, herbal medical practitioners in South Africa, make use of a plethora of plants to treat different human diseases and infections. Over the years, studies have identified numerous plant species with potential against chronic metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Globally, the incidence and prevalence of T2DM have reached epidemic proportions affecting people of all ages, nationalities and ethnicity. Considered the fourth leading cause of deaths by disease, T2DM is a global health crisis with an estimated diagnosis and mortality frequency of 1 every 5 seconds and 1 every 7 seconds respectively. Though the exact pathophysiology of T2DM is not entirely understood, initial peripheral insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle with subsequent pancreatic β-cell dysfunction resulting from an attempt to compensate for insulin resistance is a common feature of the disease. The current approach to treating T2DM is the use of oral antidiabetic agents (OAAs), insulin, and incretin-based drugs in an attempt to achieve glycaemic control and maintain glucose homeostasis. However, conventional anti-T2DM drugs have been shown to have limited efficacies and serious adverse effects. Hence, the need for newer, more efficacious and safer anti-T2DM agents. Sutherlandia frutescens subsp. microphylla is a flowering shrub of the pea family (Fabaceae/Leguminaceae) found mainly in the Western Cape and Karoo regions of Southern Africa. Concoctions of various parts of the plant are used in the management of different ailments including T2DM. However, despite extensive biological and pharmacological studies, few analyses exist of the chemical constituents of S. frutescens and no Triple Time of Flight Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (Triple TOF LC/MS/MS) analysis has been performed. The initial aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical profile of hot aqueous, cold aqueous, 80% ethanolic, 100% ethanolic, 80% methanolic and 100% methanolic extracts of a single source S. frutescens plant material using colorimetric and spectrophotometric analysis. The hot aqueous extractant was found to be the best extractant for S. frutescens, yielding 1.99 g of crude extract from 16 g fresh powdered plant material. This data suggests that application of heat and water as the extractant (hot aqueous) could play a vital role in extraction of bioactive compounds from S. frutescens and also justifies the traditional use of a tea infusion of S. frutescens. Colorimetric analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, and phenols in all extracts with varying intensity. The organic extracts 100% methanol, 80% and 100% ethanol exhibited high color intensity (+++) for flavonoids and flavonols respectively, while all the extracts exhibited a moderate color intensity (++) for tannins and phenols. Spectrophotometric analysis of S. frutescens extracts revealed that all the organic extracts contained a significantly higher concentration (in mg/g of extract) of flavonols and tannins when compared to the aqueous extracts. All extracts contained approximately equal levels of phenols. These data confirm the presence of all four groups of bioactive phytocompounds in the S. frutescens extracts used in this study, and also confirm that different solvent extractants possess the capability to differentially extract specific groups of phytocompounds. in individual extracts. Further comparison of these compounds with online databases of anti-diabetic phytocompounds led to the preliminary identification of 10 possible anti-diabetic compounds; α-Pinene, Limonene, Sabinene, Carvone, Myricetin, Rutin, Stigmasterol, Emodin, Sarpagine and Hypoglycin B in crude and solid phase extraction (SPE) fractions of S. frutesecens. Furthermore, using two hepatic cell lines (Chang and HepG2) as an in-vtro model system, the anti-T2DM properties of crude aqueous and organic extracts of S. frutescents was investigated and compared. Both aqueous and organic extracts of S. frutescens were found to decrease gluconeogenesis, increase glucose uptake and decrease lipid accumulation (Triacylglycerol, Diacylglycerol, and Monoacylglycerol) in Chang and HepG2 hepatic cell cultures made insulin resistant (IR) following exposure to high concentration of insulin and fructose. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the aqueous and organic extracts of S. frutescens were confirmed to regulate the expression of Vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3), Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8), and Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) in insulin resistant hepatic cells. IR-mediated downregulation of VAMP3, MAPK8, and IRS1 mRNA in IR HepG2 hepatic cell cultures was reversed in the presence of aqueous and organic extracts of S. frutescens. The hot aqueous extract displayed the highest activity in all the assays, while all the organic extracts displayed similar potency. In conclusion, this study reports that aqueous and organic extracts of S. frutescens possess numerous anti-diabetic compounds that can be further investigated for the development of new, more efficacious and less toxic anti-diabetic agents. The presence of multiple compounds in a single extract does suggest a synergistic or combinatorial therapeutic effect. These findings support the burgeoning body of in-vivo and in-vitro literature evidence on the anti-diabetic properties of S. frutescens and its use in folklore medicine.
