Academic literature on the topic 'Heritable Quantitative Trait'
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Journal articles on the topic "Heritable Quantitative Trait"
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Barton, N. H. "Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation." Genetics 124, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.3.773.
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Abstract It is widely held that each gene typically affects many characters, and that each character is affected by many genes. Moreover, strong stabilizing selection cannot act on an indefinitely large number of independent traits. This makes it likely that heritable variation in any one trait is maintained as a side effect of polymorphisms which have nothing to do with selection on that trait. This paper examines the idea that variation is maintained as the pleiotropic side effect of either deleterious mutation, or balancing selection. If mutation is responsible, it must produce alleles which are only mildly deleterious (s approximately 10(-3)), but nevertheless have significant effects on the trait. Balancing selection can readily maintain high heritabilities; however, selection must be spread over many weakly selected polymorphisms if large responses to artificial selection are to be possible. In both classes of pleiotropic model, extreme phenotypes are less fit, giving the appearance of stabilizing selection on the trait. However, it is shown that this effect is weak (of the same order as the selection on each gene): the strong stabilizing selection which is often observed is likely to be caused by correlations with a limited number of directly selected traits. Possible experiments for distinguishing the alternatives are discussed.
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Burrow, H. M., S. S. Moore, D. J. Johnston, W. Barendse, and B. M. Bindon. "Quantitative and molecular genetic influences on properties of beef: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00015.
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The scientific literature is reviewed to identify quantitative and molecular genetic influences on quantity and quality of beef. Genetic variation between breeds is of similar magnitude to genetic variation within breeds for many economically important traits. Differences between breeds are significant and large for most carcass and beef quality attributes, including beef tenderness, although differences for sensory juiciness and flavour are of little practical importance. For traits such as beef tenderness, between-breed differences may be more easily exploited than within-breed differences, because exceptional breeds are easier to identify than exceptional animals. Effects of heterosis on carcass and beef quality attributes are relatively small (3% or less), with most effects mediated through heterotic effects on weight. Carcass composition traits (e.g. carcass weight, fat thickness and marbling) are moderately to highly heritable. Most estimates of retail beef yield percentage are highly heritable, offering good potential for within-breed selection for the trait, although a moderate to strong antagonistic relationship exists between yield and marbling. This relationship needs to be considered in within-breed selection programs for yield percentage. Early estimates of heritability of objective measures of beef tenderness (Warner Bratzler shear force values) indicated tenderness was moderately to highly heritable. Recent estimates using larger numbers of carcasses and more discriminatory methods of analysis indicate that beef tenderness is lowly heritable in Bos taurus breeds and moderately heritable inBos indicus and Bos indicus-derived breeds. Within breeds, measures of 24-h calpastatin activity are genetically strongly correlated with shear force values but are more heritable. However, phenotypic correlations between shear force values and 24-h calpastatin activities are low. There are also inconsistencies in relationships between these measurements across breeds. Low correlations between tenderness in different muscles, low to moderate heritabilities and inconsistent variation within- and between-breeds for traits such as 24-h calpastatin activity suggest that genetic improvement in beef tenderness may be difficult. The possibility exists that significant mitochondrial genetic effects occur for some carcass and beef quality attributes. A major gene for muscular hypertrophy in cattle significantly affects carcass and beef quality characteristics. Genome-wide screening of DNA markers indicates a number of putative Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with carcass and meat quality characteristics. Published data for these QTL are summarised. Strategies to combine quantitative and molecular genetic information to maximise genetic progress are discussed.
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Bayele, Henry K., and Surjit K. S. Srai. "Regulatory variation in hepcidin expression as a heritable quantitative trait." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 384, no. 1 (June 2009): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.032.
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Pavlicev, Mihaela, James M. Cheverud, and Günter P. Wagner. "Evolution of adaptive phenotypic variation patterns by direct selection for evolvability." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1713 (November 24, 2010): 1903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2113.
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A basic assumption of the Darwinian theory of evolution is that heritable variation arises randomly. In this context, randomness means that mutations arise irrespective of the current adaptive needs imposed by the environment. It is broadly accepted, however, that phenotypic variation is not uniformly distributed among phenotypic traits, some traits tend to covary, while others vary independently, and again others barely vary at all. Furthermore, it is well established that patterns of trait variation differ among species. Specifically, traits that serve different functions tend to be less correlated, as for instance forelimbs and hind limbs in bats and humans, compared with the limbs of quadrupedal mammals. Recently, a novel class of genetic elements has been identified in mouse gene-mapping studies that modify correlations among quantitative traits. These loci are called relationship loci, or relationship Quantitative Trait Loci (rQTL), and affect trait correlations by changing the expression of the existing genetic variation through gene interaction. Here, we present a population genetic model of how natural selection acts on rQTL. Contrary to the usual neo-Darwinian theory, in this model, new heritable phenotypic variation is produced along the selected dimension in response to directional selection. The results predict that selection on rQTL leads to higher correlations among traits that are simultaneously under directional selection. On the other hand, traits that are not simultaneously under directional selection are predicted to evolve lower correlations. These results and the previously demonstrated existence of rQTL variation, show a mechanism by which natural selection can directly enhance the evolvability of complex organisms along lines of adaptive change.
