Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Heritage architecture'

This thesis presents research in which a set of contemporary computational digital techniques have been applied to investigate and interpret traditional Chinese architecture. The techniques involve algorithmic representation, digital modelling and digital fabrication. The research provides a methodology that can be utilised for future research employing the digital techniques in the context of understanding, investigating, interpreting and representing traditional Chinese architecture. The ancient rulebooks that describe the traditional Chinese architectural styles and construction technologies are used as the basis for the algorithms and parametric rules and the application to the modelling and fabrication process. Building on the work of producing systematic analysis on both rulebooks and contributing knowledge from extant buildings, the possibility of modelling traditional Chinese architecture using digital techniques is proposed and tested. This augments research already undertaken by architectural historians (who provide traditional approaches and analysis) by offering a new perspective to understand and recreate the Chinese style, as well as solving difficulties that traditional methods struggle with. The research is significant as it demonstrates how digital techniques can advance knowledge and understanding of significant Chinese architectural styles, especially considering a large number of heritage buildings are lost or damaged, as well as there is a lack of systematic and complete records. Consequently, this enhanced understanding can then be used to rediscover, restore, refurbish and recreate the traditional Chinese architecture. The research is significant as it also illustrates how digital techniques, especially parametrics, can be applied to a novel target, traditional Chinese architecture, which is beyond the common area of complicated shapes of contemporary architecture that they are usually applied to. Consequently, this attempt extends the function of digital techniques and bridges the gap between the traditional Chinese architecture and contemporary parametrics. Three case studies of significant elements in the understanding traditional Chinese architecture are used to present and advance the methodological process provided. These are the parametric recreation of the floor plan, the parametric interpretation of the design principles of the ting tang and dian tang sections, and the study of a typical Chinese joint structure, the dou gong. Each case study offers its own contribution to achieve the two significances. An example of the integrated digitally represented conceptual model is then given based on the three case studies. Three applications are also included to further prove the findings of this research. The findings illustrate how contemporary digital techniques can be used to augment and enhance knowledge of traditional Chinese architecture by turning descriptions and definitions into rules and algorithmic representations through the study of the rulebooks and the process of digital modelling. During this process inferences have to be made as representational source data such as architectural drawings are almost always incomplete and ancient language used in rulebooks is hard to understand accurately. The key here is the systematic and logical advancement that digital techniques bring when compared against design styles of architecture that was established in a pre-digital context. The findings also demonstrate enhanced understanding of using digital techniques to investigate and interpret traditional Chinese architecture. During this process, the cultural aspects, Chinese history, ancient politics, Chinese traditions and styles are all integrated into the consideration and representation of the digital techniques, which add new inspirations to the contemporary computational techniques.

The rapid post-Independence development of the city of Windhoek, Namibia; and the ensuing destruction of a substantial number of German colonial buildings in the capital city, prompted speculation as to why these buildings are inadequately protected as heritage – and whether they are, in fact, considered to be heritage. The study explores the issues pertaining to the presence of German colonial architecture, as artefacts of the German colonial period, within the postcolonial context of Windhoek. The trauma and pain of the Namibian War and genocide (1904 – 1908) are recurring themes in the body of literature on postcolonial Namibia; and this informs a wider discourse on memory. Memory is found to play a crucial role in evoking a sense of both individual and shared ownership, through its capacity to create meaning, which can in turn ascribe value to a place. Memory is also dependent on visual cues for its continued existence, which suggests the importance of colonial architecture as a material prompt to sustain memory. The research therefore investigates the memories and multiple meanings attributable to colonial architecture in this plural society, and how these meanings can be created, or possibly reinvented, through the continued use of these buildings. The study is based on an assessment of three halls in Windhoek – the Grüner Kranz Hall (1906), the Kaiserkrone Hall (1909), and the Turnhalle (1909; 1912), all designed by the German architect Otto Busch – which illustrates in part, the need for the development of historical building surveys that assess the social values and significances of these contested spaces; and moreover, the potential that these spaces have to support memory work through their continued use.

As defined by Wai Mun Lim and Mel Endean in 2009 in their article “Elucidating the aesthetic and operational characteristics of UK boutique hotels” in the International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Boutique hotels have less than 100 rooms, have an individualistic and unique design, are often in historic buildings, and have highly personalized service for guests. I found that a boutique hotel that focuses on historic preservation and heritage tourism does four things. First, it respects the history of the building it is housed in, preserving as much of the original structure as possible. It also takes advantage of the unique features the historical building offers, highlighting them with design choices. Third, it educates guests on the history of the building and the surrounding area with both information and design. Lastly, it encourages guests to visit and engage with other heritage tourism sites in the area, offering concierge services and ticket packages.

This thesis is the story of two housing projects designed by architect Ralph Erskine. The first building, Lassaskog in Växjö built in 1954, is one of the earliest examples of industrialized concrete housing in Sweden. The other one, Kv. Ortdrivaren in Kiruna was built some eight years later following Erskine’s utopian ideas for The Arctic City. Despite their architectural and historical significance, these two buildings are threatened today: Ortdrivaren will be demolished and Lassaskog will be hastily densified.   This thesis is a reaction to these threats, and it is a call for preserving and reusing. Looking towards the near future of circularity, I want to praise for never demolishing a building again.   This leads me to the overarching question of my thesis; how could I sustainably save these two buildings?   The only solution I thought worthy of their architecture was to unite them. Rather than demolishing Ortdrivaren, I propose to deconstruct it and reuse it in Växjö. Thereon, started the project of densifying the Lassaskog estates with new student housing made of repurposed concrete elements from Kiruna.   My objective for this quirky enterprise is to find a methodology for preserving post-war housing estates and for conducting a circular architecture project.

Heritage education is an effective strategy for teaching students about the importance of local history and its relation to state and national themes. The proposed Indiana heritage curriculum unit was designed to incorporate the local built environment into the upper middle and high school classroom. Six lessons have been designed within the unit to help teachers implement heritage education, while fulfilling existing Indiana Academic Standards. Supplemental information, including Power Point presentations, informational handouts, and suggested activities, have been designed to successfully guide lay teachers through the objectives stated in each lesson presented. Through a weeklong session with Mr. Charles Bennett and his eighth grade students, the proposed unit was piloted at Speedway Junior High School in Indianapolis during a weeklong session. The successful implementation and methodology used to create the heritage unit has been documented in the following text of the creative project. In addition, background research and conclusion chapters have been included to establish the need and validate the successful implementation of the heritage education curriculum unit proposed.
Department of Architecture

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-85).
The thesis looks at Conservation in Singapore: how it started, what were its initial goals, how these changed over years, and the impacts of the same. These questions are dealt with by studying the three conservation districts of Chinatown, Little India and Kampong Clam, which were the original settlements for the three main populations namely, the Chinese, Indian and Malay respectively. The one thing common to all these different populations is the history of Singapore and the built fabric which represent this history. The three areas represent the unique cultures, lifestyles and traditions of the different populations that give these areas the character they possessed until conservation came about. The built fabric has been saved, but does it represent the true essence of Place? The three districts have undergone rapid changes in the last two decades and the process is questionable. It has resulted in sociocultural and economic imbalances largely due to a strong hand by the State. The thesis along with these issues, also addresses the question of whether the conservation effort is catering to the right people. Finally, based on the analysis of these impacts, current guidelines and policies, the thesis proposes strategies for making these conservation districts culturally more significant & at the same time economically feasible.
bu Sunitha Kondur Raju.
S.M.

