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Journal articles on the topic 'Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

As’ari, Aziemah Athirah, Nur Ilyana Anwar Apandi, Nor Aishah Muhammad, Rozeha A. Rashid, Mohd Adib Sarijari, and Jamaliah Salleh. "Energy efficiency scheme for relay node placement in heterogeneous networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 1 (2023): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i1.4050.

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Relay node (RN) placement expands the network coverage and capacity and significantly reduces the energy consumption of heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Energy efficiency is the system design parameter in HetNets as it determines network operators' energy consumption and economic value. Relay is one of the energy-saving methods, where it can reduce the transmit power by breaking a long transmission distance into several short transmissions. However, placing an RN without a proper transmission distance may lead to a waste of energy. Thus, investigating an optimum RN placement in HetNets is cru

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Soumana Hamadou, Abdel Nasser, Ciira wa Maina, and Moussa Moindze Soidridine. "Cross-Tier Interference Mitigation for RIS-Assisted Heterogeneous Networks." Technologies 11, no. 3 (2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies11030073.

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With the development of the next generation of mobile networks, new research challenges have emerged, and new technologies have been proposed to address them. On the other hand, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology is being investigated for partially controlling wireless channels. RIS is a promising technology for improving signal quality by controlling the scattering of electromagnetic waves in a nearly passive manner. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are another promising technology that is designed to meet the capacity requirements of the network. RIS technology can be used t

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Mmasi Patience Robai. "Extensive Review of Security and Privacy Issues in Heterogeneous Networks." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 1 (2024): 2955–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.1.2308.

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This paper studies advanced network security, privacy, and performance issues for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets), which combine multiple types of cells to enhance wireless communication coverage and capacity. The coexistence of heterogeneous network elements inherently leads to considerable issues in terms of security, privacy, and performance. Previous research has primarily addressed security issues using common cryptographic techniques including data encryption with AES, secure key exchange with RSA, and handoff security with mutual authentication. Data anonymization methods and regulator

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Mmasi, Patience Robai. "Extensive Review of Security and Privacy Issues in Heterogeneous Networks." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 1 (2024): 2955–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14830558.

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This paper studies advanced network security, privacy, and performance issues for Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets), which combine multiple types of cells to enhance wireless communication coverage and capacity. The coexistence of heterogeneous network elements inherently leads to considerable issues in terms of security, privacy, and performance. Previous research has primarily addressed security issues using common cryptographic techniques including data encryption with AES, secure key exchange with RSA, and handoff security with mutual authentication. Data anonymization methods and regulator

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5

Xiang, Lanhua, Hongbin Chen, and Feng Zhao. "Area Spectral Efficiency and Energy Efficiency Tradeoff in Ultradense Heterogeneous Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4390197.

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In order to meet the demand of explosive data traffic, ultradense base station (BS) deployment in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) as a key technique in 5G has been proposed. However, with the increment of BSs, the total energy consumption will also increase. So, the energy efficiency (EE) has become a focal point in ultradense HetNets. In this paper, we take the area spectral efficiency (ASE) into consideration and focus on the tradeoff between the ASE and EE in an ultradense HetNet. The distributions of BSs in the two-tier ultradense HetNet are modeled by two independent Poisson point proces

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Farhan, Naureen, Safdar Rizvi, Amna Shabbir, and Imran Memon. "Clustering Approaches for Efficient Radio Resource Management in Heterogeneous Networks." VFAST Transactions on Software Engineering 9, no. 3 (2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21015/vtse.v9i3.641.

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5G telecommunication industry promises to manage and accomplish the massive data traffic and growing network requirement complexities in heterogeneous networks (HetNets). HetNets are K-tier networks and are expected to be seamlessly connected networks with robust services for users anywhere at any time. In near future, the significance of 5G/B5G cellular networks; in both indoor and outdoor environments will be greater than before and it would add up to an exhaustive level. However, as a result of the increased density of networks, a rise in interference within these ultra-dense networks (UDN)

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Wang, Heng, Jiamo Jiang, Jian Li, Manzoor Ahmed, and Mugen Peng. "High Energy Efficient Heterogeneous Networks: Cooperative and Cognitive Techniques." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/231794.