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Cheung, Ho-pan, and 張浩斌. "Elucidation of the action mechanism of erxian decoction, a Chinese medicinal formula for menopause: frompharmacological approach to analytical approach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B5053418X.
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As the aging in reproductive system proceeds, females will eventually enter the period of menopause, during which a series of physiological changes occurs. The decline of estrogen level during menopausal transition is thought to associate with various menopausal symptoms. Although hormone replacement therapy can be adopted to deal with the estrogen-deficient state, side effects such as cancer risk cannot be overlooked.
Alternatively, Erxian Decoction (EXD), a Chinese medicine formula for treating menopausal symptoms has been used clinically for more than 60 years without adverse effects reported. Some pharmacological properties of EXD have been reported in previous research, which are thought to be contributed by its multiple bioactive components. Thus in the present study, the pharmacological properties of EXD have been further evaluated. The drug compatibility of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula, EXD, was also demonstrated. At last, a novel approach for identification of bioactive components from Chinese medicine formula was introduced using EXD as study model.
To evaluate the multiple pharmacological properties of EXD, proteins involved in steroidogenesis in ovaries of aged female rats were measured by immunoblotting analysis. On top of that, serum lipid profiles and the related proteins were determined by colorimetric assay and immunoblotting analysis respectively. Also, anti-osteoporotic properties and drug compatibility of EXD were evaluated by in vitro methods such as proliferation assay, osteoclast differentiation assay, ELISA assay or immunoblotting analysis. Lastly, a novel approach for identification of bioactive components in relation to the subsequent bioactivity from traditional Chinese medicinal formula was introduced using HPLC profiles.
From the results, it was demonstrated that EXD can modulate steroidogenesis in aged female rat model at least through up-regulation of ovarian aromatase, protein kinase B and estrogen receptor beta at protein level. Besides, EXD also exerts antihyperlipidemic effects in aged female rats as reflected from the decreased serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels via regulation of HMG CoA reductase and LDL-receptor, the key proteins for cholesterol synthesis and LDL-cholesterol clearance. In vitro study has also demonstrated the anti-osteoporotic properties of EXD through stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells. The later was proved to be mediated by down-regulation of NFATc1 proteins, a key protein for osteoclastogenesis. The roles of the drugs categories according to the drug compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine contributing to the optimal anti-osteoporotic properties of EXD were also elucidated.
Since the diverse pharmacological properties of a Chinese medicinal formula are often the results of the effects of complex bioactive constituents in the extract, yet identification of the bioactive components has been a tedious task. Thus in the last part of the study, a novel approach for identification of bioactive component from Chinese medicinal formula has been developed. By comparing the HPLC profiles of EXD extracted by different decoction method in relation to their pharmacological properties, six bioactive chemicals were successfully identified which may contribute to the stimulatory effect of EXD on ovarian aromatase and hepatic catalase expression.published_or_final_version
Chinese Medicine
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Awortwe, Charles. "Pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction study of selected traditional medicines used as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96796.