As a contribution to econometric research on the role of architectural heritage, this dissertation evaluates non-aggregate data for a total of 2142 designated National Priority Protected Sites (NPPS) in China using hedonic model and ordered probit model. Attempting to verify economic costs of conserving architectural heritage sites in China, the objectives of the dissertation are to find out the grading system of NPPS; to compare the monetary value and non-monetary value methods on architectural heritage conservation; to identify the current criteria of national heritage conservation maintenance funding (NHCMF) allocation for the NPPS; and to select and evaluate the key factors of NHCMF allocation for the NPPS. The research question of this dissertation is: “what are the decision criteria of NHCMF allocation in China?”. The dissertation conceives of one general hypothesis and 17 empirical hypotheses. The general hypothesis is based on the maintenance funding and grading system of each conservation project. The empirical hypotheses are generated from possible determined factors of NHCMF allocation, theories of sustainable development, economic value and heritage value. Based on the real market information, 7 factors have been identified as the determined factors of NHCMF allocation of NPPS. They are “average household income”, “annual economic benefit”, “average personal salary”, “population”, “ticket”, “types modern building” and “types revolutionary sites”. Of these 7 factors, on the one hand, “average household income”, “annual economic benefit”, “population”, “entry ticket fee” and “types (revolutionary sites)” have positive relationship with the maintenance cost. The positive relationship result implies that the revolutionary sites locate in economic developed area with more population and higher entry ticket fee are more likely to get more maintenance funding. On the other hand, “average personal salary” and “types (modern buildings)” have negative relationship with maintenance funding. The negative relationship result reflects that modern buildings of NPPS with higher average personal salary are less likely getting more maintenance funding. Based on the hypothetical market data, 4 factors have been identified as the determined factors of NHCMF allocation of NPPS. The factors of “population and “annual economic benefit” have the same relationship with monetary market data. The “maintenance funding” and “original usage” have negative relationship with grading system.
published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

The sustainability of cultural heritage management of the resources is strongly related to support from local community via participation. It is evident that active community involvement can improve local residents’ quality of life based on better environment, social and economic conditions. However, there is little research into the question of whether the involvement of local community in heritage management derives from a genuine interest and desires to protect and conserve their local heritage assets. In the case of Malaysia, a truly local community collaborative approach is often limited due to the ways in which the community in question is conceptualised and involved in the process. In other words, local community involvement is extremely rare because they have been neglected especially in the decision making process. This has created a negative relationship between local community and government authorities in resource conservation. Therefore, it is pivotal to investigate the influence of the local community attachment towards heritage, in order to understand the local community involvement in heritage management. The attitudes and perceptions of three groups of respondents were examined by using the concept of heritage trail development, as an illustrative example to triangulate the relationship between local community involvement, government administrative structures and tourists’ experiences. The results revealed that, despite the fact the local community is highly attached to the heritage assets; the level of community involvement in cultural heritage management in Malaysia is low due to operational, structures and cultural limitation to engage the local community in both management and tourism development in the Melaka World Heritage Site. This is to say that the participation approach in Malaysia is highly controlled by the centralised government structure. The research recommends that the authorities consider implementing two major improvements in order to develop and maintain a system of sustainable cultural heritage management: Firstly, to overcome the limitations of community participation in the decision making process. Secondly, to consider the community attachment towards cultural heritage elements, before developing tourist attractions in heritage settings, in terms of residents’ emotional and functional attachments.

The development of modern architecture, which was first introduced to Taiwan by the Japanese when they occupied the island, has destroyed the identity and continuity of traditional Taiwanese architecture. Modern architecture, with its emphasis on materialistic and technological aspects, is fundamentally different from traditional architecture. The former depends on denying what is essential to the latter. However, modern technology is genuinely international and most people in Taiwan seem to want to enjoy its advantages, such as new methods of building construction, which have offered a better technical solution to many problems than traditional architecture could. However, architecture is not merely a technological product, it is also an embodiment of the worldview of the people of a region. The most important question in the contemporary architectural development of Taiwan is, therefore, to see how modern innovations could be embedded in the regional heritage so as to achieve a new architecture within the parameters of modern referents while maintaining a quality relying on nourishment from regional traditions. The thesis is an inquiry into the prospect of developing such a new architecture for Taiwan, which, it is argued, can be achieved by a Critical Regionalist approach. Critical Regionalism is a concept as well as an approach that attempts to evoke a condition of authenticity in which a new architecture can be consciously originated out of the traditional architectural characteristics of a particular region in order to withstand the domination of Modernism. The contents of the thesis are centred on the following themes: differences between traditional and modern architecture; problems of the contemporary architectural development of Taiwan; the development of Post-Modernism, Alexander's Pattern Language, the Phenomenology of Architecture, and Regionalism in architecture; the dialectics of Critical Regionalism; characteristics of traditional Taiwanese architecture; and the discussion of the regional consciousness in contemporary Taiwanese architecture. Today, society in Taiwan is no longer completely traditional although a number of traditions still survive. People live in a society codified according to two different sets of values and beliefs. The problem of how to preserve the valuable aspects of the regional heritage, including regional architecture, in a situation where tradition is in rapid decline is crucial. It is demonstrated in the thesis that Critical Regionalism presents a possibility that an authentic architecture can be developed out of contradictory elements and sources. In the past, most criticisms of modern architectural development were based on either the purely functional aspects or the style of the building which are only parts of architecture. The Critical Regionalist approach enables both architects and critics to emancipate themselves from such narrow interpretations. With the help of this approach, both architects and critics can now look at architecture from a much broader point of view. The thesis aims to show the way towards this new understanding of architecture.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-146).
A host of political and spiritual associations were constructed around Humayun's Tomb that established it as the most important political and spiritual site in the city during the sixteenth century. After an initial phase of importance, the tomb began to slip into physical decrepitude and neglect. Though the tomb underwent several changes in the subsequent three centuries, it never regained its original status as a 'Mughal dynastic icon'. One of the primary aims of the intervention efforts by various agencies like the ASI, UNESCO and AKTC has been to stimulate popular interest and appreciation of Humayun's Tomb as 'heritage'. In spite of its obvious monumental stature and architectural merit, Humayun's Tomb's political and spiritual significance are no longer central to its popular perception. The tomb's initial narrative as the product of a socialized and historicized understanding of political associations in conjunction with ascribed spiritual sanctity has eroded. This underlines the need for such a study that unravels the popular consumption of the tomb's 'heritage' or the lack thereof. The principal concern of this thesis is to identify the reasons why the meanings associated with Humayun's Tomb remain lost to contemporary popular perception. The thesis follows the trajectory of popular interpretation from the time of the tomb's construction till now. In doing so it deals with the complex set of political, religious, architectural and spiritual associations of the building that contributed to its representation and perception. It explores the agencies and processes instrumental in constructing the monument's evolving narrative and its consumption through various themes - a dynastic icon, 'prototype of the Taj Mahal' and 'heritage' to mention a few: Through an exploration of these themes, this thesis tries to answer why this once celebrated monument has retained so little of its originally constructed narrative.
Sadaf Ansari.
S.M.

