Academic literature on the topic 'Heterolactic fermentation'

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the combined use of cellulose-decomposing bacteria (CDB) and heterolactic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on corn silage fermentation. Fresh maize was treated with heterolactic LAB or CDB combined with heterolactic LAB inoculants or without any treatment. Chemical and microbiological analyses were conducted at specific times after ensiling. A comprehensive value evaluation was conducted using the principal component analysis model. Although all treatments significantly affected the microorganism numbers during fermentation, the numbers of aerobic bacteria, LAB, yeast, and molds in the groups with combined CDB and LAB were significantly higher than those in the group with LAB only (P< 0.05). All treatments regulated the silage CO2production. Each treatment had different effects on the nutrient degradation rate. Based on a comprehensive evaluation, the CDB and heterolactic LAB combination had the best effect on the ensiling process in improving the quality and feed value of corn silage.

ABSTRACT The composition of cocoa pulp simulation media (PSM) was optimized with species-specific strains of lactic acid bacteria (PSM-LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (PSM-AAB). Also, laboratory fermentations were carried out in PSM to investigate growth and metabolite production of strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum and of Acetobacter pasteurianus isolated from Ghanaian cocoa bean heap fermentations, in view of the development of a defined starter culture. In a first step, a selection of strains was made out of a pool of strains of these LAB and AAB species, obtained from previous studies, based on their fermentation kinetics in PSM. Also, various concentrations of citric acid in the presence of glucose and/or fructose (PSM-LAB) and of lactic acid in the presence of ethanol (PSM-AAB) were tested. These data could explain the competitiveness of particular cocoa-specific strains, namely, L. plantarum 80 (homolactic and acid tolerant), L. fermentum 222 (heterolactic, citric acid fermenting, mannitol producing, and less acid tolerant), and A. pasteurianus 386B (ethanol and lactic acid oxidizing, acetic acid overoxidizing, acid tolerant, and moderately heat tolerant), during the natural cocoa bean fermentation process. For instance, it turned out that the capacity to use citric acid, which was exhibited by L. fermentum 222, is of the utmost importance. Also, the formation of mannitol was dependent not only on the LAB strain but also on environmental conditions. A mixture of L. plantarum 80, L. fermentum 222, and A. pasteurianus 386B can now be considered a mixed-strain starter culture for better controlled and more reliable cocoa bean fermentation processes.

Effects of cellulase addition were assessed relative to the co-ensiling performance of air-dried corn stover (DCS) and cabbage waste (CW). The DCS and CW mixtures were co-ensiled with 0 to 0.3% of cellulase addition, and changes in composition, intermediates, and biological activity were characterized. The results showed that the addition of cellulase enhanced the decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose by 2.51 to 6.93% and 3.41%, based on different dosages and compared with the control. Thus, the content of water-soluble carbohydrates increased. The acid content also increased from 5.8% for the control to the range 5.16 to 8.51% for the samples containing cellulase. Moreover, there was a shift from homolactic to heterolactic fermentation with prolonged ensiling time, coupled with the dominant lactic acid bacteria shifting from Paralactobacillus and Lactobacillus to more of Lactobacillus. Thus, the addition of cellulase improved the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. An assessment of fermentation quality, therefore, suggested that cellulase addition can improve the silage quality of DCS/CW during co-ensiling.

Four experimental silages were made into bunker silos by adding lactic acid bacteria and cellulase enzyme. The control silages were made without any additives and with AIV II solution (80 % formic acid, 2% orthophosphoric acid). The microbial compositions of the experimental silages were studied in five microbial groups; (1) total count of bacteria, (2) lactic acid bacteria, (3) Clostridia, (4) coliform bacteria and (5) fungi (yeasts and moulds). At the beginning of the fermentations enteric bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were increasing. Inoculation of the silage decreased the growth of enterobacteria compared with silages made with cellulase or without additives. This effect was further increased by using AIV II solution. Heterolactic fermentations started in the silages made with cellulase, inoculants and no additives, when initial reducing sugars, primarily glucose and fructose, were fermented. In good ensiling conditions only a few butyric acid forming Clostridia and small amounts of moulds and yests were found. Yeasts existed mostly in silages made with cellulase and with inoculation.

