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Journal articles on the topic 'Heteromorphisms'

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1

Brothman, Arthur R., Nancy R. Schneider, Irene Saikevych, et al. "Cytogenetic Heteromorphisms: Survey Results and Reporting Practices of Giemsa-Band Regions That We Have Pondered for Years." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 130, no. 7 (2006): 947–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-947-chsrar.

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Abstract Context.—Cytogenetic heteromorphisms (normal variants) pose diagnostic dilemmas. Common Giemsa-band heteromorphisms are not described in the literature, although Giemsa-banding is the method most frequently used in cytogenetic laboratories. Objective.—To summarize the responses from more than 200 cytogeneticists concerning the definition and reporting of cytogenetic heteromorphisms, to offer these responses as a reference for use in clinical interpretations, and to provide guidance for interpretation of newly defined molecular cytogenetic heteromorphisms. Design.—The Cytogenetics Reso
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2

Ellerman, David. "Where Do Adjunctions Come From? Chimera Morphisms and Adjoint Functors in Category Theory." Foundations 5, no. 1 (2025): 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations5010010.

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Category theory has foundational importance because it provides conceptual lenses to characterize what is important and universal in mathematics—with adjunction seeming to be the primary lens. Our topic is a theory showing “where adjoints come from”. The theory is based on object-to-object “chimera morphisms”, “heteromorphisms”, or “hets” between the objects of different categories (e.g., the insertion of generators as a set-to-group map). After showing that heteromorphisms can be treated rigorously using the machinery of category theory (bifunctors), we show that all adjunctions between two c
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3

Potluri, V. R., I. P. Singh, and M. K. Bhasin. "Chromosomal heteromorphisms in Delhi infants." Journal of Heredity 76, no. 1 (1985): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110018.

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4

Shiono, Hiroshi, Jun-Ichi Azumi, Yoshiya Sakamoto, Masaki Fujiwara, and Masahiko Morita. "Chromosome heteromorphisms and paternity testing." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 6, no. 3 (1985): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198509000-00005.

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5

Liehr, Thomas. "Chromosomal Heteromorphisms and Cancer Susceptibility Revisited." Cells 11, no. 20 (2022): 3239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11203239.

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Chromosomal heteromorphisms (CHs) are a part of genetic variation in man. The past literature largely posited whether CHs could be correlated with the development of malignancies. While this possibility seemed closed by end of the 1990s, recent data have raised the question again on the potential influences of repetitive DNA elements, the main components of CHs, in cancer susceptibility. Such new evidence for a potential role of CHs in cancer can be found in the following observations: (i) amplification and/or epigenetic alterations of CHs are routinely reported in tumors; (ii) the expression
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6

Potluri, Venkateswara R., Indera P. Singh, and Mohinder K. Bhasin. "Human Chromosomal Heteromorphisms in Delhi Newborns." Human Heredity 35, no. 5 (1985): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000153572.

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7

Haaf, T., and M. Schmid. "Chromosome heteromorphisms in the gorilla karyotype." Journal of Heredity 78, no. 5 (1987): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110389.

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8

Porto, G. Del, E. D'Alessandro, P. Grammatico, et al. "Chromosome heteromorphisms and early recurrent abortions." Human Reproduction 8, no. 5 (1993): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138135.

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9

Sahin, Feride Iffet, Zerrin Yilmaz, Ozge Ozalp Yuregir, Tugce Bulakbasi, Ozge Ozer, and Hulusi Bulent Zeyneloglu. "Chromosome heteromorphisms: an impact on infertility." Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 25, no. 5 (2008): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10815-008-9216-3.

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10

Ellerman, David. "On Adjoint and Brain Functors." Axiomathes 26 (August 13, 2015): 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10516-015-9278-7.

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There is some consensus among orthodox category theorists that the concept of adjoint functors is the most important concept contributed to mathematics by category theory. We give a heterodox treatment of adjoints using heteromorphisms (object-to-object morphisms between objects of different categories) that parses an adjunction into two separate parts (left and right representations of heteromorphisms). Then these separate parts can be recombined in a new way to define a cognate concept, the brain functor, to abstractly model the functions of perception and action of
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11

Baidyanath Kumar, Neha Saran, and Atul Kumar. "Chromosomal Heteromorphisms and Karyotype Abnormalities in Humans." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 5 (2017): 2940–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.333.

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12

Potluri, V. R., I. P. Singh, and M. K. Bhasin. "Y-chromosome length heteromorphisms in Delhi infants." Journal of Heredity 78, no. 1 (1987): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110310.