Thesis: Ph. D. in Architecture: History and Theory of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 258-280).
This dissertation examines the artistic and architectural mutations occurring in Spain during the eighteenth century, when Spain decided to participate in the Enlightenment's philosophical project that emphasized the classification of art, crafts, and other knowledge, and thereby raised important questions regarding the value of national heritage relative to a universal one. Spain was always viewed by Northern Europeans and Spaniards alike as tainted by its Muslim history, and its culture seen as semi-Oriental. In endeavoring to become part of the Enlightenment, Spanish artists, architects, natural philosophers, and policymakers struggled to come to terms with two challenging factors: their inheritance from the peninsula's Islamic past, and their corresponding isolation from the institutions of Northern Europe. They were forced to consider the hierarchies of the "liberal" over the "mechanical," intellectual over manual, high over low. The quest of the Spanish crown for economic reform shaped the relations among art, architecture, and crafts, which were manifested in the contrasting institutional stances on those hierarchies in the Academy of San Fernando (est. 1752) and the Economic Societies (est. in the 1770s). This dissertation probes how the reconsideration of past categories in light of the economic reform affected the practice and theory of architecture. It looks at ornament as a key site where Christian Spain sought to confront the marginality imposed upon it during the Enlightenment. Spain's experience-grappling with its Christian Iberian identity, its Arab and Jewish legacies, and its relationship to European institutions-constitutes a neglected episode in the art-historical narrative, one that informs the history of the decorative arts and knowledge construction in the eighteenth century.
by Razan Francis.
Ph. D. in Architecture: History and Theory of Architecture

[ES] Los proyectos de arquitectura patrimonial conllevan trabajo colaborativo entre diferentes agentes tales como arquitectos, ingenieros, arqueólogos, historiadores, restauradores, propietarios, etc. Tradicionalmente cada disciplina ha trabajado de manera independiente generando información dispersa. El flujo de trabajo en los proyectos patrimoniales presenta problemas relacionados con la desorganización de procesos, la dispersión de información y el uso de herramientas obsoletas. Diferentes organizaciones abogan por usar métodos innovadores para tratar de resolver estos problemas. BIM (Building Information Modelling) se ha postulado como una metodología adecuada para mejorar la gestión del patrimonio arquitectónico. La aplicación de BIM a construcciones históricas, denominada HBIM (Heritage BIM), ha probado tener múltiples ventajas para gestionar proyectos patrimoniales. Sin embargo, la literatura científica pone de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir investigando en los procesos de los proyectos patrimoniales, la implementación práctica de HBIM, la simplificación de la laboriosa tarea de modelado HBIM y la documentación de los proyectos HBIM. La finalidad de esta investigación es el desarrollo de un protocolo que ordene la gestión de proyectos patrimoniales usando HBIM y el diseño de una plataforma web que sincronice la información patrimonial. DSR (Design Science Research) es el método de investigación usado para desarrollar dicho protocolo que ayude a mejorar el flujo de trabajo en los proyectos patrimoniales. Las técnicas de investigación usadas han sido el análisis documental, casos de estudio, entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. Se analizaron los procesos HBIM y se estudiaron los requerimientos de los agentes patrimoniales. Como resultado, se desarrolló el protocolo BIMlegacy, dividido en ocho pasos y contemplando a todos los agentes que participan en proyectos patrimoniales. Dicho protocolo se aplicó en el caso de estudio de Fixby Hall, en Huddersfield (Reino Unido), y sus resultados fueron expuestos en un workshop interdisciplinar para validar y mejorar el protocolo BIMlegacy. Basado en este protocolo, se desarrolló la plataforma BIMlegacy como herramienta para poder llevar a cabo este flujo de trabajo donde agentes interdisciplinares pueden unificar y sincronizar la información patrimonial. Este innovador sistema en la nube conecta la base de datos intrínseca de los programas HBIM con bases de datos patrimoniales usando un plug in para Revit de Autodesk, una web API, un servidor SQL y un portal web. La plataforma BIMlegacy se diseñó como una web de trabajo, pero también como una web de difusión cultural donde el público generalista puede acceder a cierta información de los monumentos. El protocolo y la plataforma BIMlegacy fueron usados para gestionar el proyecto de Registro de San Juan del Hospital. El protocolo, la plataforma y los resultados del proyecto de San Juan del Hospital fueron expuestos en un grupo focal en Valencia con profesionales para su evaluación científica. La contribución teórica de esta investigación ha sido el descubrimiento de problemas en el modelado HBIM que no habían sido especificados antes, beneficios del HBIM (por ejemplo, el uso de plataformas online o el filtrado de información en sistemas HBIM) y requerimientos para implementar HBIM en la práctica tales como la necesidad de un protocolo simple e intuitivo y de ofrecer entrenamiento específico a los agentes no técnicos. Las contribuciones prácticas al conocimiento han sido la creación del protocolo BIMlegacy con la lista de agentes patrimoniales y la integración de procesos tradicionales, el diseño de la plataforma BIMlegacy con la sincronización de la información en tiempo real que permite que los agentes no técnicos puedan participar activamente en los modelos HBIM, el uso de HBIM como una herramienta de gestión, y la aportación de información rigurosa volcada por profe
[CAT] Els projectes d`arquitectura patrimonial comporten treballs col·laboratius entre diferents agents tals com arquitectes , enginyers ,arqueòlegs , historiadors, restauradors , propietaris , etc. Tradicionalment cada disciplina ha treballat de manera independent generant informació dispersa. El flux de treball en els projectes patrimonials presenta problemes relacionats amb la desorganització de processos, la dispersió d'informació i l'ús d'eines obsoletes. Diferents organitzacions promouen fer servir mètodes innovadors per a tractar de resoldre aquests problemes i fer del patrimoni cultural un motor de desenvolupament socioeconòmic. BIM (Building Information Modelling) s'ha postulat com una metodologia adequada per millorar la gestió del patrimoni arquitectònic. L'aplicació de BIM a construccions històriques, anomenada HBIM (Heritage BIM), ha demostrat tenir múltiples avantatges per gestionar projectes patrimonials. No obstant això, la literatura científica posa de manifest la necessitat de seguir investigant en els processos dels projectes patrimonials, la implementació pràctica de HBIM, la simplificació de la laboriosa tasca de modelatge HBIM i la documentació dels projectes HBIM. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és el desenvolupament d'un protocol que ordeni la gestió de projectes patrimonials usant HBIM i el disseny d'una plataforma web que sincronitzi la informació patrimonial. DSR (Design Science Research) és el mètode d'investigació utilitzat per desenvolupar aquest protocol que ajudi a millorar el flux de treball en els projectes patrimonials. Les tècniques d'investigació utilitzades han estat l'anàlisi documental, entrevistes semi-estructurades i grups focals. També es van analitzar els processos HBIM i es van estudiar els requeriments dels agents patrimonials. HBIM es va proposar com el model virtual que acull la informació patrimonial i que articula els processos. Com a resultat, es va desenvolupar el protocol BIMlegacy, dividit en vuit fases, contemplant a tots els agents que participen en projectes patrimonials. Aquest protocol es va aplicar en el cas d'estudi real de Fixby Hall, a Huddersfield (Regne Unit), i els seus resultats van ser exposats en un workshop interdisciplinari per validar i millorar el protocol. Basat en aquest protocol, el grup de recerca va desenvolupar la plataforma BIMlegacy com a eina per poder dur a terme aquest flux de treball on agents interdisciplinaris poden unificar i sincronitzar la informació patrimonial. Aquest innovador sistema en el núvol connecta la base de dades intrínseca dels programes HBIM amb les bases de dades patrimonials fent servir un plug-in per Revit d'Autodesk, un web API, un servidor SQL i un portal web. La plataforma BIMlegacy es va dissenyar com un web de treball, però també com un web de difusió cultural on el públic generalista pot accedir a certa informació dels monuments. El protocol i la plataforma BIMlegacy van ser utilitzats per gestionar el projecte de Registre de Sant Joan de l'Hospital. El protocol i la plataforma i els resultats del projecte de Sant Joan van ser exposats en un grup focal amb professionals per a la seva avaluació científica a València. La contribució teòrica d'aquesta investigació ha estat el descobriment de problemes en el modelatge HBIM que mai havien estat especificats abans, beneficis del HBIM (per exemple l'ús de plataformes en línia, el filtrat d'informació en sistemes HBIM, la integració de la divulgació cultural amb HBIM) i requeriments per implementar HBIM en la pràctica, com ara la necessitat d'un protocol intuïtiu i simple on oferir entrenament específic als agents no tècnics. Les contribucions pràctiques al coneixement han estat la creació del protocol BIMlegacy amb els agents patrimonials i la integració de processos tradicionals,el disseny de la plataforma BIMlegacy amb la sincronització de la informació a temps real que permet que els agents que no son tècnics pugu
[EN] Heritage architectural projects involve collaborative work between different stakeholders, e.g. architects, engineers, archaeologists, historians, restorers, managers, etc. Traditionally, each discipline works independently, generating dispersed data. The workflow in historic architecture projects presents problems related to the lack of clarity of processes, dispersion of information, and the use of outdated tools. Different heritage organisations have showed interest in innovative methods to resolve those problems. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a suitable computerised system to improve the management of heritage projects. BIM application to historic buildings, named Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM), has shown benefits in managing heritage projects. The HBIM literature highlights the need for further research in terms of the overall processes of heritage projects, its practical implementation, the need of simplifying the laborious modelling task, and need for better standards of cultural documentation. This investigation aims to develop a protocol for heritage project processes using HBIM and an online work platform prototype where interdisciplinary stakeholders can unify and synchronise heritage information. Design Science Research (DSR) is adopted to develop this protocol. Research techniques used include documentary analysis, case studies, semi-structured interviews, participative workshop, and focus groups. An analysis of HBIM processes and a study of heritage stakeholders' requirements were performed through documentary analysis and semi structured interviews with stakeholders involved with relevant monuments. HBIM is proposed as the virtual model which will hold heritage data and will articulate processes. As a result, a simple and visual HBIM protocol, BIMlegacy, was developed. It is divided in eight steps and it contemplates all the stakeholders involved. BIMlegacy was applied in the Fixby Hall case study and its results were evaluated in a workshop with interdisciplinary stakeholders. An online work platform prototype, also named BIMlegacy, was developed, where interdisciplinary stakeholders can unify and synchronise heritage information. This innovative in-cloud system connects the intrinsic HBIM software database with heritage documentary databases using a Revit Autodesk Plug-in, a web Application Program Interface, a Structured Query Language server, and a web portal. BIMlegacy is an online platform to facilitate working but also a cultural diffusion web where general visitors can access to the information of the monuments. The BIMlegacy protocol and platform were implemented in two case studies Fixby Hall in Huddersfield (United Kingdom) and San Juan del Hospital in Valencia (Spain). BIMlegacy and the results of San Juan project were revealed in a workshop and in a focus group with external professionals for its evaluation. This research contributes within the theoretical knowledge highlighting modelling issues that were unknown before, benefits of using HBIM (a.e. the use of online platforms, filtering the information in HBIM database systems, the integration of cultural divulgation with HBIM) and needs in terms of implementing HBIM in practice such as the importance to have a simple and intuitive protocol to be useful and that the non-designer stakeholders require specific HBIM training. The practical contributions are the creation of the BIMlegacy protocol with the list of stakeholders and processes, the design of the BIMlegacy platform with the synchronisation of information in real time allowing the non-technical stakeholders to actively participate in HBIM models, the use of HBIM as management system, and the benefit for society and local communities since the rigorous information uploaded by professionals will be accessible to the public.
Jordán Palomar, I. (2019). Protocol to manage heritage-building interventions using Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/128416
TESIS