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Heterogeneous network (HetNet) is considered as the main and eminent future communication technology, since it achieves high spectral efficiency per unit area and saves energy due to low transmission power. Mass deployment of small cells in cochannel mode increases overall system capacity, but it is also coupled with greater risk of cochannel interference. This paper overviews the interference model based on the Poisson point process (PPP) and analyzes the performance in terms of energy efficiency in multitier HetNet. As the promising solution for improving the performance of HetNet, both the

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Lu, Zhaoming, Tao Lei, Xiangming Wen, Luhan Wang, and Xin Chen. "SDN Based User-Centric Framework for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9874969.

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Due to the rapid growth of mobile data traffic, more and more basestations and access points (APs) have been densely deployed to provide users with ubiquitous network access, which make current wireless network a complex heterogeneous network (HetNet). However, traditional wireless networks are designed with network-centric approaches where different networks have different quality of service (QoS) strategies and cannot easily cooperate with each other to serve network users. Massive network infrastructures could not assure users perceived network and service quality, which is an indisputable

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Iqbal, Muhammad Usman, Ejaz Ahmad Ansari, Saleem Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem Rafiq, Muhammad Farooq-i-Azam, and Beenish Hassan. "Hybrid Learning based Radio Resource Management in 5G Heterogeneous Networks." Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology 6, no. 1 (2023): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/vol6iss1pp92-97.

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Ultradensification using different types of small cells (SCs) is one of the key enabling solutions to meet the multiple stringent requirements of 5G cellular networks. However, radio resource management (RRM) in ultra-dense heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is not easy due to interferences in multi-tiered architecture and dynamic network conditions. Interferences in 5G HetNets can be efficiently managed only through the techniques which are adaptive and self-organizing to handle dynamic conditions in 5G HetNets. In this article, a machine learning (ML) based self-adaptive resource allocation sc

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10

Sahin, Onur, Jialing Li, Enoch Lu, Yingxue Li, and Philip J. Pietraski. "Interference Mitigation through Successive Cancellation in Heterogeneous Networks." ISRN Communications and Networking 2013 (March 11, 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/146024.

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We present a practical interference management scheme for heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The underlying ideas are based on (i) Han-Kobayashi-type message splitting (MS) where the receivers decode and cancel “part” of the interference which is accordingly optimized by the transmitters to ensure decoding and (ii) opportunistic interference cancellation (OIC) where the interfering transmitters act independently of the receivers that employ interference cancellation. We develop a novel transmission and reception scheme, called joint MS and OIC (MS-OIC), that engages both MS and OIC to account f

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11

Samal, Soumya Ranjan, Shuvabrata Bandopadhaya, Saroj Kumar Dora, and Vladimir Poulkov. "Coverage Analysis of Heterogeneous Wireless Network with n-Interacted Transmission Nodes." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 9, no. 4 (2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2017100106.

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In this paper, the coverage performance in Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) with n-interacted transmission nodes is being analyzed statistically. With HetNets a significant improvement in throughput is expected, but one major drawback in the successful commercial implementation of HetNets is their low coverage probability. The strategies proposed currently for coverage improvement are broadly classified as network cooperation (NC) and interference cancelation (IC). For implementation of all the classes of strategies, it is essential to have real time interaction between the transmission nodes t

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Bakht, Khush, Furqan Jameel, Zain Ali, et al. "Power Allocation and User Assignment Scheme for beyond 5G Heterogeneous Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (November 16, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2472783.

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The issue of spectrum scarcity in wireless networks is becoming prominent and critical with each passing year. Although several promising solutions have been proposed to provide a solution to spectrum scarcity, most of them have many associated tradeoffs. In this context, one of the emerging ideas relates to the utilization of cognitive radios (CR) for future heterogeneous networks (HetNets). This paper provides a marriage of two promising candidates (i.e., CR and HetNets) for beyond fifth generation (5G) wireless networks. More specifically, a joint power allocation and user assignment soluti

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Yasaka, Takumi, Kentaro Yoda, and Hiroyuki Otsuka. "Optimization of Pico-eNB Tx Power and the Effects of Picocell Range Expansion in Multiband HetNet." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 11, no. 2 (2022): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan11020027.