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13

Verma, Ram S., and Sunny Luke. "Heteromorphisms of pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 19." Genetic Analysis: Biomolecular Engineering 8, no. 6 (1991): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1050-3862(91)90059-z.

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14

Braekeleer, M. De, Marylinne Keushnig, and C. C. Lin. "A high-resolution C-banding technique." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 2 (1986): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-047.

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A high-resolution C-banding technique is described. The major advantages of this method are its simplicity and reliability. Because this technique allows the recognition of unusual C-band heteromorphisms, it can be very useful in population cytogenetic studies.Key words: karyotyping, banding (C), heterochromatin, high resolution.
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15

Tempest, Helen G., and Joe Leigh Simpson. "Why are we still talking about chromosomal heteromorphisms?" Reproductive BioMedicine Online 35, no. 1 (2017): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.05.006.

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16

Matsubara, Kazumi, Yoshinori Kumazawa, Hidetoshi Ota, Chizuko Nishida, and Yoichi Matsuda. "Karyotype Analysis of Four Blind Snake Species (Reptilia: Squamata: Scolecophidia) and Karyotypic Changes in Serpentes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 157, no. 1-2 (2019): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496554.

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The suborder Serpentes is divided into 2 infraorders, Scolecophidia and Alethinophidia, which diverged at an early stage of snake diversification. In this study, we examined karyotypes of 4 scolecophidian species (Letheobia simonii, Xerotyphlops vermicularis, Indotyphlops braminus, and Myriopholis macrorhyncha) and performed FISH with 18S-28S rDNA as well as microchromosomal and Z chromosome-linked genes of Elaphe quadrivirgata (Alethinophidia) to investigate the karyotype evolution in the scolecophidian lineage. Diploid chromosome numbers of X. vermicularis and L. simonii were 30 (16 macrochr
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17

Bühler, E. M., and N. J. Malik. "DA/DAPI heteromorphisms in acrocentric chromosomes other than 15." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 47, no. 1-2 (1988): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000132520.

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18

Labaroni, Carolina Alicia, Matías Maximiliano Malleret, Agustina Novillo, et al. "Karyotypic variation in the Andean rodent Phyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse, 1837) (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 8, no. (4) (2014): 369–81. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v8i4.8115.

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Phyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse, 1837) is an Andean rodent endemic to South America. Despite its wide geographical distribution in Argentina, few individuals have been studied on the cytogenetic level and only through conventional staining. In this work, chromosome characterization of Argentine samples of this species was performed using solid staining, C-banding and base-specific fluorochromes. Twenty two specimens were analyzed, collected in the provinces of Jujuy, Catamarca, and the north and south of Mendoza. All studied specimens showed 2n=38, having mostly the bi-armed autosomes, metac
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19

Akbas, H., H. İsi, H. Isi, et al. "Chromosome heteromorphisms are more frequent in couples with recurrent abortions." Genetics and Molecular Research 11, no. 4 (2012): 3847–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2012.november.12.1.

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20

de Almeida, Eunice Judith Cardoso, and Yatiyo Yonenaga-Yassuda. "Pericentric inversions and sex chromosome heteromorphisms inOryzomys nigripes(Rodentia, Cricetidae)." Caryologia 44, no. 1 (1991): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1991.10797020.

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21

Park, J. P., S. A. Wojiski, R. A. Spellman, C. H. Rhodes, and T. K. Mohandas. "Human chromosome 9 pericentric homologies: implications for chromosome 9 heteromorphisms." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 82, no. 3-4 (1998): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000015097.

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22

Babu, A., M. J. Macera, and R. S. Verma. "Intensity heteromorphisms of human chromosome 15p by DA/DAPI technique." Human Genetics 73, no. 4 (1986): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00279089.

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23

Bogart, Mark H., Christy Bradshaw, and O. W. Jones. "Prenatal diagnosis of dichromatic 16p+ heteromorphisms in two unrelated families." Prenatal Diagnosis 11, no. 6 (1991): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970110614.

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24

Malinverni, Andréa C. M., Mileny E. Colovati, Ana B. A. Perez, et al. "Unusual Duplication in the Pericentromeric Region of Chromosome 9 in a Patient with Phenotypic Alterations." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 150, no. 2 (2016): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000453574.