This thesis work is a discussion on the relations between architecture and ideologies. Architecture possesses the unequivocal social and cultural power to produce representations of political coexistence through exemplary forms of built reality. As such, Architecture becomes a tool of communication; it can manifest power and  embody ideologies.Throughout history we can observe how political ideas influenced our built reality. A period in which architecture became a crucial role in forming national identities, were the fascist movements in Italy and Germany. Still today, these ideas can be traced in form of buildings and architecture; a ‚problematic heritage‘ which has to be discussed. For my thesis project, the Congress Hall on the Nazi Party Rally Ground in Nuremberg served as a case study. A building which was constructed to manifest an abhorrent ideology, but also a building with greatest architectural qualities. The repulsive attitude towards Nazism cannot be challenged. However, the built heritage that manifests this attitude is still part of our built environment. This statement lead me to my thesis question; How can a building be freed from its subservient ideologies and forces, it was built for? A very sensitive and difficult question. Architecture, buildings and material can not be fascistic, but intentions can be. The only possibility to dissociate the building from the ideology it was built for, is to associate it with new ones. My proposal should not be understood as a final solution, but much rather as an opportunity to test new strategies and learnings. In the design process I took the freedom I have as a student; I tested totalitarian design methods, focused on the qualities of the building and studied the question of the autonomy of architecture.

The aim of the research is 1) to introduce a definition of the concept of al-Aqsa Mosque and 2) to understand its architectural development and evolution in the early Islamic period within the cultural context of the site. The initial cause of the study was that almost nothing is known about the Muslim building activities at the enclave and there is very little information about it. The existing interpretations of the early development of al-Aqsa Mosque have been generated either from a typological and formal-aesthetic point of view or are based on interpretation constant with biblical texts. This thesis attempts to expand these interpretations with contributions by additional historical, archaeological and architectural investigations of the early Muslim architecture of the enclave within the Islamic cultural context. In order to achieve these main objectives, a systematic survey of the different parts of al-Aqsa was carried out and archaeological excavations of the site were stu died and both helped determine the significance of the site of al-Aqsa Mosque in each period of development. The thesis also investigated the urban context of al-Aqsa enclave and concluded that the earliest ancient traces in the foundation are mainly Roman and were destroyed in the 1st century AD when the site lost its significance and was situated outside the urban form of Aelia. Muslims reaffirm al-Aqsa Mosque for its religious significance in Islam after their conquest of Jerusalem. The Muslim had complete sovereignty over al-Aqsa Mosque in 638 AD and its initial revitalisation encompassed some building activities including the delineation of a house of prayer. Significant construction activities at al-Aqsa enclave were initiated a few decades after the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem. The surviving early Muslim building types, styles, decorative features and construction type provide evidence to show that they date back to the early Islamic period. Even this time could be narrowed down to the time of the Umayyad caliph 'Abd al-Malik. 'Abd al-Malik saw Jerusalem as a place where he could best proclaim his power and therefore he developed a fully threedimensional Muslim image of Jerusalem. The architecture of the enclave and its syntax presents considered and precise planning, a high quality of building skills and careful attention to the structural problems of its parts. Certain buildings are produced from relics in response to particular functional demands practised at the enclave. In relating the early Muslim buildings of the enclave to its given topography, neither their places nor forms, functions nor meanings are accidental. Each fits into its place within an overall architectural formula of al-Aqsa Mosque. From a comparison and evaluation of building types and architectural configurations, the study concludes that the early Muslim monuments have been built in response to Muslims' religious and cultural requirements. Annular centralised buildings have been c onstructed to fulfil cultural and functional requirements and reflect religious values. As for the broad house type of the Congregation Mosque, it was also created to meet the same purpose of the Muslims' religious functions, and its origin can be found in the plan of the Prophet Mosque in Madīnah. The thesis concludes with a set of recommendations for further research that would attract public awareness towards the cultural heritage of Islamic Jerusalem.

