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Ulshöfer, Matthias. "Der Einzug des Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) in die europäische Fusionskontrolle." Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 50–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15375/zwer-2004-0103.
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Rój, Justyna. "Competition measurement of hospitals in Poland: the Herfindahl-Hirschman index approach." Ekonomika 95, no. 1 (April 12, 2016): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2016.1.9912.
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The purpose of this study was to measure the competition level of general hospitals in Poland. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used to investigate the concentration level of the general hospital sector in Poland, which is treated in the literature as a proxy of competition. To understand how general hospitals’ market has been structured and thus competitive, the data for general hospitals spanning all Poland for the period of 2005-2013 were collected. The concentration of hospitals was measured in each of the 16 provinces in Poland based on the aggregated data at the counties level. Data are collected from the public statistical system. The HHI indices support the assertion that in the period of analysis the entire general hospitals’ sector in Poland has been on average moderately concentrated and thus, moderately competitive with the growing tendency to higher concentration and less competition. Moreover, the concentration of hospitals’ services is diversified across the provinces and regions of Poland and it is quite uneven. The analysis also shows that changes in the health care market, which took place in the analysed period, especially statutory changes regarding hospitals in 2011, affected the level of concentration and thus competition. Including this introduction, this paper is organized into six sections. Section 2 outlines the Polish health care reforms especially those applying to hospitals. Section 3 and 4 presents the concept of empirical research, such as data and method. Section 5 provides results of empirical research and section 6 concludes.
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D. Waggoner, Philip. "The hhi Package: Streamlined Calculation and Visualization of Herfindahl-Hirschman Index Scores." Journal of Open Source Software 3, no. 28 (August 6, 2018): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.00828.
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Krivka, Algirdas. "On the concept of market concentration, the minimum Herfindahl‒Hirschman index, and its practical application." Panoeconomicus 63, no. 5 (2016): 525–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan140407025k.
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The paper analyses the phenomenon of market concentration in the context of the most popular industrial organization approaches: the structure- conduct-performance (SCP) approach and the efficiency hypothesis (EH). The theory of market concentration evaluation is briefly presented, followed by an analysis of the main concentration indicators and their application in recent empirical research. The main problem in the practical application of the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) - the necessity to incorporate the market shares of all the enterprises in the market - is further addressed and the issue of calculating the minimum value of the HHI is analysed from the theoretical point of view and by modelling hypothetical markets.
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Coelho Junior, Luiz Moreira, José Luiz Pereira de Rezende, Ednilson Sebastião Ávila, Antonio Donizette de Oliveira, and Luís Antônio Coimbra Borges. "Analysis of the Brazilian cellulose industry concentration (1998 - 2007)." CERNE 16, no. 2 (June 2010): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-77602010000200013.
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This work analyzed the Brazilian cellulose industry concentration level between 1998 and 2007, focusing on the sector's main performance indicators. The necessary data was collected from BRACELPA's Statistical Reports during the same period. The concentration level was determined according to the following indexes: Concentration Ratio (CR); Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI); Theil's Entropy Index (E); and the Gini Coefficient (G). The primary conclusions were that the CR(4), CR(8), HHI, and Theil's indexes presented high figures in spite of occasional fluctuations. The inequality of the industry, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was considered high, confirming the initial hypothesis of the work.
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Lu, An, Haifeng Ling, and Zhengping Ding. "How Does the Heterogeneity of Members Affect the Evolution of Group Opinions?" Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (January 4, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8827048.
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Understanding the impact of heterogeneity on the evolution of group opinions can enlighten us on how to effectively organize, redesign, and improve decision-making efficiency. This article explores mainly the effects of heterogeneity on the evolution of group opinions. It is found that the heterogeneity of individuals’ openness has an important influence on the ability to aggregate group opinions. According to the average amount of clusters and Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) under different network structures, heterogeneity often improves the ability. In addition, for the small-world network and random network, there is little difference in the aggregation ability from both the average amount of clusters and the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. While for the regular network, the ability is obviously weaker than that of the other two. This result also shows that the randomness of interaction between members will enhance the cohesion of a group.
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Vyadrova, Nadiia Hryhorivna. "MODERN APPROACHES FOR ASSESSING THE COMPETITION LEVEL IN BANKING MARKET." Scientific bulletin of Polissia, no. 3(19) (2019): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2019-3(19)-70-76.
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Urgency of the research. The impact of competition on the cost of banking services, availability of financial resources, efficiency and speed of transformation of savings into investments determines the relevance and timeliness of developing an appropriate methodological approach, which involves calculating Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) to determine the competitive structure of the Ukrainian banking market. Target setting. Assessing the level of competition is the basis for establishing the relationship between the financial performance of banking and the competitiveness level of the bank and determine its ability to respond quickly to changes in market conditions. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis shows the importance of in-depth diagnosis of the level of banking competition to address the strategic development of banks. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The issues of assessing the level of competition in key segments of the banking market remain insufficiently researched. The research objective. A study of modern aspects of competition in the banking market and improvement of the methodological approach to assessing the competitiveness of banks using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (ННІ) The statement of basic materials. The proposed methodological approach involves the consistent implementation of the following procedures: assessing the level of penetration of the banking sector into the economy; determining the conditions of a competitive market; assessment of the concentration level using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. Conclusions. Approbation of this approach allowed to confirm the thesis of increasing the level of oligopolization of the industry. The results of the calculation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, which takes into account the situation in the industry as a whole, and not only among market leaders, allows us to draw conclusions about the growing oligopolization of the banking market.
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Ali, Dr Majid, Dr Gulam Sarwar, and Dr Abdul Saboor. "The Pharmaceutical Firms of Pakistan: An Overview of Multidimensional Performance." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication Volume 4, Issue 3 (January 15, 2021): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v04-i03-14.
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The pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan is now meeting around 80% of total domestic demand with an annual11% growth rate. But the question arises as to whether the firms produce efficiently? The paper measures cost efficiency of the pharmaceutical industry of Punjab using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for the period of 2014-15. The factors affecting the cost efficiency is also determined by using Tobit method. In first stage, value added is used as single output and number of employs, raw material, and cost of salary are as inputs. The result suggested that the cost efficiency of the pharmaceutical firms is 27.7% which is determined by 46% technical efficiency (TE) and 60.8% allocative efficiency (AE). It means wastage of resources is cost increasing factors in these firms. In the second stage, among the variables i.e. firm’s market share, firm’s Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of market concentration, values of assets, energy, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index has strong positive effect on cost efficiency.
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Diallo, Aboubacry, and Gustav Tomek. "The Interpretation of HH-Index Output Value When Used As Mobile Market Competitiveness Indicator." International Journal of Business and Management 10, no. 12 (November 19, 2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n12p48.
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This paper aims to prove that the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), which is widely used to describe the concentration of a given market, may not be a good competitiveness indicator as many authors assume when dealing with a mobile market. This paper shows that even if the HHI formula itself is not in doubt, but when used for a market which meets two basic criteria: it is regulated and has limited resources (the frequencies used to provide mobile service are not infinite, which implies the limitation on the number of firms in the segment), its result can be misleading. In a market segment, where the two previously mentioned conditions are met, the interpretation of an HHI output value is almost known in advance. According to the current interpretation of an HHI output value, no mobile market in the world is highly competitive, which elicits some questions.
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Milne, George R. "A Marketing Approach for Measuring Product Market Differentiation and Concentration in Antitrust Cases." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 11, no. 2 (September 1992): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569201100209.