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The use of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) that combine macrocells and picocells in the same coverage is effective in increasing system capacity and improving user throughput. The use of high carrier frequency bands is also expected to help achieving higher data rates because it promises vast amounts of signal bandwidth. Therefore, multiband HetNets with picocells operating at high carrier frequency bands have attracted significant attention with the aim of increasing system capacity and achieving a high user throughput in fifth-generation mobile systems and beyond. In HetNet deployments, a p

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14

Feng, Weijia, and Xiaohui Li. "Game-Based Resource Allocation Mechanism in B5G HetNets with Incomplete Information." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051557.

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Ultra-dense and highly heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployments make the allocation of limited wireless resources among ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT) devices an unprecedented challenge in 5G and beyond (B5G) networks. The interactions among mobile users and HetNets remain to be analyzed, where mobile users choose optimal networks to access and the HetNets adopt proper methods for allocating their own network resource. Existing works always need complete information among mobile users and HetNets. However, it is not practical in a realistic situation where important individual informati

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15

Chen, Jiamei, Lin Ma, and Yubin Xu. "Support Vector Machine Based Mobility Prediction Scheme in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/373824.

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To improve the intelligence of the mobile-aware applications in the heterogeneous wireless networks (HetNets), it is essential to establish an advanced mechanism to anticipate the change of the user location in every subnet for HetNets. This paper proposes a multiclass support vector machine based mobility prediction (Multi-SVMMP) scheme to estimate the future location of mobile users according to the movement history information of each user in HetNets. In the location prediction process, the regular and random user movement patterns are treated differently, which can reflect the user movemen

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Rehman, Aziz Ur, Mardeni Bin Roslee, and Tiang Jun Jiat. "A Survey of Handover Management in Mobile HetNets: Current Challenges and Future Directions." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (2023): 3367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053367.

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With the rapid growth of data traffic and mobile devices, it is imperative to provide reliable and stable services during mobility. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) and dense networks have been identified as potential solutions to address the upcoming capacity crunch, but they also pose significant challenges related to handover optimization. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent handover decision algorithms in HetNets, categorizing them based on their decision techniques and summarizing their input parameters, techniques, and performance evaluations. Our study highlights the te

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Chen, Yonghong, Lei Xun, and Shibing Zhang. "The Energy Efficiency of Heterogeneous Cellular Networks Based on the Poisson Hole Process." Future Internet 15, no. 2 (2023): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15020056.

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In order to decrease energy consumption caused by the dense deployment of pico base stations (PBSs) in heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets), this paper first analyzes the energy efficiency (EE) of two-tier HetNets and then proposes a method to maximize the network EE by adjusting the PBS transmit power. The two-tier HetNets are modeled by the Poisson point process (PPP) and the Poisson hole process (PHP), and then the coverage probability of the macro base station (MBS) and the PBS in the two-tier HetNets is derived based on the mean interference to signal ratio (MISR). According to the u

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18

Alhashimi, Hayder Faeq, MHD Nour Hindia, Kaharudin Dimyati, et al. "A Survey on Resource Management for 6G Heterogeneous Networks: Current Research, Future Trends, and Challenges." Electronics 12, no. 3 (2023): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030647.

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The sixth generation (6G) mobile communication system is expected to meet the different service needs of modern communication scenarios. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) have received a lot of attention in recent years due to their potential as a novel structure for evolutionary networks. When compared to homogeneous networks, HetNets provide more potential for spatial spectrum reuse and higher quality of service (QoS). However, effective resource management (RM) solutions are essential to prevent interference and accomplish spectrum sharing due to mutual interference. This paper presents a co

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19

Xue, Wenqian, Hengzhi Zhang, Yong Li, Dong Liang, and Mugen Peng. "Cell Outage Detection and Compensation in Two-Tier Heterogeneous Networks." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/624858.

