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Journal articles on the topic 'Heteroploidia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Miller, Gary D., James E. Seeb, Brian G. Bue, and Samuel Sharr. "Saltwater Exposure at Fertilization Induces Ploidy Alterations. Including Mosaicism, in Salmonid." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, S1 (1994): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-294.

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We found that salt water induces ploidy alterations in salmonid embryos. Flow cytometry analysis revealed significantly higher frequencies of haploids, triploids, heteroploid mosaics, and aneuploids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos experimentally exposed to salt water from fertilization to the two- and eight-cell stages of development. Heteroploid mosaics have been reported in diploid and triploid salmonid hybrids, although none were observed in the triploid coho salmon or diploid and triploid coho salmon (O. kisutch) × chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) hybrids we examined. No mosaics were observed in intertidally spawned pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) embryos. Salt water could induce ploidy alterations by causing chromosome segregation errors during meiosis, mitosis, or both. Heteroploid embryos appeared morphologically normal although they may possess physiological deficiencies not immediately apparent.

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2

Koltsova, Alla S., Olga A. Efimova, Anna A. Pendina, et al. "Uterine Leiomyomas with an Apparently Normal Karyotype Comprise Minor Heteroploid Subpopulations Differently Represented in vivo and in vitro." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 161, no. 1-2 (2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513173.

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In the present study, we aimed to check whether uterine leiomyomas (ULs) with an apparently normal karyotype in vitro comprise “hidden” cell subpopulations with numerical chromosome abnormalities (heteroploid cells). A total of 32 ULs obtained from 32 patients were analyzed in the study. Each UL was sampled for in vivo and in vitro cytogenetic studies. Karyotyping was performed on metaphase preparations from the cultured UL samples. A normal karyotype was revealed in 20 out of the 32 ULs, of which 9 were selected for further study based on the good quality of the interphase preparations. Then, using interphase FISH with centromeric DNA probes, we analyzed the copy number of chromosomes 7 and 16 in 1,000 uncultured and 1,000 cultured cells of each selected UL. All of the ULs included both disomic cells representing a predominant subpopulation and heteroploid cells reaching a maximum frequency of 21.6% (mean 9.8%) in vivo and 11.5% (mean 6.1%) in vitro. The spectrum of heteroploid cells was similar in vivo and in vitro and mostly consisted of monosomic and tetrasomic cells. However, their frequencies in the cultured samples differed from those in the uncultured ones: while the monosomic cells decreased in number, the tetrasomic cells became more numerous. The frequency of either monosomic or tetrasomic cells both in vivo and in vitro was not associated with the presence of <i>MED12</i> exon 2 mutations in the tumors. Our results suggest that ULs with an apparently normal karyotype consist of both karyotypically normal and heteroploid cells, implying that the occurrence of minor cell subpopulations with numerical chromosome abnormalities may be considered a characteristic of UL tumorigenesis. Different frequencies of heteroploid cells in vivo and in vitro suggest their dependence on microenvironmental conditions, thus providing a pathway for regulation of their propagation, which may be important for the UL pathogenesis.

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3

Larsen, Jacob, Maria Kirchhoff, Hanne Rose, et al. "Improved Sensitivity in Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of DNA Heteroploid Cell Mixtures after Pre-Enrichment of Subpopulations by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting." Analytical Cellular Pathology 19, no. 3-4 (1999): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/149571.

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Cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors with comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is hampered by the dilution of DNA from individual tumor subpopulations with DNA from other cells. We investigated to what extent this dilution effect can be alleviated using fluorescence activated cell sorting (flow sorting) of experimental DNA heteroploid cell mixtures prior to CGH. From mixtures of normal lymphocytes with triploid K‐562 cells the individual components were sorted according to stemline DNA content and processed by CGH in comparison with pure K‐562 samples and the original mixtures. Compared with 30 autosome copy number imbalances found in pure K‐562 samples, a mixture with 32% K‐562 cells showed 16 imbalancies, and none were detected in mixtures with 13% or 5% K‐562 cells. In contrast, 29, 22 and 23 imbalances were detected in K‐562 nuclei sorted from the 32%, 13% and 5% mixtures, respectively. This indicate that CGH analysis of flow sorted DNA aneuploid subpopulations enables a specific cytogenetic analysis of the individual subclones in a DNA heteroploid cell population.

