Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Heritage Building Information Modeling'

[ES] Los proyectos de arquitectura patrimonial conllevan trabajo colaborativo entre diferentes agentes tales como arquitectos, ingenieros, arqueólogos, historiadores, restauradores, propietarios, etc. Tradicionalmente cada disciplina ha trabajado de manera independiente generando información dispersa. El flujo de trabajo en los proyectos patrimoniales presenta problemas relacionados con la desorganización de procesos, la dispersión de información y el uso de herramientas obsoletas. Diferentes organizaciones abogan por usar métodos innovadores para tratar de resolver estos problemas. BIM (Building Information Modelling) se ha postulado como una metodología adecuada para mejorar la gestión del patrimonio arquitectónico. La aplicación de BIM a construcciones históricas, denominada HBIM (Heritage BIM), ha probado tener múltiples ventajas para gestionar proyectos patrimoniales. Sin embargo, la literatura científica pone de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir investigando en los procesos de los proyectos patrimoniales, la implementación práctica de HBIM, la simplificación de la laboriosa tarea de modelado HBIM y la documentación de los proyectos HBIM. La finalidad de esta investigación es el desarrollo de un protocolo que ordene la gestión de proyectos patrimoniales usando HBIM y el diseño de una plataforma web que sincronice la información patrimonial. DSR (Design Science Research) es el método de investigación usado para desarrollar dicho protocolo que ayude a mejorar el flujo de trabajo en los proyectos patrimoniales. Las técnicas de investigación usadas han sido el análisis documental, casos de estudio, entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. Se analizaron los procesos HBIM y se estudiaron los requerimientos de los agentes patrimoniales. Como resultado, se desarrolló el protocolo BIMlegacy, dividido en ocho pasos y contemplando a todos los agentes que participan en proyectos patrimoniales. Dicho protocolo se aplicó en el caso de estudio de Fixby Hall, en Huddersfield (Reino Unido), y sus resultados fueron expuestos en un workshop interdisciplinar para validar y mejorar el protocolo BIMlegacy. Basado en este protocolo, se desarrolló la plataforma BIMlegacy como herramienta para poder llevar a cabo este flujo de trabajo donde agentes interdisciplinares pueden unificar y sincronizar la información patrimonial. Este innovador sistema en la nube conecta la base de datos intrínseca de los programas HBIM con bases de datos patrimoniales usando un plug in para Revit de Autodesk, una web API, un servidor SQL y un portal web. La plataforma BIMlegacy se diseñó como una web de trabajo, pero también como una web de difusión cultural donde el público generalista puede acceder a cierta información de los monumentos. El protocolo y la plataforma BIMlegacy fueron usados para gestionar el proyecto de Registro de San Juan del Hospital. El protocolo, la plataforma y los resultados del proyecto de San Juan del Hospital fueron expuestos en un grupo focal en Valencia con profesionales para su evaluación científica. La contribución teórica de esta investigación ha sido el descubrimiento de problemas en el modelado HBIM que no habían sido especificados antes, beneficios del HBIM (por ejemplo, el uso de plataformas online o el filtrado de información en sistemas HBIM) y requerimientos para implementar HBIM en la práctica tales como la necesidad de un protocolo simple e intuitivo y de ofrecer entrenamiento específico a los agentes no técnicos. Las contribuciones prácticas al conocimiento han sido la creación del protocolo BIMlegacy con la lista de agentes patrimoniales y la integración de procesos tradicionales, el diseño de la plataforma BIMlegacy con la sincronización de la información en tiempo real que permite que los agentes no técnicos puedan participar activamente en los modelos HBIM, el uso de HBIM como una herramienta de gestión, y la aportación de información rigurosa volcada por profe
[CAT] Els projectes d`arquitectura patrimonial comporten treballs col·laboratius entre diferents agents tals com arquitectes , enginyers ,arqueòlegs , historiadors, restauradors , propietaris , etc. Tradicionalment cada disciplina ha treballat de manera independent generant informació dispersa. El flux de treball en els projectes patrimonials presenta problemes relacionats amb la desorganització de processos, la dispersió d'informació i l'ús d'eines obsoletes. Diferents organitzacions promouen fer servir mètodes innovadors per a tractar de resoldre aquests problemes i fer del patrimoni cultural un motor de desenvolupament socioeconòmic. BIM (Building Information Modelling) s'ha postulat com una metodologia adequada per millorar la gestió del patrimoni arquitectònic. L'aplicació de BIM a construccions històriques, anomenada HBIM (Heritage BIM), ha demostrat tenir múltiples avantatges per gestionar projectes patrimonials. No obstant això, la literatura científica posa de manifest la necessitat de seguir investigant en els processos dels projectes patrimonials, la implementació pràctica de HBIM, la simplificació de la laboriosa tasca de modelatge HBIM i la documentació dels projectes HBIM. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és el desenvolupament d'un protocol que ordeni la gestió de projectes patrimonials usant HBIM i el disseny d'una plataforma web que sincronitzi la informació patrimonial. DSR (Design Science Research) és el mètode d'investigació utilitzat per desenvolupar aquest protocol que ajudi a millorar el flux de treball en els projectes patrimonials. Les tècniques d'investigació utilitzades han estat l'anàlisi documental, entrevistes semi-estructurades i grups focals. També es van analitzar els processos HBIM i es van estudiar els requeriments dels agents patrimonials. HBIM es va proposar com el model virtual que acull la informació patrimonial i que articula els processos. Com a resultat, es va desenvolupar el protocol BIMlegacy, dividit en vuit fases, contemplant a tots els agents que participen en projectes patrimonials. Aquest protocol es va aplicar en el cas d'estudi real de Fixby Hall, a Huddersfield (Regne Unit), i els seus resultats van ser exposats en un workshop interdisciplinari per validar i millorar el protocol. Basat en aquest protocol, el grup de recerca va desenvolupar la plataforma BIMlegacy com a eina per poder dur a terme aquest flux de treball on agents interdisciplinaris poden unificar i sincronitzar la informació patrimonial. Aquest innovador sistema en el núvol connecta la base de dades intrínseca dels programes HBIM amb les bases de dades patrimonials fent servir un plug-in per Revit d'Autodesk, un web API, un servidor SQL i un portal web. La plataforma BIMlegacy es va dissenyar com un web de treball, però també com un web de difusió cultural on el públic generalista pot accedir a certa informació dels monuments. El protocol i la plataforma BIMlegacy van ser utilitzats per gestionar el projecte de Registre de Sant Joan de l'Hospital. El protocol i la plataforma i els resultats del projecte de Sant Joan van ser exposats en un grup focal amb professionals per a la seva avaluació científica a València. La contribució teòrica d'aquesta investigació ha estat el descobriment de problemes en el modelatge HBIM que mai havien estat especificats abans, beneficis del HBIM (per exemple l'ús de plataformes en línia, el filtrat d'informació en sistemes HBIM, la integració de la divulgació cultural amb HBIM) i requeriments per implementar HBIM en la pràctica, com ara la necessitat d'un protocol intuïtiu i simple on oferir entrenament específic als agents no tècnics. Les contribucions pràctiques al coneixement han estat la creació del protocol BIMlegacy amb els agents patrimonials i la integració de processos tradicionals,el disseny de la plataforma BIMlegacy amb la sincronització de la informació a temps real que permet que els agents que no son tècnics pugu
[EN] Heritage architectural projects involve collaborative work between different stakeholders, e.g. architects, engineers, archaeologists, historians, restorers, managers, etc. Traditionally, each discipline works independently, generating dispersed data. The workflow in historic architecture projects presents problems related to the lack of clarity of processes, dispersion of information, and the use of outdated tools. Different heritage organisations have showed interest in innovative methods to resolve those problems. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a suitable computerised system to improve the management of heritage projects. BIM application to historic buildings, named Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM), has shown benefits in managing heritage projects. The HBIM literature highlights the need for further research in terms of the overall processes of heritage projects, its practical implementation, the need of simplifying the laborious modelling task, and need for better standards of cultural documentation. This investigation aims to develop a protocol for heritage project processes using HBIM and an online work platform prototype where interdisciplinary stakeholders can unify and synchronise heritage information. Design Science Research (DSR) is adopted to develop this protocol. Research techniques used include documentary analysis, case studies, semi-structured interviews, participative workshop, and focus groups. An analysis of HBIM processes and a study of heritage stakeholders' requirements were performed through documentary analysis and semi structured interviews with stakeholders involved with relevant monuments. HBIM is proposed as the virtual model which will hold heritage data and will articulate processes. As a result, a simple and visual HBIM protocol, BIMlegacy, was developed. It is divided in eight steps and it contemplates all the stakeholders involved. BIMlegacy was applied in the Fixby Hall case study and its results were evaluated in a workshop with interdisciplinary stakeholders. An online work platform prototype, also named BIMlegacy, was developed, where interdisciplinary stakeholders can unify and synchronise heritage information. This innovative in-cloud system connects the intrinsic HBIM software database with heritage documentary databases using a Revit Autodesk Plug-in, a web Application Program Interface, a Structured Query Language server, and a web portal. BIMlegacy is an online platform to facilitate working but also a cultural diffusion web where general visitors can access to the information of the monuments. The BIMlegacy protocol and platform were implemented in two case studies Fixby Hall in Huddersfield (United Kingdom) and San Juan del Hospital in Valencia (Spain). BIMlegacy and the results of San Juan project were revealed in a workshop and in a focus group with external professionals for its evaluation. This research contributes within the theoretical knowledge highlighting modelling issues that were unknown before, benefits of using HBIM (a.e. the use of online platforms, filtering the information in HBIM database systems, the integration of cultural divulgation with HBIM) and needs in terms of implementing HBIM in practice such as the importance to have a simple and intuitive protocol to be useful and that the non-designer stakeholders require specific HBIM training. The practical contributions are the creation of the BIMlegacy protocol with the list of stakeholders and processes, the design of the BIMlegacy platform with the synchronisation of information in real time allowing the non-technical stakeholders to actively participate in HBIM models, the use of HBIM as management system, and the benefit for society and local communities since the rigorous information uploaded by professionals will be accessible to the public.
Jordán Palomar, I. (2019). Protocol to manage heritage-building interventions using Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/128416
TESIS

Since the UNESCO constitution was established in 1945, and since the global convention for the protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972, a variety of challenges and issues have emerged in relation to providing UNESCO world heritage nomination files (WHNF). The UNESCO World Heritage have published a resource manual to help with the preparation of the nomination files. This manual is intended to provide basic principles and guidance to assist state parties as they begin the working process. However, the resource manual states that, “there are many different ways to prepare a nomination file” and there is no recommended method defined. This could provide validity to the task of improving and creating other methods to aid with preparing the nomination file. In the last decade, a number of traditional surveying methods have been used for several heritage sites in the world in order to provide the nomination files. However, these methods have proved unreliable as they have always missed out critical and comprehensive details, as well as taking a long time to process. As such, these issues can affect the UNESCO world heritage nomination and the world heritage community decisions. The concept of using terrestrial laser scanning and Photogrammetry has been utilised in many heritage sites around the world. Besides, the integration of the laser scanning output data and the Building Information Modelling (BIM) has also been introduced as a new method for documenting and managing these heritage sites and is known as Heritage BIM (HBIM). This research will focus on developing an interactive approach to the documentation, sharing, digitising, and management of the heritage buildings. This will be through collecting data from various sources, including geometrical, dimensional, historical, thematic, and constructive information, to be used as a new model for meeting the requirements of UNESCO’s WHNF. The HBIM method has been adopted for a case study of Historic Jeddah, which is described as Jeddah Heritage BIM (JHBIM) that focuses on Nasif Historical House, which is considered to be one of the most important historical houses in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The main reason for choosing this case study is due to the huge gap in the research in relation to heritage buildings, with almost no official architectural database or accurate records existing with regard to the buildings in Historic Jeddah.