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Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) can increase network capacity through complementing the macro-base-station with low-power nodes, in response to the ongoing exponential growth in data traffic demand. While, unprecedented challenges exist in the planning, optimization, and maintenance in HetNets, especially activities such as cell outage detection and mitigation are labor-intensive and costly. One potential solution to address these issues is to introduce the extensively attracted self-organizing network (SON). This paper is mainly devoted to cell outage detection and compensation methods in tw

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Osama, Mayada, Salwa El Ramly, and Bassant Abdelhamid. "Interference Mitigation and Power Minimization in 5G Heterogeneous Networks." Electronics 10, no. 14 (2021): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141723.

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Macro cells’ (MCs) densification with small cells (SCs) is one of the promising solutions to cope with the increasing demand for higher data rates in 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Unfortunately, the interference that arises between these densely deployed SCs and their elevated power consumption have caused huge problems facing the 5G HetNets. In this paper, a new soft frequency reuse (SFR) scheme is proposed to minimize the interference and elevate the network throughput. The proposed scheme is based on on/off switching the SCs according to their interference contribution rate (ICR) val

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Ryu, June-Woo, Quoc-Viet Pham, Huynh N. T. Luan, Won-Joo Hwang, Jong-Deok Kim, and Jung-Tae Lee. "Multi-Access Edge Computing Empowered Heterogeneous Networks: A Novel Architecture and Potential Works." Symmetry 11, no. 7 (2019): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11070842.

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One of the most promising approaches to address the mismatch between computation- intensive applications and computation-limited end devices is multi-access edge computing (MEC). To overcome the rapid increase in traffic volume and offload the traffic from macrocells, a massive number of small cells have been deployed, so-called heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Strongly motivated by the close integration of MEC and HetNets, in this paper, we propose an envisioned architecture of MEC-empowered HetNets, where both wireless and wired backhaul solutions are supported, flying base stations (BSs) c

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Khaled, Haitham, and Emad Alkhazraji. "AI Optimization-Based Heterogeneous Approach for Green Next-Generation Communication Systems." Sensors 24, no. 15 (2024): 4956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24154956.

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Traditional heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are constrained by their hardware design and configuration. These HetNets have a limited ability to adapt to variations in network dynamics. Software-defined radio technology has the potential to address this adaptability issue. In this paper, we introduce a software-defined radio (SDR)-based long-term evolution licensed assisted access (LTE-LAA) architecture for next-generation communication networks. We show that with proper design and tuning of the proposed architecture, high-level adaptability in HetNets becomes feasible with a higher throughput

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Mwashita, Weston, and Marcel Ohanga Odhiambo. "Base Station Energy Efficiency Improvement for Next Generation Mobile Networks." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 63, no. 2 (2017): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2017-0025.

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Abstract As more and more Base Stations (BSs) are being deployed by mobile operators to meet the ever increasing data traffic, solutions have to be found to try and reduce BS energy consumption to make the BSs more energy efficient and to reduce the mobile networks’ operational expenditure (OPEX) and carbon dioxide emissions. In this paper, a BS sleeping technology deployable in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is proposed. The proposed scheme is validated by using extensive OMNeT++/SimuLTE simulations. From the simulations, it is shown that some lightly loaded micro BSs can be put to sleep in

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Fujisawa, Kento, Fumiya Kemmochi, and Hiroyuki Otsuka. "Personal Picocell Scheme Using Adaptive Control CRE in Heterogeneous Mobile Networks." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 9, no. 4 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan9040048.

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Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), which are combined with a macrocell and picocell in the same coverage, are expected to further increase the system capacity in fifth-generation mobile systems and beyond. In HetNets, the cell range expansion (CRE) technique plays an important role and can allow more user equipment (UE) to access the picocell, i.e., virtually expand the picocell coverage. However, conventional CRE techniques that provide a fixed cell selection offset (CSO) for all UE may worsen user throughput if UE is forced to connect to the picocell because the received signal-to-interferenc

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Hefnawi, Mostafa. "Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter-Wave Heterogeneous Networks." Electronics 8, no. 2 (2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020133.