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Product differentiation is a reality in today's consumer markets and warrants further study in antitrust analysis because product differentiation increases market power. Currently the FTC and Department of Justice rely on the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) to detect market power. However, the HHI is not sensitive to product market differentiation. The author uses marketing tools of market structure analysis to propose a new measure of concentration, the market concentration index (MCI), that reflects product market differentiation. The rationale for the new measure is based on marketing theory, antitrust court opinion, and the antitrust economics literature. MCI is compared with HHI and is shown to have several practical and theoretical advantages. The 1986 proposed mergers in the carbonated soda market are analyzed by means of both measures. The empirical work demonstrates MCI's ability for detecting changes in product market differentiation.
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Cai, Tianming. "Measurement and Analysis of the Competitiveness of China Commercial Bank’s Loan Market." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 10, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2675864.
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China’s economy presents a new normal of speed changes, structural optimization, and power conversion. Deepening supply-side reforms and controlling financial risks are two prominent themes of current economic work. With the economic growth slowing down and the financing environment tightening, the credit risk of the banking industry is being exposed more quickly. This article uses a structured method and an unstructured method to measure the competitiveness of China commercial bank credit market. The structured method uses the HHI (Herfindahl–Hirschman Index), and the unstructured method uses the Lerner Index. This article compares the sample banks’ 2008–2015 industry loan total HHI and Lerner Index. The results of HHI and Lerner Index are basically the same, which indicate that the competitiveness of the China commercial bank credit market is generally at a low level. However, the Lerner Index has a clear upward trend after 2014, which indicates the possibility of increased competition in the credit market.
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Busu, Mihail. "A Market Concentration Analysis of the Biomass Sector in Romania." Resources 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9060064.
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The degree of market concentration is an important investigative tool used by competition authorities, as well as any public entity or undertaking that is interested in a specific market. There are several market concentration indices, but the most popular measure for computing the degree of market concentration is the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI). However, a limitation of this indicator is that its computation requires data on all the entities that are active in a market. Therefore, due to the large number of companies in some specific markets, sometimes it is cumbersome to compute the HHI. The aim of this paper was to develop an algorithm to estimate as accurately as possible the HHI in such cases, so that the degree of market concentration can be identified. An interdisciplinary application of this method on the Romanian biomass sector is presented at the end of this paper.
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Sugiyanto, Catur, Budiono Sri Handoko, and Ilham Adinusa. "Pengaruh Konsentrasi Partai Politik di Daerah terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Daerah." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 13, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v13i2.27.
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In the Indonesia democracy, the multiparty system is used as one of the canal to aggregate the public aspirations. This mechanism is supported by Law No. 25/1999 about fiscal decentralization and a series of related regulations. It is also supported by direct election for regional head (Pilkada). As such, the winning political parties may influence the local government budget allocation which finally transform into the economic growth. This study estimates the influence of party politic concentration on the local economic growth. The data used is the local government election of 2004 and 2009 from 55 regions (cities). The concentration of political power in regional legislatives is measured by using Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI). The results of analysis confirm that the more concentrated political power in the regional legislative results lower economic growth.AbstrakDalam dinamika demokrasi Indonesia, mekanisme multipartai merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengatur aspirasi. Mekanisme ini didukung Undang-Undang No. 25 Tahun 1999 mengenai desentralisasi fiskal dan dinamika perubahannya. Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Pilkada) langsung pun turut mendukung mekanisme demokrasi di daerah. Partai politik pemenang pilkada akan memengaruhi pola alokasi anggaran daerah yang akhirnya bisa berdampak pada efektivitas pengeluaran pemerintah. Studi ini mengestimasi seberapa besar pengaruh konsentrasi partai di daerah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di daerah. Analisis menggunakan data 55 kabupaten/kota tahun 2004 dan 2009. Konsentrasi partai politik di dalam parlemen di daerah diukur dari proporsi anggota dewan dari masing-masing partai politik menggunakan Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI). Data tahun 2004 dan 2009 mengonfirmasi bahwa semakin terkonsentrasinya anggota dewan pada satu partai politik tertentu, maka semakin rendah pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah tersebut.
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Kurmai, Viktória. "Market competition and concentration in the world market of concentrated apple juice." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 69 (March 23, 2016): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1801.
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In the study, I examined the market competition and concentration in the word market of concentrated apple juice. I used RCA index to determine comparative advantages In the world China possesses the strongest comparative advantages. Besides China, Poland, Hungary, Chile, Ukraine, Turkey and Moldova possess strong comparative advantages too. I used Herfindahl-Hirschman-index to determine the market concentration. Based on it – excluding the high Chinese market share between 2006 and 2010 – the world market of concentrated apple juice can be considered as a market with a moderate concentration. Based on the secondary research the study has a detailed examination of cause and effect relationships behind the RCA and HHI index results
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Hanggraeni, Dewi. "Competition, bank fragility, and financial crisis." Banks and Bank Systems 13, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.13(1).2018.03.
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This paper examines how competition affects bank fragility and how this relation varies in normal times and during a financial crisis using the data from Indonesian commercial banking industry. The author finds significant evidence, both statistically and economically, that more competition reduces bank fragility. In particular, the author finds that a decrease in Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of deposits by 100 points leads to an increase in bank Z-score by 14.22 percent from its mean. Similarly, a decrease in HHI of loans by 100 points leads to an increase in Z36 by 20.44 percent. This finding is consistent across different kinds of robustness tests, including endogeneity, as well as alternative bank fragility and competition measures. However, this competition-stability nexus holds only in normal times and is reversed during a financial crisis. This suggests that the impact of competition on bank fragility is conditional on the economic condition.
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Valluri, Subhakara. "Examining market concentration levels of available global financial commodity products." Research Papers in Economics and Finance 4, no. 2 (2020): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ref.2020.2.5.
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The primary objective of this study is to find disparities in the commodity product offerings in various financial markets across the world along with their market concentration levels. Identifying the product gaps in commodity-based financial products offered by the worldwide financial exchanges can assist the decision-makers to fill the existing gaps and strategi-cally attain the worldwide competitive market of commodity exchanges for all nations. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, HHI, is used to measure market concentration grouped by geographical regions or exchanges. Our study is conducted for the time period between 2012 and 2016. The disparity analysis indicates a disparity between the various types of com-modity products traded in several exchanges across different geographical regions. Our HHI values reflect a high level of commodity market volume concentration in region-wise analysis and a moderate level of market volume concentration in the exchange-wise analysis.
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Coelho Junior, Luiz Moreira, Thaisa De Sousa Selvatti, Filipe Vanderlei Alencar, Edvaldo Pereira Santos Júnior, Luís Antônio Coimbra Borges, and José Luiz Pereira Rezende. "GLOBAL CONCENTRATION OF PULP EXPORTS." FLORESTA 48, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v48i4.48334.
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This study analyzed the evolution and degree of the global concentration of pulp exports from 1961 to 2014. In order to measure and analyze the concentration, the following indicators were used: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)]; Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI); Theil Entropy Index (E); Hall and Tideman Index (HTI); Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI); and Gini Coefficient (G). We concluded that there was a tendency of growth in the global pulp exports during the analyzed period due to an increase in demand driven by population growth and to per capita consumption, enhancing the increase in the number of exporting countries. The CR(k) of the global pulp exporting countries showed that the four [CR(4)] and eight [CR(8)] largest countries present a high concentration, with an oligopolistic market structure and competitive advantage. About 100% of exports are dominated by the 20 largest countries [CR(20)]. The HHI, E, HTI, and CCI indicators showed that there is a concentration in global pulp exportation and presented a deconcentrating tendency. Despite the increase in the number of exporting countries, there was no significant reduction in the inequality of global pulp exports. According to the Gini Coefficient, the inequality was strong to absolute.
