Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Heschel'

Abraham Joshua Heschel (1906 1972) importante filósofo do judaísmo de século XX no livro Torá Min Ha-shamaim Be-Aspaklaria shel Ha-Dorot, voltou sua atenção diretamente para a literatura rabínica tradicional, em especial para aquela contida no Talmude e no Midrash. Desta leitura hescheliana da literatura rabínica emerge uma visão dialética das correntes teológicas que animam os debates dos primeiros rabínicos sobre questões como o elemento humano e o divino na revelação, a imanência versus a transcendência de Deus, a relação entre a observância religiosa e o espírito por trás da observância, a noção de milagre e muitos outros temas do debate rabínico. Heschel identifica a partir de duas escolas de pensamento rabínico dos séculos I e II da era comum a escola de rabi Akiva de tendência mística e a escola de rabi Ishmael de tendência racionalista os dois grandes paradigmas que tencionaram dialeticamente o pensamento rabínico desde o final da Antiguidade e durante a Idade Média. Segundo Heschel, as duas tendências têm permeado o pensamento rabínico desde então. Desta leitura dialética Heschel tira várias conclusões sobre a relação entre razão e misticismo na experiência religiosa judaica, que além de aprofundarem o debate moderno sobre a natureza da experiência religiosa são também uma poderosa crítica contra as leituras fundamentalistas dos textos tradicionais judaicos.
Abraham Joshua Heschel (1906 1972), important philosopher of Judaism of the twentieth century, turned his attention direct to the traditional rabbinic literature in the book Torah Min Ha-shamaim Be-Aspaklaria Shel Ha-Dorot. He addressed especially the Talmud and the Midrash. From the Heschelian reading of rabbinic literature emerges a dialectical approach of the theological trends that animated the debates of the first rabbis Those debates review issues like the human and divine elements in revelation, Gods immanence and transcendence, the relationship between religious observance and the spirit behind it, the ideas on miracle and many other themes of rabbinic debate. Heschel identifies in two schools of thought of the first and second centuries of the Common Era, the mystical School of Rabbi Akiva and the more rationalistic School of Rabbi Ishmael the two main paradigms that dialectically tensioned rabbinic thought from the ending of Antiquity and during Middle Ages. According to Heschel, the two tendencies permeate rabbinic thought since them. Heschel makes several conclusions on the relationship between reason and mysticism in Jewish religious experience from this dialectical reading. These conclusions deepen the modern debate on the nature of religious experience. They are also a powerful critique against fundamentalist readings of Jewish traditional texts.

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This research proposes to read Abraham Joshua Heschel's concept of selfdiscernment, compared to justice in the biblical prophets, as a proposal of humanization of men and women in modernity from the Jewish perspective. The hypothesis of this research is based on the proposition that the concept of heschelian self-discernment as a critique of the indiscernible processes of modernity can be interpreted in the light of the concept of justice in the biblical prophets taking into account the different historical contexts. Therefore, Heschel's concept of selfdiscernment will be analyzed by confronting it with modernity, considering the importance of the prophets in the process of humanization. The study was divided into three chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to some significant aspects of the life and work of Abraham Joshua Heschel. The second is a journey where justice is explored in the biblical prophets and how they behave when confronted with the injustices of their time. In the third, the contributions that Heschel's self-discernment and justice in the prophets can provide for the present days. In this way, it is possible to demonstrate that this investigation is of great magnitude in the understanding of the crisis of values that has struck the world and that has progressively removed the individual from his divine image and the transcendental experience in our day and that, through self-discernment, which generates a just action, man can become humanized.
Esta pesquisa se propõe a fazer uma leitura do conceito de autodiscernimento de Abraham Joshua Heschel, em comparação com a justiça nos profetas bíblicos, como proposta de humanização de homens e mulheres na modernidade, a partir da visão judaica. A hipótese desta pesquisa baseia-se na proposição de que o conceito de autodiscernimento hescheliano enquanto crítica aos processos indiscernidos da modernidade pode ser interpretado à luz do conceito de justiça nos profetas bíblicos levando em conta os diferentes contextos históricos. Portanto, será analisado o conceito de autodiscernimento de Heschel confrontando-o com a modernidade, considerando a importância dos profetas no processo de humanização. Para tanto, o estudo foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo é uma introdução a alguns aspectos significantes da vida e da obra de Abraham Joshua Heschel. O segundo é uma jornada onde se explora a justiça nos profetas bíblicos e como eles se portavam ao serem confrontados com as injustiças do seu tempo. No terceiro, as contribuições que o autodiscernimento hescheliano e a justiça nos profetas podem fornecer para os dias atuais. Nesse percurso, é possível demonstrar que esta investigação é de notável magnitude na compreensão da crise de valores que se abateu sobre o mundo e que tem afastado o indivíduo, de maneira progressiva, da sua imagem divina e da experiência transcendental em nossos dias, e que, por meio do autodiscernimento, que gera uma ação justa, o homem pode humanizar-se.