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Several alterations involving the pericentromeric region of chromosome 9 are considered as normal population variants. These heterochromatic variants or heteromorphisms can include 9qh+, 9cen+, 9ph+, 9ph-, inv(9)(p11q13), and other patterns which can only be defined by FISH studies. However, some heteromorphisms have been found more frequently in patients with several clinical disorders. Here, we report on a patient with intellectual disability, language and neurodevelopmental delay, as well as facial dysmorphism and an unusual chromosome 9. While the banding karyotype was indicative of a simp
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25

Blanco, Joan, Ester Anton, Elena Garcia-Guixé, Mireia Ramos-Muntada, Anna Godo, and Mireia Sandalinas. "Chromosome heteromorphisms: do they entail a reproductive risk for male carriers?" Asian Journal of Andrology 22, no. 5 (2020): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_130_19.

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26

Polacek, Laurie A., Ruth B. Phillips, Susan A. Hackbarth, and Rene J. Duquesnoy. "A linkage study of the HLA region using C-band heteromorphisms." Clinical Genetics 23, no. 3 (2008): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1983.tb01869.x.

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27

Verma, Ram S., Sat Dev Batish, Swarna K. Gogineni, Svetlana M. Kleyman, and Daniel G. Stetka. "Centromeric alphoid DNA heteromorphisms of chromosome 21 revealed by FISH-technique." Clinical Genetics 51, no. 2 (2008): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02426.x.

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28

Liehr, T., RA Pfeiffer, U. Trautmann, and E. Gebhart. "Centromeric alphoid DNA heteromorphisms of chromosome 22 revealed by FISH-technique." Clinical Genetics 53, no. 3 (2008): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02686.x.

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29

Bhattacharjee, Koutilya, Suman Pal, Emili Banerjee, and Shiuli Mukherjee. "Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Associated Cytogenetic and Genetic Anomalies – Study from Eastern India." International Journal of Experimental Research and Review 37 (March 30, 2024): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2024.v37spl.007.

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Recurrent early pregnancy loss (REPL) refers to loss (2 or more) of pregnancy within the first trimester of the gestation period. Reports of REPL cases are significantly increasing along with idiopathic or enigmatic REPL because associated clinical parameters in such cases remain within normal range and diagnosis remains odyssey. Genetic factors like single nucleotide variations (SNV) and altered heterochromatin and/or satellite content, as chromosomal aberrations like translocation, deletion and inversions have reportedly remained associated with many diseases. The present study aimed to find
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30

De Almeida, Eunice Judith Cardoso, and Yatiyo Yonenaga-Yassuda. "Robertsonian Fusion, Pericentric Inversion and Sex Chromosome Heteromorphisms inOryzomys Subflavus(Cricetidae, Rodentia)." Caryologia 38, no. 2 (1985): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1985.10797737.

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31

Guzmán-Markevich, Katerina, Álvaro S. Roco, Adrián Ruiz-García, and Mónica Bullejos. "Cytogenetic Analysis in the Toad Species Bufo spinosus, Bufotes viridis and Epidalea calamita (Anura, Bufonidae) from the Mediterranean Area." Genes 13, no. 8 (2022): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13081475.

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Taxonomy in Bufonidae witnessed notable transformations. Bufotes viridis and Epidalea calamita, previously included in genus Bufo, were relocated in other genera, while the genus Bufo was restricted to members of the earlier Bufo bufo group. On the other hand, Bufo bufo sensu lato now includes four species: Bufo bufo, Bufo spinosus, Bufo verrucosissimus and Bufo eichwaldi. In this study, we examined three species of three Bufonidae genera (B. spinosus, B. viridis and E. calamita) by conventional (C-banding and Ag-NOR staining) and molecular (in situ hybridization with probes for telomeric repe
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32

Skinner, Jessica L., Inna J. Govberg, Ralph T. DePalma, and Philip D. Cotter. "Heteromorphisms of chromosome 18 can obscure detection of fetal aneuploidy by interphase FISH." Prenatal Diagnosis 21, no. 8 (2001): 702–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.145.

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33

Ceylaner, Gülay, Serdar Ceylaner, Nuri Danışman, et al. "Chromosomal heteromorphisms may help for the diagnosis of uniparental disomy (UPD): a case report." Prenatal Diagnosis 27, no. 11 (2007): 1072–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.1814.

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34

David, Ellerman. "BRAIN Journal - Brain Functors: A mathematical model of intentional perception and action." BRAIN - Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (2016): 5–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1044260.

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ABSTRACT Category theory has foundational importance because it provides conceptual lenses to characterize what is important and universal in mathematics - with adjunctions being the primary lens. If adjunctions are so important in mathematics, then perhaps they will isolate concepts of some importance in the empirical sciences. But the applications of adjunctions have been hampered by an overly restrictive formulation that avoids heteromorphisms or hets. By reformulating an adjunction using hets, it is split into two parts, a left and a right semiadjunction. Semiadjunctions (essentially a for
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35

Murty, V. V. V. S., A. B. Mitra, I. P. Singh, and U. K. Luthra. "Heteromorphisms of C-Bands in Patients with Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions of the Cervix uteri." Oncology 44, no. 3 (1987): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000226470.