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Prajapati, Rubina, and Ajay Kumar Shah. "Effect of Income Diversification on Risk-Adjusted Profitability of Commercial and Development Banks in Nepal." Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbssr.v4i2.29482.
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This study analyses the impact of income diversification on risk adjusted profitability of commercial and development banks in Nepal. Risk adjusted profitability is measured in terms of risk adjusted return on assets (RAROA) and risk adjusted return on equity (RAROE). The regression analysis shows Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), equity multiplier, non-interest income and foreign holding have significant positive impact on RAROE of commercial banks. Whereas the size of commercial banks has a significant negative impact on RAROE. There is a significant positive impact of HHI, non-interest income on RAROA in case of commercial banks. Size of commercial banks also has a significant negative impact on RAROA. Debt ratio does not have significant impact in case of RAROE of commercial banks and equity multiplier, debt ratio and foreign holding do not have significant impact on RAROA of commercial banks. The regression analysis of development banks showed there is significant positive impact of HHI and equity multiplier on RAROE of development banks. The study concludes that income diversification, non-interest income and size of the commercial banks are the major determinants of risk adjusted profitability of commercial banks.
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TRẦN TIẾN, KHAI, and Danh Nguyễn Ngọc. "Determinants of Income Diversification and Its Effects on Household Income in Rural Vietnam." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 221 (July 1, 2014): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2014.221.05.
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Exploiting data of Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2010, the study aims at finding determinants of income diversification at household level in rural Vietnam and evaluating effects of income diversification on household income. The data set covers 6,571 rural households of eight socio-economic regions. Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) is applied to show income diversification at household level. Two-limit tobit model is applied to detect the effects of household features and community characteristics on HHI, and then generalized method of moments (GMM) is employed to test the effects of HHI on household income. The results show that human capital in both quantity and quality terms plays a substantial role in encouraging rural households to diversify their income-generating activities. Rural households with higher education level and higher diversification ability tend to have more diverse income sources. Owning larger sources of physical capital, or better credit accessibility, and social capital also helps rural households improve income diversity. The results also confirm that income diversification is the dynamic of rural income improvement. Households can increase their income by diversifying their farm and non-farm activities.
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Lauraéus, Theresa, Jari Kaivo-oja, Mikkel S. Knudsen, and Kimmo Kuokkanen. "Market Structure analysis with Herfindahl-Hirchman Index and Lauraéus-Kaivo-Oja Indices in the Global Cobotics Markets." Economics and Culture 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0006.
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Abstract Research purpose. The study is focused on the expected market dynamics of global cobotics markets. This study investigates the current market structure of the global cobotics market. The scientific aim of the research is to report the first data-based market structure analysis of the global cobotics market with the HHI index and with the LKI index analysis. With analysis we are able to show the diversification rate of the global cobotics market. Design / Methodology / Approach. The methodology is based on conventional statistical index theory and statistics. The methodology is the calculation of the Herfindahl-Hirchman Index and the Lauraéus-Kaivo-oja Index. The authors compare the results of these two methodologies. Findings. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Lauraéus-Kaivo-oja Index are statistical measures of market concentration, and they can be used to determine market competitiveness. This paper demonstrates novel data analytics possibilities of new market data collected by the Statzon, Ltd with various comparative analytical results and findings. By our analyses we can help multiple industrial stakeholders make faster decisions and better strategic plans with the easiest and fastest access to accurate, reliable, and up-to-date cobotics industry statistics, forecasts, and insights. The finding is that this study reveals the current market structure of global cobotics. It is a novel finding and result. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This paper demonstrates the novel and exciting possibilities of transparent index calculation tools. The authors provide original results. Authors underline that extra value added to stakeholders and customers will be provided by joint data pooling strategy of various data sources, which is a key approach of this paper. Real-time market structure analyses create reliable and knowledge-based information for decision-makers and stakeholders of the global cobotics industry.
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Ode, Scott, Bryan Dowd, and Roger Feldman. "Comparing Measures of Physician Market Concentration Using Tax Identification Numbers Versus Independent Negotiating Units." Antitrust Bulletin 64, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18822609.
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Analysts interested in physician market concentration often have access to tax identification numbers (TINs), but not the number of truly independent negotiating units (NUs). Health plans do know the true number of NUs, and, using 2014 claims data for Minnesota physicians from a large midwestern health plan, we compare Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) measures of physician market concentration using TINs versus NUs at the county and metropolitan statistical area (MSA) levels for thirteen specialties. We found that HHIs computed using TINs versus NUs were similar across Minnesota. Two MSAs in Minnesota met the Department of Justice’s definition of highly concentrated markets. There is reason to believe that the discrepancy between TIN and NU HHIs may vary by insurance product and region of the country, and so we encourage other researchers to work with health plans to replicate our study.
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Memić, Deni. "Banking Competition and Efficiency: Empirical Analysis on the Bosnia and Herzegovina Using Panzar-Rosse Model." Business Systems Research Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 72–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsrj-2015-0005.
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Abstract Background: Competition in the banking industry has been an important topic in the scientific literature as researchers tried to assess the level of competition in the banking sector. Objectives: This paper has an aim to investigate the market structure and a long term equilibrium of the banking market in Bosnia and Herzegovina nationwide as well as on its constitutional entities as well as to evaluate the monopoly power of banks during the years 2008-2012. Methods/Approach: The paper is examining the market structure using the most frequently applied measures of concentration k-bank concentration ratio (CRk) and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) as well as evaluating the monopoly power of banks by employing Panzar-Rosse “H-statistic”. Results: The empirical results using CRk and HHI show that Bosnia and Herzegovina banking market has a moderately concentrated market with a concentration decreasing trend. The Panzar-Rosse “H-statistic” suggests that banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina operate under monopoly or monopolistic competition depending on the market segment. Conclusions: Banks operating on the banking market in Bosnia and Herzegovina seem to be earning their total and interest revenues under monopoly or perfectly collusive oligopoly.
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Arintoko, Abdul Aziz Ahmad, and Siti Nur Habibah. "Market Structure and Determinants of Firm Profitability on General Insurance Industry in Indonesia." Studies in Business and Economics 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2021-0003.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the market structure of the general insurance industry in Indonesia and the effect of market share, operating expenses to operating income (OEOI), and debt ratio(DR) on profitability measured by return on assets (ROA). This study uses panel data regression analysis with the Chow and Hausman test to determine the best model. This analysis uses a combination of cross-section data, which consists of 11 companies, and time-series data, which consists of five years. The results showed that the Indonesian general insurance industry in 2014-2018 took the form of a tight oligopoly with a high concentration level after being analyzed through the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4) and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). The average CR4 ratio is 84.77%, while the value of HHI is 3,374.19. Meanwhile, the results showed that based on panel data analysis, the OEOI variable has a significant negative effect on firm profitability. Also, the debt ratio variable has a significant negative effect on the profitability of general insurance firms in Indonesia. The firm efficiency can be able to increase profits rather than mastery of market share.
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Crosson, Scott. "Resistance to alternative management in fisheries: Economic and cultural considerations of North Carolina's commercial fishers." Politics and the Life Sciences 30, no. 02 (2011): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400014039.