This dissertation focuses on the development of the site in and around Rovos Rail. Rovos Rail is a unique train travel company cut off from the public view. The project context is located in Capital Park adjacent to Transnet Avenue. The primary purpose of the site was to accommodate railway-related workshop facilities that provisioned and maintained the trains and carriages on their way to the industries of Johannesburg. Rovos Rail has done much in terms of the conservation of railway history in Pretoria. This ambition should be celebrated and built upon. It is necessary to promote the conservation of the rich railway history of South Africa and understand the impact thereof on the contemporary landscape. In order to understand the significance of contextualism, research based on philosophical, theoretical and practical lenses will be conducted. The argument relies on understanding the context through these different lenses. The historical significance of the site is celebrated. The dissertation places it within the historical continuum of both the larger context of Pretoria and the smaller context of the surrounding community. Through the design of a Steam Locomotive Museum next to Rovos Rail, a holistic approach, based on contextualism theories and South African case studies is illustrated. The project proposal establishes a physical connection with the historically significant structures of the site and emphasises the historical layers. Inspiration is drawn from the existing railway lines, the existing platform, ecological features and buildings. The chosen function, that of the museum, intends to act as the arbitrator for the diversity of narratives of an ever-evolving landscape, be it manmade or natural. The museum represents a prototype for the methodology proposed. The design aims to facilitate the conservation of railway history, the education of the importance thereof and enticement to develop these sites to represent a prosperous future.
Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Architecture
MArch (Prof)
Unrestricted

Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 130-131).
In the context of growing cultural tourism, water heritage becomes a unique topic for its inherently multi-scale cultural, social and environmental aspects; and its potential to become a "living heritage" by incorporating local participation in a comprehensive development. This is nowhere clearer than in China, where rapid development in urban and rural area and large scale state sponsored water infrastructure project creates the tension between heritage conservation, local economy and environment protection. Currently, there're very few examples how architecture and landscape design can address this tension and potential. The thesis develops a twofold argument for an interdisciplinary water problem: From the hydro-social and geo-political perspective, the thesis continues to investigate the question raised by Karl August Wittfogel and his successors: how can a centralized state use water infrastructure as an apparatus for coordination and political control and how the folk develop their own social norm and cultural custom in adaption to the state project? From the architectural and cultural-geographic perspective, it embraces the indeterminacy and duality of water metaphorically and materially, following Charles Moore's trajectory. The thesis seeks to establish a mutual benefit relationship between the state and the folk by integrating cultural tourism in a water infrastructural development; And to develop a new water architecture which express the essence of temporality in materiality and stimulate the "living heritage" through community engagement.
by Jie Qian.
M. Arch.

The degree of accuracy in portrayals of Navajo culture at Salmon Ruins Heritage Park and Rock Art Ranch was assessed by comparing the Navajo structures assembled at each site to archaeological, ethnographic and historical data for traditional Navajo construction practices. Comparison and analysis revealed different degrees of accuracy in the portrayal of features with cultural and functional importance. Authentic practices were presented in a historical framework to permit the temporal characterization of each site. The aggregate of the temporal data from features at both sites was consistent with Navajo sites of the early twentieth century. The results of this study suggest a bias in contemporary portrayals of Navajo culture favoring the most extensively documented, and the more recent, aspects of Navajo culture.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-49).
Since the 1970s, international preservation and funding agencies have promoted revitalization projects in developing countries aiming to, among other things, benefit low-income communities. For the most part, these projects have resulted in visibly improved physical spaces, reflecting upgraded infrastructure along with conservation of the architectural fabric. These outcomes are impressive in light of decades of neglect and decay. The impact on low-income residents, however, remains obscure. In what cases have the poor really benefited from these revitalization projects? Through what specific channels can low-income communities benefit from interventions? How have governments in these countries responded to the external pressure to benefit low-income residents given their often limited institutions and budgets? This thesis seeks address these questions. In particular, it aims to understand the conditions under which revitalization projects in historic cities of developing countries can benefit low-income communities. It begins by considering the evolution of international philosophy, following the shift from a central focus on monument preservation to that of urban revitalization, with a notable difference being the incorporation of social objectives in the latter phase. It then turns to exploring how these goals of revitalization have played out in two World Heritage Cities, Tunis and Quito. Findings indicate that low-income residents have indeed benefited from revitalization projects in both cases. Drawing from these experiences, this thesis reveals four common elements in the process through which this favorable outcome was achieved: 1) a significant component of public participation, 2) a semi-public development agency with operational flexibility and innovative financing strategies, 3) international catalysts in the form of World Heritage recognition and collaboration with international organizations and agencies, and 4) image improvement leading to a renewed self-image of the neighborhood. While these four elements by no means offer a template for success, they do indicate institutional structures that may support developing countries' efforts to reach the poor while revitalizing their cities.
by T. Luke Young.
S.M.

Bibliography: leaves 161-174.
The traditional methods for the documentation of archaeological heritage sites are challenged today by developments in geomatics, information technology and the computer industry. Non-contact spatial measurement methods, as well as new spatial information systems technologies and computer visualisation tools have introduced a new age for conservation and site research. This thesis uses the instance of the documentation of the 3.6 million-year-old hominid footprint trackway in Laetoli, Tanzania, to address the need for an adequate scientific method to acquire, manage and visualise spatial data for the re-creation of archaeological heritage sites in a three-dimensional virtual world. The Laetoli site presents the first physical evidence of human bipedalism. Its consequent significance to human evolutionary science justifies the need for highly detailed and accurate documentation of its characteristics. The thesis explores digital photogrammetric techniques as data acquisition tools for this kind of close range archaeological environment. Specifically, it examines issues such as non-contact measurements, cost-effectiveness, and functionality in harsh conditions.The data collected at Laetoli had to be organised, managed and presented to allow future research on the footprints and to allow the general public to "visit" the site. This thesis shows how a spatial information system is used to manage spatial and meta data, while an integrated visualisation tool offers a virtual 3D reconstruction ofthe heritage site.

