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Books on the topic 'Heterogeneous treatment effect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Alan, Manning. Instrumental variables for binary treatments with heterogeneous treatment effects: A simple exposition. Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2004.

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2

Hastings, Justine S. Preferences and heterogeneous treatment effects in a public school choice lottery. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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3

Ham, John C. Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects of medicaid expansions on take-up and crowd-out. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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4

Lösel, Friedrich, and Martin Schmucker. Treatment of sex offenders. Edited by Teela Sanders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213633.013.23.

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This essay discusses various treatments for sexual offenders and their success in reducing reoffending. Overall, research reveals a positive treatment effect that indicates up to 25 per cent less recidivism in treatment versus control groups. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, and programs based on the Risk–Need–Responsivity model have the strongest evidence base, although the studies and findings are heterogeneous and outcomes vary depending on many factors. Most promising are programs that involve treatment in the community and in forensic hospitals, delivered in a partly indi

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5

P, Florens J., and National Bureau of Economic Research., eds. Identification of treatment effects using control functions in models with continuous, endogenous treatment and heterogeneous effects. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008.

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6

Hart, Tessa. Cognitive Enhancement in Traumatic Brain Injury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0006.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prevalent source of disability. This chapter reviews the major approaches to remediation of cognitive dysfunction following TBI, in both the early and post-acute phases of recovery. Pharmacologic and behavioral treatments are discussed, focusing on the three major areas of cognition affected by TBI: attention, memory, and executive function. Trials of pharmacologic treatments, especially neuroprotective agents, have resulted in few treatment guidelines, probably due to the heterogeneous pathophysiology of TBI. Among behavioral treatments, both restorative and

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7

Oscar-Berman, Marlene, Trinity A. Urban, and Avram J. Holmes. Effects of Alcoholism on Neurological Function and Disease in Adulthood. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.22.

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Alcoholism is associated with disparate and widespread negative consequences for brain anatomy and function. Consistent with a diffuse neurobiological profile, alcoholism is marked by a heterogeneous mix of cognitive and emotional abnormalities. Alcohol use disorders arise through diverse origins and follow an uncertain clinical course, with severity and consequences depending on many factors. The identification of specific alcoholism-related deficits is constrained both by methodological techniques employed and the distinct populations studied. To understand alcoholism-related alterations in

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8

Jaggar, Siân, and Helen Laycock. Acute pain in the intensive cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0073.

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◆ Cardiac intensive care units admit a heterogeneous patient group◆ Pain is common, occurring in up to 70% of medical and surgical patients◆ Effective analgesia is important◆ Pain is under-recognized and inadequately treated, particularly in medical patients◆ Consequences of pain are widespread, involving multisystem physiological changes◆ Pain causes significant psychological sequelae for patients, and ethical implications for physicians◆ Pain management should utilize a systematic approach. Ensuring optimal patient comfort requires:○ Understanding of the potential causes of pain in cardiac i

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9

Jaggar, Siân, and Helen Laycock. Acute pain in the intensive cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0073_update_001.

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◆ Cardiac intensive care units admit a heterogeneous patient group◆ Pain is common, occurring in up to 70% of medical and surgical patients◆ Effective analgesia is important◆ Pain is under-recognized and inadequately treated, particularly in medical patients◆ Consequences of pain are widespread, involving multisystem physiological changes◆ Pain causes significant psychological sequelae for patients, and ethical implications for physicians◆ Pain management should utilize a systematic approach. Ensuring optimal patient comfort requires:○ Understanding of the potential causes of pain in cardiac i

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10

Keogh, Karina A. Vasculitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0277.

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The vasculitic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by degrees of inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Intensive care treatment is most commonly required for vasculitis involving small blood vessels, including capillaries. Involvement of these vessels in the lung causes alveolar haemorrhage, which may lead to respiratory failure. In the kidneys it may cause glomerulonephritis leading to renal failure. Severe cardiac, neurological, and gastrointestinal manifestions can also be seen. Non-vasculitic manifestation

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11

Blumberg, Emily A. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0400.

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This chapter discusses the infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Immunosuppressive medications are a mainstay of treatment for diverse immunologically mediated conditions. The impact of these medications on the risk for infection is variable and sometimes difficult to determine. Immunosuppressive agents can be divided into a heterogeneous set of classes with unique effects on the immune system; the risks for infections reflect the specific immunological perturbation associated with the medication. Currently, guidelines have been published recommending specific preventive me

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12

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, Gareth Morris-Stiff, and Madhumita Bhattacharyya. Skin cancers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0023_update_001.

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Tumours of the central nervous system examines the epidemiology, aetiology, genetics and pathology of these heterogeneous tumours. Clinical presentation reflects the site of origin and rate of growth. Investigation usually comprises imaging (MRI superior to CT for most), and biopsy; requirement for additional staging depends on pathology. The treatment of low-grade gliomas may be delayed if small with few symptoms, otherwise surgery and/or radiotherapy. High grade gliomas may be managed with surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy in fit patients. Unfit patients should be offered

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13

Lories, Rik. Mechanisms of bone destruction and proliferation in psoriatic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0008.

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Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease that can affect both the peripheral and axial skeleton. The clinical presentation of psoriatic arthritis is very heterogeneous and different subforms have been described. Structural damage to the joint is a feared complication of psoriatic arthritis. The severity of joint inflammation and subsequent damage can range from mild to extreme. Over the last decade, insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the skeletal changes in psoriatic arthritis have gradually increased although translational validation of concep

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14

Holtmann, Martin, Björn Albrecht, and Daniel Brandeis. Neurofeedback. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0039.

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Neurofeedback of specific brain activity patterns allows perceiving and learning to gain control over these otherwise unaware neuronal processes. Neurofeedback may improve underlying neuronal deficits, and/or establish more general self-regulatory skills for compensating behavioural difficulties in other domains. Treating ADHD is the most common clinical neurofeedback application. Standard neurofeedback protocols based on electroencephalography train self-regulation of oscillatory activity in certain frequency bands (targeting theta/beta ratio) or slow cortical potential shifts. Both protocols

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15

Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. Assessment and monitoring outcomes in axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0013.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a heterogeneous condition with multiple effects and a variable course. Monitoring outcomes is required to optimize treatment and care. There are a significant number of outcomes that could potentially be measured in patients with axSpA. Performing these in routine clinical practice has resource and logistic implications, so clinicians and teams looking after patients with axSpA need to decide which aspects they will monitor locally. Most national and international guidelines for the use of biologics require regular monitoring of disease activity. In this chap

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16

Bending, David, Kiran Nistala, and Lucy R. Wedderburn. Pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0060.

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Although the term juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases, they all share a common pathological hallmark: inflammation of the synovium. Highly activated T cells, monocytes, and neutrophils are attracted to the joint and secrete mediators that not only perpetuate inflammation but also may attenuate immune regulation. In the oligoarticular and polyarticular forms of JIA, which are thought to be autoimmune conditions, dysregulated adaptive immunity is a likely factor in disease pathogenesis; the nature of the interactions between T effector (Teff) cells a

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