La maquette numérique de bâtiments historiques (Heritage-BIM) est devenue un enjeu majeur dans la modélisation. Le modèle HBIM ainsi obtenu comprend une description paramétrique et sémantique des éléments constitutifs du patrimoine. La thèse présente des méthodes de constructions HBIM à partir de la documentation historique, de nuages de points, de maillage de surfaces et de géométrie solide. Un concept de mesh-to-HBIM est proposé à l'aide de la programmation visuelle, qui permet de transformer les « familles » paramétriques et les structures géométriques en modèles paramétriques et sémantiques HBIM. La modélisation paramétrique HBIM consiste à créer manuellement des Familles Revit paramétriques et une reconstruction de bâtiment semi-automatisée par l'application de scripts Dynamo. Le processus de modélisation sémantique HBIM transforme directement des géométries segmentées de maillages ou de solides vers l'environnement BIM. Les éléments segmentés et individualisés peuvent être stockés et gérés dans cet environnement avec des compléments d'informations d'association entre éléments
Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a major issue in heritage documentation and conservation. The obtained HBIM model provides a parametric and semantic description of the heritage elements. This thesis presents methods for the generation of HBIM models from point clouds (obtained by photogrammetry or laser scanning), surface mesh and solid geometry. A concept of solid/mesh-to-HBIM is proposed using Autodesk Dynamo visual programming, which transfers the parametric “Family” and geometric structures to parametric and semantic HBIM models. The parametric HBIM modelling process involves conventional manual parametric “Family” creation and semi-automated building reconstruction by Dynamo. The semantic HBIM modelling process directly transfers the segmented solid geometry and closed mesh-to-BIM environment. The segmented elements can be stored and managed in the BIM environment with attached attributes information and relationships established among the elements

In the case of Cultural Heritage buildings, the need for an effective, exhaustive, efficient method to replicate its state of being in an interactive, three-dimensional environment is today, of paramount importance, both from an engineering as well as a historical point of view. Modern geomatics entails the usage of Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) and photogrammetric modelling from Structure-from-Motion (SfM) techniques to initiate this modelling operation. To realize its eventual existence, the novel Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) technique is implemented. A prototype library of parametric objects, based on historic architectural data, HBIM allows the generation of an all-encompassing, three-dimensional model which possesses an extensive array of information pertaining to the structure at hand. This information, be it geometric, architectural, or even structural, can then be used to realize reinforcement requirements, rehabilitation needs, stage of depreciation, method of initial construction, material makeup, historic alterations, etc. In this paper, the study of the San Michele in Acerboli’s church, located in Santarcangelo di Romagna, Italy, is considered. A HBIM model is prepared and its accuracy analyzed. The final model serves as an information repository for the aforementioned Church, able to geometrically define its finest characteristics.

Il complesso monumentale storico denominato Fabbrica Vecchia a Marina di Ravenna è un soggetto ideale per testare l’applicazione concreta delle metodologie e degli strumenti informatici attualmente riconducibili ai sistemi complessivamente ascritti al termine BIM. Al fine di creare la base dei dati necessaria, sono state verificate le modalità operative e le potenzialità di tecnologie geomatiche basate su campionamento statistico (quali Laser Scanner e approccio fotogrammetrico Structure From Motion) in raffronto a sistemi analogici a misure dirette selettive. La tesi mira nel suo complesso a verificare la reale applicabilità di soluzioni HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modeling) in un caso di studio concreto particolarmente articolato, non solo dal punto di vista geometrico, e valutare la produttività di tali tecniche e tecnologie rispetto all’approccio tradizionale.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
O Building Information Modeling (BIM) é considerado como o mais recente paradigma a adotar no exercício da Arquitetura, Engenharias e Construção (AEC) e Design. Um método de trabalho destacado como a aptidão a ter no futuro do setor mundial, onde todas as suas fases e dimensões validam o espírito de colaboração, partilha de informação, interajuda e otimização. Sendo já aplicado em diversos países como cariz obrigatório na profissão, desde 2016 como os Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Singapura, a visão mundial a cerca desta ferramenta no ensino é ainda bastante elementar comparativamente com as suas imensas potencialidades, principalmente em Portugal. Ciente de que um profissional adquire conhecimentos e competências fulcrais à profissão numa fase anterior a este estatuto é de interesse geral que as habilitações que se adquirem com a metodologia BIM sejam ensinadas no curso de Arquitetura. Porém tal importância não se verifica, tendo como resultado um curso desajustado das novas necessidades da profissão. Perante o problema apresentado surgiu a motivação para o desenvolvimento de uma dissertação que apostasse numa proposta de um modelo curricular para o curso de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura que incorpore o Building Information Modeling.
ABSTRACT: The Building Information Modeling (BIM) it’s considered as the latest paradigm to be adopted in the exercise of Architecture, Engeneering, and Construction (AEC) and Design. A working method model highlighted as the ability to have in the future of the global sector, where all of its fases and dimensions validate the spirit of colaboration, sharing of information, mutual aid and optimization. Having already been aplied in several countries as required in the profession, since 2016 like the United States, United Kingdom and Singapore, the world vision about this tool in education it’s rader elementary compared to its immense potentialities, mainly in Portugal. Aware that a professional acquires knowledge and core competencies at a stage prior to this status is of general interest that the qualifications that are acquired with the BIM methodology are taught in the Architecture course. But such importance is not verified, resulting in a misfiting course face of the new needs of the profession. Faced with the presented problem, the motivation rised for the development of a dissertation that focused on a proposal of a curricular model for the Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura course that incorporate Building Information Modeling.
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"Nowadays, many companies in the Architecture/Engineering/Construction (AEC) industry are using Building Information Modeling (BIM) in achieving a faster, sustainable and more economic project. Among the new developed concepts and BIM applications, two of the concepts most frequently used with the support of BIM technology in the planning, organization and scheduling of projects are 4D and 5D in which a 3D model is tied to its time execution (4D) at any point in time and its corresponding cost (5D). However, most of these applications concentrate on modeling the building but it does not include a corresponding modeling of the site in which the building is located. To date, there are few studies and systematic implementation of the site and the building integrated into one BIM model. This site-building integrated model can also be conceptualized as ¡°6D BIM¡± model. The benefit of integrating the site and building together into one model is that the building is no longer treated in isolation of its surround site but incorporates extremely helpful short-term and long-term information for the owner, designer, and builder regarding site topography, landscaping, access roads, ground conditions and the location of site utilities. Major existing research and technology issues that are preventing this site-building integration deal with functionality and interoperability of the BIM software, different orientation and coordination of building model and site model. The objectives of this thesis are to explore current organizational and technological issues preventing this integration, to investigate a feasible method to create a site-linked BIM model, and to discuss the benefits and limitations of bringing BIM concept to the site conditions. The research has been conducted by an extensive review on the literature related to the topic of interest published primarily by AEC. A review on current applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has also been included because of the wider context provided by this technology to the specific topic of this research. Related BIM software developed by three different vendors ¡ªhas been discussed and compared to determine the level of feasibility and operational features of technological support necessary to implement the site-linked BIM model. A case study based on the design and construction of the WPI Recreational & Sports Center, currently under construction, was developed to explore and understand the details that are involved in creating a new site model and to link it with the existing 3D building model. What has been learned from the analysis of this case study is presented, discussed and analyzed in terms of benefits and limitations. Recommendations for future extensions from both the research aspect and the technology support aspect finally presented. These include the creation of 3D BIM Campus Map, which is one site model with several building models placed on it to facilitate future planning of new building and/or maintenance and operation of the current buildings and campus infrastructure.   "

Dalla raffigurazione artistica fino alla modellazione digitale, passando per il disegno tecnico, la rappresentazione del progetto d’architettura ha conosciuto nel tempo evoluzioni significative che solo di recente hanno raggiunto l’apice nell’utilizzo di modelli cognitivi in grado di collezionare ed organizzare il patrimonio di informazioni che gravitano attorno all’intero processo edilizio. L’impiego sempre più diffuso dello strumento informatico, insieme al coordinamento delle specializzazioni nelle molte discipline coinvolte nel progetto, ha favorito negli ultimi anni l’adozione del Building Information Modeling un processo che permette di rivoluzionare il mondo delle costruzioni, coprendo molteplici aspetti del ciclo di vita per un manufatto edilizio. Questa Tesi intende presentare in maniera specifica le tappe che hanno consentito il formarsi del BIM. La migliore capacità di gestione, un linguaggio comune tra i progettisti, un’ottimizzazione di risorse e costi, unito ad un controllo convincente ed accurato delle fasi di lavoro, sono alcune delle potenzialità non ancora completamente espresse dal Building Information Modeling che è destinato a divenire una consapevolezza strategica nel bagaglio culturale del professionista contemporaneo.