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4

Sedysheva, G. A., N. G. Gorbacheva, and S. A. Melnik. "CYTOEMBRYOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF APPLE TETRAPLOIDS FOR HETEROPLOID CROSSINGS." Vestnik OrelGAU 6, no. 57 (2015): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15217/issn1990-3618.2015.6.55.

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5

MÜNTZING, ARNE. "NOTE ON HETEROPLOID TWIN PLANTS FROM ELEVEN GENERA." Hereditas 24, no. 4 (2010): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1938.tb03222.x.

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6

MÜNTZING, ARNE. "HETEROPLOIDY AND POLYMORPHISM IN SOME APOMICTIC SPECIES OF POTENTILLA." Hereditas 44, no. 2-3 (2010): 280–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1958.tb03483.x.

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7

Dooley, William C., and David C. Allison. "Non-random distribution of abnormal mitoses in heteroploid cell lines." Cytometry 13, no. 5 (1992): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.990130503.

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8

Avirachan, Sugandhi, and Tadashi Kajii. "Double heteroploidy, 46, XY, t(13q14q), +18, in a spontaneous abortus." Clinical Genetics 4, no. 2 (2008): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1973.tb01129.x.

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9

Mallikharjun, Devarumath Rachayya, Subhash C. Hiremath, Satyawada Rama Rao, Arun Kumar, and Suman Shivamurti Sheelavanthmath. "Genome interrelationship in the genusEleusine(Poaceae) as revealed through heteroploid crosses." Caryologia 58, no. 4 (2005): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2005.10589467.

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10

Vuille, Christine. "Populations Hybridogenes Iso- et Heteroploides Chez LesRanunculusSect.Ranuncella(Spach) Freyn Dans Les Pyrenees." Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques 133, sup1 (1986): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01811789.1986.10826832.

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11

Popelka, Ondřej, Michal Sochor, and Martin Duchoslav. "Reciprocal hybridization between diploid Ficaria calthifolia and tetraploid Ficaria verna subsp. verna: evidence from experimental crossing, genome size and molecular markers." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 3 (2019): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boy085.

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Abstract Ficaria is a taxonomically intriguing polyploid complex with high morphological variability. Both hybridization and polyploidization have been suggested as the main evolutionary forces behind the high morphological variability in this genus; however, detailed studies are lacking. In Central Europe, two Ficaria taxa (diploid F. calthifolia and tetraploid F. verna subsp. verna) occasionally co-occur in local sympatry, which might result in hybridization. We investigated sympatric populations of the two Ficaria taxa using flow cytometry, chromosome counts, AFLP analysis and plastid DNA sequencing; we also performed experimental homoploid and heteroploid crosses to determine the frequency and direction of hybrid triploid formation, an alternative route of triploid origin (autopolyploidy) and the possibility of a one-step neoallotetraploid origin. Sympatric populations were composed of three genetic clusters corresponding to diploid F. calthifolia (2n = 16), tetraploid F. verna subsp. verna (2n = 32) and triploid plants (2n = 24). The holoploid genome size and AFLP data suggest a hybrid origin of the triploids, thereby making their formation via autopolyploidization in F. calthifolia unlikely. The triploid populations are monoclonal and of independent origin. In contrast, the parental populations exhibit high genotypic diversity and frequent sexual reproduction, including those of predominantly asexual F. verna subsp. verna. Experimental crossing confirmed that both parental taxa produce fertile seeds via a sexual pathway, but not by apomixis, and that both serve as pollen acceptors in heteroploid crosses, which is consistent with the plastid sequencing. However, hybridization is asymmetric, with maternal-excess crosses being significantly more successful. No signs of neoautotetraploidization or neoallotetraploidization were detected. In summary, recent gene flow between the studied Ficaria taxa is either limited or absent.

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12

Shao, C., P. K. Gupta, Y. Sun, A. Sahota, and J. A. Tischfield. "Complex chromosomal mechanisms lead to APRT loss of heterozygosity in heteroploid cells." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 75, no. 4 (1996): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000134486.

