Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hétérogénéité endogène et exogène'
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Pottier, Julien. "Structures spatiales et traits biologiques du voisinage de la plante au paysage : le cas des digues restaurées des canaux de dérivation du Rhône." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482451.
Full textPottier, Julien. "Structures spatiales et traits biologiques du voisinage de la plante au paysage : le cas des digues restaurées des canaux de dérivation du Rhône." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10061.
Full textThe spatial patterning of organisms and the resultant consequences are central questions within the science ofboth pure and applied ecology. Spatial heterogeneity is indeed of primary interest within the field of ecological restoration for both the conception and evaluation of projects. The work that has been developed during this PhD project encompasses a study of spatial patterning set against a background of ecological restoration. The study was carried out with a model study system, within an anthropogenic system: the banks of channels deriving the river Rhône. The links between plant spatial patterns and their biological traits have been analysed in this model system with an underlying aim of understanding their role in both community structuring and functioning within a hierarchical system. This approach is based upon the analysis of spatial patterns &om the plant neighbourhood through to the landscape scale. Ln doing so, this needed to combine concepts and methodological techniques derived &om remote sensing, spatial statistics and functional ecology. The results provided an explanation of the development of spatial pattern of vegetation, at various scales, in interpreting the role ofbiological traits related to endogenous processes and/or plant responses to exogenous factors. A synthesis of the results from this study led to the development of a conceptual model that integrates the role of spatial vegetation pattern, plant traits and their interrelationships in the functioning of plant communities. The results from this work also offer practical management perspectives for the evaluation of restoration projects
Sevellec, Florian. "Variabilité basse fréquence endogène et exogène de la circulation thermohaline." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2009.
Full textOne of the consequences of the global warming is the modification of the freshwater flux get by the ocean. The thermohaline circulation is able to produce some low frequency variability. We are going to study the impact of the freshwater flux on the thermohaline circulation and mainly on the decadal to millennial variability. In the ocean two paradigms coexist for the explanation of the observed variability: it can be endogenous or exogenous. During the study of endogenous variability in a 2D latitude-depth model, the growth mechanism and the oscillation one of a centennial mode are characterized. This mode, corresponding to a salinity anomaly advected around the circulation, is feed by the positive salinity feedback on the advection. A millennial oscillation cycle which appears through an infinite-period bifurcation is characterized. Thus, we point out that the centennial oscillation is a precursor of millennial oscillation. During the study of the exogenous variability, the optimal perturbations of the sea surface salinity influencing the ocean circulation are performed in three models of the thermohaline circulation: a latitude-depth model, a planetary-geostrophic model and a primitive equation in global realistic configuration. Moreover, by this study et the optimal perturbations, we have fixed modification bound of the ocean circulation at 0. 75 Sv and at 0. 03 PW
Dieng, Cheikh. "Coopération endogène et administration exogène : analyse de la démarche sénégalaise." Paris, EHESS, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986EHES0102.
Full textFocusing endogeneous, self reliant, integrated development, this investigation verifies the possibility of an integrated development in senegal; the capacity for basic communities to integrate into an agricultural policy such as defined at the national level and within proposed (or imposed) structures
Jourdan, Eric. "Mécanismes de protection cellulaire endogène et exogène suite à l'irradiation ultraviolette." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE18005.
Full textWe studied two important photoprotection mechanisms, endogenous zinc dependant photoprotection and exogenous photoprotection ensured by sunscreens. Firstly our work demonstrates the protective role of zinc treatment against oxidative stress in HeLa cells. We showed that metallothioneins were strongly expressed in zinc treated cells. Then a great protection against DNA oxidative damages and cell death was observed. The induction of metallothioneins, i. E. Small cystein rich proteins, seems to represent the main way for zinc to afford protection against oxidative cellular damages. Secondly we demonstrated the protective role of zinc on keratinocytes exposed to solar light. The genoprotection afforded by zinc treatment was inductible and correlated to the time of zinc treatment. The nuclear redistribution of MTs indicates the important role of these proteins in the protection of the genome after a solar irradiation. We showed that only Zn-metallothioneins could afford genoprotection. After irradiation, the intracellular amount of MTs decreased, probably due to the protein oxidation by irradiation induced ROS. As a consequence MTs released zinc atoms which could stimulate the activity of nuclear zinc proteins such as XPA. Moreover the intracellular MTs degradation could modulate the nuclear redox potential and consequently the Ref-1 protein activity. Our results on XPA and Ref-1 show that zinc treatment modulates the expression of these two DNA repair enzymes. These results underline the interrelation between zinc, MTs, and DNA repair systems in maintaining genomic integrity. Our study concerning exogenous photoprotection induced by sunscreens demonstrates the importance of new biomarkers to assess the real photoprotective profile of a sunscreen in addition to SPF determination. These important biomarkers (CPF, GPF, APF, EPF), evaluated in vitro, could be considered as important parameters to evaluate the long term photoprotective capacity of sunscreens as they take in account both UVB and UVA deleterious effects
Missotte, Philippe. "Endogène et exogène en développement mélanésien de Nouvelle-Calédonie : une décennie 1970-1980." Paris, EHESS, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985EHES0120.