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Conservação e Restauro apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.
As metodologias associadas ao software BIM (Building Information Modeling) representam nos dias de hoje um dos sistemas integrados mais utilizado para a construção de novos edifícios. Ao usar BIM no desenvolvimento de projetos, a colaboração entre os diferentes intervenientes num projeto de arquitetura, engenharia e construção, melhora de um modo muito significativo. Esta tecnologia também pode ser aplicada para intervenções em edifícios existentes. Na presente tese pretende-se melhorar os processos de registo, documentação e gestão da informação, recorrendo a ferramentas BIM para estabelecer um conjunto de diretrizes de fluxo de trabalho, para modelar de forma eficiente as estruturas existentes a partir de nuvens de pontos, complementados com outros métodos apropriados. Há vários desafios que impedem a adoção do software BIM para o planeamento de intervenções em edifícios existentes. Volk et al. (2014) indica que os principais obstáculos de adoção BIM são o esforço de modelação/conversão dos elementos do edifício captados em objetos BIM, a dificuldade em actualizar informação em BIM e as dificuldades em lidar com as incertezas associadas a dados, objetos e relações que ocorrem em edifícios existentes. A partir desta análise, foram desenvolvidas algumas diretrizes de fluxo de trabalho BIM para modelação de edifícios existentes. As propostas indicadas para as diretrizes BIM em edifícios existentes, incluem tolerâncias e standards para modelar elementos de edifícios existentes. Tal metodologia permite que as partes interessadas tenham um entendimento e um acordo sobre o que é suposto ser modelado. Na presente tese, foi investigado um conjunto de tópicos de pesquisa que foram formuladas e colocadas, enquadrando os diferentes obstáculos e direcionando o foco de pesquisa segundo quatro vectores fundamentais: 1. Os diferentes tipos de dados de um edifício que podem ser adquiridos a partir de nuvens de pontos; 2. Os diferentes tipos de análise de edifícios; 3. A utilização de standards e BIM para edifícios existentes; 4. Fluxos de trabalho BIM para edifícios existentes e diretrizes para ateliers de arquitectura. A partir da pesquisa efetuada, pode-se concluir que é há necessidade de uma melhor utilização da informação na tomada de decisão no âmbito de um projeto de intervenção arquitetónica. Diferentes tipos de dados, não apenas geométricos, são necessários como base para a análise dos edifícios. Os dados não geométricos podem referir-se a características físicas do tecido construído, tais como materiais, aparência e condição. Além disso, o desempenho ambiental, estrutural e mecânico de um edifício, bem como valores culturais, históricos e arquitetónicos, essenciais para a compreensão do seu estado atual. Estas informações são fundamentais para uma análise mais profunda que permita a compreensão das ações de intervenção que são necessárias no edifício. Através de tecnologias Fotogrametria (ADP) e Laser Scanning (TLS), pode ser gerada informação precisa e actual. O produto final da ADP e TLS são nuvens de pontos, que podem ser usadas de forma complementar. A combinação destas técnicas com o levantamento tradicional Robotic Total Station (RTS) fornece uma base de dados exata que, juntamente com outras informações existentes, permitem o planeamento adequado da intervenção. Os problemas de utilização de BIM para intervenção em edifícios existentes referem-se principalmente à análise e criação de geometria do edifício, o que geralmente é uma etapa prévia para a conexão de informação não-geométrica de edifícios. Por esta razão, a presente tese centra-se principalmente na busca de diretrizes para diminuir a dificuldade em criar os elementos necessários para o BIMs. Para tratar dados incertos e pouco claros ou informações semânticas não visíveis, pode-se complementar os dados originais com informação adicional. Os fluxos de trabalho apresentados na presente tese focam-se principalmente na falta de informação visível. No caso de projetos de remodelação, a informação não visível pode ser adquirida de forma limitada através de levantamentos ADP ou TLS após a demolição de alguns elementos e/ou camadas de parede. Tal metodologia permite um melhor entendimento das camadas de materiais não visíveis dos elementos do edifício, quando a intervenção é uma demolição parcial. Este processo é útil apenas se uma parte do material do elemento é removida e não pode ser aplicada a elementos não intervencionados. O tratamento da informação em falta pode ser feito através da integração de diferentes tipos de dados com diferentes origens. Devem ser implementados os fluxos de trabalho para a integração da informação. Diferentes fluxos de trabalho podem criar informação em falta, usada como complemento ou como base para a tomada de decisão quando não há dados disponíveis. Relativamente à adição de dados em falta através da geração de nuvem de pontos, os casos de estudo destacam a importância de planear o levantamento, fazendo com que todas as partes compreendam as necessidades associadas ao projeto. Além da precisão, o nível de tolerância de interpretação e modelação, requeridos pelo projeto, também devem ser acordados e entendidos. Nem todas as ferramentas e métodos de pesquisa são adequados para todos os edifícios. A escala, os materiais e a acessibilidade do edifício desempenham um papel importante no planeamento do levantamento. Para lidar com o elevado esforço de modelação, é necessário entender os fluxos de trabalho necessários para analisar a geometria dos elementos do edifício. Os BIMs construídos são normalmente gerados manualmente através de desenhos CAD e/ou nuvens de pontos. Estes são usados como base geométrica a partir da qual a informação é extraída. A informação utilizada para planear a intervenção do edifício deve ser verificada, confirmando se é uma representação do estado actual do edifício. As técnicas de levantamento 3D para capturar a condição atual do edifício devem ser integradas no fluxo de trabalho BIM, construído para capturar os dados do edifício sobre os quais serão feitas as decisões de intervenção. O resultado destas técnicas deve ser integrado com diferentes tipos de dados para fornecer uma base mais precisa e completa. O atelier de arquitetura deve estar habilitado com competências técnicas adequadas para saber o que pedir e o que utilizar da forma mais adequada. Os requisitos de modelação devem concentrar-se principalmente no conteúdo deste processo, ou seja, o que modelar, como desenvolver os elementos no modelo, quais as informações que o modelo deve conter e como deve ocorrer a troca de informações no modelo. O levantamento das nuvens de pontos deve ser efectuado após ter sido estipulado o objetivo do projeto, standards, tolerâncias e tipo de conteúdo na modelação. As tolerâncias e normas de modelação são diferentes entre empresas e países. Independentemente destas diferenças, os documentos standard têm como objetivo produzir e receber informação num formato de dados consistente e em fluxos de trabalho de troca eficiente entre os diferentes intervenientes do projeto. O pensamento crítico do fluxo de trabalho de modelação e a comunicação e acordo entre todas os intervenientes são os principais objetivos das diretrizes apresentadas nesta tese. O estabelecimento e o acordo de tolerâncias de modelação e o nível de desenvolvimento e detalhes presentes nas BIMs, entre as diferentes partes envolvidas no projeto, são mais importantes do que as definições existentes atualmente e que são utilizadas pela indústria da AEC. As ferramentas automáticas ou semi-automáticas para extração da forma geométrica, eliminação ou redução de tarefas repetitivas durante o desenvolvimento de BIMs e a análise de condições de ambiente ou de cenários, são também um processo de diminuição do esforço de modelação. Uma das razões que justifica a necessidade de standards é a estrutura e a melhoria da colaboração, não só para os intervenientes fora da empresa, mas também dentro dos ateliers de arquitetura. Os dados e standards de fluxo de trabalho são difíceis de implementar diariamente de forma eficiente, resultando muitas vezes em dados e fluxos de trabalho confusos. Quando tal situação ocorre, a qualidade dos resultados do projeto reduz-se e pode ficar comprometida. As normas aplicadas aos BIMs construídos, exatamente como as normas aplicadas aos BIMs para edifícios novos, contribuem para a criação de informação credível e útil. Para atualizar um BIMs durante o ciclo de vida de um edifício,é necessário adquirir a informação sobre o estado actual do edifício. A monitorização de dados pode ser composta por fotografias, PCM, dados de sensores, ou dados resultantes da comparação de PCM e BIMs e podem representar uma maneira de atualizar BIMs existentes. Isto permite adicionar continuamente informações, documentando a evolução e a história da construção e possibilita avaliar possíveis intervenções de prevenção para a sua valorização. BIM não é geralmente usado para documentar edifícios existentes ou intervenções em edifícios existentes. No presente trabalho propõe-se melhorar tal situação usando standards e/ou diretrizes BIM e apresentar uma visão inicial e geral dos componentes que devem ser incluídos em tais standards e/ou linhas de orientação.
ABSTRACT: Building information modeling (BIM) is most often used for the construction of new buildings. By using BIM in such projects, collaboration among stakeholders in an architecture, engineering and construction project is improved. This scenario might also be targeted for interventions in existing buildings. This thesis intends to enhance processes of recording, documenting and managing information by establishing a set of workflow guidelines to efficiently model existing structures with BIM tools from point cloud data, complemented with any other appropriate methods. There are several challenges hampering BIM software adoption for planning interventions in existing buildings. Volk et al. (2014) outlines that the as-built BIM adoption main obstacles are: the required modeling/conversion effort from captured building data into semantic BIM objects; the difficulty in maintaining information in a BIM; and the difficulties in handling uncertain data, objects, and relations occurring in existing buildings. From this analysis, it was developped a case for devising BIM workflow guidelines for modeling existing buildings. The proposed content for BIM guidelines includes tolerances and standards for modeling existing building elements. This allows stakeholders to have a common understanding and agreement of what is supposed to be modeled and exchanged.In this thesis, the authors investigate a set of research questions that were formed and posed, framing obstacles and directing the research focus in four parts: 1. the different kind of building data acquired; 2. the different kind of building data analysis processes; 3. the use of standards and as-built BIM and; 4. as-built BIM workflows and guidelines for architectural offices. From this research, the authors can conclude that there is a need for better use of documentation in which architectural intervention project decisions are made. Different kind of data, not just geometric, is needed as a basis for the analysis of the current building state. Non-geometric information can refer to physical characteristics of the built fabric, such as materials, appearance and condition. Furthermore environmental, structural and mechanical building performance, as well as cultural, historical and architectural values, style and age are vital to the understanding of the current state of the building. These information is necessary for further analysis allowing the understanding of the necessary actions to intervene. Accurate and up to date information information can be generated through ADP and TLS surveys. The final product of ADP and TLS are the point clouds, which can be used to complement each other. The combination of these techniques with traditional RTS survey provide an accurate and up to date base that, along with other existing information, allow the planning of building interventions. As-built BIM adoption problems refer mainly to the analysis and generation of building geometry, which usually is a previous step to the link of non-geometric building information. For this reason the present thesis focus mainly in finding guidelines to decrease the difficulty in generating the as-built-BIMs elements. To handle uncertain data and unclear or hidden semantic information, one can complement the original data with additional missing information. The workflows in the present thesis address mainly the missing visible information. In the case of refurbishment projects the hidden information can be acquired to some extend with ADP or TLS surveys after demolition of some elements and wall layers. This allows a better understanding of the non visible materials layers of a building element whenever it is a partial demolition. This process is only useful if a part of the element material is removed, it can not be applied to the non intervened elements. The handling of visible missing data, objects and relations can be done by integrating different kind of data from different kind of sources. Workflows to connect them in a more integrated way should be implemented. Different workflows can create additional missing information, used to complement or as a base for decision making when no data is available. Relating to adding missing data through point cloud data generation the study cases outlined the importance of planning the survey, with all parts understanding what the project needs are. In addition to accuracy, the level of interpretation and modelling tolerances, required by the project, must also be agreed and understood. Not all survey tools and methods are suitable for all buildings: the scale, materials and accessibility of building play a major role in the survey planning. To handle the high modeling/conversion effort one has to understand the current workflows to analyse building geometry. As-built BIMs are majorly manually generated through CAD drawings and/or PCM data. These are used as a geometric basis input from where information is extracted. The information used to plan the building intervention should be checked, confirming it is a representation of the as-is state of the building. The 3D surveys techniques to capture the as-is state of the building should be integrated in the as-built BIM workflow to capture the building data in which intervention decisions are made. The output of these techniques should be integrated with different kind of data to provide the most accurate and complete basis. The architectural company should have technical skills to know what to ask for and to use it appropriately. Modeling requirements should focus primarily on the content of this process: what to model, how to develop the elements in the model, what information should the model contain, and how should information in the model be exchanged. The point clouds survey should be done after stipulating the project goal, standards, tolerances and modeling content. Tolerances and modeling guidelines change across companies and countries. Regardless of these differences the standards documents have the purpose of producing and receiving information in a consistent data format, in efficient exchange workflows between project stakeholders. The critical thinking of the modeling workflow and, the communication and agreement between all parts involved in the project, is the prime product of this thesis guidelines. The establishment and agreement of modeling tolerances and the level of development and detail present in the BIMs, between the different parts involved on the project, is more important than which of the existing definitions currently in use by the AEC industry is chosen. Automated or semi-automated tools for elements shape extraction, elimination or reduction of repetitive tasks during the BIMs development and, analysis of environment or scenario conditions are also a way of decreasing the modeling effort. One of the reasons why standards are needed is the structure and improvement of the collaboration not only with outside parts but also inside architectural offices. Data and workflow standards are very hard to implement daily, in a practical way, resulting in confusing data and workflows. These reduce the quality of communication and project outputs. As-built BIM standards, exactly like BIM standards, contribute to the creation of reliable and useful information. To update a BIMs during the building life-cycle, one needs to acquire the as-is building state information. Monitoring data, whether consisted by photos, PCM, sensor data, or data resulting from the comparison of PCM and BIMs can be a way of updating existing BIMs. It allows adding continuously information, documenting the building evolution and story, and evaluating possible prevention interventions for its enhancement. BIM environments are not often used to document existing buildings or interventions in existing buildings. The authors propose to improve the situation by using BIM standards and/or guidelines, and the authors give an initial overview of components that should be included in such a standard and/or guideline.
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Just nu pågår stora förändringar i byggbranschen. Kostnaderna för att bygga är idag för stora och branschen letar efter nya metoder för att effektivisera byggandet och minska kostnaderna. Genom att använda sig av den relativt nya Building Information Modeling-tekniken (BIM) öppnar sig flera nya dörrar för vad som är möjligt.BIM är kort sagt en digital modell där all information för hur ett byggprojekts utformning, konstruktion, utrustning och förvaltning ska hanteras. En gemensam modell skapas som arkitekten, byggnadskonstruktörer, vvs-konstruktörer, el-konstruktörer och förvaltare har tillgång till. Ändringar som görs i modellen blir direkt synliga för de andra parterna.Den gemensamma modellen ligger lagrad på en gemensam server för att underlätta kommunikationen.I produktionen har man mycket att vinna av BIM. Först och främst upptäcks många brister och planeringsfel innan de ens kommer ut i produktionen där det blir betydligt dyrare att rätta till. Dessutom följer vid användadet av BIM också en del verktyg som kan användas för planering i produktionen. Två av dessa är kollisionskontroll och 4D-simulering, där tidplanen kopplas samman med ritningen för att simulera fortskridandet av ett byggprojekt.Dessa två verktyg kommer som en biprodukt när BIM nyttjas i ett byggnadsprojekt. I denna rapport presenteras dessa verktyg och vilka fördelar dessa ger i produktionenSyftet med examensarbetet har varit att få en fördjupad kunskap av vad BIM är, både i teorin och praktiskt. Men också att hitta fördelar som Skanska kan nyttja som en följd av användandet av BIM.