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Research in recent decades has shown that although conventional fisheries management strategies such as fishing seasons, size limits, or gear restrictions can provide sufficient biological protection to fisheries stocks, they do not necessarily lead to satisfactory social or economic outcomes. In their stead, the merits and shortcomings of a variety of alternate management systems, including individual transferable quotas, have been proposed, implemented, and analyzed. Few investigations, however, have examined actual fishers' preferences for different management systems. Integrating results from a mail survey of North Carolina commercial fishers with their individual harvest histories and sociodemographic profiles shows that economic and cultural variables both play a significant role in management system preference. The analysis introduces the use of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), a measure of investment diversity, as a measure of diversity in fisheries harvests and demonstrates an association with management preferences. Social and family factors are also notable indicators.
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Crosson, Scott. "Resistance to alternative management in fisheries: Economic and cultural considerations of North Carolina's commercial fishers." Politics and the Life Sciences 30, no. 2 (2011): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/30_2_31.
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Research in recent decades has shown that although conventional fisheries management strategies such as fishing seasons, size limits, or gear restrictions can provide sufficient biological protection to fisheries stocks, they do not necessarily lead to satisfactory social or economic outcomes. In their stead, the merits and shortcomings of a variety of alternate management systems, including individual transferable quotas, have been proposed, implemented, and analyzed. Few investigations, however, have examined actual fishers' preferences for different management systems. Integrating results from a mail survey of North Carolina commercial fishers with their individual harvest histories and sociodemographic profiles shows that economic and cultural variables both play a significant role in management system preference. The analysis introduces the use of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), a measure of investment diversity, as a measure of diversity in fisheries harvests and demonstrates an association with management preferences. Social and family factors are also notable indicators.
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Khadim, Muhammad Irfan, and Samreen Fahim Babar. "IPO Intra Industry Effects on Peer Firm's Earnings, Composition and Stock Returns." Global Economics Review VI, no. II (June 30, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2021(vi-ii).04.
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The present study is conducted to see how an IPO event affects the existing firm's performance within the same industry. For this purpose, 88 IPO firms were examined from Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from 1998-2016. IPO is examined from three major perspectives IPO proceeds, initial returns and time Lag between IPO listing date and IPO subscription. The study uses Buy and Hold Abnormal Returns (BHAR) and Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CAR) to calculate competitor's abnormal returns. To calculate the operating performance of competitors, the Wilcoxon significance test was applied. IPO intra-industry effects are significant in the long run, whereas insignificant results are shown in the short run. In addition, IPO proceeds and abnormal returns are significant but negatively related to competitors' stock returns (long term). Moreover, Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) finds IPO improves competitiveness in the industry environment. This present study is an important one from an emerging economy perspective.
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Sun, Eric C., Franklin Dexter, Alex Macario, Thomas R. Miller, and Laurence C. Baker. "No Significant Association between Anesthesia Group Concentration and Private Insurer Payments in the United States." Anesthesiology 123, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000779.
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Abstract Background: Markets for physician services are becoming increasingly concentrated, with many areas being dominated by a few groups. Antitrust authorities are concerned that increasing concentration will lead to inappropriately high payments for physician services from private insurers. The authors examined the association between market concentration and private insurer payments for anesthesia services. Methods: The authors obtained data on average payments from private insurers for five commonly used anesthesia Current Procedure Terminology codes for physicians located in 229 counties in the United States between 2002 and 2010. The authors calculated a measure of market concentration (the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index [HHI]) for anesthesiologists in each county using Medicare claims data. The authors then estimated the association between market concentration and private insurer payments using a difference-in-differences approach to minimize confounding. Results: Private insurer payments to anesthesiologists in more concentrated markets were not significantly different from payments in less concentrated markets. Compared with the 25% of counties with the least concentration (counties with an HHI in the 0th to 25th percentile), payments in counties in the 25th to 50th percentile of HHI were approximately 0.51% less (95% CI, −2.3 to 1.3%, P = 0.95), whereas payments in counties in the 50th to 75th percentile of HHI were approximately 2.8% less (95% CI, −6.7 to 1.4%, P = 0.41) and payments in counties in the 75th to 100th percentile were approximately 3.1% less (95% CI, −8.1 to 1.2%, P = 0.32). Conclusion: Increasing market concentration of anesthesia groups is not associated with significantly greater payments from private insurers.
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Turusbekova, Madina, Kuandyk Dauylbaev, Gulbakhyt Kaliyeva, Jelena Titko, and Konstantins Kozlovskis. "Competition and stability in the banking sector of Kazakhstan." E3S Web of Conferences 159 (2020): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015904008.
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This paper examines the relationship between competition and stability in the Kazakh banking sector using quarterly bank level data of private commercial banks. There have been many theories stand out on the relationship between competition and stability of the banking sector so far. But theories of the competition-fragility view and competition-stability view are widely accepted theories in the literature. The main method applied to achieve the established goal is a multiple regression analysis. Bank stability is used as a dependent variable and proxied by risk index. To measure the level of competition Lerner index and Boone indicator are calculated. Besides, the consistency between concentration and competition measures is tested applying a correlation analysis. Concentration in the banking sector is measured using Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and concentration ratio CR5. The research revealed no statistically significant relationship between the values of Lerner index and Boone indicator estimated for Kazakh banking sector. The hypothesis about the consistency between different competition measures is rejected. In turn, the hypothesis about positive effect of competition on bank soundness is rejected only in the case when competition is proxies by Lerner index. Using Boone indicator as a competition measure, the results are doubtful.
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Dziwornu, Michael Gameli, and Tomasz Rachwał. "The Trade Specificities between Turkey and Poland." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 32, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.323.13.
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The general consensus among policymakers and researchers is that in order to increase economic growth, it is necessary to diversify trade. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to analyse the dynamics of trade, specifically the export concentration of products between Turkey and Poland from 1995 to 2015. Despite a historically complicated relationship, these two countries have significantly strengthened economic ties and political cooperation. The last two decades in particular, have witnessed the manifestations of such close cooperation between these two countries. By measuring the export product concentration using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), we found higher export concentration from Turkey to Poland in the majority of products traded, in contrast to Poland’s exports to Turkey. The analysis carried out also indicates the imperative for the two countries to consolidate their existing partnership by removing trade barriers that may hinder stronger economic relation and cooperation. Furthermore, reforms are needed in both countries to closely align production structures necessary for greater and more sustained trade partnership.
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Mijić, Kristina, Dejan Jakšić, and Bojana Vuković. "Concentration of the Audit Market: Evidence from Serbia." Economic Themes 52, no. 1 (March 13, 2015): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2014-0008.
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Abstract This paper presents a research on market concentration of audit services in the Republic of Serbia during the 2008-2011 period. Market concentration was measured by Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and concentration ratio CR4, based on four independent variables: operating revenue, net earnings, number of employees and number of audit clients. The research of market concentration based on operating revenue as the most referential variable indicated that the market for audit services in the Republic of Serbia has a moderate concentration and that it has the characteristics of an oligopoly of four largest audit firms known as “Big Four”. However, research of market concentration, when other variables are taken in consideration, does not reveal dominance of “Big Four” in terms of net earnings, number of employees and number of clients. The differences in conclusions when different variables are concerned can be explained by relatively high audit fees of “Big Four” and a lack of correlation between operating revenue and net earnings.
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Stojmenović, Marija. "Analysis of market concentration in the banking sector of the Republic of Serbia." Bankarstvo 50, no. 1 (2021): 134–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bankarstvo2101134s.