Full textCiolek, Eric. "Effets de la triiodothyronine endogène et exogène, et du clofibrate sur les peroxysomes hépatiques des amphibiens anoures." Nancy 1, 1991. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1991_0050_CIOLEK.pdf.
Full textAguilera, Rodrigo. "Différenciation entre testostérone endogène et testostérone exogène par analyse isotopique du carbone : application au contrôle antidopage." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10021.
Full textVeillet, Sébastien. "Enrichissement nutritionnel de l'huile d'olive : entre tradition et innovation." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00518042.
Full textLemarchand, Eloïse. "Rôles différentiels des activateurs tissulaires du plasminogène endogène et exogène sur les processus de mort neuronale ischémique." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN3148.
Full textThe effects of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in the brain parenchyma are pleiotropic. In an ischaemic context, the balance between beneficial and deleterious effects of tPA modulates neuronal death. My thesis work consisted, (i) in the study of the influence of alcohol exposure on the thrombolysis benefit/risk ratio, (ii) to study the influence of endogenous tPA on ischemic neuronal death in the hippocampus. In the study concerning the impact of alcohol consumption on the thrombolysis benefit/risk ratio, we show a loss of beneficial effect of thrombolysis on ischaemic damage. We propose that this loss of efficiency depends on the brain-liver axis in terms of tPA clearance and bioavailability, that might lead to aggravate brain damages, possibly due to neurotoxic effects of tPA. In our opinion, challenges like alcohol consumption, even moderate, which can induce subtle liver dysfunction, may profoundly impact the outcome of thrombolysed-stroke patients. We also demonstrate that tPA may have neuroprotective effects, especially when produced and released by stressed neurons, suggesting differential properties of exogenous and endogenous tPA. Based on our present observations and current literature in the field, we can postulate that strategies contributing to promote either endogenous production of tPA or its signalling, including EGFR pathway, may have beneficial effects following brain injury such as stroke. To summarize, my thesis results confirm and bring new element defining tPA as a pleiotropic protein with differentials effects depending on its origin and cellular processes in which it is involved
Kaabia, Zied. "Recherche de critères permettant de statuer quant au caractère endogène ou exogène de résidus d'hormones stéroïdiennes chez les équins et les bovins." Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ONIR034F.
Full textLaine, Jacqueline. "Variabilité dans la perception et l'orientation de l'attention spatiale : application à la compréhension de la négligence spatiale unilatérale." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713512.
Full textLaine, Jacqueline. "Variabilité dans la perception et l'orientation de l'attention spatiale : application à la compréhension de la négligence spatiale unilatérale." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENS017.
Full textThis research, made up of? experiences, aimed to observe and implicitly manipulate attentional mechanisms of healthy subjects and right brain damaged patients, with or without left neglect. Ali results involved a new neglect interpretation: neglect might be a consequence of perceptive chaos, without invariant, and would generate an exogenous orientation disorder, above allieft hemispace, associated with bilateral endogenous orientation deficit, and with frontal disorder. This assumption is corroborated by the observation, for the first time, of perceptive variability only for neglect patients
Barbier, Emmanuel. "Étude de la perfusion cérébrale par résonance magnétique nucléaire : développement de nouvelles méthodes de mesure et de nouveaux modèles d'analyse pour un traceur exogène et un traceur endogène." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T009.
Full textMallah, Talal. "Complexes dinucléaires du cuivre (II) à ligands pontants exogènes : synthèse, structure et propriétés." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112079.
Full textVeillet, Sébastien. "Enrichissement nutritionnel de l’huile d’olive : entre tradition et innovation." Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG0237/document.