This thesis explores the benefits of using Building Information Modeling (BIM) during the programming and conceptual design phase of a project. The research was based on a case study undertaken dealing with the decisions and assumptions made during the design phases of the Center for Science at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. The project team used a traditional approach to project plan development. The finding of this study was that the project process would have greatly benefited utilizing BIM tools and a collaborative team approach in the programming and conceptual design phase. Because decisions made early in the project have enormous implications to aesthetics and cost, the increase in analysis of design options afforded by the use of BIM tools would have minimized inaccurate, incomplete and unreliable information, and allowed the design team to work in a more efficient, collaborative manner transmitting through all phases of the project.

Building Information Modeling (BIM), used by many for building design and construction, and Geographic Information GIS System (GIS), used for city planning, contain large spatial and attribute data which could be used for Lean and green city planning and development. However, there exist a systematic gap and interoperability challenge between BIM and GIS that creates a disjointed workflow between city planning data in GIS and building data in BIM. This hinders the seamless analysis of data between BIM and GIS for lean and green developments. This study targets the creation of a system which integrates BIM and GIS system data. The methods involve the establishment of a novel Environmental Information Modeling (EIM) framework to bridge the gap using Microsoft Visual C#. The application of this framework shows the potential of this concept. The research results provide an opportunity for more analysis for lean and green construction planning, development and management.

Successful management of design changes is critical for the efficient delivery of construction projects. Building Information Models (BIM) and the use of parametric modeling provide significant benefits in coordinating changes across different views in a model. However, coordinating changes across several discipline-specific models is significantly more challenging to manage. In this thesis, I present a case study that used observation-based empirical research methods to investigate current practices and the requirements of practitioners in conducting change management during the design and construction of a building project. The case study examines change management in the context of a multi-disciplinary collaborative BIM environment during the design and construction of a fast-track project. I documented the design changes, analyzed the change management processes and evaluated existing BIM tools in support of this process. Using examples from the case study, I identified the characteristics of design changes required for tracking the history of changes and understanding the consequences of changes. I developed an ontology of changes based on the identified characteristics and patterns in the observed changes. The ontology characterizes design changes based on changed component attributes (the geometry, position, and specification), dependencies between components (analytical and spatial), level of changes (conceptual, primary and secondary), timing of changes (design, procurement or construction stages) and time and cost impacts of changes. Based on the developed ontology, I further categorized numerous examples of changes encountered throughout the design and construction of the building in a taxonomy of changes. I then proposed a computational approach for tracking the consequence of changes in an information model. This research provides a common understanding of design change characteristics for practitioners who develop or utilize BIM tools for managing changes. The results of this study provide some possible directions for future developments in change management systems, particularly in reference to a BIM-based delivery process. Additional research is needed to implement and test these characteristics in a decision support system, and to analyze different types of changes across different types of projects.

There has been an increase in adoption of building information modeling (BIM) by commercial contractors over the past few years but there is not a clear indication of current application or the frequency of each use. This research was undertaken to determine the frequency and best practices of using BIM in commercial construction. Leading commercial contracting firms were contacted and employees were selected to complete a telephone survey that was designed to determine how they are using BIM. It was found that BIM is being used with more frequency on projects, with plans to continue to implement it even further on all projects that allow for its use. Most companies are incorporating trade contractors in their coordination meetings but are taking the lead to ensure a high standard is maintained. Trade contractors are given responsibility to resolve smaller clashes while bringing the larger problems to the clash detection meetings. The model quality being received is increasing as well the frequency of models being received from the design team; however, there is a lack of consensus as to the level of development requirement to ensure the model can be used for facilities management. Commercial contractors are adopting building information modeling for a variety of reasons. These include client requirements, innovative technology strategies, and fear of being left behind. Overall its use improves processes within their companies. The general agreement is that BIM is having a positive impact on profitability, schedules and sales. BIM further improves the efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness. The best practices undertaken by commercial contractors include using BIM as a sales and marketing tool, utilizing subcontractors knowledge and allowing them to resolve minor clashes, having combination of BIM teams and BIM experts and investing in training employees and further development of BIM uses.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the latest development in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry. This development can be used for planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of any facility. The majority of the users of BIM technology are architects. Although its benefits had been highlighted and underlined especially in comparison with older developments such us Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools, its implementation is considered still in an early stage due to low adoption from architects. Right now in Sweden and more specifically in the Stockholm area, the construction sector is booming due to the increased demand for housing.  Thus, there is an increased demand for more houses in a shorter time. BIM is a technology that can enhance the society in terms of design and construction with regard to the building environment. This can be achieved by avoiding human errors, decreasing project costs, increasing the productivity and quality, and reducing the project delivery time. Moreover, BIM can assist the management team in maintaining and operating different facilities. The focus of this research is on the barriers to adopting BIM technology in architectural companies. Furthermore, the attempt will be to investigate the individual, organizational and technical aspects that affect BIM adoption.  This study will implement a qualitative research method by in-depth interviewing four professionals in the area of architectural design. This investigation will be driven by the main research question, which is: What are the barriers to adopting Building Information Modeling (BIM) in architectural companies?

Although the construction industry has been evolving for centuries and researchers have been seeking innovative solutions for decades, diverse challenges still exist in making the construction process faster, safer, cheaper and more accurate. It is believed that Building Information Modeling (BIM) can lead to greater efficiency through the incremental collaboration. The data in BIM system is extremely useful and can be generated to optimize the project delivery processes. However, since BIM increases the project design cost and requires a big learning curve, project participants are concerned about the cost of project, which has hindered the adoption of BIM for the project delivery. This paper, using a case study, describes how BIM functions to help cut down costs, optimize schedule, and benefit the project participants. The analysis of project cost and time control focuses on life cycle. The recommendations for the future use of BIM are made generally.