The impeding climate change challenge urges for a reduction of energy use in the built environment. Buildings account for nearly 40% of the total energy use and about 35% of the greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. EU member states are required to improve the energy efficiency of the existing building stock, for example by sharpening building regulations and developing enforcement schemes. Since energy efficiency retrofits can affect irreplaceable values in heritage buildings, heritage buildings are often excluded from mandatory demands aiming at reducing the energy use in buildings. However, saving energy have gradually become embraced by the conservation community and heritage buildings with are seen as part of the solution. This licentiate thesis discusses the methods to identify heritage significance in a building and how the underlying theory determines different scenarios in a energy retrofitting process. The choice of conservation theory and conservation approach will affect the success the energy retrofitting process and determine how much the energy use that can be reduced. This thesis therefore suggests a framework to understand the different interpretation of the impacts that one could exert either by having an Objectivistic or Relative conservation value approach.. Based on this framework, a decision-support tool is developed to further detail the impacts of such approaches for different energy measures. Other results show that a majority of reviewed research publications focused on the operational energy in a building and only a few were concerned with energy use over the entire life- cycle of a building. These analyses are used to evaluate where most energy savings can be made, and often pinpoint weak spots in the building’s envelope or technical system. If it was mentioned at all, the influence of cultural and historical factors on energy efficiency measures as applied to heritage buildings tended to be assessed only briefly. Indeed, the majority does not describe conservation principles or even mention the methodology used – if any – for assessing or defining heritage values. Instead, researchers often show an explicit (sometimes an implicit) understanding of conservation as essentially something that is not destructive of original construction material and hence the authenticity of a building. This licentiate thesis is a compilation thesis, consisting of one separate sub-study, one literature review and an extended cover essay. The study is oriented towards a Swedish and European context, especially when it comes to climate conditions and discussions on building regulations and the theory and practice of architectural conservation. It addresses the growing research field of energy efficiency in heritage buildings and the thesis aims to contribute to an increased understanding on how the process of assessment and evaluation of heritage significance in buildings affects the making of heritage buildings more energy efficient. The main research question is: How do different approaches for assessing and evaluating heritage significance in buildings affect possible technical energy saving measures in heritage buildings?
Klimatförändringarna driver utvecklingen mot att energianvändningen i den byggda miljön behöver minska. Byggnader står för nästan 40% av den totala energianvändningen och cirka 35% av utsläppen av växthusgaser i Europa. EUs medlemsländer är bundna att förbättra energieffektiviteten hos befintliga byggnader, till exempel genom att skärpa byggreglerna och utveckla handlingsplaner. Eftersom energieffektiviseringar kan påverka värden i kulturhurhistoriska byggnader, är dessa ofta undantagna från krav som syftar till att minska energianvändningen i byggnader. Energibesparing och resurshushållning har gradvis blivit omfamnad av kulturmiljösektorn och kulturhistoriska byggnader betraktas allt mer som en del av lösningen på klimatförändringarna. I licentiatavhandlingen diskuteras metoderna för att identifiera kulturhistoriska värden i en byggnad och hur den underliggande teorin påverkar olika scenarier i en energieffektiviseringprocess. Valet av bevarandeteori och bevarandestrategi påverkar framgångsfaktorn i energieffektivseringen och hur mycket energianvändningen i en kulturhistorisk byggnad kan minskas. I denna avhandling föreslås därför ett teoretiskt ramverk för att förstå effekterna av de olika kulturhistoriska bedömningar som kan göras, antingen genom att använda ett objektivistiskt eller en relativ syn på hur en en byggnads kulturhistoriska värden skapas och bäst bevaras. Utifrån detta teoretiska ramverk har ett stöd för beslutsfattande utvecklats för att ytterligare beskriva effekterna av de olika bevarandestrategiernas påverkan på implementeringen av olika energieffektiviserande åtgärder. Andra resultat visar att en majoritet av de granskade forskningspublikationerna fokuserade på den operativa energin i en byggnad och bara ett fåtal gällde energianvändning under hela livscykeln i en byggnad. Dessa analyser används för att utvärdera var de flesta energibesparingar kan göras och ofta identifiera svaga punkter i byggnadens klimatskal eller tekniska system. Om det nämndes alls tenderade inflytandet av kulturella och historiska faktorer på energieffektivitetsåtgärder som tillämpas på arvsbyggnader endast att bedömas kortfattat. Faktum är att majoriteten av de genomgångna publikationerna inte beskriver bevarandeprinciper och inte nämner den metod som används för att bedöma eller definiera kulturhistoriska värden. Istället används ofta en explicit (ibland en implicit) förståelse för bevarande som i huvudsak något som inte förstör ursprungligt material och därmed autenticitet i en byggnad. Denna licentiatavhandling består av en separat undersökning, en litteraturöversikt och en utökad kappa. Studien är inriktad på ett svenskt och europeiskt sammanhang, särskilt när det gäller klimatförhållanden och diskussioner om byggregler och teori och praktik för kulturhistoriskt bevarande av byggnader. Den är en del av det växande forskningsområdet energieffektivisering i kulturhistoriska byggnader och avhandlingen syftar till att bidra till en ökad förståelse för hur utvärderingen av kulturhistoriska värden i byggnader påverkar arbetet med att göra dem mer energieffektiva. Huvudforskningsfrågan är: Hur påverkar olika metoder för bedömning och utvärdering av kulturhistoriska värden energibesparande åtgärder i kulturhistoriska byggnader?

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 480-497).
The unique architecture of Sana'a, Yemen has been the focus of international conservation efforts, which have stimulated local interest and contributed to the formation of a local discourse. Because conservation followed so quickly on the heels of modernization, Sana'a provides an opportunity to study the interplay of these two global ideologies in the context of a strong local tradition of building. The "international" theory and practice of conservation developed in a specific cultural and intellectual context, that of modern Europe: it is based on the idea of an historic past that is radically different from the modern present. The artifacts of this past are frozen in time, relics of a past that has now been superseded. But the increasing museification of the built environment is untenable, and also incompatible with current notions of sustainability. Conservation in Sana'a and other cities in Yemen is unusual because the "historic past" is not so far in the past; in many cases, it is still part of the present. This provides not only an interesting case study, but an opportunity to reassess certain assumptions of international practice that are based on the idea of rupture between past and present, for example, the notions of historical value and authenticity.
(cont.) In contrast to other studies of conservation, this dissertation does not focus on heritage as a project imposed by international agencies or by the state bureaucracy. Rather, it treats heritage as a discourse that is shaped on the ground by various actors, many of whom see themselves as representing the historic past. A unique approach has developed in Sana'a at the intersection of international and local practice, and it is this intersection that is the subject of the present work. The first chapter establishes the wider context of the project "site": it discusses the development of conservation theory and practice in Europe, with special attention to the idea of the historic city. Chapters two and three provide historical background on the development of the city of Sana'a and the UNESCO international safeguarding campaign of the 1980's. Chapters four and five take an ethnographic approach: they look at ways in which international practice has been understood and applied in the local context, by architects, builders, and residents. Chapter six traces the evolution of local discourse and practice through a series of projects, conducted with foreign assistance and by local organizations. The concluding chapter discusses the synthesis of international and local ideas and practices in Sana'a, and proposes policy directions based on this synthesis.
by Michele Lamprakos.
Ph.D.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 140-147).
Globally, the practice of heritage conservation still presumes certain modes of history, authenticity, and permanence. However, the understanding of these modes are specific to various contexts across multiple time-frames. Within this framework, a universal methodology of preservation that attempts to restore sites of heritage to an original point in the past is problematic. In the South Asian context, this practice typically leads to the sanitization of the vibrant, (in)formal, living environments within such spaces of heritage, thereby instigating a disengagement with the present and the removal of traces of alternate histories. This thesis aims to trace the ideological changes of how heritage has been dealt with in the Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan. I assess the conservation approaches in the city of Lahore and address the impact of colonial narratives by providing an alternate approach to conservation that is embedded in the culture.
I focus on the palimpsestic and densely populated historic Walled City of Lahore, currently inhabited by lower-income groups. Further exploration of the present uses of heritage reveals a variety of what can be described as (in)formal inhabitations, through which I suggest a framework for the practice of conservation. Primarily, I address questions of, 'Can these inhabitations be considered conservation and thus who has the right to conserve? How can spaces of heritage be used and, by whom?' To this end, I identify three typologies and case studies of (in)formal inhabitation and the re-purposing of heritage: spaces of civic re-purposing; spaces of commodification; and the spaces of occupation/refuge. I focus on inhabitation that subverts the original intent of the historic built environment and may engender socioeconomic development for the community living within.
Attempting to conceptualize the historic urban landscape together with the spatio-temporal landscape and depicting the ways in which the users and inhabitants of the built environment engage with and add layers to it over time. By integrating these inhabitations with the realm of concerns when engaging with heritage, a re-reading of the city and its conservation becomes possible-one characterized by a fluid and process-based approach that arises from the local context, narratives of co-creation, and socio-political awareness.
by Rabeeya Arif.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture