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Analysis and measurement of the level of concentration of the banking market is a significant component of the efficient functioning of the economy, an indicator of the development of both the financial and real sectors and an indicator of the degree of competitiveness in the banking sector. This paper focuses on research and analysis of the level of concentration in the banking market of the Republic of Serbia. The main task and goal of this research is to analyze the level of concentration in the banking market of the Republic of Serbia through the prism of two indicators: the concentration ratio of the five largest banks (CR5) and Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index (HHI), for the period from 2009 to 2019. The results of the research showed the absence of concentration (overall) in the domestic banking market, but also the existence of a trend (growth of market share of the five largest banks) which indicates that, in the future, there could be distortions of competition.
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Tang, Oliver Y., James S. Yoon, Wesley M. Durand, Shaan A. Ahmed, and Michael T. Lawton. "The Impact of Interhospital Competition on Treatment Strategy and Outcomes for Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms." Neurosurgery 89, no. 4 (August 12, 2021): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyab258.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Interhospital competition has been shown to affect surgical outcomes and expenditures. However, interhospital competition's impact on neurosurgery is poorly characterized. OBJECTIVE To assess how interhospital competition is associated with treatment strategy and outcomes for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). METHODS We identified all elective UIA admissions in the National Inpatient Sample from 2002 to 2011. Competitive intensity of each hospital market was quantified using the validated Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), with lower values denoting higher competition. We then obtained nationwide HHI values for 2012 to 2016 from the Health Care Cost Project. Outcomes included treatment modality (clipping, coiling, or nonoperative management), inpatient mortality, disposition, complications, length of stay (LOS), and costs. Multivariate regression assessed the association between HHI and outcomes, controlling for patient demographics, severity metrics, hospital characteristics, and treatment. RESULTS We studied 157 979 elective UIA admissions at 1435 hospitals from 2002 to 2011, with an increase in coiling admissions (13.4% to 33.7%) and decrease in clipping admissions (30.9% to 17.6%). Mean hospital HHI was 0.11 (range = 0.001-0.97). Competition decreased for 61.8% of hospitals from 2002 to 2011 and 68.1% of metropolitan localities from 2012 to 2016. Admissions in more competitive hospital markets exhibited increased odds of undergoing surgery (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, P < .001), with preference toward coiling over clipping (OR = 1.27, P < .001). HHI was not associated with mortality, disposition, or LOS. However, increased interhospital competition was associated with more complications (OR = 1.09, P = .001) and greater hospital costs (β-coefficient = 1.06, P < .001). CONCLUSION For UIA patients, admission to hospitals in more competitive geographies was associated with increased rates of surgical intervention, coiling utilization, complications, and hospitalization costs.
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Mercy Ngum, Ambe, Eric Kiprotich Bett (PhD), and Jayne N. Mugwe (PhD). "Performance of Soybean Marketing in Emby, Tharaka Nithi and Meru Countries, Kenya." American Research Journal of Agriculture 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21694/2378-9018.21002.
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Current demand for soybean in Kenya exceeds supply despite numerous efforts by the government to increase production. Soybean farmers are faced with the difficulty in accessing the market reason for their reluctance in producing. Little is known about the soybean market in the central highlands of Kenya. This study was carried out with the aim to assess the structure conduct and performance of soybean markets in EmbuTharaka-Nithi and Meru Counties. Key informant interviews were carried out among soybean farmers’ groups, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries and soybean processing companies. A structured questionnaire was administered to processors, wholesalers, retailers and assemblers of soybean. Data was collected mainly on characteristics of respondents and marketing information. The collected data were used to calculate Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), gross margins, marketing margin, and marketing efficiency. The results of the study showed that there were eight important marketing channels with channel 1 being the most efficient followed by channel 7, 3, 8, 4, 2, 6 and 5 respectively. The HHI showed that wholesalers were competitive (0.0997); retailers were relatively competitive (0.1701) while processors indicated an oligopolistic market structure with an HHI index of 0.18. Farmers groups, wholesalers and assemblers sold their soybean to processors at a fixed price (60ksh) given by the processors. Quantities traded were low with an average of 333.3kg for wholesalers, 793.33kg for assemblers and 47kg for retailers. There were no trader associations in the study area even though farmers engaged in group marketing. The study concluded that Constraints to marketing by farmers included low prices, lack of processing equipment’s, inadequate marketing arrangements, and high cost of processing.
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Nugroho, Rosalendro Eddy. "Domestic Factors That Affect The Price of Styrene Butadiene Latex in Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 20, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v20i1.7097.
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This paper investigates or examines the causal links between price of styrene butadiene latex (SBL) and other domestic variables such as supply, demand, Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), price of styrene, and price of butadiene during the period of 1995–2017 on the monthly basis.. Results from Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) or unit root test showed that the stationary state of the whole variables is of first difference (I). The Granger pairwise causality test revealed a bidirectional causality of SBL with BTD(Butadiene), SBL with STY(Styrene), SUPP(Supply) with DMD(Demand), DMD with STY, DMD with BTD and STY with SUPP and vice versa. Johansen test found out a co-integration of SBL prices. However, this study proved no significant links between the price of SBL and supply of SBL (SUPP) in the long and short run. This paper highlights the fact that SBL price has a significant direct impact in the long run on the styrene (STY) and butadiene (BTD) prices, as well as HHI. Similarly, these aspects also have a significant direct impact proved by the positive coefficient in the long run on the SBL pricing. The findings further showed that the price of SBL has a connection and significant direct impact on the negative arrow for the short and long run equilibrium, in line with the price and demands for SB Latex, pressing and oil classification.
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Khan, Mehwish Aziz, and Attiya Javid . "Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on Market Concentration and Interest Spread." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2011): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v3i3.272.
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This study investigates the relationship of mergers & acquisitions with the interest spread of the banking industry in Pakistan. To assess whether the merger of Pakistani banks were a success or otherwise, profitability, liquidity ratios, and net interest spread are computed which are considered essential to judge the financial performance of any bank. Data is taken for the period of 1997-2010 and this data have been used to calculate the interest spread and market concentration. Market Concentration is calculated by using Herfindahl-Hirschman Index or HHI. Findings show that the profitability and net interest spread of two merged banks declines as a result of mergers. It is also revealed that Concentration of the banking industry shows a rising trend during 2008 and 2009 after mergers occurred during 2007 as a result of merger. However, it shows the level that almost approaches the threshold i.e. 1000. One or two more mergers can push up threshold level of HH index. It means that it is the right time for banking industry of Pakistan to be reviewed by any antitrust authority to maintain the optimum level of competition.
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Nauly, Dahlia, Harianto Harianto, Sri Hartoyo, and Tanti Novianti. "Foreign Presence and Industrial Concentration In Indonesian Food Industries." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 9, no. 1 (February 8, 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i1.12200.
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Indonesia requires foreign investment to meet the capital needs of the food industries. On the other hand, foreign presence can cause high industrial concentration. This paper analyzes the effect of foreign presence on the concentration of the food industry in Indonesia using panel data from 28 subsectors in the period 2011-2015. The data used is the annual Large and Medium Industries Survey (IBS) data from Statistics Indonesia. The concentration indicators used are the concentration ratio (CR4) and the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI). By using panel regression, the result shows that foreign presence has a positive influence on the concentration of the food industry in Indonesia. Besides, the economies of scale and market size also significantly influence the concentration of the food industry. The result indicates that the government investment policy must endorse more competition among firms.JEL Classification Code: L66, L16 How to Cite:Nauly, D., Harianto., Hartoyo, S., & Novianti, T. (2020). Foreign Presence and Industrial Concentration in Indonesian Food Industry. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, Vol. 9(1), 69-80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i1.12200.
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Kaivo-oja, Jari, Saku Vähäsantanen, Ari Karppinen, and Teemu Haukioja. "Smart Specialization Strategy and its Operationalization in the Regional Policy: Case Finland." Business, Management and Education 15, no. 1 (June 29, 2017): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2017.362.