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36

Yurov, Yuri B., S. P. Mitkevich, and I. A. Alexandrov. "Application of cloned satellite DNA sequences to molecular-cytogenetic analysis of constitutive heterochromatin heteromorphisms in man." Human Genetics 76, no. 2 (1987): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00284914.

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37

Dong, Yuan, Yu-Ting Jiang, Ri-Cheng Du, Hong-Guo Zhang, Lei-Lei Li, and Rui-Zhi Liu. "Impact of chromosomal heteromorphisms on reproductive failure and analysis of 38 heteromorphic pedigrees in Northeast China." Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 30, no. 2 (2012): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10815-012-9910-z.

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38

Verma, Ram S., and Harvey Dosik. "The technical variables associated with the frequencies of QFQ, RFA and CBG heteromorphisms of human chromosomes." Clinical Genetics 15, no. 5 (2008): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb01778.x.

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39

Olson, Susan, John Buckmaster, John Bissonnette, and Ellen Magenis. "Comparison of maternal and fetal chromosome heteromorphisms to monitor maternal cell contamination in chorionic villus samples." Prenatal Diagnosis 7, no. 6 (1987): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.1970070607.

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40

Liehr, Thomas. "Repetitive Elements in Humans." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (2021): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042072.

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Repetitive DNA in humans is still widely considered to be meaningless, and variations within this part of the genome are generally considered to be harmless to the carrier. In contrast, for euchromatic variation, one becomes more careful in classifying inter-individual differences as meaningless and rather tends to see them as possible influencers of the so-called ‘genetic background’, being able to at least potentially influence disease susceptibilities. Here, the known ‘bad boys’ among repetitive DNAs are reviewed. Variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs = micro- and minisatellites), small
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41

Seña, C. A. de la, N. S. Fechheimer, and K. E. Nestor. "Variability of C-banding patterns in Japanese quail chromosomes." Genome 34, no. 6 (1991): 993–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-153.

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Observations were made of the C-banding patterns in several cells from 182 Japanese quail embryos to detect presence of stable variants. Each of the eight largest autosomes contains a C-band at the centromeric region. The short arm of autosome 8 is C-band positive, as is the entire W chromosome. The Z chromosome consistently contains an interstitial C-band in the long arm and a less prominent one in the short arm. Distinct variants of chromosome 4 and the Z chromosome were observed. In the Z chromosome a C-band at the terminal region of the short arm was markedly elongated in some embryos. Lik
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42

Civitelli, M. V., P. Consentino, and E. Capanna. "Inter- and intra-individual chromosome variability in Thamnomys (Grammomys) gazellae (Rodentia, Muridae) B-chromosomes and structural heteromorphisms." Genetica 79, no. 2 (1989): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00057926.

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43

Mierla, D., and V. Stoian. "Chromosomal Polymorphisms Involved in Reproductive Failure in the Romanian Population." Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics 15, no. 2 (2012): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjmg-2013-0003.

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ABSTRACT Cytogenetic heteromorphisms are described as variations at specific chromosomal regions with no impact on phenotype. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of these chromosomal polymorphisms involved in reproductive failure in the Romanian population. One thousand eight hundred and nine infertile patients, who were referred to Life Memorial Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, between January 2008 and April 2011, were investigated in this retrospective study. The frequency of chromosomal polymorphic variations was calculated for these patients. The control group is represen
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44

Gregory Matera, A., and Christine L. O'Keefe. "Haplotype-Specific Alphoid Oligonucleotides Can Distinguish Normal Homologous Chromosomes by Fish." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (1997): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760000787x.

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The field of molecular cytogenetics is presently hampered by the need for allele- and homologue-specific hybridization probes. Vast stretches of the human genome display a considerable amount of polymorphic variation between individuals. Alpha satellite DNA is a tandemly repeated sequence located at the centromeres of all primate chromosomes and is a rich source of polymorphisms. These DNA variants are phenotypically silent; they are also stable and heritable in Mendelian fashion. We have shown that we can use this genetic diversity to create homologue-specific probes using fluorescence in sit
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45

da Silva, Marcelo J., Ana P. de Araújo Vieira, Flávia M. Galvão Cipriano, et al. "The Karyotype of Salvator merianae (Squamata, Teiidae): Analyses by Classical and Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 160, no. 2 (2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000506140.