The aim of this thesis is to develop a value assessment method for industrial heritage in Zonguldak, one of the symbolic industrial cities in Turkey where mining has been the leading force since the discovery of hard coal in the mid-19th century. Values to decide what to conserve and why are searched during this process under the light of discussions on industrial heritage and values of the architectural conservation. Focusing on this aim, this study is structured in four parts as the survey on industrialization and industrial heritage, review and discussion of value types, research on Zonguldak, and implementation of value assessment process for the selected study area with the proposed value types. To conclude, value assessment process is a vital step in conservation of cultural heritage. For the industrial heritage, a relatively recent concept in the conservation discipline, existing value types need to be re-assessed. This thesis performs an exemplification of value assessment for industrial heritage over a selected study area in the Zonguldak coalfield and proposes possible decisions under the light of this valuation.

This dissertation focuses on how both the tangible, as well as the intangible heritage layering of Irene Dairy Farm can be exposed. First, the intangible heritage significance is identified and subsequently reintroduced to the site in the form of the vision and intent of the farm at its genesis. The farm will be reactivated as a productive landscape whilst acting as a didactic model through the public exhibition of innovative food production methods and the effect this has on the culinary experience of the user. The celebration of the heritage significance lies within the reintroduction of innovation through twenty-first century food cultivation methods and the integration thereof into new infrastructure, thereby reactivating the historic intent of the farm as a productive model and didactic establishment. Secondly, the tangible heritage significance was identified as being embedded within the landscape and is expressed as ruins consisting of low walls, storm water channels, forest remnants, tree boulevard remains and historic movement routes. The tectonic approach to the tangible heritage elements of the site links back to the conceptual approach of exposing the functionality and dismembering the structures in order to remember. The historic structures will thus be treated as fragmented limbs to be dismembered in order to reveal the skeleton and function through the subtle intersections of new material and infrastructure. The investigation aims to: Address the loss of heritage significance of the farm on a master plan and detail level; allow the opportunity for skills development in the formal agricultural sector through the introduction of the didactic program; and acknowledge the prospect of sustainable food cultivation methods which is a global and local issue.
Mini Dissertation (ML (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Architecture
ML (Prof)
Unrestricted

Thesis (M. Arch)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1988.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-129).
A possible resolution to prevent a strong tight-knit ethnic community from diminishing is through a reawakening to the heritage of the people. In this thesis I propose the creation of a CULTURAL EMBASSY to instill pride and arouse self-awareness of the well-educated Chinese first, and eventually the Chinese of all social levels in Boston to revitalize the entire Chinatown. Architecturally, this proposed building will carry a uniqueness of its own: a kind of cultural form and vocabulary containing the expression of today's technology and embodiment of the perpetual Chinese ideology in a Boston context. The appropriate "Chineseness" will be identified through the use of cultural vocabularies of the Chinese architectural language.
by Horacio Y.W. Chin.
M.Arch

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2012.
Page 96 blank. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-95).
This thesis focuses on how Bukhara's architectural heritage was interpreted and redefined by local architectural professionals between 1965 and 1991, a period characterized by heightened interest in architectural heritage and increased restoration of monuments. Architectural professionals criticized the earlier Soviet "nihilist" treatment of historical Bukhara in the 1920s-1950s and instead framed their work as an attempt to correct earlier mistakes. This thesis analyzes restoration and architectural projects proposed for Bukhara by examining images and text available in the professional Uzbek SSR architectural journal, Architecture and Construction in Uzbekistan (ACU). Using these journals, this thesis illustrates how architectural professionals engaged in creating new meanings for Bukhara's historical environment, as an important part of the new identity construction shaped in conditions of Soviet nation-building and strengthening Uzbek national sentiment. Increasingly alienated from the Soviet center, local professionals developed a renewed understanding of Bukhara's urban heritage in the 1960s-1970s. Marked by almost utopian excitement, their projects envisioned Bukhara as a place of recreation, leisure, and tourism, that spoke to the larger desire to belong to the modern world by matching the modern role assigned to heritage. With tourism finally possible in the 1980s, Bukhara's historical monuments were subjected to "museum-ification" and prepared for display. The importance of displaying national heritage in late Soviet Uzbekistan was in summary a shy attempt, rehearsal, and preemptor of what was yet to come in the future, when in 1991 trans-republic boundaries were replaced by the contemporary ethnically-defined national borders, and an imaginary other, created as a part of the identity construct in the 1980s, eventually became a real global other.
by Hanna Rutkouskaya.
S.M.

The primary aim of this study was to determine who claims the corbelled buildings in the Karoo as their heritage and why. Through the use of vernacular architecture and heritage identification theory, interviews and research it is clear that the buildings are significant and a heritage resource. Their significance lies in their historical, social, aesthetic, symbolic and cultural values, as well as their unique vernacular construction and limited distribution. The corbelled buildings as vernacular buildings are part of the natural landscape which the local community associate as part of their identity and heritage. The buildings also possess academic and historical potential as they have the potential through further archaeological and vernacular architectural research, to provide more information on the northern frontier during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, a time that is not well recorded or documented. The buildings were built in 19th century along the ‘open’ northern frontier where there was intermingling and creolisation of people from different economic and social groups. As a result, they cannot be claimed by a single group of people in the present. The vast range in types and styles of corbelled buildings indicate that they were built by most people living in the area. They can therefore, be claimed by everyone who lives in the area today. They can also be claimed as national heritage as they possess values that are common to the whole country.