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In the European Union, smart specialization is an important concept in regional policy. Its primary aim is to achieve inclusive and sustainable economic growth. There is a lack of convenient region specific measures to operationalize smart specialization startegies (S3). The purpose of the paper is to find “indices of smart specialization” on a regional level. We propose indices that are based on (1) the rate of industrial diversification, (2) revealed comparative advantage and (3) regions’ overall relative specialization. In the empirical part, we analyze smart specialization in Finland using structural data provided by Statistics Finland for seventy sub-regions (LAU1) and 24 sub-industries in manufacturing. These industries are the most important for exports, productivity, and regional economic performance for a small country. The following indices are used in empirical evaluations: Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for regional diversity, Balassa-Hoover Index (BHI) for revealed comparative advantage, and Region’s Relative Specialization Index (RRSI) for aggregate regional specialization differences. The concept of smart specialization is related to these measures. Index analyses reveal that many growing sub-regions have similar comparative advantages. This means inter-regional synergy, and it enables opportunities for strategic cooperation between regions. To develop smart specialization strategies for Europe’s regions, we need these kinds of empirical knowledge-based management tools and planning approaches.
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De Sousa, Ronildo Borges, Géssika Teixeira Almeida, Nilton Marques De Oliveira, and Rodolfo Alves Da Luz. "Locational Analysis of the Productive Structure of the Micro-Region of Porto Nacional." Baru 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/baru.v3i2.5825.
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Abstract: this paper analyzes the location pattern of productive activities in the microregion of Porto Nacional - TO, in 2005 and 2015. It was used the regional analysis method through the indicators of location, particularly, the Locational Quotient (QL), the Hirschman Herfindahl concentration index (HHI), the geographic association coefficient (CAG) and the employment multiplier. The theoretical framework was based in the concept of regional economy on the theory of location of the productive sectors. The results indicated that the QL of the 11 cities of the micro-region has diversified economic base activities and that the branch of activity that most employs is the public administration. Palmas presented the largest employment multiplier, 20.13 in 2005 and 16.02 in 2015, that is, the most representative of the microregion.Análise Locacional da Estrutura Produtiva da Microrregião de Porto NacionalResumo: o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o perfil de localização das atividades produtivas no espaço da microrregião de Porto Nacional – TO, para os anos de 2005 e 2015. Para tanto, foi utilizado o método de análise regional com o uso dos indicadores de localização, o quociente locacional (QL), o Índice de concentração de Hirschman Herfindahl (IHH), o coeficiente de associação geográfica (CAG) e o multiplicador de emprego. Para a fundamentação teórica foi usado o conceito de economia regional sobre a teoria de localização dos setores produtivos. Os resultados apontaram que o QL dos 11 municípios da microrregião possui atividades de base econômicas diversificadas e que o ramo de atividade que mais emprega é a administração pública. Palmas apresentou o maior multiplicador de emprego, 20,13 no ano de 2005 e 16,02 em 2015, ou seja, o mais representativo da microrregião.Analisis de la Localización de la Estructura Productiva de la Microregión de Porto NacionalResumen: el presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar el perfil de localización de las actividades productivas en el espacio de la microrregión de Porto Nacional – TO, para los años de 2005 y 2015. Para ello, fue utilizado el método de análisis regional con el uso de los indicadores de localización, el cociente locacional (QL), el Índice de concentración de Hirschman Herfindahl (IHH), el coeficiente de asociación geográfica (CAG) y el multiplicador de empleo. Para la fundamentación teórica fue usado el concepto de economía regional sobre la teoría de localización de los sectores productivos. Los resultados señalaron que el QL de los 11 municipios de la microrregión posee actividades de base económicas diversificadas y que el ramo de actividad que más emplea es la administración pública. Palmas presentó el mayor multiplicador de empleo, 20,13 el año de 2005 y 16,02 el 2015, o sea, el más representativo de la microrregión.
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Mia, Md Aslam. "Evolution of market concentration and competition in the microfinance industry of Bangladesh." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 6 (June 11, 2018): 989–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2016-0281.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to measure and track the evolution of market concentration and competition in the microfinance industry in Bangladesh by employing both the structural and non-structural measurement techniques.Design/methodology/approachBy using a unique panel data set generated from the microcredit regulatory authority (MRA) annual reports, the sample includes 169 microfinance institutions (MFIs) and covers the period 2009-2014. The authors employed the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) and concentration ratio (CR) (largest 3, 8 and 20 MFIs) as structural measurement techniques and the Lerner index as a non-structural measurement technique. In addition, four different market indicators are used as representatives of deposit and credit markets to better explain the evolution of market concentration.FindingsThe results of HHI indicate that the sector is moderately concentrated and currently transitioning to an unconcentrated market. However, based on CR, the industry is still dominated by a few large MFIs. The Lerner index (non-structural approach) also confirmed that the level of competition is relatively high and likely to follow an inverted U-shape during the study period.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study will enhance our understanding of the market structure in the Bangladesh’s microfinance industry so as to inform important policy prescriptions. The results also provide impetus to the relatively young MRA to nurture competition in the market; simultaneously, the findings prompt management of the MFIs to cope with a competitive market environment.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first of its kind that includes a large data sample of microfinance market for a single country by employing both structural and non-structural measurement approaches.
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Davis, Jessica A., Zhanglin Lin Cui, Madiha Ghias, Xiaohong Li, Robert Goodloe, Astra M. Liepa, Kenyon Ogburn, and Lisa M. Hess. "HSR19-083: Treatment Heterogeneity and Overall Survival (OS) in Patients With Advanced/Metastatic Gastric/Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer (aGC/GEJ) in the United States." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 17, no. 3.5 (March 8, 2019): HSR19–083. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2018.7162.
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Background: Previous work has demonstrated treatment (tx) heterogeneity in the care of patients with aGC/GEJ. This study was designed to examine heterogeneity temporal trends and OS in patients with aGC/aGEJ in the United States from 2011 to 2018. Methods: The Flatiron Advanced/metastatic gastric/esophageal cohort electronic medical records (EMR) data were used for this study. Eligible patients were adults receiving anticancer therapy for aGC/GEJ during the study period. Tx patterns were summarized by line of therapy. Drugs were grouped by class. Heterogeneity was measured using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI); HHI scores range from 0.0000 (complete heterogeneity) to 1.0000 (complete homogeneity). A difference of 0.1000 in HHI scores is considered to be practically meaningful. HHI scores were calculated for each clinic with ≥10 patients. OS was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. Trend analyses were conducted for HHI scores over time using a linear regression model. Results: There were 2,912 patients who met eligibility criteria. The median age of the study cohort was 67 years; majority were male (70.9%) and white (61.1%). aGC patients comprised the majority (n=1,630, 55.9%). Median OS from the start of first-line (1L) therapy was 12.7 months (95% CI: 12.07, 13.6). The most common 1L regimens were fluoropyrimidine + oxaliplatin (n=651, 22.4%), platinum (ie, cisplatin or carboplatin) + taxane (n=511, 17.5%), and single-agent fluoropyrimidine (n=280, 9.6%). 1,230 patients received second line (2L) and the most common regimens were ramucirumab + taxane (n=203, 16.5%), fluoropyrimidine + oxaliplatin (n=155, 12.6%), and platinum + taxane (n=101, 8.2%). Overall median HHI for 1L was 0.1728 (min/max: 0.0926–0.4380). Median 1L HHI for 2011–2012 was 0.21665 (min/max: 0.1626–0.3156) and was 0.2419 (min/max 0.1716–0.4583) for 2017–2018. There were no significant differences in HHI score over time (P=.078). Overall median HHI for 2L was 0.1309 (min/max: 0.0694–0.2400). Due to small number of sites with ≥10 patients, data in 2L were too limited to conduct time trend analyses. Conclusions: Heterogeneity in 1L treatment of gastric/GEJ cancer persists, despite the continued refinement of guidelines and approval of new drugs in subsequent lines of therapy. Further analyses are needed to examine the relationship between heterogeneity, guideline adherence, and patient outcomes. These future data will shed light on the persistence of heterogeneous treatment patterns observed in the United States.