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Linder, Robert A., Fabian Seidl, Kimberly Ha, and Ian M. Ehrenreich. "The complex genetic and molecular basis of a model quantitative trait." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 1 (January 2016): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0408.
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Quantitative traits are often influenced by many loci with small effects. Identifying most of these loci and resolving them to specific genes or genetic variants is challenging. Yet, achieving such a detailed understanding of quantitative traits is important, as it can improve our knowledge of the genetic and molecular basis of heritable phenotypic variation. In this study, we use a genetic mapping strategy that involves recurrent backcrossing with phenotypic selection to obtain new insights into an ecologically, industrially, and medically relevant quantitative trait—tolerance of oxidative stress, as measured based on resistance to hydrogen peroxide. We examine the genetic basis of hydrogen peroxide resistance in three related yeast crosses and detect 64 distinct genomic loci that likely influence the trait. By precisely resolving or cloning a number of these loci, we demonstrate that a broad spectrum of cellular processes contribute to hydrogen peroxide resistance, including DNA repair, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, stress-induced MAPK signaling, translation, and water transport. Consistent with the complex genetic and molecular basis of hydrogen peroxide resistance, we show two examples where multiple distinct causal genetic variants underlie what appears to be a single locus. Our results improve understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of a highly complex, model quantitative trait.
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Bell, R. L., and Jules Janick. "Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Fruit Quality in Pear." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 5 (September 1990): 829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.5.829.
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Narrow-sense heritability estimates were computed for five fruit quality characteristics and their weighted total index. Grit content and skin russeting were moderately heritable traits, while flesh texture, flavor, appearance, and the weighted total score were of relatively low heritability. Within sub-populations of crosses, defined by the species ancestry of the parents, the relative magnitudes of heritabilities for each trait varied, but were in general agreement with those for the entire population. The general combining ability variances were 4.5 to 12.0 times those for specific combining ability, although both were statistically significant for all traits and the weighted quality index. The species ancestry of a parent had no effect on its general combining ability rank. While selection of individual seedlings on the basis of their own phenotype will result in genetic improvement for grit and russet, selection based on a combination of full-sib family means and individual phenotypes is recommended for flavor, texture, appearance, and overall fruit quality.
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Chapco, William. "Genetic variation in three subspecies of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). I. Morphometric traits." Genome 29, no. 5 (October 1, 1987): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-133.
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Samples of three subspecies of Melanoplus sanguinipes (M. s. sanguinipes, M. s. vulturnus, and M. s. defectus), raised under the same laboratory conditions, differ significantly in a number of morphometric traits. The heritable nature of these differences was explored by performing intersubspecific crosses, hybrid crosses, and backcrosses. On the whole, the genetics underlying each trait was complex, with the presence or absence of heterosis, of genic interaction, and of maternal effects being dependent on the strains compared and the sex of the insects. Key words: Melanoplus sanguinipes, Acrididae, quantitative genetics, morphometric traits.
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Blanckenhorn, Wolf, and Claudia Mühlhäuser. "The quantitative genetics of sexual selection in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea." Behaviour 141, no. 3 (2004): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853904322981888.
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AbstractIn the common dung or black scavenger fly Sepsis cynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae) several morphological and behavioural male and female traits interact during mating. Previous studies show that males attempt to mount females without courtship, females use vigorous shaking behaviour in response to male mounting, the duration of shaking is an indicator of both direct and indirect female choice and sexual conflict, and larger males enjoy a mating advantage. We conducted a quantitative genetic paternal half sib study to investigate the genetic underpinnings of these traits, notably body size (the preferred trait) and the associated female preference, and to assess the relative importance of various models generally proposed to account for the evolution of sexually selected traits. Several morphological traits and female shaking duration were heritable, thus meeting a key requirement of all sexual selection models. In contrast, two traits indicative of male persistence in mating were not. Male longevity was also heritable and negatively correlated with his mating effort, suggesting a mating cost. However, the crucial genetic correlation between male body size and female shaking duration, predicted to be negative by both 'good genes' and Fisherian models and positive by the sexual conflict (or chase-away) model, was zero. This could be because of low power, or because of constraints imposed by the genetic correlation structure. Based on our rsults we conclude that discriminating sexual selection models by sole means of quantitative genetics is difficult, if not impossible.