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13

HENEEN, WAHEEB K. "Silver staining and nucleolar patterns in human heteroploid and measles-carrier cells." Hereditas 88, no. 2 (2009): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1978.tb01624.x.

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14

Sedov, E. N., G. A. Sedysheva, Z. M. Serova, N. G. Gorbacheva, and S. A. Melnik. "Breeding assessment of heteroploid crosses in the development of triploid apple varieties." Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research 4, no. 1 (2014): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079059714010109.

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15

Raicu, Petre, and Francise Mixich. "Cytogenetic effects of sodium azide encapsulated in liposomes on heteroploid cell cultures." Mutation Research Letters 283, no. 3 (1992): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(92)90110-4.

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16

Stahevitch, A. E., and W. A. Wojtas. "Chromosome numbers of some North American species of Artemisia (Asteraceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 4 (1988): 672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-096.

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Chromosome number determinations are reported for 58 accessions, comprising 13 native and introduced taxa of Artemisia found in Canada and the United States. Chromosome numbers observed were n = 8, 9, 18, and 27. A chromosome number of 2n = 18 is the first report for A. pacifica Nutt. A new tetraploid cytotype (2n = 36) was found in A. frigida Willd. Supernumerary chromosomes (n = 9 + 3) and mixoploidy (n = 18, 36) were also observed in this taxon for the first time. Heteroploidy was present in several species. In some taxa, morphological or ecological differences between the chromosomal races were detected; in other cases no differences were noted. Karylogical and phylogenetic evidence is presented for the original chromosome number in Artemisia having been x = 9.

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17

Davidson, Campbell G., and Louis M. Lenz. "Experimental taxonomy of Potentilla fruticosa." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 12 (1989): 3520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-433.

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Potentilla fruticosa is a dwarf north temperate circumpolar species. Numerical and experimental taxonomic approaches were utilized to study the taxonomy of this species. The Gower general coefficient of similarity was calculated for 127 representatives, including wild material from North America, Europe, and Asia, as well as cultivars. Interpretation of cluster analysis suggests that all accessions are variants of a common central theme (over 80% similarity). Hybridization may have clouded any distinct phenetic differences. Eight geographic representatives were selected to study breeding relationships. All were successfully crossed with the exception of a tetraploid plant. Heteroploid matings were noted by a reduced success rate. Backcrosses to existing putative F1 hybrids were successful. On the basis of this study, P. fruticosa should be used as the species name for the shrubby cinquefoil complex.

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18

Elbert, L. B., E. N. Terletskaya, A. V. Timofeev, et al. "Inactivated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) derived from heteroploid continuous monkey cell line." Vaccine 7, no. 5 (1989): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(89)90183-7.

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19

Giaretti, Walter. "Aneuploidy Mechanisms in Human Colorectal Preneoplastic Lesions and Barrett’s Esophagus. Is There a Role for K-Ras and p53 Mutations?" Analytical Cellular Pathology 15, no. 2 (1997): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/264135.

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The link of aneuploidy and heteroploidy in human solid tumours with early genetic events is poorly understood. The study of human preneoplastic precursor lesions, i.e., colorectal adenomas, chronic ulcerative colitis lesions, and Barrett’s esophagus, as considered in this review, appears particularly useful to achieve this aim. Literature data examined here on aneuploidy were obtained by image and flow cytometry, classical cytogenetics, andin situhybridization based cytogenetics. It appears that aneuploidy is linked with specific gene mutations, i.e., of the tumour suppressor gene p53 in chronic ulcerative colitis and in Barrett’s esophagus, and of the protooncogene K‐ras in colorectal adenomas. These data and data from experiments usingin vitroand mouse models, suggest that chromosome instability, tetraploidization, and asymmetrical chromosome segregation during cell division are the result of deregulated cell cycle genes with multiple functions that normally exert active checks on the cell cycle processes including apoptosis and chromosome stability.

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20

Seña, C. A. de la, N. S. Fechheimer, and K. E. Nestor. "Variability of C-banding patterns in Japanese quail chromosomes." Genome 34, no. 6 (1991): 993–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-153.