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Pandey, Krishna Dayal, and Tarak Nath Sahu. "Ownership Concentration and Agency Crises in Indian Manufacturing Firms." Business Perspectives and Research 9, no. 1 (April 9, 2020): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2278533720910842.
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The study attempts to examine the dubious role of majority shareholders in internal governance in the form of moderating agency problems in Indian manufacturing firms. It uses a set of strongly balanced panel data of 91 manufacturing firms of the BSE 200 index of India from 2011–2018 and adopts panel data regression analysis to establish the relationship among the variables. The study measures ownership concentration through the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), vertical agency crisis through assets utilization efficiency (AUE) and general and administrative expenses (G&AE) and horizontal agency crisis through return on equity (ROE). The majority owners are found neither to enhance the operating efficiency nor to minimize excessive discretionary expenses of the management. Besides, a negative impact of ownership concentration on return on equity is evidenced, which indicates increased horizontal agency crisis as a consequence of increased ownership concentration. Given the dominance of majority shareholders in the Indian manufacturing sector, it would be worthwhile for corporate policymakers to know whether these large owners act as an internal disciplinary mechanism to the management or squeeze the minority shareholders’ interest through expropriation. Finally, the study suggests stricter external regulatory and institutional specificities as an alternative mechanism to ensure better corporate governance and protection of minority shareholders’ interest.
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Rosario, Shireen, and Chandra Sen Mazumdar. "Impact of competition & economic policy uncertainty on payout policy of the Indian pharmaceutical industry." Global Journal of Economics and Business 9, no. 3 (December 2020): 660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/gjeb2020.9.3.13.
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Extant literature shows that competition and Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) have a bearing on the economic growth, investments and payout policies. However, studies in this area have been limited in India. The objective of this paper is to examine the influence of competition and EPU on the Dividend Payments of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry and whether the dividend payment was affected by the Financial Crisis of 2008/09. The study is conducted on 12-year data i.e. from 1.4.2007 to 31.3.2019. Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is used to check the market concentration and EPU is measured by the newly developed Newspaper based EPU index. Profitability, leverage and firm size are used as control variables. Fixed Effects model in Panel regression is used. Chow test checks if there was any break in the dividend payment during the Financial Crisis. The study establishes that dividend payment is inversely related to industry concentration - when there is more competition, there is more dividend payment in the industry. Dividend payment is positively related to EPU. Higher the uncertainty, higher the dividend. While leverage is inversely related to dividend payment, size of the firm does not play any role. Chow test confirms that Financial Crisis did not influence the dividend payout.
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Thome, Karim Marini, and Vitoria A. Leal Paiva. "Sparkling Wine International Market Structure and Competitiveness." Wine Economics and Policy 9, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/web-8433.
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This paper aims to analyse the Sparkling Wine international market structure and competitiveness, focusing on the 2004–2018 period. It used the data regarding exports and imports of sparkling wine available in the International Trade Centre’s Trade Map database. The method used to examine sparkling wine’s international market structure and competitiveness consisted of calculation of: (i) Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA); (ii) Relative Position in the Market (RPM); (iii) Hirschman-Herfindahl Index (HHI); and (iv) Net Export Index (NEI). The paper analyses the growth of the sparkling wine trade worldwide. It demonstrated that France had the greatest relative position in the market, followed by Italy and Spain. This same sequence was found in the revealed comparative advantage, highlighting the increased Italian export level. A high export market structure concentration was also shown. On the other hand, there was an unconcentrated import market structure, and, according to the NEI, it was possible to identify three groups composed of actors who were stable in terms of: i) exports based on domestic production (France, Italy and Spain); ii) trade, reflecting re-export (Singapore and the Netherlands); iii) imports, with strong domestic consumption (Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia, and Belgium).
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Maharani, Novita Kusuma, Sumardi Sumardi, and Auwal Salisu. "Does Banking in Indonesia tend to be Concentrated?" IKONOMIKA 4, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/febi.v4i2.4811.
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The banking in Indonesia has undergone several changes in the market structure that ultimately impacts the prevailing policies and regulations. This study aims to examine the impact of changes in the banking market structure identified through the level of market concentration in the banking environment and examine the factors that influence the level of concentration of the banking market from 2005 to 2016. The study also examined the impact of changes in banking structure during the global crisis. The measurement of banking concentration used in this study is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). Furthermore, the influential factors consist of: (1) Bank specification, including bank size (Size), credit risk (NPL), profitability (ROE), banksoundness(CAR),(2)Market specification,namely the number of standingbank (NUM), and (3) Global crisis. The study used GLS (Generalized Least Square) method to detect autocorrelation on each variable.The results show that banks in Indonesia tended to have a low level of market concentration. The results are also in accordance with the SCP paradigm which states that banks tend to generate high profits when the level of banking market concentration is high.Keywords : Market Concentration, Competition, Dual-Banking, Bank Specification, Market Specification, Global Crisis.
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Yuniarti, Dwi. "ANALISIS STRUKTUR DAN PERILAKU PADI PADA PEMASARAN BERAS ORGANIK DI KABUPATEN BOYOLALI." JURNAL PANGAN 27, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33964/jp.v27i2.370.
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Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis struktur dan perilaku pemasaran padi gabah organik di Kabupaten Boyolali. Metode dasar penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian diskriptif analitik. Responden penelitian merupakan lembaga pemasaran yang terdiri dari petani produsen padi organik dan pedagang padi organik. Responden penelitian terdiri dari 50 petani, 6 penggilingan padi umum, 2 pedagang pengumpul desa dan 1 koperasi. Tujuan ini dapat dicapai dengan menggunakan analisis pangsa pasar, konsentrasi pasar, Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) dan statistik deskriptif. Analisis jumlah penjual dan pembeli di pasar padi organik menunjukkan bahwa banyak penjual dan beberapa pembeli, responden merupakan anggota asosiasi pemasaran, ada kebebasan keluar masuk pasar, ada arus informasi pemasaran di pasar beras organik, penetapan harga beras organik ditentukan oleh pedagang/pembeli dengan dasar pada harga yang berlaku saat ini. Responden memperoleh informasi pemasaran dari perantara/pedagang. Struktur pasar beras organik ditemukan adalah oligopsoni. Perilaku responden antara lain mayoritas responden menjual padi segera setelah panen, responden bergantung pada pendanaan koperasi atau asosiasi pasar, penjual tidak berkolusi untuk menentukan harga, serta tidak mengiklankan hasil panen untuk dijual, dan mayoritas responden rutin menghadiri pelatihan tentang budidaya atau pemasaran padi.
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Niarti, Yuyun. "ANALISIS STRUKTUR DAN PERILAKU PADI PADA PEMASARAN BERAS ORGANIK DI KABUPATEN BOYOLALI." JURNAL PANGAN 28, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33964/jp.v28i1.406.