[ES] El mayor desafío en la gestión del uso público del patrimonio es establecer una relación sostenible entre patrimonio y turismo, ya que el acceso público, si bien promueve el interés social por su conservación, también representa un riesgo para la preservación de los recursos. La información que generan los equipos multidisciplinares que intervienen en la gestión del uso público generalmente se encuentra incompleta, descoordinada y desactualizada. La falta de una fuente de información fiable genera bajos niveles de eficiencia en la gestión del uso público poniendo en riesgo la preservación de los recursos del impacto de los visitantes y reduciendo el interés social por su conservación. Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) es un sistema de trabajo colaborativo donde los agentes involucrados comparten información geométrica, semántica y documental del bien patrimonial de forma coordinada. HBIM se presenta como oportunidad para mejorar la eficiencia de la gestión del uso público del patrimonio. Considerando el previsible crecimiento del uso de HBIM en España en un futuro próximo, el objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar, por primera vez, un protocolo HBIM que ayude a los profesionales a implementar HBIM para planificar y gestionar más eficientemente el uso público del patrimonio en sus cuatro ámbitos: la conservación preventiva, la gestión de visitantes, la interpretación del patrimonio y la divulgación del patrimonio. El método de investigación empleado es el Design Science Research (DSR en adelante) o investigación de las Ciencias del Diseño. Así pues, el estudio se inició con la revisión exhaustiva de la literatura científica relativa al uso de HBIM para la gestión del uso público del patrimonio, lo que permitió identificar la laguna del conocimiento actual en esta materia. Para analizar la gestión actual del uso público del patrimonio se tomaron tres casos de estudio y se recogieron datos mediante la técnica de la entrevista semiestructurada y la observación directa de la visita pública. El análisis de la planificación de los cuatro ámbitos del uso público se realizó a partir de los datos obtenidos mediante la técnica de la entrevista semiestructurada y el análisis de documentación técnica específica. Los resultados de estos análisis evidenciaron problemas de ineficiencia en la planificación y gestión del uso público actual. Con el fin de darle una solución a este problema, se desarrolló un Protocolo HBIM para planificar y gestionar el uso público de manera más eficiente. Dos de los aspectos del Protocolo HBIM, la gestión de visitantes y la interpretación del patrimonio, se implementaron satisfactoriamente al caso de estudio del conjunto de San Juan del Hospital de València. Por último, se evaluó la aplicabilidad y utilidad del protocolo con un panel de expertos en la gestión cultural del caso de estudio, en cada ámbito del uso público y en BIM. Los resultados de la implementación del Protocolo HBIM al caso de estudio del conjunto de San Juan del Hospital de València, demuestran por primera vez que HBIM y, en particular, el software Revit puede ser una herramienta útil para analizar, planificar y también para gestionar más eficientemente las visitas públicas de los bienes patrimoniales. Este estudio evidencia que la capacidad de HBIM de unificar la información generada por los distintos agentes involucrados en la conservación del patrimonio facilita la toma de decisiones para el diseño del itinerario turístico, la gestión del flujo de visitantes y la determinación de la capacidad de carga recreativa de una manera más integral. Estos resultados han permitido identificar futuras líneas de investigación orientadas a la gestión de visitantes en tiempo real gracias a la vinculación de sensores o dispositivos GPS a los modelos HBIM y encaminadas a refinar el Protocolo HBIM mediante su aplicación a mayores casos de estudio
[CAT] El major repte en la gestió de l'ús públic del patrimoni és establir una relació sostenible entre patrimoni i turisme, ja que l'accés públic, si bé promou l'interès social per la seua conservació, també representa un risc per a la preservació dels recursos. La informació que generen els equips multidisciplinaris que intervenen en la gestió de l'ús públic generalment es troba incompleta, desactualitzada i poc coordinada. L'absència d'una font d'informació fiable genera nivells baixos d'eficiència en la gestió de l'ús públic, posant en risc la preservació dels recursos front a l'impacte dels visitants i reduint l'interès social per la seua conservació. Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) és un sistema de treball col·laboratiu on els agents involucrats comparteixen informació geomètrica, semàntica i documental de cada bé patrimonial de forma coordinada. HBIM es presenta com una oportunitat per a millorar l'eficiència de la gestió de l'ús públic del patrimoni. Considerant el previsible creixement de l'ús d'HBIM en Espanya en un futur pròxim, l'objectiu d'esta investigació és desenvolupar, per primera vegada, un protocol HBIM que ajude als professionals a implementar HBIM per a planificar i gestionar més eficientment l'ús públic del patrimoni en els seus quatre àmbits: la conservació preventiva, la gestió de visitants, la interpretació del patrimoni i la divulgació del patrimoni. El mètode d'investigació empleat és el Design Science Research (DSR en endavant) o investigació de les ciències del disseny. D'aquesta manera, l'estudi es va iniciar amb la revisió exhaustiva de la literatura científica relativa a l'ús de HBIM per a la gestió de l'ús públic del patrimoni, el que va permetre identificar la llacuna del coneixement actual en esta matèria. Per a analitzar la gestió actual de l'ús públic del patrimoni es van prendre tres casos d'estudi i es van recollir dades mitjançant la tècnica de l'entrevista semiestructurada i l'observació directa de la visita pública. L'anàlisi de la planificació dels quatre àmbits de l'ús públic es va realitzar a partir de les dades obtingudes mitjançant la tècnica de l'entrevista semiestructurada i l'anàlisi de documentació tècnica específica. Els resultats d'estos anàlisis van evidenciar problemes d'ineficàcia en la planificació i gestió de l'ús públic actual. Amb la finalitat de donar una solució a este problema, es va desenvolupar un Protocol HBIM per a planificar i gestionar l'ús públic d'una manera més eficient. Dos dels aspectes del Protocol HBIM, la gestió de visitants i la interpretació del patrimoni, es van implementar satisfactòriament en el cas d'estudi del conjunt de Sant Joan de l'Hospital de València. Per últim, es va avaluar l'aplicabilitat i utilitat del protocol amb un panell d'experts en la gestió cultural del cas d'estudi, en cada àmbit de l'ús públic i en BIM. Els resultats de la implementació del Protocol HBIM al cas d'estudi del conjunt de Sant Joan de l'Hospital de València, demostren per primera vegada que HBIM i, en particular, el software Revit pot ser una eina útil per a analitzar, planificar i també per a gestionar més eficientment les visites públiques dels béns patrimonials. Este estudi evidencia que la capacitat d'HBIM d'unificar la informació generada pels distints agents involucrats en la conservació del patrimoni facilita la presa de decisions per al disseny de l'itinerari turístic, la gestió del flux de visitants i la determinació de la capacitat de càrrega recreativa d'una manera més integral. Estos resultats han permès identificar futures línies d'investigació orientades a la gestió de visitants en temps real gràcies a la vinculació de sensors o dispositius GPS als models HBIM i encaminades a refinar el Protocol HBIM mitjançant la seua aplicació a casos majors d'estudi.
[EN] The greatest challenge to be overcome in managing the public use of heritage is to establish a sustainable relationship between heritage and tourism, since public access, while promoting social interest in its conservation, also represents a risk for the preservation of the assets. The information generated by the multidisciplinary teams involved in public use management is generally incomplete, uncoordinated and out of date. The lack of a reliable source of information generates low levels of efficiency in such management, which consequently jeopardises the ability to protect the resources against the impact of visitors and reduces social interest in their conservation. Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a collaborative work system in which the stakeholders involved share geometric, semantic and documentary information about the heritage asset in a coordinated way. It offers an opportunity to improve the efficiency of the management of the public use of heritage. Bearing in mind the expected growth in the use of HBIM in Spain in the near future, the aim of this research is to develop, for the first time, an HBIM protocol that will help professionals to implement HBIM so as to achieve more efficient planning and management of the public use of heritage in the four areas involved in it, that is, preventative conservation, visitor flow management, heritage interpretation and heritage dissemination. The research method used for this purpose is Design Science Research (hereinafter, DSR). Thus, the study began with a comprehensive review of the literature on the use of HBIM for the management of the public use of heritage, which revealed the knowledge gap that exists in this area. To analyse the current management of the public use of heritage, three case studies were taken and data were collected using the semi-structured interview technique and direct observation of public visitation. The planning of the four areas of public use was analysed based on the data obtained through the semi-structured interviews and the analysis of specific technical documentation. The results of these analyses revealed problems of inefficiency in the current public use planning and management. In order to provide a solution to this problem, an HBIM Protocol was developed that enables public use to be planned and managed more efficiently. Two aspects of the HBIM Protocol, visitor management and heritage interpretation, were successfully implemented in the case study of the San Juan del Hospital ensemble in Valencia. Lastly, the applicability and usefulness of the protocol were evaluated with the collaboration of a panel of experts in the cultural management of the case study, in each area of public use and in BIM. The results from implementing the HBIM Protocol to the case study of the San Juan del Hospital complex in Valencia show for the first time that HBIM and, in particular, the Revit software package can be a useful tool for a more efficient analysis, planning and management of public visitation to heritage assets. This study shows that the capacity of HBIM to unify the information generated by the different stakeholders involved in the conservation of heritage facilitates the decision-making required to design the tourist itinerary, to manage the visitor flows and to determine the recreational carrying capacity in a more comprehensive manner. These results have made it possible to identify future lines of research focused on achieving visitor flow management in real time by linking sensors or GPS devices to HBIM models, while also seeking to refine the HBIM Protocol by applying it to larger case studies.
Salvador García, E. (2020). PROTOCOLO HBIM PARA UNA GESTIÓN EFICIENTE DEL USO PÚBLICO DEL PATRIMONIO ARQUITECTÓNICO [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/146811
TESIS

Building Information Modeling, abbreviated BIM, is a process of information sharing which enhances communication and which helps in visualizing complex problems in the building industry. BIM has not been used in a larger extent in the production phase of civil works. The purpose of the study is therefore to investigate driving forces behind the use of BIM and the resistors against it and to investigate in what ways BIM could be used in the production phase. The theoretical framework is based on one licentiate thesis, two degree projects, three research papers and three books. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was used. The interviews were made with a calculator, a supervisor and a CAD planner from Skanska, a constructor and project manager from ELU, a Project Information Officer from Tyréns and a VDC coordinator and VDC business developer from Veidekke who all have been working with BIM. This was to get a good representation from different actors and people with different professional roles. The study shows that the driving forces behind a use of BIM are that it enhances collaboration and communication between the actors, it makes it easier to visualize the project and the scope, and it provides a higher degree of accuracy of coordination’s. BIM also makes the work more effective and results in fewer errors. Above all, BIM give a possibility for a shorter production phase, shorter total project duration and a lower total cost. The study also shows that the resistors against the use of BIM are employee’s negative attitude against administrative work, that it is hard to measure profitability of using BIM, the uncertainty of who has the legal ownership of the data, and who has the responsibility of the accuracy of it. 3 That the implementation cost and the design phase are more expensive is also a resistor against a use of BIM. BIM could be used in visualization with 3D models in collision controls and co-reviews in meetings, work preparations and at site. A workplace outline could also be printed from the 3D model to be placed on the site for visualization. 4D scheduling and 4D animations could be used for visualization in meetings, work preparations and at site. The study showed that quantity takeoff and cost estimation with 5D is only reconciled in the meetings in the production phase and that the programs for it are not needed in this phase. RFID tags could be used at site for logistics and tracking materials, and field verifications could be used to verify that a work task is executed according to exact coordination’s in the 3D model. Furthermore tablet computers could be used for bringing the technique of BIM to the site which enables a better understanding of complex work tasks for the workers. A BIM coordinator who understands the process of working with BIM and who could work as a bridge between the users and the technical development team is important in a successful implementation. The study also shows that the focus of BIM should lie on how to make use of the technique. The examples of how BIM could be used in the production phase of civil works have to be useful and meet the needs and demands of the users. The processes of using 3D models, 4D scheduling, 4D animations, RFID tags, field verifications and tablet computers should therefore be studied thoroughly to find how the technique could be applicable at site, in meetings and work preparations and how it could enhance the daily activities and work tasks. If the demands are met it will be accepted by both the user and the organization. Further research should therefore lie on how 3D models, 4D scheduling, 4D animations, RFID tags, field verifications and tablet computers could be useful in the production phase. These BIM techniques should then be tested on a real project to investigate how the processes could be useful at site, in meetings and in work preparations. Further research should also be made on how countries like Norway, Finland and USA have made use of BIM in the production of civil works.

Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2007.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-55).
The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industry severely lags behind the manufacturing industry in terms of efficiency and productivity growth. This lag is a result of the fragmented nature of the industry and its resistance to adopting innovative technologies and processes that enable collaboration and efficiency. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is one of these innovations. Since building owners ultimately absorb every cost associated with a building project, they are in the best position to lead the AEC industry into an era of increased productivity through the adoption of collaborative practices and technologies such as BIM. However, owners cannot be expected to venture down this path unless they are aware of the potential value that the proper use of BIM can create for them. Therefore, this paper provides evidence of the value created for owners and developers by the use of BIM, and conveys that evidence in a framework that follows the actual phases and tasks of a real development project. Those phases are as follows: Market Research, Feasibility Analysis, Design, Construction, and Operations. In addition to actual examples of value creation, theoretical examples of future applications are discussed. The value created for owners and developers by implementing BIM on their projects is manifested primarily in the form of improved design quality and savings in time and money.
by John C. Clason.
S.M.in Real Estate Development

Over the past several decades, increasing awareness of sustainable building has led to the development and maturity of life cycle assessment (LCA) as a method used to assess the environmental impacts and resources through buildings’ life cycle. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an intelligent process based on 3D model that enables architecture, engineering and construction designers to collaborate. Because of its advantages and the collaborative alternative, the integrations of BIM and LCA have been studied and developed in many ways. However, none of the integrating approaches have been widely used due to interoperability issues and accuracy problems. Detailed information of LCA and BIM are introduced in this thesis, and then innovated integration of BIM and LCA are proposed. This is done with the direct access to the LCA data in XML format from EPD database by using Dynamo that is a plug-in Revit application, LCA can be conducted within the BIM environment. The results of life cycle impact calculation can be instantly presented in diagram, and users can visualize the results by color coding different materials in BIM model. Future research could focus on how to widely use the integrating method in real project and connect this approach into environmental certification system in order to demonstrate the environmental performance of buildings and projects in a standardized manner.

Master of Science
Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
Kimberly W. Kramer
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is altering the way that the construction industry is developing design documents by involving all members of the design team as well as the general contractor early in the design process. The members are encouraged to offer advice on the design and constructability on the project. However, not only is the design process changing, but the liability and responsibility of each team member is changing as well. The alteration in responsibility can severely impact structural engineers because of the level of responsibility already associated with their role in the design process. This report looks at the concerns industry leaders and legal professionals have with how BIM is altering the liability landscape, such as standard contracts, software interoperability, data misuse, intellectual property, loss of data, the legal status of the model, the standard of care, and design delegation. In addition to the liability concerns, this report examines the steps that industry leaders have taken to prevent any unnecessary additional liability from affecting structural engineers.

Integrated building design necessitates the Architecture-Engineering-Construction-Owner-Operator (AECOO) Industry’s participants to collaborate efficiently with each other through the different phases of a building. Nevertheless, to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of a building, the emphasis is on the early design phases, since if accurate energy calculations and strategies are developed in an early design stage, the sustainable footprint of the building will be significantly reduced. That said, Building Information Modelling (BIM) promotes collaboration among the stakeholders by allowing them to design and store and access the data related to a project into one building information model. Furthermore, this model can be used for energy analysis through Building Energy Modelling (BEM) tools in the early design stages of the project, and through the whole life-cycle. For this, BIM and BEM tools must be able to communicate and exchange information with one another, seamlessly. This means that these tools should be interoperable. However, currently, there are some issues in the BIM to BEM exchange process, which obliges the user to check for the interoperability issues and fix them manually. Therefore, as a result of these interoperability issues, the BIM to BEM process in not automated, and creating an accurate BIM-based BEM is quite time-consuming, laborious and prone to human-made errors. Hence, this thesis aims to systematically investigate the interoperability issues and the state of automated data exchange between BIM and BEM tools, based on the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) exchange data schema. For this, Revit and IDA-ICE are used as BIM, and BEM tools, respectively. The outcome is the presentation of a set of interoperability issues that were found based on the investigation of 19 case studies, with some suggestions for Revit and IDA-ICE developers and future researchers in the end.

Lately the construction industry has become more interested in designing and constructing environmentally friendly buildings (e.g. sustainable buildings) that can provide both high performance and monetary savings. Analyzing various parameters during sustainable design such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy consumption, lighting simulation, green building rating system criteria and associated cost of building components at the conceptual design stage is very useful for designers needing to make decisions related to the selection of optimum design alternatives. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers designers the ability to assess different design options and to select vital energy strategies and systems at the conceptual stage of proposed buildings. This thesis describes a methodology to implement sustainable design for proposed buildings at their conceptual stage. The proposed methodology is to be implemented through the design and development of a model that simplifies the process of designing sustainable buildings, evaluating their Environmental Impacts (EI), assessing their operational and embodied energy and listing their potential accumulated certification points in an integrated environment. Therefore, a Decision Support System (DSS) is developed by using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to help design team decides and selects the best type of sustainable building components and design families for proposed projects based on three main criteria (i.e. Environmental, Economical factor «cost efficiency » and Social wellbeing) in an attempt to identify the influence of design variations on the sustainable performance of the whole building. The DSS outcomes are incorporated in an integrated model capable of guiding users when performing sustainable design for building projects. The proposed methodology contains five modules: 1) Database Management System (DBMS), 2) Energy and lighting analysis, 3) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 4) LEED and 5) Life Cycle Cost (LCC). To improve the workability of the proposed model, a use case of abovementioned modules are going to be created as plug-ins in BIM tool. The successful implementation of such a methodology represents a significant advancement in the ability to attain sustainable design of a building during the early stages, to evaluate its EI, and to list its potentially earned certification points and associated soft costs.

To challenge the competition within the construction business there are requirements in effectiveness and use of operating computer based programs and work-methods. The computer based programs are continuously improved and can at some point be the start of a new work-method. The work-method of tomorrow can be Building Information Modeling (BIM). This Master of Science Thesis gives an understanding in what BIM is and what the requirements for Sweco Theorells are in a future BIM-use as a consulting-firm. The understanding is presented through a study of theory within the subject. The way of thinking and acting among different disciplines and individuals within the building process is explained through an interview study. The term BIM is regularly used. The main issue is that nobody has a clear understanding of what BIM means and what it contains. Each individual has his/her own definition. The misunderstanding is that BIM has to be seen as a natural development based on the possibilities given with the modern object based programs with interoperability. When the object based programs with interoperability are correctly used a possible result is a new workmethod. The aim and object of BIM is to make it easier to build better new housing estates. A productification of a modern Design and Construction Process focused on BIM and belonging benefits is a possibility to enable future competitiveness for Sweco Theorells. The new modern Design and Construction Process aim is to produce a virtual model of the building by all included disciplines and individuals. To enable the productification of the modern Design and Construction Process, Sweco Theorells has to start an intimate co-operation with architects, constructers and project managers and together create collective standards and categorizations of information and data.
För att möta konkurrensen inom byggbranschen ställs det krav på effektivitet och användning av fungerande datorverktyg och arbetsmetoder. Datorverktygen som utvecklas kontinuerligt kan ligga till grund för en ny arbetsmetod. Morgondagens arbetsmetod kan vara Building Information Modeling (BIM). I detta examensarbete ges en förståelse för vad BIM är och vilka krav det ställer på Sweco Theorells för att det ska kunna användas effektivt. Förståelsen ges genom att teori inom ämnet sammanställts och utförda BIM-projekt identifierats. Olika discipliners och individers sätt att agera och tänka i byggprocessen förklaras genom en intervjustudie som genomförts. Begreppet BIM används flitigt inom byggbranschen. Problemet är att ingen har en klar förståelse för vad BIM är och vad det innebär. Var individ har sin definition av begreppet. BIM måste ses som en framtida naturlig utveckling av främst projekteringsprocessen utifrån de möjligheter som ges med objektbaserade datorverktyg och interoperabillitet dem emellan. Då de moderna objektbaserade datorverktygens fulla kapacitet används blir en modern arbetsmetod ett naturligt steg i utvecklingen. Målet och syftet med BIM är att underlätta ett effektivt arbete för att möjliggöra bättre nybyggnationer. En produktifiering av en modern projekteringsprocess i linje med BIM är en möjlig framtida utveckling för Sweco Theorells. Den nya projekteringsprocessens riktas mot att effektivt och strukturerat skapa en virtuell modell av byggnaden. För att möjliggöra produktifieringen av projekteringsprocessen ställs det krav på att involverade arkitekter, konstruktörer, installationskonsulter och projektledare tillsammans genomför produktifieringen och skapar gemensamma standarder och kategoriseringar av information och data.

Recent advancements in Building Information Modeling (BIM) hold great promise for addressing the challenges of the construction industry by allowing project teams to ‘test out’ a design prior to construction. The projects that have successfully implemented BIM demonstrate numerous benefits, including increased design quality, improved field productivity, cost predictability, less rework, and reduced construction cost and duration. However, much of the research to date has focused more on the preconstruction phase with less research on uses for the construction phase, The goal of this research was to evaluate specific uses of BIM in the construction phase of the project. I investigated two construction applications of BIM: (1) BIM for developing lift drawings to support formwork construction on the BC Hydro Substation project, and (2) BIM for quantity takeoff to support life-cycle assessment (LCA) and construction cost estimating on the Pharmaceutical Sciences project. The BC Hydro project provided an opportunity to examine the use of BIM for the field crew. I developed 3D coordinated lift drawings that conveyed the necessary information for forming the components accurately and clearly. I believe that creating the lift drawings increased the crew’s productivity by providing the necessary information for building a component, resolving conflicts prior to construction, and reducing mistakes. I evaluated the use of BIM for quantity takeoff using the Pharmaceutical Sciences project. I evaluated two BIM-based and one 2D-based quantity takeoff software, and based on several parameters of importance to cost and sustainability consultants. I found that calculating quantities from a BIM model is faster and more accurate as long as the model is created correctly and accurately to suit the needs of the users. This thesis provides evidence for the benefits of BIM for construction uses at different stages in the project. The BC Hydro case study provides significant detail on how a BIM can be utilized by construction field personnel. The Pharmaceutical Sciences project demonstrates the benefits and challenges of utilizing a BIM for quantity takeoff. More case studies are needed to demonstrate the benefits of BIM for different applications in the project delivery process to enable more widespread BIM adoption.

Building Information Modeling has provided many benefits to the architectural, engineering, construction and facilities management communities. Many studies have been done to validate the asserted benefits, including benefits to the field of estimating. The studies on estimating are currently limited to the realm of conceptual estimates, and have only treated detailed estimates in the abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine how BIM was being used by companies in a hard bid, or detailed estimate scenario. The research team used the Deseret Towers housing project at Brigham Young University as the basis for the research. A building information model (BIM) was provided to all bidders on the project, and at the conclusion of the bidding process a survey was used to determine how the contractors used the model in their bidding processes. The findings determined that a few of the contractors did use the model for quantity takeoff, and one actually used the quantities as the basis for the submitted bid. Additionally, the survey attempted to determine the prevailing attitudes of the estimators toward BIM as a tool in estimating, and their opinions of the future of BIM in estimating.

