Academic literature on the topic 'Hetero-homogeneous mechanism'

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Journal articles on the topic "Hetero-homogeneous mechanism"

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Sui, Ran, Wenkai Liang, John Mantzaras, and Chung K. Law. "Coupled reaction mechanism reduction for the hetero-/homogeneous combustion of syngas over platinum." Combustion and Flame 214 (April 2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.12.020.

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GARG, AKHIL R., KLAUS OBERMAYER, and BASABI BHAUMIK. "DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDFORWARD RECEPTIVE FIELD STRUCTURE OF A SIMPLE CELL AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORIENTATION SELECTIVITY: A MODELING STUDY." International Journal of Neural Systems 15, no. 01n02 (2005): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065705000104.

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Recent experimental studies of hetero-synaptic interactions in various systems have shown the role of signaling in the plasticity, challenging the conventional understanding of Hebb's rule. It has also been found that activity plays a major role in plasticity, with neurotrophins acting as molecular signals translating activity into structural changes. Furthermore, role of synaptic efficacy in biasing the outcome of competition has also been revealed recently. Motivated by these experimental findings we present a model for the development of simple cell receptive field structure based on the competitive hetero-synaptic interactions for neurotrophins combined with cooperative hetero-synaptic interactions in the spatial domain. We find that with proper balance in competition and cooperation, the inputs from two populations (ON/OFF) of LGN cells segregate starting from the homogeneous state. We obtain segregated ON and OFF regions in simple cell receptive field. Our modeling study supports the experimental findings, suggesting the role of synaptic efficacy and the role of spatial signaling. We find that using this model we obtain simple cell RF, even for positively correlated activity of ON/OFF cells. We also compare different mechanism of finding the response of cortical cell and study their possible role in the sharpening of orientation selectivity. We find that degree of selectivity improvement in individual cells varies from case to case depending upon the structure of RF field and type of sharpening mechanism.
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Wu, Xiaolei, and Yuntian Zhu. "Gradient and lamellar heterostructures for superior mechanical properties." MRS Bulletin 46, no. 3 (2021): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43577-021-00056-w.

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AbstractHeterostructured (HS) materials are a novel class of materials with mechanical properties that are superior over their conventional homogeneous counterparts. They are composed of HS zones with a dramatic difference in mechanical behaviors, which produces a synergistic effect on mechanical properties that are above the prediction by the rule-of-mixtures. Among all heterostructures, the two most studied are grain-size gradient structure and heterolamellar structure. These two heterostructures produce typical heterogeneous deformation during tensile deformation, producing long-range back stress in the soft zones and forward stress in the hard zones, which collectively produces hetero deformation-induced (HDI) stress to enhance the yield strength before yielding, and HDI hardening after yielding to retain ductility. In this article, we will focus on these two types of heterostructures. The issues, concerns, and progress are reviewed with the emphasis on the synergistic effect of mechanical properties, the fundamentals of several special plastic behaviors (e.g., strain gradient, HDI hardening and strain hardening), the plastic deformation mechanism, and the relationship between the microstructure and properties.
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Chen, Junjie, and Baofang Liu. "CFD Modeling and Operation Strategies for Hetero-/Homogeneous Combustion of Methane-Air Mixtures in Catalytic Microreactors Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics." Chemical Product and Process Modeling 11, no. 4 (2016): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cppm-2015-0053.

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Abstract The hetero-/homogeneous combustion of methane-air mixtures in platinum-coated microreactors was investigated by means of two-dimensional CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations with detailed chemical reaction schemes, detailed species transport, and heat transfer mechanisms in the solid wall. Detailed homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical kinetic mechanisms are employed to describe the chemistry. The effects of the reactor size, inlet velocity and feed composition were elucidated. Operation strategies for controlling the heterogeneous and homogeneous chemistry in heterogeneous-homogeneous microreactors were developed. Simulations using these mechanisms suggested that homogeneous chemistry can be sustained for gaps well below the quenching distance because of enhanced catalyst-induced heating. This finding has very important ramifications for catalyst safety and lifetime, as well as can be used to produce chemicals, e. g. in oxidative coupling and oxidative dehydrogenation reactions. The proportion of heterogeneous and homogeneous contributions depends strongly upon the reactor operating conditions. Reactor size plays a vital role in the homogeneous chemistry contribution. Smaller reactors result in reduced homogeneous chemistry contribution. Pure heterogeneous chemistry can occur under certain proper conditions, such as heat loss/heat exchange rates, feed compositions, and flow rates. The competition or synergism between homogeneous and heterogeneous chemistry was delineated.
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Jambrina, Pablo G., Olga Bohuszewicz, Nicolae-Viorel Buchete, Walter Kolch, and Edina Rosta. "Molecular mechanisms of asymmetric RAF dimer activation." Biochemical Society Transactions 42, no. 4 (2014): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20140025.