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Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) employing massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) technologies have emerged as a promising solution to enhance the network capacity and coverage of next-generation 5G cellular networks. However, the use of traditional fully-digital MIMO beamforming methods, which require one radio frequency (RF) chain per antenna element, is not practical for large-scale antenna arrays, due to the high cost and high power consumption. To reduce the number of RF chains, hybrid analog and digital beamforming has been proposed as an alternative s

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Gadam, M. A., Maryam Abdulazeez Ahmed, Chee Kyun Ng, Nor Kamariah Nordin, Aduwati Sali, and Fazirulhisyam Hashim. "Review of Adaptive Cell Selection Techniques in LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7394136.

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Poor cell selection is the main challenge in Picocell (PeNB) deployment in Long Term Evolution- (LTE-) Advanced heterogeneous networks (HetNets) because it results in load imbalance and intercell interference. A selection technique based on cell range extension (CRE) has been proposed for LTE-Advanced HetNets to extend the coverage of PeNBs for load balancing. However, poor CRE bias setting in cell selection inhibits the attainment of desired cell splitting gains. By contrast, a cell selection technique based on adaptive bias is a more effective solution to traffic load balancing in terms of i

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Beyranvand, Hamzeh, Wansu Lim, Martin Maier, Christos Verikoukis, and Jawad A. Salehi. "Backhaul-Aware User Association in FiWi Enhanced LTE-A Heterogeneous Networks." IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications 14, no. 6 (2015): 2992–3003. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2015.2399308.

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In this paper, we shed some light on the latency and reliability issues of mobile backhaul networks, which have been largely ignored in the past, and examine their impact on LTE-A heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Specifically, we propose a backhaul-aware user association algorithm for fiber-wireless (FiWi) enhanced LTE-A HetNets. The performance limiting factors of state-of-the-art fiber backhaul infrastructures are highlighted and a variety of solutions are described. To mitigate the vulnerability of the backhaul against fiber cuts, we introduce different advanced protection techniques. Acco

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Nicholls, Rob. "Spectrum management issues for heterogeneous networks in commons spectrum." info 18, no. 4 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-02-2016-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse some of the spectrum management policy implications of an evolving set of wireless technologies. Specially, deployment of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) as part of the rollout of long-term evolution networks and their expected use as the heart of next-generation services raises the question as to whether such networks should lead to any spectrum management policy changes. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the use and variety of HetNets when using licensed and unlicensed or commons spectrum. Findings The paper demonstrates that the

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29

Zhao, Nan, Zehua Liu, Yiqiang Cheng, and Chao Tian. "Multi-Agent Actor Critic for Channel Allocation in Heterogeneous Networks." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 11, no. 1 (2020): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmcmc.2020010102.

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Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) can equalize traffic loads and cut down the cost of deploying cells. Thus, it is regarded to be the significant technique of the next-generation communication networks. Due to the non-convexity nature of the channel allocation problem in HetNets, it is difficult to design an optimal approach for allocating channels. To ensure the user quality of service as well as the long-term total network utility, this article proposes a new method through utilizing multi-agent reinforcement learning. Moreover, for the purpose of solving computational complexity problem caus

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Zhao, Wei, and Wen-Hsing Kuo. "Utility-Based Wireless Routing Algorithm for Massive MIMO Heterogeneous Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (2020): 7261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207261.

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With the development of 5G communication, massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is getting more and more attention. Massive MIMO uses a large amount of simultaneous transmitting and receiving antennas to reduce power consumption and raise the level of transmission quality. Meanwhile, the diversification of user equipment (UE) in the 5G environment also makes heterogeneous networks (HetNets) more prevalent. HetNets allow UE of different network standards to access small cells, while the base stations of small cells access a macro base station (BS) to form a multihop wireless

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Chen, Na, Songlin Sun, Michel Kadoch, and Bo Rong. "SDN Controlled mmWave Massive MIMO Hybrid Precoding for 5G Heterogeneous Mobile Systems." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9767065.

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In 5G mobile network, millimeter wave (mmWave) and heterogeneous networks (Hetnets) are significant techniques to sustain coverage and spectral efficiency. In this paper, we utilize the hybrid precoding to overcome hardware constraints on the analog-only beamforming in mmWave systems. Particularly, we identify the complicated antenna coordination and vast spatial domain information as the outstanding challenges in mmWave Hetnets. In our work, we employ software defined network (SDN) to accomplish radio resource management (RRM) and achieve flexible spacial coordination in mmWave Hetnets. In ou

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Phaiwitthayaphorn, Prapassorn, Kazuo Mori, Hideo Kobayashi, and Pisit Boonsrimuang. "Cell Throughput based Sleep Control Scheme for Heterogeneous Cellular Networks." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 12, no. 1 (2018): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2018121.99181.