Building Information Modeling, or BIM, is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility that serves as a shared resource for information for decision-making throughout the project lifecycle (National Institute of Building Sciences, 2007). The masonry construction industry currently suffers from the lack of BIM integration. Where other industries and trades have increased productivity by implementing standards for software-enhanced workflows, masonry construction has failed to adopt information tools and processes. New information technology and process modeling tools have grown in popularity and their use is helping to understand and improve construction processes. The Systems Modeling Language, or SysML, is one of the process modeling tools we can use to model and analyze the various processes and workflows. In this research, a case study methodology was applied to analyze the masonry construction industry to understand the current state of masonry construction processes and workflows. This thesis reviews these concepts and the applied case studies which are necessary to move forward with the implementation of BIM for masonry.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been in use in the Hong Kong Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry as an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tool for more than a decade. However, the increasing usage and rapid development in both the AEC industry and academia point to the potential multiple applications, impacts and much broader potential benefits that may be generated from BIM implementation. The current frequently used BIM applications have advanced the project performances levels and consequential benefits of relevant stakeholders in different dimensions. However, BIM development in the Hong Kong industry has not been smooth. Attention has been diverted from potential benefits to the barriers and constraints that retard BIM implementation. This has in turn limited the applications, hence not convincing industry participants of their potential benefits in quantitative terms. Furthermore, conflicts between BIM implementation and the existing project processes also retard the smooth development of BIM. A higher level of collaborative working is required for deriving more benefits from BIM. This research aims to develop possible feasible solutions to reduce the conflicts/barriers in BIM implementation and advance current BIM implementation towards more collaborative and integrated working arrangements (IWAs), with expected broader potential benefits in the context of the Hong Kong industry. IWAs in this research refer to: a) organization structures, b) information exchange mechanisms, and c) project processes. An inter-locking set of research methods were applied in this study to achieve the research goal. Literature reviews were conducted to extract and illustrate the basic concepts in BIM and lay the foundation for proposal development. Semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey were conducted to explore BIM implementation scenarios in the Hong Kong AEC industry. Two case studies helped to map out BIM implementation processes in real projects in Hong Kong. Finally, a focus group meeting was held to discuss, validate and improve the relevant research findings and improvement proposals. The main outcomes of this research are the proposed short term IWAs and long term IWAs for optimizing overall potential benefits of BIM implementation. The proposed short term IWAs consist of specific measures for participants to address the barriers and conflicts in BIM implementation within existing project processes. The proposed long term IWAs are based on a conceptual framework and processes to build an integrated working environment for BIM. The outcomes of this research can help industry practitioners to overcome current barriers and derive more benefits from BIM by developing specific measures targeting the current scenarios, as well as provide possible directions for moving further forward in the long term. The research outcomes also offer relevant contributions to knowledge by proposing fresh concepts and approaches to creating and developing collaborative working environment for BIM implementation based on relevant principles and guidelines that are in turn derived from Relational Contracting (RC) frameworks.
published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Master
Master of Philosophy

Green buildings aim to save land, energy, water, and material, as well as to create a healthy and comfortable environment for their occupants throughout the life-cycle. One of the primary goals for the design of green buildings is reducing operating energy costs. Mainly due to the energy performance requirements of various green building rating systems, building energy modeling (BEM) is being increasingly used in the building industry, which definitely improves building energy efficiency through code and standard compliances. However, as a scientific and standardized method, using BEM can provide far more benefits than just code and standard compliances. BEM can be used for many other purposes at different stages of the building life-cycle. This dissertation has developed and demonstrated the concept of Design-build-operate Energy Information Modeling (DBO-EIM) infrastructure, which can be used at different stages of the building life-cycle to improve energy and thermal comfort performance. The whole process is tested using a medium-size office building in Pittsburgh, PA. At the design stage, for the purpose of design decision making a parametric BEM process is demonstrated in the test-bed building. The case study results show that the proposed design case building has better energy performance than the baseline, design alternatives, and various benchmark buildings. At the commissioning and early operation stages, an EnergyPlus model calibration method is introduced using empirical data that are collected from the test-bed building. The final calibrated model has a mean biased error of 1.27% and a coefficient of variation of the root mean squared error of 6.01%. This calibration method provides a scientific and systematic framework to conduct high accuracy EnergyPlus model calibration. At the operation stage, on the basis of the calibrated EnergyPlus model, an occupant-oriented mixed-mode EnergyPlus predictive control (OME+PC) system is developed. Given the Pittsburgh weather context and current operation assumptions, the simulation results suggest a potential 29.37% reduction in annual HVAC energy consumption. In addition, OME+PC enables building occupants to control their thermal environment through an internet-based dashboard. Several important research findings are also concluded from the studies in the DBO-EIM development process that may benefit future work in the building science realm, including the development of an occupant behavior modeling method, the integration of the real-time building operation data collection system, an passive cooling control simulation study, and an occupant subjective thermal comfort field study. In order to show the applicability of the Design-build-operation Energy Information Modeling infrastructure, the process is demonstrated again in a generic Department of Energy prototype medium office EnergyPlus model. Step-by-step instructions and computation time are documented to facilitate future studies. In summary, this dissertation has demonstrated that an original design stage EnergyPlus model can be updated and utilized through the entire DBO-EIM process. Compared to typical building operation, implementing this process can achieve better energy performance and maintain occupant thermal comfort.

Innovation implementation within an organization has always been associated with barriers from all aspects. As a key innovation in the building industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been adopted rapidly in the design and construction process. Facilities management (FM) which contributed far more values than design and construction however did not seems to catch up with this trend. High cost, poor technology and other factors inherent within organizations were mostly mentioned in research papers and industry to be the key obstacles. This paper aimed to explore and identify the key organizational barriers of the implementation process of BIM in FM. Three case studies on large FM organizations in Hong Kong were reported through in-depth interviews. Two FM software providers were also interviewed to have a comprehensive understanding of BIM in FM interfacing technology. Before the data collection process, two theoretical models were built to guide the data collection and analysis process. The first model was based on the information flow during the BIM in FM implementation process whilst the second model was about the required conditions for such process. FM managers from three leading organizations in BIM implementation in Hong Kong were interviewed. Some published documents from the targeted organizations were reviewed to facilitate the research findings. Soft system analysis was adopted to analyze the barriers which impeded the implementation of BIM in FM. A cross case study was also conducted to strengthen the findings from the three case studies. Two overseas software providers with successful BIM in FM experiences were also interviewed. The technology of BIM in FM is found to be ready for importing the construction stage information to FM software packages. The additional functions based on BIM in FM, however, are still not readily available in the market. The fragmentation between the project and facilities management teams was found to be the most significant barriers for BIM implementation. To overcome such barriers, organizations may consider establishing a coordination platform between the project management team and FM team. It could be the most efficient way when the fragmented organizational structure was not possible to be changed in a short time. A company-wide BIM standard would also be useful to help during the coordination process.
published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Master
Master of Philosophy

Building Information Modeling“BIM" is becoming a better known established collaboration process in the construction industry. Owners are increasingly requiring BIM services from construction managers, architects and engineering firms. Many construction firms are now investing in“BIM" technologies during bidding, preconstruction, construction and post construction. The goal of this project is to understand the uses and benefits of BIM for construction managers and examine BIM based scheduling. There are two objectives to this project. First is to identify the current uses of BIM in the Architectural / Engineering / Construction / Facility Management industry to better understand how the BIM-based“build to design" and“design to build" concepts can be used by construction managers under the Construction Management at Risk project delivery system. Second, a focus is placed on analyzing 3D and 4D BIM as well as BIM based scheduling. The research was conducted through literature review, case studies, and interviews. First, the research identified the uses of Building Information Modeling for preconstruction, construction and post construction phases. Then, the project examined the uses and benefits of BIM in the construction of a research facility. Subsequently, a prototype 4D Building Information Model was created and studied. Furthermore, the BIM-based schedule was integrated to the 4D model. Finally, the project concluded with an analysis on the use, advantages and setbacks of BIM and its tools.

Syfte – Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur BIM kan användas för att förbättra leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen gällande nybyggnationer. För att besvara studiens syfte har två frågeställningar formulerats. Första frågeställningen utgör en grund för att sedan kunna besvara andra frågeställningen. - Vilka faktorer påverkar leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen? - Hur kan leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen förbättras med hjälp av BIM? Metod – För att uppnå studiens syfte och frågeställningar genomfördes en fallstudie i form av intervju och dokumentstudie på två olika företag inom byggindustrin. En litteraturstudie genomfördes med syfte att forma det teoretiska ramverket som sedan varit en grund för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Resultat – Studien har identifierat faktorer som påverkar leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen och kategoriserat in dem i två huvudfaktorer, samordning och planering. För ett effektivare arbete i byggprocessen är BIM ett verktyg som bland annat underlättar samordning och planering. Detta kan resultera i att leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen kan förbättras med hjälp av BIM. Implikationer – Studien utgår från befintliga teorier som sedan jämförs med verkligheten. Studien belyser ingen ny teori men illustrerar nya synvinklar till ett redan befintligt problem. Svårigheten har varit i att hitta teorier om hur BIM kan påverka leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser. Teorier har därför tolkats och analyserats för att hitta möjliga förbättringar. Begränsningar – Studien omfattar leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till nybyggnationer och tar enbart hänsyn till leveransprecisionen från leverantören till byggarbetsplatsen. Inom BIM omfattar studien 3D- och 4D BIM och utesluter 5D- och 6D BIM.
Purpose – The purpose of the study is to investigate how BIM can improve the ontime delivery of material to construction sites for new constructions. To answer the purpose of the study, two research questions have been formulated. - Which factors effect on-time delivery of material to the construction site? - How can on-time delivery of material to the construction site be improved by using BIM? Method – In order to achieve the purpose and research questions of the study, a case study was conducted at two different companies in the construction industry. The empirical data from the case study were collected through interviews and document studies. A literature study was conducted with the purpose of formulating the theoretical framework that subsequently been used to answer the purpose and research questions. Findings – The study has identified factors that effect on-time delivery of material to the construction site and categorized them into two main factors, coordination and planning. BIM is a tool, among other thing, for a more efficient work in the construction process that facilitates coordination and planning. Using BIM can result in that on-time delivery of material to the construction site can be improved. Implications – The study is based on existing theories that compares to reality. The study does not develop new theory, but it illustrates new perspectives on an already existing problem. It has been difficult to find theories about how BIM may effect ontime delivery of materials. Theories have therefore been interpreted and analysed to find possible improvements. Limitations – The study covers the on-time delivery of materials to new constructions. The study also covers the on-time delivery from supplier to the construction site. Within BIM, the study covers 3D- and 4D BIM and excludes 5D- and 6D BIM.