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Thesis (DMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2015ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction The increasing intake of traditional medicines among HIV/AIDS patients in sub-Saharan Africa needs urgent consideration by clinicians and other healthcare providers since the safety of such medications are unknown. The pharmacokinetic parameters - Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination (ADME) play important role in the safety evaluation of drugs, thus implicating drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters as critical indicators for herb-drug interactions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk potential of seven herbal medicines commonly consumed by HIV/AIDS patients for drug interactions applying in vitro models. In this study, inhibition and induction effects of the herbal medicines on cytochrome P450s (CYPs) 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 as well as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) were investigated. Methods Herbal medicines – Lessertia frutescens, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Kalanchoe integra and Taraxacum officinale were sourced from Medico Herbs, South Africa were identified by experts from Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town. Moringa oleifera, Echinacea purpurea and Kalanchoe crenata were obtained from the repository of the National Centre for Natural Product Research (NCNPR), University of Mississippi, USA. Reversible inhibitory effect of aqueous and methanol herbal extracts were evaluated in recombinant CYPs applying the fluorescent metabolites at specified excitation/emission wavelengths; CYP1A2 (3-cyano-7-hydroxycoumarin (CHC); 405/460 nm), CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 (7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)-coumarin (HFC); 405/535 nm) and CYP2D6 (7-hydroxy-4-(aminomethyl)-coumarin (HAMC); 390/460 nm). Comparative studies in human liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant CYPs were conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of methanol herbal extracts and fractions on 6β testosterone hydroxylation activity. Time dependent inhibitory (TDI) effect of the herbal extracts were evaluated applying the IC50 shift fold, normalized ratio and the NADPH-, time- and concentration-dependent approaches. Influence of herbal extracts on metabolic clearance of testosterone was assessed in both HLM and human hepatocytes. The effects of each herbal extract on expression of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and MDR1 genes were evaluated in activated human pregnane X receptor (PXR) co-transfected HepG2 cells. Finally, the inhibitory effect of herbal extracts on P-gp was assessed using the calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM) uptake and the digoxin radiolabelled substrates in MDCKII-MDRI cells. Results The aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera, Kalanchoe integra, Kalanchoe crenata, Echinacea purpurea and Lessertia frutescens demonstrated high risk of in vivo inhibition on CYPs 3A4 and 1A2 with Cmax/Ki >1.0. Methanol extracts of these herbal medicines also indicated potential risk of reversible drug interaction. The methanol extracts of M. oleifera, K. crenata and L. frutescens showed strong TDI effect on CYP3A4 with IC50 shift fold >1.5 and normalised ratio <0.7. Moringa oleifera intermediately reduced intrinsic clearance of testosterone in human hepatocytes (2 ≤ AUC ratio ≤ 5) when scaled up to humans. Methanol extracts of Echinacea purpurea up-regulated the expression of CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and MDR1 genes in activated PXR. Kalanchoe crenata and Echinacea purpurea indicated strong inhibition on P-gp by reducing transport of digoxin across hMDR1-MDCKII cell monolayer from basolateral to apical with IC50 values of 18.24 ± 2.52 μg/mL and 24.47 ± 4.97 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion The herbal medicines especially M. oleifera, K. integra and E. purpurea have the potential to cause herb-drug interaction in vivo if sufficient hepatic concentration is achieved in humans.