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The mobile traffic continuously grows at a rapid rate driven by the widespread use of wireless devices. Along with that, the demands for higher data rate and better coverage lead to increase in power consumption and operating cost of network infrastructure. The concept of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) has been proposed as a promising approach to provide higher coverage and capacity for cellular networks. HetNet is an advanced network consisting of multiple kinds of base stations, i.e., macro base station (MBS), and small base station (SBS). The overlay of many SBSs into the MBS coverage can

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Li, Hao, Jiawei Cao, Guangkun Luo, Zhigang Wang, and Houjun Wang. "A Novel Performance Bound for Massive MIMO Enabled HetNets." Mathematics 11, no. 13 (2023): 2846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11132846.

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Massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) networks with higher throughput rates, where a base station (BS) with a large-scale antenna array serves multiple users, have been widely employed in next-generation wireless communication test systems. Massive MIMO-enabled dense heterogeneous networks (HetNets) have also emerged as a promising architecture to increase the system spectrum efficiency and improve the system reliability. Massive MIMO-enabled HetNets have been successfully exploited in sustainable Internet of Thing networks (IoTs). In order to facilitate the testing and performance

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Sajja, Neeraja, and A. Abhishiktha. "A comparitive study on handover probability analysis for future HetNets." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 6 (2019): 5351. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp5351-5359.

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<p>The need of wireless services increasing day by day due to the advancements in the field of wireless technology towards 5G for instant transferring the mails, messages and video calling without any interruption. In LTE and 5G wireless networks, major task is to provide seamless connection anywhere, anytime when the user may roam among Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HetNets). To achieve proper mobility management among HetNets, handoff or hadover is required. Handover Probability is one of the metric to estimate the handover performance, which is a probability of Mobile Node to hando

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S., Neeraja, and Abhishiktha A. "A comparative study on handover probability analysis for future HetNets." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 6 (2019): 5351–59. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp5351-5359.

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The need of wireless services increasing day by day due to the advancements in the field of wireless technology towards 5G for instant transferring the mails, messages and video calling without any interruption. In LTE and 5G wireless networks, major task is to provide seamless connection anywhere, anytime when the user may roam among Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HetNets). To achieve proper mobility management among HetNets, handoff or hadover is required. Handover Probability is one of the metric to estimate the handover performance, which is a probability of Mobile Node to handover the p

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Marvi, Murk, Adnan Aijaz, and Muhammad Khurram. "Toward a Unified Framework for Analysis of Multi-RAT Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (January 3, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6918637.

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The increased penetration of different radio access technologies (RATs) and the growing trend towards their convergence necessitates the investigation of wireless heterogeneous networks (HetNets) from coverage and capacity perspective. This paper develops a unified framework for signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and rate coverage analysis of multi-RAT HetNets, with each RAT employing either a contention-free or a contention-based channel access strategy. The proposed framework adopts tools from stochastic geometry, with the location of APs and mobile users modeled through independent Poi

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Shabbir, Amna, Safdar Rizvi, Muhammad Mansoor Alam, Faizan Shirazi, and Mazliham Mohd Su’ud. "Optimizing energy efficiency in heterogeneous networks: An integrated stochastic geometry approach with novel sleep mode strategies and QoS framework." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (2024): e0296392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296392.

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The quest for energy efficiency (EE) in multi-tier Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) is observed within the context of surging high-speed data demands and the rapid proliferation of wireless devices. The analysis of existing literature underscores the need for more comprehensive strategies to realize genuinely energy-efficient HetNets. This research work contributes significantly by employing a systematic methodology, utilizing This model facilitates the assessment of network performance by considering the spatial distribution of network elements. The stochastic nature of the PPP allows for a r

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Al-Samman, Imad, Reham Almesaeed, Angela Doufexi, and Mark Beach. "Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Networks: Enhanced Time Allocation for Interference Mitigation." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (October 10, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2084571.