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Nosso trabalho procurou pesquisar o conceito de consciência religiosa proposto por Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907 - 1972), em Deus em Busca do Homem, livro no qual o autor entende o pensamento religiioso como fonte de conhecimento e examina os diversos aspectos que objetivam o retorno à Religião. O livro é composto de três grandes temas: Deus, Revelação e Resposta. Esta pesquisa focalizou o primeiro tema que aborda a relação entre o desenvolvimento da consciência religiosa, Deus e o mundo. Nossa pesquisa foi guiada pela hipótese de que, em Heschel, há a possibilidade noética, ou seja, de conhecimento pela pela via da consciência religiosa. A relação da consciência religiosa e Deus se dá na abertura da consciência judaica ao Deus Abraâmico, que não se restringe ao povo judaico, mas que tem, na voz do Profeta, uma abrangência universal. Este conceito, para o autor, passa a existir na discussão da relação entre Deus e a condição humana, que se caracteriza pelas seguintes categorias: sublime, maravilhoso, temor, glória, mistério entre outras. Para Heschel, a consciência religiosa acontece no evento, isto é, no encontro do humano com a história sagrada, que trancende o tempo, supera a linha divisória do passado e do presente e se atualiza pela consciência do inefável. A religião e a consciência religiosa se dão no encontro da pergunta de Deus com a resposta do homem. Na consciência religiosa, abre-se o caminho para a fé e o caminho de fé. O caminho para Deus é um caminho de Deus. Se Deus não fizer a pergunta, todas as nossas indagações serão vãs. Procuramos apontar a categoria do inefável, legitimando sua aplicação à filosofia da religião judaica, como um parâmetro eficiente para o pensar situacional-filosófico a respeito do homem em sua relação com o outro, com o mundo e com Deus. Com base nesse pressuposto, podemos concluir que só há possibilidade de uma relação ética onde se encontra a consciência do inefável. Consciência de alteridade esta que possibilita o amor, ou seja, realmente ser capaz de olhar para o outro em toda sua singularidade e necessidade

My study concerns the teacher knowledge of mehankhim, teachers in Israeli high schools entrusted to promote students' moral, civic, and social growth. It examines two mehankhim from a secular Israeli high school who participated in a long-term professional development program in secular Jewish education, centered by traditional and modern Jewish texts. This study is situated within the body of research on teachers' professional development, focusing on the vocation of mehanekh in secular Jewish education, teachers' professional knowledge, and mehankhim's life stories. I suggest that mehankhim are professionals, with a professional practical knowledge unique to them, despite their current lack of specific training for their vocation. One major source of knowledge that informs the practice of today's mehankhim is the historical legacy of the role. A second is the evolution of Israeli public discourse, which demands a corresponding evolution in the undefined "mission statement" of mehankhim, and in their preparation and in-service training. Using the qualitative method of portraiture and relying on narrative analysis, I have drawn portraits of two mehankhim. I completed a full ethnographic survey of the participants in their professional setting, engendering the creation of a multi-layered, comprehensive and esthetic whole. This study examines ways to professionalize the vocation of mehankhim. It offers hope for change in the Israeli public discourse by well-trained Jewish and Arab mehankhim, invigorated with a new popular mandate; it suggests an opportunity for Jewish Israeli mehankhim to collaborate with their American counterparts in Jewish education, giving Jewish texts a central role.