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding Die verhoogde inname van tradisionele medisynes onder MIV/VIGS-pasiënte in sub-Sahara-Afrika verg dringend oorweging deur klinici en ander gesondheidsorgverskaffers, aangesien die veiligheid van sodanige medikasies onbekend is. Die farmakokinetiese parameters – Absorpsie, Distribusie, Metabolisme en Eliminasie (ADME) – speel ’n belangrike rol by die veiligheidsevaluering van geneesmiddels, en impliseer gevolglik geneesmiddel-metaboliserende ensieme en vervoerders as kritiese indikators vir krui-geneesmiddel-interaksies (HDI). Die oogmerk van hierdie studie is om die risikopotensiaal van sewe kruiemedisynes wat algemeen deur MIV/VIGS-pasiënte geneem word, vir geneesmiddel-interaksies te evalueer deur in vitro-modelle te gebruik. In hierdie studie is die inhiberings- en induseringsuitwerkings van die kruiemedisynes op sitochroom P450’s (verkort na CYP’s) 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 en 3A4, sowel as P-glikoproteïen (P-gp), ondersoek. Metodes Kruiemedisynes – Lessertia frutescens, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Kalanchoe integra en Taraxacum officinale – is van Medico Herbs, Suid-Afrika, bekom en deur kundiges van die Compton-herbarium, by die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Biodiversiteitsinstituut, Kaapstad, geïdentifiseer. Moringa oleifera, Echinacea purpurea en Kalanchoe crenata is van die bewaarplek van die Nasionale Sentrum vir Natuurlike Produknavorsing (NCNPR) aan die Universiteit van Mississippi in die VSA verkry. Die omkeerbare inhiberende uitwerking van kruie-ekstrakte in water en metanol is in rekombinante CYP’s geëvalueer deur die gebruik van die fluoresserende metaboliete op gespesifiseerde opwekkings-/emissiegolflengtes; CYP1A2 (3-siaan-7-hidroksikumarien (CHC); 405/460 nm), CYP2C9, CYP2C19 en CYP3A4 (7-hidroksi-4-(trifluoormetiel)-kumarien (HFC); 405/535 nm) en CYP2D6 (7-hidroksi-4-(aminometiel)-kumarien (HAMC); 390/460 nm). Vergelykende studies van menslikelewermikrosome (HLM) en rekombinante CYP’s is uitgevoer om die inhiberende uitwerking van metanolkruie-ekstrakte en -fraksies op 6β-testosteroonhidroksileringsaktiwiteit te ondersoek. Die tydafhanklike inhiberende uitwerking (TDI) van die kruie-ekstrakte is geëvalueer deur gebruikmaking van die IC50-verskuiwingsvou-, die genormaliseerdeverhoudings- en die NADPH-, tyd- en konsentrasieafhanklike benaderings. Die invloed van kruie-ekstrakte op metaboliese testosteroonverheldering is in beide HLM en menslike hepatosiete geëvalueer. Die uitwerkings van elke kruie-ekstrak op die uitdrukking van CYP1A2-, CYP3A4- en MDR1-gene is in geaktiveerde menslike pregnaan-X-reseptor(PXR)-, ko-getransfekteerde HepG2-selle geëvalueer. Laastens is die inhiberende uitwerking van kruie-ekstrakte op P-gp geëvalueer, met gebruikmaking van die kalsien-asetoksimetiel-ester (kalsien-AM)-opname en die digoksien- radiogemerkte substrate in MDCKII-MDRI-selle. Resultate Die ekstrakte in water van M. oleifera, K. integra, K. crenata, E. purpurea en L. frutescens het ’n hoë risiko van in vivo-inhibering op CYP’s 3A4 en 1A2 met Cmaks/Ki >1.0 getoon. Ekstrakte van hierdie kruiemedisynes in metanol het verder potensiële risiko van omkeerbare geneesmiddelinteraksie getoon. Die ekstrakte van M. oleifera, K. crenata en L. frutescens in metanol het sterk TDI-uitwerking op CYP3A4 met IC50-verskuiwingsvou >1.5 en genormaliseerde verhouding <0.7 getoon. M. oleifera het intermediêre vermindering van intrinsieke testosteroonverheldering in menslike hepatosiete (2 ≤ AUC verhouding ≤ 5) tot gevolg wanneer die skaal na mense verhoog word. Ekstrakte van E. purpurea in metanol het die uitdrukking van CYP1A2-, CYP3A4- en MDR1-gene in geaktiveerde PXR opgereguleer. K. crenata en E. purpurea het sterk inhibering van P-gp getoon deur die vervoer van digoksien deur die hMDR1-MDCKII-selmonolaag van basolateraal tot apikaal met IC50-waardes van onderskeidelik 18.24 ± 2.52 μg/mL en 24.47 ± 4.97 μg/mL te verminder. Gevolgtrekking Kruiemedisynes, veral M. oleifera, K. integra en E. purpurea, het die potensiaal om HDI in vivo te veroorsaak indien voldoende hepatiese konsentrasie by mense bereik word.
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Chen, Guoqing. "Halofuginone modulates glucose metabolism and autophagy in colorectal cancer." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2016. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/309.