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Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in cell regulatory mechanisms. Dimerization plays also a crucial role in the kinase activity of many kinases, including RAF, CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), with heterodimers often being the most active forms. However, the structural and mechanistic details of how phosphorylation affects the activity of homo- and hetero-dimers are largely unknown. Experimentally, synthesizing protein samples with fully specified and homogeneous phosphorylation states remains a challenge for structural biology and biochemical studies. Typically, multiple changes in phosphorylation lead to activation of the same protein, which makes structural determination methods particularly difficult. It is also not well understood how the occurrence of phosphorylation and dimerization processes synergize to affect kinase activities. In the present article, we review available structural data and discuss how MD simulations can be used to model conformational transitions of RAF kinase dimers, in both their phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms.
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Ivanov, V. A., A. I. Kibets, and Yu I. Kibets. "A FINITE-ELEMENT METHODOLOGY OF ANALYZING A 3D PROBLEM OF DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES STIFFENED BY A SYSTEM OF REINFORCING RODS." Problems of strenght and plasticity 81, no. 2 (2019): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32326/1814-9146-2019-81-2-191-201.

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Nonstationary deformation of spatial structures made of piecewise-homogeneous isotropic materials (matrices), stiffened by a discrete system of curvilinear rods sustaining effects of tension-compression, is considered. It is assumed that the number of reinforcing rods is not large and their arrangement in the main material can be irregular. In analyzing such structures, the averaging methods used in mechanics of composite materials may become inapplicable. The defining equation set is formulated in Lagrange variables. Equations of motion are derived from the virtual work power balance. Kinematic relations are defined in the metrics of a current state. Relations of Beton's yield theory are used as equations of state for metals and alloys, and masonry is considered as a hetero-modular medium, the equations of state of which depend on the type of stressed-strained state and damage degree. The problem is analyzed using a momentary scheme of the finite element method and a cross-type explicit finite-difference time integration scheme. The analyzed region is discretized using 8-node finite elements with a poly-linear approximation of displacement velocities. The curvilinear, in a general case, reinforcing rods are discretized into straight sections, the spatial location of which is defined by the coordinates of the points of their intersection with the sides of the finite elements of the mesh of the main material. Slipping between the reinforcement and the binding material is not considered. Stresses in the rod are substituted for by statically equivalent forces of the nodes of the finite element of the matrix, which are projected onto a common coordinate system and summed with node forces from stresses in the main material and external loading. To verify the developed finite-element methodology, a number of benchmark problems have been analyzed.
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Zhang, Zhezi, Mingming Zhu, Jianbo Li, et al. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Combustion Characteristics of a Lignite." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 141, no. 7 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4042823.

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In this study, the ignition and combustion behavior of raw and heat-treated single particles of lignite were experimentally investigated, with a focus on the effect of heat treatment temperatures. The lignite particles were heat treated to various final temperatures (473, 623 and 773 K) in nitrogen and characterized using proximate, ultimate, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. A single lignite particle of 2 or 3 mm in diameter was suspended on a silicon carbide fiber and burned in air in a horizontal tube furnace operating at 1123 K. The ignition and combustion process of the particle was record using a color CCD camera at 25 fps. The ignition mechanism, ignition delay time, volatile flame duration, and burnout time of the single particles were examined by processing the recorded images. The proximate and ultimate analysis results indicated that the volatile matter and oxygen contents decreased, while the carbon content increased with increasing temperature of heat treatment. This trend was consistent with observations in the FTIR analysis, in which the intensity of oxygen-containing functional groups decreased with increasing the heat treatment temperature. The ignition of raw and heat treated lignite particles followed a joint hetero-homogeneous mechanism under all conditions studied. The ignition delay time, volatile flame extinction time, and the total combustion time decreased with increasing heat treatment temperature up to 623 K. A further increase in the heat treatment temperature to 773 K resulted in prolonged key ignition and combustion characteristic times.
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Shreiber, David I., Harini G. Sundararaghavan, Minjung Song, Vikram Munikoti, and Kathryn E. Uhrich. "Modifying the Properties of Collagen Scaffolds with Microfluidics." MRS Proceedings 897 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-0897-j06-04.

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AbstractIt is now well accepted that the mechanical properties and cell adhesion profile of 2D and 3D extracellular matrix molecules combine to dictate cellular fate processes, such as differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, through a process generally known as 'mechanotransduction', or the conversion of mechanical signals into a cellular response. The stiffness and adhesion density combine to affect the force balance that exists between an adherent cell and the surrounding substrate. We have established BioMEMS, microfluidic technology to alter the mechanical properties and cell adhesion profile of collagen scaffolds. Using soft lithography, we fabricate elastomeric networks that serve as conduits for the controlled mixing of type I collagen solutions. Our technology enables us to generate reproducible, controlled homogeneous and inhomogeneous microenvironments for 3D cell culture, assays of cell behavior in 3D, and the development of bioartificial tissue equivalents for regenerative and reparative therapies. The adhesivity of collagen is modulated by covalently grafting peptides (such as RGD) or proteins (such as albumin) to soluble collagen molecules with 1- ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), a hetero-bifunctional coupling agent. EDC activates the carboxylic group of collagen and forms an amine bond with the grafting molecule. The grafted collagen self-assembles into a fibrillar gel at physiological temperature and pH with no measurable changes in rheological properties compared to controls. A solution of peptide-grafted collagen is then mixed in microfluidic networks with unaltered collagen to form controlled gradients or other patterns of the two solutions, which immobilize upon self-assembly. Separately or in the same network, the mechanical properties of the collagen gel can be altered regionally by the microfluidic delivery a solution of a cell-tolerated crosslinking agent. We use genipin, which has the unique property of generating crosslinks that autofluoresce. The intensity of the fluorescence correlates with the degree of crosslinking (and thus the mechanical properties) enabling us to monitor and measure changes in mechanical properties dynamically and non-invasively. Lastly, though it requires constant delivery or recirculation, the same networks can be used to impose gradients of soluble factors, such as growth factors and cytokines. Thus, we have developed a platform to examine the response of cells to simultaneous chemotactic, haptotactic, and durotactic gradients in a 3D environment. We are employing this technology to examine the response of neural cells to gradients of biomaterial properties to optimize cues for spinal cord regeneration.
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Ha, Nguyen Van, Doan Thanh Dat, and Trieu Thi Nguyet. "Stereoelectronic Properties of 1,2,4-Triazole-Derived N-heterocyclic Carbenes - A Theoretical Study." VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology 35, no. 4 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4935.