Full textOlive oil is an ancestral product widely known for its benefic effects on human health. Its processing has changed a lot through centuries, especially these past few years with the increasing automation of the production lines. The first part of this manuscript describes these evolutions while the second part gives details on the influence of each processing step on the nutritional composition of the olive oil. We have studied the influence of the crushing systems, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid separations. The optimization of each of these steps allows the endogenous enrichment of the oil with nutrients extracted from the olive fruit. Then, we have also developed exogenous olive oil enrichment methods by bioactive compounds issued from plants and vegetables. In order to restrain the number of extraction steps and avoid the use of petroleum solvents, the olive oil is used as the extraction solvent so the enrichment is directly performed in the oil. To accelerate extraction kinetics that could be very long we developed ultrasound accelerated extraction techniques. The results obtained in this work are very promising and extensions of olive oil available product ranges are possible
Koutchade, Obafèmi-Philippe. "Hétérogénéité inobservée et solutions en coin dans les modèles micro-économétriques de choix de production multiculture." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARE048/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we are interested in questions of unobserved heterogeneity and corner solutions in acreage choice models. To answer these questions, we rely on a NMNL acreage share multi-crop models, of which we propose extensions. These extensions lead to specific estimation problems, to which we provide solutions.The question of unobserved heterogeneity is dealt with by considering a random parameter specification. This allows us to take into account the effects of the unobserved heterogeneity on all the parameters of the model. We show that the stochastic versions of the EM algorithm are particularly suitable for estimating this type of modelOur estimation and simulation results show that farmers react heterogeneously to economic incentives and that ignoring this heterogeneity can lead to biased simulated effects of public policies.In order to take account of the corner solutions in acreage choices, we propose modelling based on endogenous regime switching models with regime fixed costs. Unlike approaches based on censored regression systems, our model is “fully” consistent from a micro-economic viewpoint. Our results show that the regime fixed costs play an important role in farmers’ choice to produce or not some crops and they are, in the short term, an important determinant of acreage choices
Zomo, Yebe Gabriel. "Contre-choc pétrolier et ajustement structurel dans un pays en voie de développement membre de l'OPEP : le Gabon." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF10101.
Full textShili, Ilhem. "Etude des mécanismes impliqués dans les effets protecteurs du PACAP exogène et endogène sur le cerveau d'animaux exposés à l'alcool dans le modèle de syndrome d'alcoolisme foetal(SAF) Long-term protective effect of PACAP in a fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) model Protective effects of endogenous and exogenous PACAP in mice exposed to ethanol during embryonic life." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR061.
Full textMaternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects leading to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is characterized among others by irreversible craniofacial abnormalities and atrophy of the developing brain, and leads to persistent functional deficits at adulthood. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties in several cellular and animal models. As PACAP and its receptors are already present in the developing brain it suggests that this peptide could be protective in a model of prenatal ethanol exposure. Thus, the first part of this work consisted in evaluating the protective effect of endogenous and exogenous PACAP in a FAS model. Animal monitoring indicated that PACAP injections significantly reduced mortality and abortion rate in alcoholic pregnant mice. Morphological evaluation showed that embryos exposed in utero to daily ethanol injections had reduced body and brain size, and that this effect was partially blocked by intrauterine injections of PACAP. In the cerebral cortex, ethanol decreased the number of neurons, of activated glial cells and of disorganized blood vessels. This implies a very strong decrease in the expression of trophic factors, an increase in the level of oxygen species level and an activation of key apoptotic factors. Co-treatment of animals exposed to alcohol with PACAP partially reduced the atrophy of E18 embryos. While PACAP only reduced the thinning of the brain cortical layers, it blocked glial reactivity and protected micro-vessels disorganization induced by ethanol. This may come from the ability of PACAP to promote the expression of neurotrophic factors such as GDNF, FGF or VEGFa, to stop the oxidation of cellular constituents and to block the apoptotic cascade. We have also observed that ethanol very strongly repressed the expression of the PACAPergic system during embryonic development. Our hypothesis is that ethanol acts through activation of transcription factors such as Sp1. This strong decrease in the expression of PACAP, VIP and their 3 receptors could also explain part of the toxic effects of ethanol since brains from PACAP KO animals are less resistant than those from wild type animals. In addition, the injection of PACAP to alcoholic animals restored the expression of all the transcripts of the PACAPergic system excepted the one of VPAC1. These results probably explain the powerful antioxidant and antiapoptotic action of PACAP and its lack of effect on the inflammatory response. The second part of my work investigated the beneficial effects at adulthood of these PACAP treatments in our FAS model. Results show that brain cells from P30 animals exposed to ethanol and treated with PACAP during the embryonic period exhibit resistance to further stress compared to cells from animals only exposed to alcohol. This is accompanied by an inhibition of the high levels of oxidative stress found in the brains of animals exposed in utero to ethanol. At adulthood, these mice having suffered from prenatal ethanol exposure appear anxious and exhibit locomotor disorders which are significantly reduced in PACAP co-treated animals. Altogether, these data show that PACAP could be a biomarker for the detection of children with FAS and/or a powerful therapeutic agent to limit victims of prenatal ethanol exposure further developmental brain alterations, as well as of the secondary lesions observed in case of a new stress of the neurons at adulthood