Die Digitalisierung im Bauwesen steht unter der großen Überschrift Building Information Modeling (BIM). Ziel ist es, Software-Unterstützung für den gesamten Lebenszyklus eines Bauwerks zu schaffen, beginnend bei der Planung über die Bauausführung bis hin zu Bewirtschaftung und Rückbau. Im Ergebnis sollen alle Prozesse effektiver und effizienter gestaltet werden, um die Produktivität der Bauwirtschaft signifikant zu erhöhen. Hierbei sind die verschiedenen Software-Lösungen so ausgelegt, dass ein übergreifendes virtuelles Gesamtmodell entsteht, welches die Gebäudefunktion zum Planungszeitpunkt simuliert und zu optimieren erlaubt, die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit fördert und die Kommunikation zwischen allen Beteiligten erleichtert. Die vielleicht wichtigste und am deutlichsten sichtbare Rolle spielt dabei, neben der Standardisierung der Datenformate, die Umstellung von 2D- auf 3D-Geometriemodelle. In dieser Arbeit wird beschrieben, welche Herausforderungen und Chancen bezüglich BIM für die Planung von Bahn-Bauwerken bestehen. Der spezifische Fokus liegt auf der Anwendung von 3D-CAD- und 3D-Laserscan-Modellen der zu erstellenden Anlagen.

La tesi ha come obiettivo quello di analizzare l’evoluzione del settore della manutenzione edilizia e del cambiamento della politica manutentiva in relazione ai progressi portati dai nuovi strumenti informatici: facendo quindi riferimento ad uno specifico caso di studio e integrando l’utilizzo di software BIM, lo scopo è stato quello di programmare un life cycle adeguato. La prima parte della tesi delinea il cambiamento del quadro normativo dell’ambito della manutenzione e definisce lo stato dell’arte della pratica manutentiva, sia dal punto di vista tecnico e applicativo, ma anche da quello gestionale ed economico, con particolare riferimento al Maintenance Management. Nella seconda parte viene invece approfondito il caso studio di uno studentato di Atene facente parte del programma ProGETonE, definendo gli elementi che possono portare ad una corretta gestione del ciclo di vita di questo fabbricato: l’analisi parte da un approccio tradizionale, basato sul computo metrico e sulla PBS, ma si sviluppa e completa attraverso l’utilizzo di Revit e Mantus-P, con la relativa stesura finale di un piano di manutenzione. Questo processo ha portato ad evidenziare le differenze e i vantaggi che si possono trarre dal cambio di prospettiva e di strumenti nell’ambito della manutenzione edilizia.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
107
Heritage buildings, a tangible asset not only has an architectural and structural significance, it brings also one of the most valuable historical places. Restoration projects and renovation projects associated with this type of job are diverse in both size and form. Constantly changing and always applying many new technologies that managers, builders, and restorations want to use to preserve the best values that legacy brings. The combination of BIM and the restoration project has created a new breakthrough. Instead of relying on elements of pure manual workers, it accompanies the technological age to develop this kind of project to a new level. Base on it, the data is systematically perfect, visibility capabilities, the applied parametric model can statistically statistics and more. Although, HBIM has become a trend in restore project throughout the world such as in Egypt, England. But in some developing country, applying BIM as a new way for a new project seem has some not yet issues. Thus, choosing a way can apply both BIM for new project and restoration project, it enables those, government, an individual party to reach two destinations in one pilot study. The historical perspective is assessed through heritage buildings; the project to restore that heritage is one of the specific projects. This paper will focus on analyzing the specificity of the heritage restoration project when applying new technology HBIM to create a common data environment. Based on previous studies on the level of development of the model (LOD), the steps of developing BIM applied in a case study to better realize the pros and cons when applying for a job submit through proven facts. This research paper will also try to find an inadequate point to have an objective view when applied to the traditional wooden house restoration project in Vietnam.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
O trabalho reportado nesta dissertação versa a possibilidade de aplicar técnicas BIM (Building Information Modelling) no enquadramento da inspeção e manutenção de um edifício. A manutenção de um edifício é da responsabilidade do dono do edifício, precisando, sempre que necessário recorrer a um técnico para realizar a inspeção. Uma boa manutenção depende da identificação e análise das anomalias detetadas durante uma inspeção ao local. O BIM revela-se uma excelente ferramenta para apoiar as ações de manutenção, pois tem a capacidade de armazenar informação relativa à construção e permite obter uma perspetiva em 3D do modelo construído do edifício. O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em apresentar uma proposta de metodologia e uma aplicação piloto para a implementação ‘Builduing Information Modelling’ no contexto de inspeção e gestão da manutenção de património construído. O desenvolvimento da investigação é realizado com recurso a um caso de estudo, o edifício da Escola E.B. 2,3,S, de Arcos de Valdevez, procurando-se testar um procedimento de inspeção e manutenção do edifício com recurso a softwares BIM, e outros complementares, de modo a se criar um modelo completo que inclua a informação sobre o edifício e a existência de fichas de inspeção articuladas informaticamente. Ao longo do desenvolvimento desta dissertação foi também estudada a interoperabilidade entre diferentes softwares BIM, analisando a preservação da informação, essencialmente no padrão IFC. A presente dissertação contribui para demonstrar a dificuldade existente na interoperabilidade entre softwares, uma vez que ainda existem perdas de informação no processo de exportação (transferência do modelo de um para o outro programa), mas também as vantagens que o BIM apresenta na manutenção de um edifício.
The work reported in this dissertation deals with the possibility of applying BIM (Building Information Modeling) techniques in the framework of the inspection and maintenance of a building. The maintenance of a building is the responsibility of the building owner, requiring, whenever necessary, to call in a technician to carry out the inspection. Good maintenance depends on the identification and analysis of anomalies detected during a site inspection. BIM proves to be an excellent tool to support maintenance actions, as it has the capacity to store information related to construction and allows to obtain a 3D perspective of the built model of the building. The objective of this work is to present a proposal for a methodology and a pilot application for the ‘Builduing Information Modeling’ implementation in the context of inspection and management of the maintenance of built heritage. The development of the investigation is carried out using a case study, the building of Escola EB 2,3, S, from Arcos de Valdevez, trying to test an inspection and maintenance procedure of the building using BIM software, and others complementary, in order to create a complete model that includes information about the building and the existence of computerized inspection forms. During the development of this dissertation, interoperability between different BIM software was also studied, analyzing the preservation of information, essentially in the IFC standard. The present dissertation contributes to demonstrate the existing difficulty in the interoperability between software, since there are still losses of information in the export process (transferring the model from one to the other program), but also the advantages that BIM presents in maintaining a building.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
101
The energy efficiency of new constructions and existing buildings can be determined via energy performance evaluation. Low energy consumption and reduced carbon dioxide emissions can be achieved if the energy-saving index is taken into account when a building is being designed. Building envelopes can be considered the most significant factors among the various energy impact factors. For example, reduced use of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting equipment can be achieved by simply considering the interaction between the building envelope and the surrounding environment, such as ventilation, sunshade, and ambient lighting. Currently, in Taiwan, this evaluation is conducted manually. This approach is time-consuming because of the need to constantly consult tables and regulations. It is also susceptible to human error. This research discusses, in detail, the role of the building envelope in influencing the energy performance of the building itself, and demonstrates the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for visual and automated evaluation of building energy performance so as to assist planners in determining whether energy-saving standards have been effectively met. In this research, the feasibility of using BIM for building energy performance evaluation was examined by applying this approach to an engineering project example. This system showed effectiveness in assisting planners in identifying and understanding the possible blind spots affecting the achievement of energy-saving requirements of the designed buildings, and enabled the examination of further design modifications to optimize energy-saving effects.

碩士
國立交通大學
土木工程系所
101
When the disaster occurs, escape officer’s comprehension often decrease. Therefore, it’s the key to enhance the survival rate that how to make the officer quickly learn the disaster location, evacuation route and exit which should be selected. The traditional evacuation route map presented in 2D plane apart from can’t perform the sense of architectural space in three-dimension, also increase the difficulty of directional interpretation. If there is a special architectural style (such as a circle, ring or outlet level inconsistent) or users are not familiar with the building environment, this lost sense of direction must be even more serious. There is a function that rendering architectural space configuration in Building Information Modeling (BIM), the model can also be mounted component and information related to anti-disaster relief. Planning evacuation route and training disaster-prevented education based on BIM model, not only reduce the lost sense of direction but provide a reference for firefighters to make the relief program, integrates disaster planning, disaster-prevented training and disaster relief operation. In this study, we choose a high-tech plant which is circular in Hsinchu for example, based on the BIM model which is composed of components and information related to disaster-prevention relief and combine fire simulation software (FDS) to assess personnel security, plan safe evacuation routes and make the refuge film for public space according to the result of planning. It enhances the disaster-prevention management ability and training quality of the building operating management units. Research results show that BIM models can be fully integrated with FDS software, it plans evacuation routes and reviews the public space of disaster-prevention equipment configuration. 3D evacuation routes map allowing users quickly understand their position and select proper appropriate evacuation routes.

碩士
國立交通大學
土木工程系所
106
Popularization Green Building Assessment system is an efficient way to curb the global warming. Accompany with the view of green building, not only increase the usage of the building energy consumption effectively, but also stimulate people the awareness of environmental protection. The combination of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Green Building Assessment (GBA) can help the stakeholders to capture the project information, parameters and output the reliable assessment results. The architectures and designers can change the projects design base on the assessment. Meanwhile, if the building projects apply the view of BIM form the design stage, compared with traditional method, the assessment cycle will shorten significantly. Presently, example from the Leadership in Environmental Energy and Design (LEED) in the US and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment (BREEAM) demonstrated that the desirable potential of combination BIM and GBA. It also prove that applying BIM on Ecology, Energy, Waste Reduction, Health (EEWH) can enhance the building sustainable performance. This study develop an EEWH Tool base on Revit Application Programming Interface (API), and use different Level of Development (LOD) models to test it possibility and integrity. The results show that the EEWH Tool can earn 43 EEWH’s credits among 100 credits. Moreover, a references table has been establish to identify the relationship between BIM, GBA and EEWH Tool.

In the current context, the standardization of building construction is not limited to a specific country or to a specific building code. Trade globalization has emphasized the need for standardization in the process of exchange of design information, whether it is in the form of drawings or documents. Building Information Modeling is the latest transformational technology that supports interactive development of design information for buildings. No single Building Information Modeling software package is used in the Architecture Engineering Construction and Facilities Management industries, which is strength as new ideas develop, but a hindrance as the new ideas flow at a different pace into the various programs. The standards divergence of various software results in a limited ability to exchange data between and within projects, especially one sees the difficulty in moving data from one program to another. The Document eXchange File format represents an early attempt to standardize the exchange of drawing information by Autodesk. However, the data was limited to geometric data required for the production of plotted drawings. Metadata in a Building Information Model provides a method to add information to the basic geometric configuration provided in a Document eXchange File. Building Information Model programs use data structures to define smart objects that encapsulate building data in a searchable and robust format. Due to the complexity of building designs eXtensible Markup Language schemas of three dimensional models are often large files that can contain considerable amounts of superfluous information. The aim of this research is to exclude all the superfluous information from the design information and determine the absolute minimum information required to execute the construction of a project. A plain concrete beam element was used as the case study for this research. The results show that a minimal information schema can be developed for a simple building element. Further research is required on more complex elements.