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A theoretical study on stereo and electronic properties of a series of six 1,2,4-triazole-derived carbenes bearing different N4-substituents, namely isopropyl (1), benzyl (2), phenyl (3), mesityl (4), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (5) and 1-naphthyl (6), has been carried out. Structures of the six carbenes were first optimized using Gaussian® 16 at B3LYP level. Their molecular geometries and electronic structures of the frontier orbitals were examined. The results suggest the similarity in nature of their HOMOs, which all posses s symmetry with respect to the heterocycle and essentially be the lone electron pair on the Ccarbene. Steric properties of the NHCs was also quantified using percent volume burried (%Vbur) approach. The NHC 1 with isopropyl N4-substituent was the least bulky one with %Vbur of 27.7 and the most sterically demanding carbene is 6, which has large 2,6-diisopropylphenyl substituent (%Vbur = 38.4). Interestingly, the NHCs with phenyl and 1-naphthyl N4-substituents display flexible steric hindrance due to possible rotation of the phenyl or 1-naphthyl around the N-C single bond. Beside stereoelectronic properties of the NHC, topographic steric map of their complexes with metal were also investigated.
 Keywords: N-heterocyclic carbene, triazolin-5-ylidene, stereoelectronic properties, percent volume burried.
 References
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hetero-homogeneous mechanism"

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Hognon, Céline. "Production d'hydrogène par l'oxydation partielle catalytique du propane." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0160/document.

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L'hydrogène est envisagé comme vecteur énergétique pour le futur. En effet, son utilisation par oxydation dans les piles à combustible ne produit que de la vapeur d'eau et permet la production d'électricité et de chaleur. L'oxydation partielle des hydrocarbures, réaction exothermique, peut être une alternative ou un complément au vaporeformage (endothermique) pour la génération d'hydrogène. L'intérêt du propane, par rapport au méthane, est qu'il se liquéfie à une pression relativement faible. L'objectif de ce travail est l'étude cinétique de l'oxydation partielle catalytique du propane. C'est une réaction complexe : son mécanisme comporte des réactions catalytiques de surface couplées à des réactions en phase gazeuse par l'intermédiaire de radicaux. La réaction a été étudiée dans un réacteur auto-agité catalytique. Dans un premier temps une étude expérimentale a été réalisée sans catalyseur. Un mécanisme homogène a pu ainsi être validé. Ensuite, cette même réaction a été étudiée en présence de pastilles d'oxyde de cérium. Un mécanisme hétérogène a été écrit en utilisant le formalisme d'Eley-Rideal et celui de Langmuir-Hinshelwood. Les données cinétiques ont été estimées selon une méthode originale basée sur la théorie de Benson. En comparant les résultats expérimentaux et ceux issus de la simulation (effectués avec Chemkin®/Chemkin Surface®), un mécanisme hétéro-homogène a été validé sur un large domaine de conditions opératoires<br>Hydrogen is proposed as an energy vector for the future. Indeed, its energetic use by oxidation in fuel cells produces water vapor only. The partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, an exothermic reaction, can be an alternative or a complement to the steam cracking (endothermic) for hydrogen generation. Propane can be an interesting hydrocarbon for hydrogen production since it can be easily stored in liquid phase and distributed. The aim of this work is the kinetic study of the catalytic partial oxidation of propane. The reaction is complex: catalytic reactions are coupled to reactions in gas phase by the intermediary of radicals. The reaction was studied in a catalytic jet stirred reactor. At first, an experimental study was carried out without a catalyst. A homogeneous mechanism could be validated. Afterwards, this same reaction has been studied in presence of cerium oxide pellets. A heterogeneous mechanism was written using the formalism of Eley-Rideal and that of Langmuir-Hinshelwood. The kinetics parameters are estimated by methods derivated from Benson's techniques. Comparing experimental results and those from the simulation (carried out by Chemkin®/Chemkin Surface®), a hetero-homogeneous mechanism was validated in our experimental conditions
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