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Observations were made of the C-banding patterns in several cells from 182 Japanese quail embryos to detect presence of stable variants. Each of the eight largest autosomes contains a C-band at the centromeric region. The short arm of autosome 8 is C-band positive, as is the entire W chromosome. The Z chromosome consistently contains an interstitial C-band in the long arm and a less prominent one in the short arm. Distinct variants of chromosome 4 and the Z chromosome were observed. In the Z chromosome a C-band at the terminal region of the short arm was markedly elongated in some embryos. Likewise, the short arm of chromosome 4 was much more prominent in one or both of the homologues in some embryos. Most of the microchromosomes contain a prominent C-band. The heteromorphisms are useful chromosome markers to detect the origins of heteroploidy in early embryos.Key words: C-band variants, Japanese quail, Coturnix.

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21

Hixon, Mary L., Ana I. Flores, Mark W. Wagner, and Antonio Gualberto. "Ectopic Expression of cdc2/cdc28 Kinase Subunit Homo sapiens 1 Uncouples Cyclin B Metabolism from the Mitotic Spindle Cell Cycle Checkpoint." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 11 (1998): 6224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.11.6224.

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ABSTRACT Primary human fibroblasts arrest growth in response to the inhibition of mitosis by mitotic spindle-depolymerizing drugs. We show that the mechanism of mitotic arrest is transient and implicates a decrease in the expression of cdc2/cdc28 kinase subunit Homo sapiens 1 (CKsHs1) and a delay in the metabolism of cyclin B. Primary human fibroblasts infected with a retroviral vector that drives the expression of a mutant p53 protein failed to downregulate CKsHs1 expression, degraded cyclin B despite the absence of chromosomal segregation, and underwent DNA endoreduplication. In addition, ectopic expression of CKsHs1 interfered with the control of cyclin B metabolism by the mitotic spindle cell cycle checkpoint and resulted in a higher tendency to undergo DNA endoreduplication. These results demonstrate that an altered regulation of CKsHs1 and cyclin B in cells that carry mutant p53 undermines the mitotic spindle cell cycle checkpoint and facilitates the development of aneuploidy. These data may contribute to the understanding of the origin of heteroploidy in mutant p53 cells.

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22

Zhang, Quanqi, Yan Zhuang, and Standish K. Allen Jr. "Meiotic chromosome configurations in triploid and heteroploid mosaic males of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea ariakensis." Aquaculture Research 41, no. 11 (2010): 1699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02559.x.

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23

Zhang, Quanqi, Haiyang Yu, Aimee Howe, Whitney Chandler, and Standish K. Allen Jr. "Cytogenetic mechanism for reversion of triploids to heteroploid mosaics in Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) and Crassostrea ariakensis." Aquaculture Research 41, no. 11 (2010): 1658–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02541.x.

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24

Ge, Feng, Haishi Zhang, Daisy Dandan Wang, Linda Li, and Peter Ping Lin. "Enhanced detection and comprehensivein situphenotypic characterization of circulating and disseminated heteroploid epithelial and glioma tumor cells." Oncotarget 6, no. 29 (2015): 27049–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.4819.

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25

Kusov, Yu Yu, Yu A. Kazachkov, L. B. Elbert, et al. "Characteristics of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine prepared from virus propagated in heteroploid continuous monkey cell line." Vaccine 8, no. 5 (1990): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(90)90272-n.

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26

Brasier, Clive M., Susan A. Kirk, Jose Delcan, David E. L. Cooke, Thomas Jung, and Willem A. Man In't Veld. "Phytophthora alni sp. nov. and its variants: designation of emerging heteroploid hybrid pathogens spreading on Alnus trees." Mycological Research 108, no. 10 (2004): 1172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756204001005.

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27

Dooley, W. C., D. C. Allison, P. Lin, and M. Paul. "Evidence for altered cell-cycle traverse of the non-modal cells of the heteroploid MCa-11 line." Cell Proliferation 26, no. 4 (1993): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2184.1993.tb00330.x.