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Cell metabolism disorder is considered as both direct and indirect consequence of oncogenic mutations for tumoigenesis. Autophagy is a metabolic stress response and a mechanism of natural cellular degradation. It is believed that autophagy, as well as metabolism, is a crucial process for the adaptation of cancer cells to changes in nutrient availability. Understanding the relationship between metabolism and autophagy and targeting on the key steps are regarded as a promising strategy to treat cancer. Halofuginone (HF), a semisynthetic quinazolinone alkaloid originally derived from the plant Dichroa febrifuga Lour., has gained attention for its potential therapeutic effects in a variety of cancers. We hypothesize that HF may inhibit cancer cell proliferation by inducing changes in glucose metabolism and modulating related autophagy. A series of studies, from in vitro to in vivo, were designed to approve this concept in colorectal cancer (CRC);Firstly, we found that HF inhibited human CRC cell proliferation and induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. As expected, a reduced level of NADPH was also observed, at least in part due to inactivation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) upon HF treatment. Given these findings, we further investigated metabolic regulation of HF through Akt/mTORC1-mediated aerobic glycolysis and found that HF downregulated the Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway. Moreover, metabolomics found slower rates in both glycolytic flux and glucose-derived tricarboxylic acid cycle flux. Meanwhile, both glucose transporter GLUT1 and hexokinase-2 in glycolysis were suppressed in CRC cells by HF. These findings support our notion that HF regulates the Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway to dampen glucose uptake and glycolysis in CRC cells. Furthermore, HF retarded tumor growth in nude mice inoculated with HCT116 cells and reduced the viability of primary cells from the tissues of CRC patients. This finding further confirmed our hypothesis that HF inhibits CRC cell growth through metabolic regulation of Akt/mTORC1. Because mTORC1 can inhibit autophagy through phosphorylation and inactivation of the initiating kinase ULK1 in cancer cells, we further studied the HF effects on CRC in different nutritional conditions. The results showed that HF in nutrient-rich conditions could reduce SQSTM1/p62 through mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation at Ser757 of ULK1. More interestingly, HF elevated SQSTM1 protein level in low nutrient condition through AMPK-mediated phosphorylation at Ser317/777 of ULK1. It showed that HF could regulate nutrient-sensing mTORC1-ULK1 or AMPK-ULK1 to dually modulate autophagy in CRC cells. Further study by using a variety of methods, including mRFP-GFP-LC3 puncta formation, transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, found that HF could induce autophagosome formation and inhibit autophagosome membrane elongation, depending on nutrient-sensing pathways. Furthermore, we found HF pronouncedly enhanced expression level of Atg7 under nutrient-rich conditions while it decreased Atg7 in CRC cells under nutrient-poor conditions. These two findings imply that Atg7 is required in dual regulation of autophagic flux depending on nutrient conditions. This conclusion was then validated by comparing with autophagy-related proteins in Atg7 knockout (KO) MEFs and Wild-type (WT) MEFs upon HF treatment. Importantly, through analysis of metabolome and metabolic enzymes, we found that HF inhibited glycolysis under nutrient-rich conditions while it inhibited gluconeogenesis under nutrient-poor conditions in an Atg7-dependent manner. In subsequent studies, we found that caloric restriction (CR) in a xenograft mouse model, which mimics low nutrition in vitro, enhanced the anticancer activity of HF. Further analysis of the expression of TQTSM1 and LC3 in tumor tissues demonstrated that HF is an autophagic inducer in xenograft-bearing nude mice with ad libitum feeding, whereas it is an autophagic inhibitor when using CR.;In summary, this study explains how HF controls CRC cell growth through its influences on glucose metabolism and autophagy regulation. HF not only dually regulates autophagy in vitro and in vivo to inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation through nutrient-sensing pathways under different conditions, but also modulates glycolysis/gluconeogenesis through an autophagic pathway. These results suggest that HF could turn out to be a potent therapeutic drug for treating CRC.
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Sarwar, Md Shahid. "Elucidation of anticancer efficacy of ent-kaurane diterpenes through structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action studies." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/669.