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Responding to the unprecedented challenges imposed by the 5G technologies, mobile operators have given significant attention to Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Networks (H-CRAN) due to their beneficial features of performing optimization, cost effectiveness, and improving spectral and energy efficiency performance. H-CRAN inherits the attractive benefits of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) and the cloud computing by facilitating interference mitigation, scalability, and radio resource control. Consequently, H-CRAN is proposed in this article as a cost-effective potential solution to alleviate

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Mosleh, Mahmood. "Traffic Offloading in LTE System Based Heterogeneous Networks." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 13, no. 2 (2017): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.13.2.1.

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The continuous growing developments in the traffic of mobile data limits the data throughput and capacity of cellular networks. “Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)” are efficient solution to realize such demands. However, in HetNets, the congestion on the overloaded cellular network can be increased when the traffic of data is pushed from a cellular network to the Wi-Fi. In practice, offloading the cellular data traffic to a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) depending on the signal quality is a broadly deployed method to solve such problem. The use of Device to Device (D2D) communication furthe

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Ortega, Andres, and Velio Tralli. "QoS-Aware Resource Allocation with Pilot-Aided Channel Estimation for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks." Sensors 22, no. 12 (2022): 4545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124545.

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The deployment of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is a way to increase the network capacity and release part of the traffic generated by users inside a cell to small-scale wireless networks for service. In this context, the main problem is managing the interference due to the coexistence of small cells and macro cells. In this paper, a QoS-aware Resource Allocation (RA) algorithm jointly working with admission control (AC) over a two-tier HetNet scenario is investigated in the presence of both the pilot-symbols for channel estimation and the channel estimation error. The RA algorithm allows t

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Zhao, Wei, Lingling Wu, Baogang Li, Hui Bao, and Chunxiu Zhang. "Physical Layer Security Performance Based on 3D Heterogeneous Network." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2753614.

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The distribution of the base stations (BSs) and users is mostly designed as a two-dimensional model in the study about heterogeneous networks (HetNets), which is not suitable for ultra-dense network scenarios. Meanwhile, the eavesdroppers existing in vertical dimension directly reduce the physical layer security of the HetNets. To tackle the mentioned problem, we propose to adjust the vertical dimension of the full-dimension (FD) antenna placed in the BSs; then the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of the legitimate users and eavesdroppers are given due to the tilted angle. According to the three-

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Zhang, Xu, Pingping Chen, Genjian Yu, and Shaohao Wang. "Deep Reinforcement Learning Heterogeneous Channels for Poisson Multiple Access." Mathematics 11, no. 4 (2023): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11040992.

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This paper proposes a medium access control (MAC) protocol based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL), i.e., multi-channel transmit deep-reinforcement learning multi-channel access (MCT-DLMA) in heterogeneous wireless networks (HetNets). The work concerns practical unsaturated channel traffic that arrives following a Poisson distribution instead of saturated traffic that arrives before.By learning the access mode from historical information, MCT-DLMA can well fill the spectrum holes in the communication of existing users. In particular, it enables the cognitive user to multi-channel transmit a

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N. Sirhan, Najem, and Manel Martinez-Ramon. "QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Networks: Concepts and a Literature Survey." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 14, no. 4 (2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2022.14401.

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The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the

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Zhang, Ziyang, Zheng Jiang, Bei Yang, and Xiaoming She. "A Beamforming-Based Enhanced Handover Scheme with Adaptive Threshold for 5G Heterogeneous Networks." Electronics 12, no. 19 (2023): 4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194131.

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In order to tackle the explosive growth of data traffic and the number of terminals, 5G heterogeneous network (HetNet) has become an important evolution direction of 5G networking architecture. Densely deployed micro base stations (gNBs) in 5G HetNets will dramatically increase the handover frequency of user equipment (UE), resulting in more handover failures, and seriously reducing the user experience of mobile UE. Aiming at tackling this problem, this paper proposes a beam enhancement handover scheme with an adaptive threshold. Firstly, different beamforming gains are configured for the mobi

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Islam, Nahina, Ammar Alazab, and Johnson Agbinya. "Energy Efficient and Delay Aware 5G Multi-Tier Network." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (2019): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019.