Soluble fibers, including pectins from apple and lemon, are commonly used as prebiotic and to prepare functional foods. The present study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and functional properties of pectins extracted from jujubes (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Pectins were extracted from jujubes at three stages of harvesting and characterized by FTIR and SEM analyses. Whole milk inoculated with kefir grains was supplemented by 0.25 mg·mL−1 of pectins. The pH value and vitamin C content were evaluated after 24 and 48 h of fermentation. Pectins from jujubes at the first harvesting stage (PJ1K) showed the lowest methoxylation degree. The addition of pectins enhanced the production of vitamin C during heterolactic process. This result was found to depend on jujube harvesting stage as PJ1K stimulated the growth of yeasts in kefir grains yielding to the highest amount of vitamin C (0.83 ± 0.01 µg·mL−1) compared to other samples (0.53–0.60 µg·mL−1) at 24 h. Lactic acid bacteria diminish pH rapidly with respect to control (4.13 ± 0.05), according to the stage of maturation, reducing its initial value by 38.3% in PJ1K. Besides being an excellent prebiotic, pectins from jujubes could be used to enrich kefir with vitamin C.

Silagens de milho inoculadas com Lactobacillus buchneri são mais estáveis quando expostos ao ar. No entanto, os benefícios dessa inoculação são dosedependentes e o incremento de ácido acético nas silagens pode culminar em menor consumo de ração. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de inoculação com L. buchneri nas características de silagens de milho e elucidar as implicações do seu fornecimento como volumoso exclusivo para vacas leiteiras. Foram confeccionadas silagens em silos tipo \'bags\', sendo empregados como tratamentos as seguintes doses de inoculação com L. buchneri: 0, 1x105, 5x105 e 1x106 ufc/g de forragem fresca. O perfil fermentativo das silagens foi modificado pela inoculação, havendo redução nos teores de ácido lático e etanol e incremento nos teores de ácido acético, propiônico e 1-Propanol. As contagens de bactérias ácido láticas foram aumentadas pela inoculação, enquanto as de leveduras foram reduzidas, o que contribuiu para a obtenção de silagens mais estáveis em aerobiose. A composição bromatológica das silagens foi semelhante entre os tratamentos e os desdobramentos do fornecimento das silagens inoculadas para vacas leiras foram: tendência de redução no consumo de matéria seca (CMS); modificação no padrão de consumo de alimentos e redução na produção de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura. Neste estudo, a alteração no CMS foi correlacionada com os incrementos de ácido acético, ácido propiônico e 1-propanol nas silagens.
The inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri in corn silage provides high quality and stabler roughages, when it is exposed to air. However, the inoculation benefits are dose-dependents and the increase of acetic acid in silages could start an intake reduction of this feed. The studies, which evaluated intake and animal performance, are rare e doubtful due to the roughage range variety for dairy cows diets. In this way, the objective of this study was to evaluate the dose effect of L. buchneri inoculation on corn silage characteristics and elucidate the implications of its inclusion as exclusive roughage for dairy cows. The silages were stored in bag silos, which the treatments were composed based on the L. buchneri doses: 0; 1x105; 5x105 and 1x106 ufc/g FM of forage. The silages fermentative profiles were modified by inoculation, occurring reduction of latic acid and ethanol levels and increasing in the acetic acid levels. The LABs counting were increased by the inoculation, meanwhile the yeasts counting were reduced, which contributed to obtain a stabler silage in aerobic environment. The silage chemical composition was alike comparing the treatments, and the results of inoculated silages offered to dairy cows were: tendency of a reduction on DM and NDF intakes; modification on feed intake standards, with lower DMI in the morning period with no changes in ingestion times; and reduction on milk yield corrected for fat content, following the daily milk energy secretion reduction. In this study, the change on DMI was correlated with the increase of acetic acid, propionic acid and 1-propanol in silages.

A ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar sem o controle da produção de etanol resulta em silagens de baixa qualidade, podendo reduzir o consumo voluntário e o desempenho animal. O valor nutritivo de silagens de cana-de-açúcar e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho e o comportamento ingestivo de cabras em lactação e de cordeiros confinados foram avaliados em diferentes ensaios. Trinta e nove cabras da raça Saanen foram utilizadas para avaliar o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), a produção e composição do leite, os componentes sangüíneos e o comportamento ingestivo. Trinta cordeiros da raça Santa Inês foram confinados para avaliar o desempenho, as características da carcaça e o comportamento ingestivo. Os animais foram alimentados com rações compostas de 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado, diferindo quanto ao tipo do volumoso utilizado: cana-de-açúcar in natura, silagem de cana-de-açúcar sem aditivo e silagem de cana-de-açúcar aditivada com L. buchneri (5x104 ufc/g MV), constituindo os tratamentos experimentais SC, SCS e SCS+Lb, respectivamente. O comportamento ingestivo foi realizado individualmente, com observações feitas a cada cinco minutos. Amostras das silagens foram analisadas para matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), carboidratos solúveis (CHOS), ácido acético e etanol, e as médias foram comparadas com a cana-de-açúcar in natura. A estabilidade aeróbia foi avaliada através do controle da temperatura, pH e perdas de MS das silagens expostas ao ar. Para determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade e o balanço de nitrogênio das rações utilizadas na avaliação de desempenho, 12 borregos foram mantidos em gaiolas para ensaios de metabolismo. O CMS foi maior (P<0,01) para as cabras que receberam o tratamento SC. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para a produção de leite e produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura. Os teores de gordura e de sólidos totais no leite foram maiores para as dietas contendo silagem, sendo superior (P<0,01) para o tratamento SCS+Lb. A concentração plasmática de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) e o tempo despendido com ruminação (min/g MS) foi maior (P<0,05) para os animais alimentados com as silagens. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para o CMS, ganho de peso vivo, conversão alimentar e parâmetros de carcaça dos cordeiros. O tempo de ingestão (min/g FDN) e a eficiência de ruminação foram inferiores (P<0,05) nos cordeiros alimetados com silagem de cana-de-açúcar. A ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar resultou em redução (P<0,01) no teor de carboidratos solúveis e aumento (P<0,01) nas concentrações da FDN, FDA, hemicelulose e ácido acético. Os teores de MS, CHOS e ácido acético foram maiores (P<0,01) para o tratamento SCS+Lb. Não houve diferença (P>0,01) no teor de etanol entre as silagens. A silagem aditivada apresentou menores (P<0,05) perdas de MS, manutenção do pH e maior (P<0,05) estabilidade durante o período de avaliação em aerobiose. O consumo e a digestibilidade aparente da FDN, FDA e hemicelulose foram maiores (P<0,05) para a rações contendo silagem.
Sugar cane ensiled without controlling ethanol production results in low quality roughage and may decrease voluntary feed intake and animal performance. Sugar cane silages nutritive value and their effects on performance and ingestive behavior of lactating goats and feedlot lambs were evaluated in different trials. Thirty-nine Saanen does were used to evaluate dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and composition, blood parameters and ingestive behavior. Thirty Santa Ines ram lambs were penned to evaluate performance, carcass characteristics and ingestive behavior. Animals were fed a 50:50 (concentrate:roughage ratio) total mixed ration, with different roughages: fresh sugar cane, sugarcane silage without additive and sugar cane silage treated with Lactobacillus buchneri (5x104 cfu/g wet basis) corresponding to the experimental treatments SC, SCS and SCS+Lb, respectively. Ingestive behavior was evaluated individually every 5 minutes for 24 h. Silages were sampled and analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), soluble carbohydrates (CHOS), acetic acid and ethanol and compared with fresh sugar cane. Aerobic stability was evaluated by controlling the temperature, pH and dry matter losses of silages exposed to air for a period of ten days. To evaluate apparent digestibility and N metabolism of diets used in the performance trials, 12 ram lambs were placed in metabolism crates. DMI was higher (P<0.01) for goats fed SC. Milk production (MP) and fat corrected milk yield were similar (P>0.05). Milk fat and total solids were greater for diets containing silages. Does fed SCS+Lb diet had higher (P<0.01) milk fat content than SCS. NEFA concentration and time spent with rumination (min/g DM) was higher (P<0.05) for animals fed silage diets. There were no differences (P>0.05) on dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed conversion and carcass parameters of the feedlot lambs. Eating time (min/g NDF) and rumination efficiency (g DM/h) were lower (P<0.05) for lambs fed silage diets. Sugar cane silage decreased (P<0.01) soluble carbohydrates concentrations and increased (P<0.01) NDF, ADF, hemicelulose and acetic acid levels. DM, soluble carbohydrates and acetic acid were higher (P<0,01) for SCS+Lb. There was no difference (P>0.01) on ethanol levels between silages. SCS+Lb treatment had lower (P<0.01) dry matter losses, unchanged pH and greater (P<0.05) aerobic stability. NDF, ADF and hemicelulose intakes and apparent digestibility were higher (P<0.05) for silage treatments.