Full textAbstract:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent and second leading causes of cancer-associated deaths globally. Over the last few decades, ent-kaurane diterpenes have been widely investigated for their anticancer potentials. Flexicaulin A (9) is a naturally occurring ent-kaurane. Previously, our lab modified the structure of 9 by replacing the C-11 hydroxyl group with carbonyl group and obtained a novel compound oxoflexicaulin A (11). However, anticancer activities and mechanistic pathway of these two compounds are yet to be explored. In the current thesis, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of compounds 9 and 11 in A549 lung, A375 melanoma, PANC1 pancreatic, HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer and 293T human embryonic kidney cells as well as compared the activity with a number of known natural ent-kauranes to describe their structure-activity relationship. Our study found that the presence of α, β-unsaturated ketone groups in ent-kaurane structure acted as the pharmacophore. The replacement of C-11 hydroxyl group by carbonyl in 9 (IC50: 3.68 µM) gives a novel potent anticancer compound 11 (IC50: 0.77 µM). Considering the novelty and superior activity of 11, its mechanistic pathway was studied in HCT-116 cells and compared with the natural scaffold 9. Flow cytometry analysis by Annexin V/PI staining along with fluorescent staining by DAPI showed that both compounds induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cells. Induction of apoptosis is mediated through up-regulation of tumor suppressor protein p53 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax, Bak and puma as well as promoting the cleavage of PARP while down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and PARP. Apart from their effect on apoptosis, compounds 9 and 11 stimulated the event of senescence, a process of cellular aging, as confirmed by β-galactosidase assay. Induction of senescence is related with up-modulation of p21 and p27 while down-modulation of p16, Rb and its transcription factor E2F1. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining showed translocation of p21 and p27 from the cytoplasm to nucleus after treatment with 9 and 11. Further study found that the two ent-kauranes inhibited the protein level of two NF-κB sub-units p65 and p50 in the nucleus as well suppressed the cytoplasmic level of NF-κB inhibitor IkB-α. Both compounds also inhibited the expression and phosphorylation of STAT3 in the cytoplasm and nucleus, so as for the expression and phosphorylation of Src, an up-stream kinase of STAT3. In xenograft nude mice model, compound 11 remarkably inhibited tumor growths (volume and size) but the body weights of the mice were also reduced (p < 0. 05). Therefore, we designed to synthesis a series of prodrug analogs from 11 by adding acetal protecting group to reduce the toxicity. One of the prodrug (37) significantly attenuated the tumor volume and size (p < 0.05) at 50 mg/kg without any toxicity (p > 0.05). The prodrug 37 is actually released as compound 11 in the mice due to its cleavage in the acidic microenvironment of tumor. Taken together, antitumor effect of compound 11 in CRC model is supposed to be mediated through induction of apoptosis and senescence via modulation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathway. Keywords: Colorectal cancer, ent-kaurane, flexicaulin A, oxoflexicaulin A, cytotoxicity, anticancer, apoptosis, pathway, NF-κB, STAT3.
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Guo, Hui. "A study on the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of herba siegesbeckiae (Xixiancao)." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/533.
Full textAbstract:
To determine whether the three Siegesbeckia plants can all serve as the origins of HS, we compared their fingerprint chromatograms and inhibitory effects on inflammatory mediators. Chemical analyses showed that the three species have different profiles, although they have common peaks in their fingerprint chromatograms. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) of the common peaks demonstrated that all samples of the three species tend to be species-dependently grouped and separated. Ten components contributing to the species discrimination were identified, of which 8 are long-chain fatty acids/esters, and 2 are darutoside and hythiemoside A. Inhibitory effects of the three species on NO production and IL-6 secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages are different, with SG being the most and SP the least potent. These chemical and bioactivity assays support the notion that the three Siegesbeckia species cannot be equally used as the plant origins of HS.;This work provides a chemical and pharmacological basis for determining whether the three Siegesbeckia genus herbs SP, SO and SG can all serve as the origins of HS; and also provides pharmacological justifications for the clinical application of HS in treating inflammatory disorders.
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Qin, Hongyan. "Analgesic effect and the underlying mechanisms of JCM-16021 in TNBS-induced PI-IBS rats." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1445.
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Cai, Xiong. "The anti-arthritic effect and underlying mechanisms of QFGJS, a pharmaceutical preparation from a Chinese herbal formula." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2006. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/722.
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Wang, Jingrong. "Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of the root of ilex pubescens." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2008. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/899.
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Li, Ting. "Anti-melanoma effects and mechanism of action of a herbal formula comprising Sophorae flos and Lonicerae Japonicae flos." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/432.