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Wales, R., K. W. Siggens, M. J. T. van Eijk, B. Brugmans, A. Archibald, C. S. Haley, and G. S. Plastow. "Is a linkage map and a pedigree structure required to detect useful DNA markers (QTL) in the pig?" Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000199x.
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The heritable components of many traits in which livestock producers strive for improvement comprise a number of genetic loci. Many workers have now reported the identification of such quantitative trait loci (QTL) using model crosses between divergent breeds or lines in combination with whole genome scans using mapped DNA markers. Such methods rely on two or three generation pedigrees in order to be able to trace the inheritance of markers and the QTL. However, it is not yet clear if such QTL have application in commercial pig populations. The AFLP™ technology is a very efficient method for identifying markers segregating in any population. We have previously reported the successful use of the AFLP™technology and bulk segregant analysis (BSA) for the detection of markers associated with pig coat colour, a monogenic trait (Plastow et al 1998). We set out to determine whether these methods could be used for the detection of loci associated with quantitative traits directly in commercial populations.
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Mihai, G., I. Mirancea, and C. Duta. "Variation of the quantitative traits in a progeny test of Abies alba (Mill.) at the nursery stage." Silvae Genetica 63, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2014): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2014-0035.
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AbstractFifty-one full-sib families were created using 11 parents in a silver fir seed orchard and a half-diallel mating design. The seeds of control-pollinated families were sown in a nursery in autumn 2007. Growth and branches traits were measured during nursery testing, and genetic parameters were estimated at the ages of 3, 4, 5, and 6 years. The additive and dominance genetic variances were major sources of genetic variance. Dominance variance was greater than additive variance at these early ages for all traits. However, the ratio of SCA/GCA variance decreased from 23 to 14 for total height and from 36 to 19 for root collar diameter. Broadsense family heritability is higher than individual heritability. Height and root collar diameter are the most heritable traits in silver fir. The time trend of the five heritability estimates for total height increased with age. Significant trait-trait genetic correlations were obtained. Age-age genetic correlations were very high, and they displayed increasing trends with age. The selection of the most valuable parents and most valuable individuals within the best families could maximise genetic gain in the second breeding generation of silver fir.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heritable Quantitative Trait"
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Goddard, Katrina Blouke. "Study design issues in the analysis of complex genetic traits /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9565.
Full textBooks on the topic "Heritable Quantitative Trait"
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Bahjat, Frances Rena. Characterization and genetic analysis of the resistance of nonobese diabetic mice to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis and lethality. 2002.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Short-term Changes in the Variance: 2. Changes in the Environmental Variance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0017.
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While classical quantitative genetics usually assumes that all genotypes have the same environmental variance (the assumption of homoscedasticity), in reality, genotypes can show heteroscedasticity in the environmental variance. When such variation is heritable (i.e., has an additive variance in an outbred population), then the environmental variance can change under selection. This can either be due to an indirect response (such as during directional selection on a trait), or through direct selection to increase the homogeneity of a trait (such as for increased uniformity during harvesting). This chapter reviews the existing data on the heritability of the environmental variance and examines several different genetic models for predicting its response.
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(Editor), Jeffrey C. Hall, Jay C. Dunlap (Editor), Theodore Friedmann (Editor), and Francesco Giannelli (Editor), eds. Advances in Genetics, Volume 41 (Advances in Genetics). Academic Press, 1999.
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(Editor), Jeffrey C. Hall, Jay C. Dunlap (Editor), Theodore Friedmann (Editor), and Francesco Giannelli (Editor), eds. Advances in Genetics, Volume 41 (Advances in Genetics). Academic Press, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Heritable Quantitative Trait"
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Cloninger, C. Robert. "Genetics of personality disorders." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen, and Guy M. Goodwin, 1229–38. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0120.
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Family, twin, and adoption studies have shown that personality disorders are moderately heritable, but most of the variability is the result of non-additive interactions among many genetic variants and environmental events acting in concert. Consequently, the pathway from genotype to phenotype is complex—individuals with the same genotype may have different features of personality disorder, or none (multifinality, also called pleiotropy), and individuals with different genotypes may have the same personality disorder (equifinality, also called heterogeneity). The same genetic and environmental variants cause normal and abnormal personality, so personality disorders are the result of quantitative trait variation and are not discrete disease entities. Human character traits, such as self-directedness and co-operativeness, allow people to self-regulate their emotional drives, and recent person-centred genome-wide association studies have revealed that these character traits are strongly influenced by regulatory gene variants, such as long non-coding RNAs, that influence adaptive functioning and neuroplasticity by epigenetic mechanisms.