Cette thèse concerne l’anatomie macroscopique des gyri de Heschl (GH) en relation avec la Préférence Manuelle (PM) et la Spécialisation Hémisphérique (SH) pour le langage étudiée dans une base de données multimodale dédiée à l’étude de la SH (la BIL&GIN), équilibrée pour le sexe et la PM. Le GH, situé à la surface du lobe temporal, abrite l’aire auditive primaire. Des études ont montré que le volume du GH est asymétrique gauche, et que le GH gauche (GHG) covarie avec les performances phonologiques et avec la quantité de cortex dévolu au traitement temporel des sons, suggérant une relation entre GHG et SH pour le langage. Pourtant l’anatomie des GH, très variable en terme de gyrification, est mal connue. Nous avons : 1- Décrit la distribution inter-hémisphérique de la gyrification des GH sur les images IRM anatomiques de 430 sujets. 2- Etudié les variations de surface et d’asymétrie du premier gyrus ou GH antérieur (GHa), montré sa diminution en présence de duplication et l’existence d’une asymétrie gauche pour les configurations les plus fréquentes avec GHG unique. Les gauchers présentaient moins de duplications droites et une perte de l’asymétrie gauche de GHa. 3- Testé si la variance de l’anatomie du GH expliquait la variabilité interindividuelle des asymétries mesurées en IRM fonctionnel pendant une tâche d’écoute de mots chez 281 sujets, et si les différences anatomiques liées à la PM étaient en relation avec une diminution de la SH pour le langage des gauchers. La distribution du nombre de GH expliquait 11% de la variance de l’asymétrie fonctionnelle du GH, les configurations à GHG unique étant les plus asymétriques gauches, sans effet de la PM sur la latéralisation fonctionnelle du GH
This thesis concerns the macroscopical anatomy of Heschl’s gyri (HG) in relation with Manual Preference (MP) and the Hemispheric Specialization (HS) for language studied in a multimodal database dedicated to the investigation of HS and balanced for sex and MP (BIL&GIN). HG, located on the surface of the temporal lobe, hosts the primary auditory cortex. Previous studies have shown that HG volume is leftward asymmetrical and that the left HG (LHG) covaries with phonological performance and with the amount of cortex dedicated to the processing of the temporal aspects of sounds, suggesting a relationship between LHG and HSL. However HG anatomy is highly variable and little known. In this thesis we have: 1- Described HG inter-hemispheric gyrification pattern on the anatomical MRI images of 430 healthy participants. 2- Studied the variation of the first or anterior HG (aHG) surface area and its asymmetry and shown its reduction in the presence of duplication and that its leftward asymmetry was present only in the case of a single LHG. Left-handers exhibited a lower incidence of right duplication and a loss of aHG leftward asymmetry. 3- Tested whether the variance of HG anatomy explained the interindividual variability of asymmetries measured with fMRI during the listening of a list of words in 281 participants, and whether differences in HG anatomy with MP were related to decreased HS for language in left-handers. HG inter-hemispheric gyrification pattern explained 11% of the variance of HG functional asymmetry, the patterns including a unique LHG being those with the strongest leftward asymmetry. There was no incidence of MP on HG functional lateralization

Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907-1972), a refugee scholar from Hitler's Europe, became a significant Jewish theologian and a famous social activist in the United States of America. The thesis begins with a brief biography, which puts his work into context, personally, culturally, and historically. There follows an examination of the style and method of presentation of Heschel's thought, asking why it is that some commentators reject him as a serious thinker. He is then located within the tradition and discipline of theology, with an examination of what he calls "depth-theology". Part II begins with an examination of Heschel's major contribution to modem theology-"the divine pathos"-and its place in the impassibility/passibility controversy. Its influence on other (Christian) theologians is demonstrated, together with a response to major criticism (from Eliezer Berkovits). Heschel's theological anthropology is then shown to be entirely dependent upon the concept of the divine pathos, and to have lasting value. Finally, the thesis explores Heschel's commitment to interfaith dialogue (specifically with Christians) made possible by the universal applicability of his insights into the nature of God, humankind, and the relationship between them.