Full textAbstract:
A herbal formula (SL) comprising edible Sophorae Flos and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos was used to treat melanoma in ancient China. In current Chinese medicine practice, the two ingredient herbs of SL are commonly prescribed by Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) doctors for treating melanoma. However, there is no modern clinical or experimental evidence about the anti-melanoma actions of this formula. Signal transducer and activator of the transcription (STAT3), which is constitutively activated in melanoma, has been proposed as one of the anti-melanoma targets. Some natural compounds in SL have been shown to assault cancers including melanoma via inhibiting STAT3 signaling. In this study, we investigated the anti-melanoma effects and explored STAT3 signaling-related mechanism of action of SL. We also identified bioactive components responsible for SL's anti-melanoma effects. Our in vitro and in vivo studies showed that SLE, an ethanolic extract of SL, induced apoptosis, inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion in melanoma cells, inhibited melanoma growth, angiogenesis and prolonged host survival in melanoma-bearing mice. SLE significantly suppressed the activation of STAT3 and its upstream kinase Src in both mouse melanoma tissues and cultured melanoma cells. In melanoma cells, we also found that SLE restrained STAT3 nuclear localization and inhibited the expression of STAT3-regulated genes related to melanoma growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. Overactivation of STAT3 in A375 human melanoma cells diminished the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-invasive effects of SLE. RNA-seq and small RNA sequencing analyses showed that SLE altered both the gene expression profile and miRNA signature in B16F10 melanoma tissues. Based on the RNA-seq data, we further validated that SLE inhibited the IL-17-IL-6-STAT3 axis in melanoma. Verification assays for the candidate miRNAs suggested that the significantly upregulated miR-205-5p is a possible target of SLE. Enforced miR-205 expression has been shown to suppress EMT in melanoma cells. In this study, we demonstrated that SLE inhibited melanoma cell EMT, and miR-205-5p knockdown diminished this effect of SLE. In addition, we computationally demonstrated that luteolin, a naturally occurring edible flavone abundant in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, could directly bind to Src kinase domain. Experimentally, we verified that luteolin inhibited the Src/STAT3 signaling in both melanoma cells and tissues. In addition to inhibit STAT3 activation, luteolin promoted ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-mediated degradation of STAT3. Luteolin also exerted evident in vitro and in vivo anti-melanoma effects, and overactivation of STAT3 diminished its anti-melanoma effects. In conclusion, we demonstrated that SLE exerted in vivo and in vitro anti-melanoma effects, and inhibition of Src/STAT3 signaling and elevation of miR-205-5p expression contributed to these effects. Luteolin was identified to be one of the active components responsible for the inhibitory effects of SLE on STAT3 signaling and the anti-melanoma effects of SLE. This study provides a pharmacological and chemical basis for the traditional use of the formula SL in treating melanoma, and suggests that SLE and SLE-derived compounds have the potential to be developed as modern alternative and/or complimentary agents for melanoma management.
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Husaini, Danladi Chiroma. "Guidelines on the use of indigenous-western anti-hypertensive therapies in Belize." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27136.
Full textAbstract:
This study’s objectives were to identify, describe, and provide guidelines on using indigenous-western antihypertensive therapies in Belize to examine indigenous therapies’ efficacy in lowering blood pressure. The researcher utilized an explanatory sequential mixed method research design to examine indigenous-western therapies. Data were collected quantitatively from the general public (n=422) and qualitatively from hypertensive patients (n=24) using indigenous therapies and vendors (n=19) of indigenous therapies. The study results identified 47 different medicinal plants used in the management of hypertension in Belize, as reported by participants. Besides, leaves were the most reported plant part used to manage hypertension, while boiling (decoction) was the most common preparation method. The common route of administration was the oral route, and ½ to 1 cup 2 to 3 times daily was the dose and frequency of administration, respectively. The majority of participants using indigenous therapies did not report side effects. Conversely, orally administered hydrochlorothiazide and captopril were the most common western therapies reported by most respondents in the study. The majority of the respondents did not report concomitant use of indigenous-western therapies to manage their hypertension; however, those who used indigenous therapies reported that medicinal plants were efficacious in lowering their blood pressure. Some of the claims by participants are verified by Western science, thereby authenticating indigenous therapy claims. The researcher developed guidelines on the use of indigenous-western therapies from the results of the study. Collaboration between indigenous healers and Western medical practitioners to provide holistic healthcare approaches was recommended since both sciences have identical foundations and can learn from each other. The government should incorporate indigenous knowledge systems into school curricula.Health Studies
Ph. D. (Public Health)
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"The anticlastogenic study of selected Chinese medicinal herbs and marine algae." 2001. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890796.