Thesis: Ph. D. in Architecture History and Theory of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "September 2015."
Includes bibliographical references (pages 183-210).
By critically reviewing theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to the restoration of Islamic architecture in Soviet Central Asia, this dissertation reveals the mechanisms of transmitting ideologically predicated vision of the past into the physical fabric of historic monuments. It proceeds from unpacking the Marxist-Leninist concept of "progressive" heritage formulated within the discipline of historical materialism; in Soviet historiography of Central Asian architecture the category of progressive heritage was linked to the mathematics of proportioning and harmonization derived from Neoclassical architectural theory. Thus the progressiveness of architectural monuments was measured against the rises and falls of scientific rationalism in the history of the region while the Soviet stage of historic development was postulated as its ultimate triumph. The dissertation locates the "proportionalist" school of architectural historiography in Soviet Central Asia led by Mitkhat Bulatov, which united most of the practicing restorers in the region. It traces the history of proportionalist discourse from purely speculative schemes to efforts in grounding the mathematical relationships extracted from schematized measured drawing of architectural monuments in mediaeval geometric treatises. The careful textual analysis of Soviet scholarship (its key texts are translated and included in the appendix to the dissertation) testifies to the apparent anachronism of the proportinalist speculations, which in the Soviet Union were accepted as the successful reconstruction of medieval Islamic architectural theory and highly praised a triumph of Communist science by cultural authorities. Using Central Asian archives and published records of major restoration projects the dissertation documents the functioning of a mechanism that generated lost or never built parts of architectural monuments by treating them as mathematical equations of complex proportioning and harmonization. The scientific certainty achieved by Soviet restorers is reviewed in the context of international historic preservation standards to which they consciously resisted. Finally the materialization of Marxist-Leninist ideology in the medieval Islamic heritage of Central Asia is interpreted as an instance of de-conceptualization, which made ideology immediately accessible to the masses through non-reflective visual and corporal experience.
by Igor Demchenko.
Ph. D. in Architecture History and Theory of Architecture

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 615-632).
Beginning in 1922, under the auspices of the Pahlavi dynasty of Iran, the tombs of selected historical figures were systematically destroyed to make way for modern mausoleums erected as metaphors for an "Aryan" nation in its process of modem revival. Initiated during the reign of Reza Shah who ruled the country with an iron fist between 1921 and 1941, most of the projects were implemented under his son, Mohammad Reza Shah, between 1941 and the Iranian Revolution of 1979. Since the monuments were ideologically inscribed commemorations of the leading modernists and reformists of the 1920s, their impact permeated the definition and function of high culture in Iran's 20th-century sociopolitical history. The dissertation offers a critical analysis of the political underpinnings, pedagogical aims, racial schemas, and aesthetic ends of propaganda architecture as they were conceived and constructed under the aegis of the Society for National Heritage. An in-depth study of the institutional history of the SNH, which included the construction of numerous mausoleums--particularly those belonging to Ferdawsi, Hafez, Ibn Sina, Omar Khayyam, and Arthur Pope, the supervision of over sixty preservation projects, and the creation of an archeological museum as well as a national library, the dissertation demonstrates that in the 20t century, the project of Iran' s "cultural heritage" was not just about a series of public monuments, well-choreographed museums, (in)accurate indexes of historical landmarks, or art exhibitions and congresses. Modern Iran's relationship to its cultural heritage was equated to Iran's equal and rightful place in the network of modern nations; its safest and fastest corridor to a progressive, and at times utopian, modernity; and its essential ideological
(cont.) justification for the political, and often despotic, reforms aimed at territorial integrity and national homogeneity. Iran's cultural heritage, it is argued, was modem Iran's political raison d'e'tre.
by Talinn Grigor.
Ph.D.

This thesis explores the claims made by architectural heritage on the urban order and investigates how architects might better contribute to practices of heritage conservation. There are conflicting opinions amongst residents, historians, academics and municipal authorities as to which parts of Tajganj, North India qualify as architectural heritage, and how they should be conserved. Currently, there is no effective institution for constructively negotiating these views. The only methods of heritage identification and repair carried out by the government reinforce an attitude to conservation inherited from the European preservationist movement: a centralised, monument-focused approach that contributes to the destruction of small-scale, resident-led practices of maintenance. Outside of the government’s programme of monument protection, development practitioners in India have embraced certain types of conservation project which are perceived to benefit residents in run-down, historic neighbourhoods: guided walks, ‘heritage houses’, and the ‘revival’ of traditional crafts are often intended to introduce a tourism economy to low-income areas. This thesis describes my collaboration with a group of residents, NGO workers and local craftspeople to critically reinvent these familiar conservation motifs through architectural making. A portfolio of drawings presented alongside the text was made during the process to clarify and develop the views towards conservation that emerged. The research demonstrates that civic praxis in Tajganj relies on an inherited order of architectural settings through which recent memories, accounts left by previous generations, and the conception of a shared past reaching beyond material remains influence the way that urban places are reimagined and developed. I argue for creative approaches to conservation that more self-consciously bring received cultural horizons into dialogue with the particular demands of the project to better understand both. Only then can the places we make bring with them opportunities to ethically interpret our commitment to a city held in common.

The demolition of Star Ferry Pier and Queen’s Ferry Pier, the controversial conservation approaches for Wan Chai Market and Central Market, and the recent crisis owing to proposed demolition of West Wing of Central Government Offices raise my deep concern on conservation of architecture of recent past. During public consultation for conservation approach for these modern buildings, the term of “collective memory” is widely adopted as the only core value of and justification to preservation. The architectural value of buildings of this period (i.e. 1950s - 80s) in Hong Kong, however, are always looked down or undervalued by conservation experts and general public owing to sheer quantities of such building type in our community. This dissertation is to look into characters of modern architecture, values of such building type to our community and identify their exemplary works in Hong Kong. Through study of world-wide development of conserving modern architecture as built heritage in this dissertation, it tells us Hong Kong is far behind on this issue. We could not wait, but take our first step to safeguard the modern architectural heritage of our city. In the last chapter, therefore, we suggest major steps for conserving modern built heritage in Hong Kong – identification, registration, documentation, and study whether our modern built heritage could meet the six selection criteria of the World Heritage List. Recently, I am pleased to learn that Hong Kong is applying for membership of Working Party on the Documentation and Conservation of Buildings, Sites and Neighborhoods of the Modern Movement (i.e. DOCOMOMO – Hong Kong). I wish the research result in this dissertation could contribute to such application.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

Mobile augmented reality has become an influential tool for digital content representation and visualization of media content in terms of enhancing users' experience and improving the adaptability and usability of typical augmented reality applications, such as in e-commerce shopping, virtual museum, or digital heritage scenarios. This research proposes a new Service Oriented Mobile AR Architecture called SOMARA, which includes a novel mobile AR client application. SOMARA takes advantage the ability to integrate third party content through service orientation. The SOMARA architecture enhances traditional standalone mobile AR applications with embedded media content by uniquely integrating a web service framework into an augmented reality client application to create more efficient and flexible mobile augmented reality applications that efficiently supports novel media content acquisition and visualization through appropriate access parameters. The proposed architecture requires access to media content through specific media content service providers, e.g. a museum commissioning an augmented reality based museum interactive — predetermined media content, or any third party with their own service APIs, e.g. the Victoria and Albert Museum API — related external media content. This approach allows relevant third party media content to be ‘mashed' via their public API with museums' augmented reality interactive's ‘embedded' media content in the SOMARA mobile AR client. In this way novel mobile AR interactive applications, such as a museum augmented reality interactive, can be created based on particular museum environment scenarios that integrate a museum visitor's experience with the interactive's cultural objects. Such experiences based on a SOMARA type museum augmented reality interactive can also be saved allowing visitors to take home their museum experience. SOMARA thus allows museum interactive experiences based on visualization of museums and third party media content physically located in the museum to be migrated to the visitor's home environment for further study, enjoyment and understanding. This unique feature, ability to effectively replay the experience at home, of the proposed system utilizes service-orientation to integrate third party media content, which is currently deficient from commercial augmented reality solutions.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地球環境学)
甲第21934号
地環博第180号
新制||地環||36(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻
(主査)教授 小林 広英, 教授 柴田 昌三, 准教授 深町 加津枝
学位規則第4条第1項該当