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Multi-tier heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) with dense deployment of small cells in 5G networks are expected to effectively meet the ever increasing data traffic demands and offer improved coverage in indoor environments. However, HetNets are raising major concerns to mobile network operators such as complex distributed control plane management, handover management issue, increases latency and increased energy expenditures. Sleep mode implementation in multi-tier 5G networks has proven to be a very good approach for reducing energy expenditures. In this paper, a Markov Decision Process (MDP)-b

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Fall, Macoumba, Mohammed Fattah, Mohammed Mahfoudi, et al. "Optimizing Energy Consumption in 5G HetNets: A Coordinated Approach for Multi-Level Picocell Sleep Mode with Q-Learning." Data and Metadata 3 (May 20, 2024): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/dm2024333.

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Cell standby, particularly picocell sleep mode (SM), is a prominent strategy for reducing energy consumption in 5G networks. The emergence of multi-state sleep states necessitates new optimization approaches. This paper proposes a novel energy optimization strategy for 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets) that leverages macrocell-picocell coordination and machine learning. The proposed strategy focuses on managing the four available picocell sleep states. The picocell manages the first three states using the Q-learning algorithm, an efficient reinforcement learning technique. The associated mac

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Hsieh, Chi-Kai, Kun-Lin Chan, and Feng-Tsun Chien. "Energy-Efficient Power Allocation and User Association in Heterogeneous Networks with Deep Reinforcement Learning." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (2021): 4135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094135.

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This paper studies the problem of joint power allocation and user association in wireless heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based approach. This is a challenging problem since the action space is hybrid, consisting of continuous actions (power allocation) and discrete actions (device association). Instead of quantizing the continuous space (i.e., possible values of powers) into a set of discrete alternatives and applying traditional deep reinforcement approaches such as deep Q learning, we propose working on the hybrid space directly by using the novel p

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Abbas, Wurood Fadhil, and Bashar Jabbar Hamza. "Optimization of Interference Management andPower Control in (Noma) With (Hetnets) Through Sectoring Techniques." Al-Furat Journal of Innovations in Electronics and Computer Engineering 3, no. 2 (2024): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46649/fjiece.v3.2.7a.16.5.2024.

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The development of heterogeneous networks(HetNets), in the dynamic field of wireless communications still depends critically on the improvement of power control and interference management. An original sectoring technique to address the problems with Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) systems such power allocation and interference management is presented in this study. It attempts to greatly lower inter-user and co-tier interference, increasing network efficiency and user fairness, by combining a strategic sectoring approach, round-robin channel allocation, and an inverse route loss power a

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Sun, Yanzan, Han Xu, Shunqing Zhang, et al. "Joint Optimization of Interference Coordination Parameters and Base-Station Density for Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Networks." Sensors 19, no. 9 (2019): 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092154.

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Heterogeneous networks (HetNets), consisting of macro-cells and overlaying pico-cells, have been recognized as a promising paradigm to support the exponential growth of data traffic demands and high network energy efficiency (EE). However, for two-tier heterogeneous architecture deployment of HetNets, the inter-tier interference will be challenging. Time domain further-enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (FeICIC) proposed in 3GPP Release-11 becomes necessary to mitigate the inter-tier interference by applying low power almost blank subframe (ABS) scheme. Therefore, for HetNets deploy

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Qasim, Muhammad, Muhammad Sajid Haroon, Muhammad Imran, Fazal Muhammad, and Sunghwan Kim. "5G Cellular Networks: Coverage Analysis in the Presence of Inter-Cell Interference and Intentional Jammers." Electronics 9, no. 9 (2020): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091538.

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Intentional jammers (IJs) can be used by attackers for the launching of distributed denial-of-service attacks in 5G cellular networks. These adversaries are assumed to have adequate information about the network specifications, such as duration, transmit power and positions. With these assumptions, the IJs gain the ability to disrupt the legitimate communication of the network. Heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets) can be considered a vital enabler for 5G cellular networks. Small base stations (SBSs) are deployed inside macro base station (MBS) to improve spectral efficiency and capacity.

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