Conference papers on the topic "Heritable Quantitative Trait"
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Sun, Jiangwen, Jinbo Bi, and Henry R. Kranzler. "Quadratic optimization to identify highly heritable quantitative traits from complex phenotypic features." In KDD' 13: The 19th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2487575.2487621.
Full textReports on the topic "Heritable Quantitative Trait"
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Seroussi, Eyal, and George Liu. Genome-Wide Association Study of Copy Number Variation and QTL for Economic Traits in Holstein Cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7593397.bard.
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Copy number variation (CNV) has been recently identified in human and other mammalian genomes and increasing awareness that CNV might be a major source for heritable variation in complex traits has emerged. Despite this, little has been published on CNVs in Holsteins. In order to fill this knowledge-gap, we proposed a genome-wide association study between quantitative trait loci (QTL) for economic traits and CNV in the Holstein cattle. The approved feasibility study was aimed at the genome-wide characterization of CNVs in Holstein cattle and at the demonstrating of their possible association with economic traits by performing the activities of preparation of DNA samples, Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), initial association study between CNVs and production traits and characterization of CNVSNP associations. For both countries, 40 genomic DNA samples of bulls representing the extreme sub-populations for economically important traits were CGH analyzed using the same reference genome on a NimbleGen tiling array. We designed this array based on the latest build of the bovine genome (UMD3) with average probe spacing of 1150 bases (total number of probes was 2,166,672). Two CNV gene clusters, PLA2G2D on BTA2 and KIAA1683 on BTA7 revealed significant association with milk percentage and cow fertility, respectively, and were chosen for further characterization and verification in a larger sample using other methodologies including sequencing, tag SNPs and real time PCR (qPCR). Comparison between these four methods indicated that there is under estimation of the number of CNV loci in Holstein cattle and their complexity. The variation in sequence between different copies seemed to affect their functionality and thus the hybridization based methods were less informative than the methods that are based on sequencing. We thus conclude that large scale sequencing effort complemented by array CGH should be considered to better detect and characterize CNVs in order to effectively employ them in marker-assisted selection.
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Wisniewski, Michael E., Samir Droby, John L. Norelli, Noa Sela, and Elena Levin. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of postharvest decay resistance in Malus sieversii and the characterization of pathogenicity effectors in Penicillium expansum. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600013.bard.
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Blue mold of apple caused by Penicilliumexpansumis a major postharvest disease. Selection for postharvest disease resistance in breeding programs has been ignored in favor of fruit quality traits such as size, color, taste, etc. The identification of postharvest disease resistance as a heritable trait would represent a significant accomplishment and has not been attempted in apple. Furthermore, insight into the biology of the pathogenicity of P. expansumin apple could provide new approaches to postharvest decay management. Hypothesis: Postharvest resistance of apple to P. expansumcan be mapped to specific genetic loci and significant quantitative-trait-loci (QTLs) can be identified that account for a major portion of the population variance. Susceptibility of apple fruit to P. expansumis dependent on the ability of the pathogen to produce LysM effectors that actively suppress primary and/or secondary resistance mechanisms in the fruit. Objectives: 1) Identify QTL(s) and molecular markers for blue mold resistance in GMAL4593 mapping population (‘Royal Gala’ X MalussieversiiPI613981), 2) Characterize the transcriptome of the host and pathogen (P. expansum) during the infection process 3) Determine the function of LysM genes in pathogenicity of P. expansum. Methods: A phenotypic evaluation of blue mold resistance in the GMAL4593 mapping population, conducted in several different years, will be used for QTL analysis (using MapQTL 6.0) to identify loci associated with blue mold resistance. Molecular markers will be developed for the resistance loci. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq will be used to conduct a time course study of gene expression in resistant and susceptible apple GMAL4593 genotypes in response to P. expansum, as well as fungal responses to both genotypes. Candidate resistance genes identified in the transcriptomic study and or bioinformatic analysis will be positioned in the ‘Golden Delicious’ genome to identify markers that co-locate with the identified QTL(s). A functional analysis of LysM genes on pathogenicity will be conducted by eliminating or reducing the expression of individual effectors by heterologous recombination and silencing technologies. LysMeffector genes will also be expressed in a yeast expression system to study protein function. Expected Results: Identification of postharvest disease resistance QTLs and tightly-linked genetic markers. Increased knowledge of the role of effectors in blue mold pathogenic