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In this study, we analyzed the karyotype of Salvator merianae (Teiidae) from the Brazilian semiarid region using different cytogenetic markers. Chromosomes were examined by classical (Giemsa and AgNOR staining) and molecular (FISH with ribosomal, telomeric, and microsatellite probes) cytogenetic approaches. S. merianae showed a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 38 (10 biarmed macrochromosomes + 28 microchromosomes). No sex-linked chromosome heteromorphisms were observed. Clusters of 18S/28S rDNA were localized in the terminal region of the long arm of pair 2. In addition to the typical telomer
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46

Lisachov, Artem P., Vladimir A. Trifonov, Massimo Giovannotti, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith, and Pavel M. Borodin. "Heteromorphism of “Homomorphic” Sex Chromosomes in Two Anole Species (Squamata, Dactyloidae) Revealed by Synaptonemal Complex Analysis." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 151, no. 2 (2017): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000460829.

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Iguanians (Pleurodonta) are one of the reptile lineages that, like birds and mammals, have sex chromosomes of ancient origin. In most iguanians these are microchromosomes, making a distinction between the X and Y as well as between homeologous sex chromosomes in other species difficult. Meiotic chromosome analysis may be used to elucidate their differentiation, because meiotic prophase chromosomes are longer and less condensed than metaphase chromosomes, and the homologues are paired with each other, revealing minor heteromorphisms. Using electron and fluorescent microscopy of surface spread s
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47

CHEN, JIE, LUIS A. PARRA, ANDRÉ DE KESEL, et al. "Inter- and intra-specific diversity in Agaricus endoxanthus and allied species reveals a new taxon, A. punjabensis." Phytotaxa 252, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.252.1.1.

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Agaricus endoxanthus is one of the few species of Agaricus, which are broadly distributed across several continents. This typically tropical species has also been introduced and reported from European tropical greenhouses. To better circumscribe this taxon and understand its distribution, we investigated its intraspecific variability. Sixteen collections resembling A. endoxanthus from various regions were selected for morphological examination and sequencing. Through a combined morphological and molecular approach, nine specimens were identified as A. endoxanthus. No major morphological differ
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48

Berger, R., and J. Greilhuber. "C-bands and chiasma distribution in Scilla siberica (Hyacinthaceae)." Genome 34, no. 2 (1991): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-029.

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The distribution of chiasmata and their relationship to heterochromatic segments in Scilla siberica (Hyacinthaceae) have been analyzed in pollen mother cell meiosis by means of a Giemsa C-banding technique. All chromosomes could be identified in the meiotic cells. C-bands have a clear effect on chiasma distribution. Regions adjacent to intercalary homomorphic C-bands showed higher chiasma frequencies than other euchromatic regions. Chiasma distribution in bivalents of chromosome variants without these intercalary C-bands is different from those with C-bands. Strongly heterozygous C-blocks lead
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49

Noronha, Renata C. R., Bruno R. R. Almeida, Monique C. S. Chagas, et al. "Karyotypes of Manatees: New Insights into Hybrid Formation (Trichechus inunguis × Trichechus m. manatus) in the Amazon Estuary." Genes 13, no. 7 (2022): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13071263.

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Great efforts have been made to preserve manatees. Recently, a hybrid zone was described between Trichechus inunguis (TIN) and the Trichechus manatus manatus (TMM) in the Amazon estuary. Cytogenetic data on these sirenians are limited, despite being fundamental to understanding the hybridization/introgression dynamics and genomic organization in Trichechus. We analyzed the karyotype of TMM, TIN, and two hybrid specimens (“Poque” and “Vitor”) by classical and molecular cytogenetics. G-band analysis revealed that TMM (2n = 48) and TIN (2n = 56) diverge by at least six Robertsonian translocations
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Gold, John R., and Chris T. Amemiya. "Cytogenetic studies in North American minnows (Cyprinidae). XII. Patterns of chromosomal nucleolus organizer region variation among 14 species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 9 (1986): 1869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-279.

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Abstract:
The chromosomal nucleolus organizer region (NOR) phenotypes of eight species of North American cyprinid fish are documented. This brings the total number of cyprinid species examined for chromosomal NORs to 14. At least 10 different NOR chromosome phenotypes are identifiable among the 14 species. These interspecific variations include differences in the (haploid) number of chromosomal NORs, the chromosomal location(s) of the NORs, and the type(s) of chromosomes upon which the NOR is located. Intraspecific variations or heteromorphisms of NOR chromosomes also occur, but are of a qualitatively d
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