Full textAbstract:
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis struktur dan perilaku pemasaran padi gabah organik di Kabupaten Boyolali. Metode dasar penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian diskriptif analitik. Responden penelitian merupakan lembaga pemasaran yang terdiri dari petani produsen padi organik dan pedagang padi organik. Responden penelitian terdiri dari 50 petani, 6 penggilingan padi umum, 2 pedagang pengumpul desa dan 1 koperasi. Tujuan ini dapat dicapai dengan menggunakan analisis pangsa pasar, konsentrasi pasar, Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) dan statistik deskriptif. Analisis jumlah penjual dan pembeli di pasar padi organik menunjukkan bahwa banyak penjual dan beberapa pembeli, responden merupakan anggota asosiasi pemasaran, ada kebebasan keluar masuk pasar, ada arus informasi pemasaran di pasar beras organik, penetapan harga beras organik ditentukan oleh pedagang/pembeli dengan dasar pada harga yang berlaku saat ini. Responden memperoleh informasi pemasaran dari perantara/pedagang. Struktur pasar beras organik ditemukan adalah oligopsoni. Perilaku responden antara lain mayoritas responden menjual padi segera setelah panen, responden bergantung pada pendanaan koperasi atau asosiasi pasar, penjual tidak berkolusi untuk menentukan harga, serta tidak mengiklankan hasil panen untuk dijual, dan mayoritas responden rutin menghadiri pelatihan tentang budidaya atau pemasaran padi.
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Dincer, Hasan. "HHI-based evaluation of the European banking sector using an integrated fuzzy approach." Kybernetes 48, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 1195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-02-2018-0055.
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Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the market concentration and competition in the European Banking Sector using an integrated multi-criteria decision-making approach under the fuzzy environment. Design/methodology/approach The hybrid model combining fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), fuzzy analytic network process (ANP) and fuzzy VIKOR methods is applied to measure the market competition and concentration in the European Banking Sector. For this purpose, two academicians and one expert from banking sector with at least five-year experiences are selected to evaluate the dimensions, criteria and alternatives. The academicians are also appointed to define the decision-making problem and determine the dimensions and the criteria on the basis of related literature. The implementation of the model has been constructed in three main phases. The first phase consists of the fuzzy DEMATEL technique for understanding the impact-relation map among the dimensions. The second phase includes the fuzzy ANP method for measuring the relative importance of the criteria. The last phase comprises the fuzzy VIKOR approach to rank the alternatives with the values of the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI). Findings Turkey, France, England and Germany are placed in the competitive market structure of the European Banking Sector respectively. Additionally, the comparative results of the study confirm the market shares and the competitive policies of the European and Turkish Banking Sector. Originality/value The novelty of the paper is to construct a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making model with the proposed HHI scales under the fuzzy environment and defined competition dimensions and criteria based on the literature for the European Banking Industry.
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Nik Ahmad, Nik Nazli, Siti Alawiah Siraj, and Suhaiza Ismail. "Revenue diversification in public higher learning institutions: an exploratory Malaysian study." Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jarhe-04-2018-0057.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent of revenue diversification of selected Malaysian public higher learning institutions (HLIs) and the perceptions of senior officers of Malaysian public HLIs on matters related to revenue diversification. Design/methodology/approach The study analyses data from the HLIs’ financial statements to compute the Hirschman-Herfindahl Index (HHI) for revenue diversification and a perception survey with senior officers of the Malaysian public HLIs. Findings The results suggest that while a majority of the Malaysian public HLIs were still dependent largely on government funding, the more established and larger HLIs had a slightly more diversified revenue structure. The survey suggested that overall the senior officers were receptive to the need for revenue diversification. Research limitations/implications The paper is largely based on a perception survey. Future work should utilise in-depth interviews and/or focus groups and a more in-depth analysis of financial statement data to provide richer data. Practical implications The study’s findings provide useful baseline data upon which further work may be built, particularly in the less explored developing country context. They will also prove useful to the administrators of public HLIs in other parts of the world facing a similar financial austerity situation. Originality/value The present study examines both the extent of revenue diversification of HLIs as well as senior HLI officers’ perceptions on revenue diversification strategies. Most prior studies on revenue diversification have examined non-profit organisations, not HLIs and most were either only perception-based studies or only looked at the extent of revenue diversification using the HHI.
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Peng, Bo, Shuo Liu, Lei Xu, and Zhen He. "Triaged Treatment-Based Conventional Weapon Combat Wound Classification Code Design and Injury Spectrum Statistical Analysis." Military Medicine 185, no. 11-12 (November 1, 2020): e2032-e2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa221.
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Abstract Introduction We create an expandable combat wound classification coding system and a stratified standardized combat wound injury spectrum to support triage according to the treatment echelon and to provide the basis for the rapid and efficient classification of combat casualties. The coding system simultaneously assists in identifying injuries with a high incidence of fatality that require emergency treatment, and provides a framework for the triage of combat wounds in mass casualty situations. Materials and Methods The three-tiered treatment echelon consisting of battlefield on-site first aid, emergency treatment, and early treatment was used to design an expanded combat wound classification coding system according to the differential needs of combat wound treatment. The Herfindahl−Hirschman Index (HHI) index was used as the key indicator for injury spectrum ranking and was applied to select the key anatomical structures that require the highest priority treatment in the three treatment echelons. The combat wound classification codes were based on the results of consultations with selected experts and results from the HHI index calculations. The use of the classification codes at the battlefield on-site first aid stage and emergency treatment stage was evaluated in exercises to test and compare the effectiveness of the classification codes against current classification systems. Results We obtained exhaustive combinations from the vast number of combat wound factors in combat wound classification codes, constructed injury spectrum frameworks within the different treatment echelons, and identified injuries with a high-incidence of fatality in each of the treatment echelons. Compared with traditional methods, the time spent on coding was reduced and classification accuracy was improved when using the new classification codes, which led to improved efficiency of classification and a reduced workload for hospital staff. Conclusions The combat wound classification codes that were established through the HHI index and expert consultations achieved good results in terms of having higher classification speed and accuracy than traditional methods. This means they could be used to identify injuries with a high-incidence of fatality and provide guidance to improve the efficiency of treatment among all treatment echelons in the army.
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Castro, Francisco José Gouveia de, and José Elmar Feger. "Os destinos turísticos do Estado do Paraná, Brasil: espacialização baseada na concentração e especialização turística." PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural 19, no. 3 (2021): 573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2021.19.037.
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The objective of this research was to identify the set of municipalities that are configured as tour‑ ist areas in the State of Paraná, Brazil, considering the concentration and specialisation of their tourist at‑ tractions. In order to achieve this goal, mathematical tools were applied as a means to define the degree of concentration, measured by the Herfindahl‑Hirschman Index (HHI), and the level of specialisation, calculated using a Location Quotient (LQ), of the tourism in the municipalities. The origin of the data analysed came from TripAdvisor and from the Secretary for Employment at the Ministry of Economy. The importance of this study is the need for instruments that subsidize the decision‑makers from public and private sectors in the elabora‑ tion of strategic planning for municipalities or regions. The results obtained point to the conformation of tourist spaces around the large demographic centers, highlighted the municipalities of Foz do Iguaçu, Curitiba and Paranaguá, by specialization and concentration criteria of tourism in the State. Furthermore, it was possible to identify isolated tourism destinations, which have very specific and unique attractions, as Iretama, Verê, Mal‑ let and Tijucas do Sul, besides the growth potential of other tourism areas like Ponta Grossa, Prudentópolis, Cascavel e Guarapuava