Full textAbstract:
Chan Wai-Lung, William.Thesis submitted in: December 2000.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-131).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iii
Acknowledgements --- p.v
Table of Contents --- p.vi
List of Tables --- p.ix
List of Figures --- p.xii
List of Abbreviations --- p.xvi
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Literature Review --- p.4
Chapter 1.1 --- A Brief Introduction of Cancer --- p.4
Chapter 1.2 --- Natural Products as a Drug --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Development of terrestrial plants as a drug --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Anticancer drugs from terrestrial plants and Chinese medicinal herbs --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Development of marine organisms as a drug --- p.8
Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Anticancer drugs from marine organisms --- p.9
Chapter 1.3 --- Anticlastogenic Study - an Anticancer Study --- p.10
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Anticlastogenesis mechanisms study --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.2 --- In vivo anticlastogenic study --- p.13
Chapter 1.4 --- Anticlastogenic Study of Chinese Medicinal Herbs and Marine Algae --- p.17
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Selection of nine Chinese medicinal herbs and three marine algae for anticlastogenic screening --- p.18
Chapter 1.5 --- Methods of Investigation --- p.20
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Extraction methods --- p.20
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) --- p.21
Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.27
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.27
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chinese medicinal herbs --- p.27
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Marine algae --- p.27
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Animals --- p.27
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Chemicals and solutions --- p.28
Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Crude extraction of natural products --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Water extraction of Chinese herbs --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Water extraction of marine algae --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Test for the effective dosage of clastogen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to BALB/c mice --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- In vitro test --- p.32
Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- In vivo test --- p.32
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Anticlastogenic bioassays --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- In vitro anticlastogenic screening --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- In vitro anticlastogenic mechanisms investigation --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- In vivo anticlastogenic screening --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Different in vivo anticlastogenic treatment schedules --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Single cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.5 --- White blood cell viability determination --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.38
Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.40
Chapter 3.1 --- Extraction amount of different natural products and cell viability checking --- p.40
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chinese medicinal herbs --- p.40
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Seaweeds --- p.40
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Cell viability --- p.42
Chapter 3.2 --- Effective dosage of clastogen EMS to BALB/c mice peripheral white blood cells --- p.42
Chapter 3.2.1 --- In vitro --- p.42
Chapter 3.2.2 --- In vivo --- p.42
Chapter 3.3 --- In vitro anticlastogenic screen test and mechanisms investigation --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.1 --- In vitro anticlastogenic screen test --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Chinese herbs --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Seaweeds --- p.53
Chapter 3.3.2 --- In vitro anticlastogenic mechanisms investigation --- p.55
Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- H. dilatata --- p.56
Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- S. angustifolium --- p.56
Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- S. siliquastrum --- p.63
Chapter 3.4 --- In vivo anticlastogenic screen test and mechanisms investigation --- p.66
Chapter 3.4.1 --- In vivo anticlastogenic screen test --- p.66
Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Chinese herbs --- p.66
Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Seaweeds --- p.73
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Different treatment methods in in vivo anticlastogenic test --- p.86
Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Simultaneous application method --- p.86
Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Pre-drug treatment method --- p.91
Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Post drug treatment method --- p.91
Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.94
Chapter 4.1 --- Cell viability and water extracts in Chinese medicinal herbs and marine algae --- p.94
Chapter 4.2 --- Clastogenic effect of EMS to pWBCs of BALB/c mice --- p.94
Chapter 4.3 --- In vitro anticlastogenic screen test of nine water extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs and three water extracts of marine algae --- p.99
Chapter 4.4 --- In vitro anticlastogenic mechanisms investigation of three \03 marine algae extracts --- p.103
Chapter 4.5 --- In vivo anticlastogenic screen test of Chinese herbs extracts and seaweeds extracts --- p.108
Chapter 4.6 --- Different administration methods in in vivo anticlastogenic test --- p.115
Chapter 4.6.1 --- Intraperitoneal route of administration --- p.115
Chapter 4.6.2 --- In vivo pre- and post-treatment methods --- p.116
Chapter 5 --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.120
References --- p.124