L’étude de la complexité de l’anatomie du cerveau humain nécessite la caractérisation des paramètres multimodaux et multi-échelle obtenus par des techniques de neuroimagerie récentes. Pour ce travail de thèse nous avons tiré profit d’un logiciel automatique actuel d’analyse surfacique d’images cérébrales afin d’extraire les phénotypes structuraux du cortex cérébral humain, c’est-à-dire l’épaisseur corticale, l’aire de la surface, la profondeur sulcale, la courbure et le contenu en myéline intracorticale. L’objectif principal de ce travail a été de caractériser des variables structurales multimodales sur une large base de données de plus de 450 adultes sains âgés de 18 à 57 ans (base de données BIL&GIN) dans le but de décrire la variabilité interindividuelle de l’organisation structurale du cerveau et notamment la recherche de marqueurs de la maturation cérébrale et de la latéralisation. Nous avons tout d’abord pris l’exemple du gyrus de Heschl, support anatomique du cortex auditif primaire, qui possède une grande variabilité en lien avec l’existence de différents profils de duplication du gyrus couplée à de fortes différences interhémisphériques. Nous avons montré qu’une duplication partielle ou complète du gyrus de Heschl était associée à des modifications locorégionales d’épaisseur corticale, d’aire de la surface et de myéline localisée postérieurement à ce gyrus et dans le planum temporale, ces deux régions étant impliquées dans le traitement du langage. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons recherché les modifications structurales du cortex associées à la maturation tardive (entre 18 et 30 ans) et à l’atrophie corticale liée au vieillissement. Nous avons montré que l’établissement d’un index de maturation basé sur l’intégration de l’épaisseur corticale et de la myéline intracorticale améliorait la discrimination entre les 2 profils de modifications de la substance grise pendant ces deux périodes de la vie. Finalement, nous avons caractérisé les asymétries corticales en utilisant un recalage surfacique des hémisphères qui s’affranchit des différences de morphologie sulcale et de position entre les deux hémisphères. Nous avons mis en évidence des régions pour lesquelles les asymétries d’épaisseur et de surface étaient concordantes (asymétrie gauche ou droite pour les deux variables anatomiques) et des régions pour lesquelles les asymétries étaient opposées (gauche pour l’une des variables et droite pour l’autre). Environ 20% des régions qui montraient une asymétrie d’épaisseur et d’aire présentaient des corrélations négatives entre ces variables. Il est frappant de constater que les deux régions ayant les asymétries les plus fortes, le planum temporale et le sillon temporal supérieur, ont des corrélations positives entre leurs asymétries d’épaisseur et d’aire. Le planum temporale possède une asymétrie gauche à la fois pour l’épaisseur et l’aire alors que le sillon temporal supérieur a une asymétrie droite pour les deux variables. Cette étude démontre qu’il existe des corrélations entre les asymétries d’épaisseur et d’aire qui sont caractéristiques de l’organisation du cortex. Ces régions sont des sites clé pour lesquels il reste maintenant à étudier la pertinence en tant que marqueurs de la latéralisation cérébrale et leurs corrélats fonctionnels
Studying the complexity of the human brain anatomy requires the characterization of multimodal and multiscale features obtained by recent in vivo neuroimaging techniques. In the present thesis, we benefited from up to date automated surface-based brain image analysis software to extract structural phenotypes of the human cerebral cortex, namely the cortical thickness, the surface area, the sulcal depth, the curvature and the intracortical myelin content. The principal aim of this work was to characterize multimodal structural variables on a large database of 450 healthy adults aged from 18 to 57 years (the BIL&GIN database) in order to describe the inter-individual variability of brain structural organization and notably the research of candidate markers for brain maturation and lateralization. We first took the example of the Heschl’s gyrus hosting the primary auditory cortex and having high variability due to the presence of different pattern of gyrus duplication coupled with strong interhemispheric differences. We showed that the partial or complete duplication of the Heschl’s gyrus was associated to loco-regional modifications in terms of cortical thickness, surface area and myelin located posteriorly to this gyrus and in the planum temporale, this two regions being implied in language processing. In a second study, we investigated the cortical structural modifications associated to late maturation (between 18 and 30 years) and cortical atrophy linked to aging. We revealed that the computation of a maturation index based on an integration of cortical thickness and intracortical myelin improved the discrimination of two different patterns of grey matter changes during these different stages of life. Finally, we characterized cortical asymmetries using a specific hemisphere surface matching which removed differences in sulcal morphology and position between both hemispheres. We highlighted regions where thickness and surface area asymmetries were concordant (leftward or rightward asymmetry for both anatomical variables) and regions of opposite asymmetries (leftward for one and rightward for the other). About 20% of regions that showed cortical thickness and surface area asymmetries presented negative correlation between these variables. It is striking that the two regions with the strongest anatomical asymmetries; the planum temporale and the superior temporal sulcus had rather positive asymmetry correlations. The planum temporale presented a leftward asymmetry of both cortical thickness and area while the superior temporal sulcus showed a right asymmetry of the two variables. This study demonstrated that there were correlations between thickness and surface area asymmetries, characteristics of the cortex organization. These areas are key sites for which it now remains to study the anatomical relevance as markers of brain lateralization and its functional correlates