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28

Sonnleitner, Michaela, Birgit Weis, Ruth Flatscher, et al. "Parental Ploidy Strongly Affects Offspring Fitness in Heteroploid Crosses among Three Cytotypes of Autopolyploid Jacobaea carniolica (Asteraceae)." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): e78959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078959.

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29

Matt, Joseph L., and Standish K. Allen. "Heteroploid mosaic tetraploids of Crassostrea virginica produce normal triploid larvae and juveniles as revealed by flow cytometry." Aquaculture 432 (August 2014): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.05.015.

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30

Dooley, William C., David C. Allison, and Joel Robertson. "Discrepancies among the metaphase, telophase, and the G0/G1 and G2 DNA peaks of heteroploid cell lines." Cytometry 12, no. 2 (1991): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.990120202.

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31

Sutherland, Brittany L., and Laura F. Galloway. "Variation in heteroploid reproduction and gene flow across a polyploid complex: One size does not fit all." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 14 (2021): 9676–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7791.

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32

de la Seña, C. A., N. S. Fechheimer, and K. E. Nestor. "Evidence for genetic etiology of heteroploidy in embryos of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnixjaponica)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 60, no. 2 (1992): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000133325.

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33

Honoré, L. H. "The negative effect of the IUCD on the occurrence of heteroploidy — Correlated abnormalities in spontaneous abortions: An update." Contraception 31, no. 3 (1985): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(85)90095-2.

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34

van Zijll de Jong, Eline, Kathryn M. Guthridge, German C. Spangenberg, and John W. Forster. "Sequence Analysis of SSR-Flanking Regions Identifies Genome Affinities between Pasture Grass Fungal Endophyte Taxa." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (January 12, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/921312.

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Fungal species of the Neotyphodium and Epichloë genera are endophytes of pasture grasses showing complex differences of life-cycle and genetic architecture. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been developed from endophyte-derived expressed sequence tag (EST) collections. Although SSR array size polymorphisms are appropriate for phenetic analysis to distinguish between taxa, the capacity to resolve phylogenetic relationships is limited by both homoplasy and heteroploidy effects. In contrast, nonrepetitive sequence regions that flank SSRs have been effectively implemented in this study to demonstrate a common evolutionary origin of grass fungal endophytes. Consistent patterns of relationships between specific taxa were apparent across multiple target loci, confirming previous studies of genome evolution based on variation of individual genes. Evidence was obtained for the definition of endophyte taxa not only through genomic affinities but also by relative gene content. Results were compatible with the current view that some asexual Neotyphodium species arose following interspecific hybridisation between sexual Epichloë ancestors. Phylogenetic analysis of SSR-flanking regions, in combination with the results of previous studies with other EST-derived SSR markers, further permitted characterisation of Neotyphodium isolates that could not be assigned to known taxa on the basis of morphological characteristics.

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35

Kloet, S. P. Vander, and P. M. Lyrene. "Self-incompatibility in diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid Vaccinium corymbosum." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 4 (1987): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-088.

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The results of self-pollinations, sibling pollinations, and cross-pollinations were compared in terms of number of berries produced per 100 pollinated flowers, number of plump seeds per berry, percent seed germination, and time between pollination and fruit ripening. The population studied consisted of 344 Vaccinium corymbosum L. seedlings grown from seeds harvested from native populations at 26 sites extending from Florida to Nova Scotia. Diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid plants were included in the study, but only homoploid crosses were made in order to avoid the confounding effect of the strong heteroploid crossing barriers in V. corymbosum. Self-pollinations resulted in great reductions in all fertility parameters. Sibling pollinations produced far fewer seedlings than cross-pollinations, mainly because the number of plump seeds per berry was reduced from an average of 21 for outcrosses to 13 for sibling crosses. Pollination with 1:1 mixtures of self and outcross pollen reduced plump seed number per berry to 5, compared with 14 for comparable outcrosses. The results were similar at all three ploidy levels. It is concluded that self-compatibility is low in natural populations of V. corymbosum.

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36

Martorana, G., A. Bertaccini, S. Faccioli, et al. "Effects of Hormonal Neoadjuvant Treatment in Radical Prostatectomized Patients: A Retrospective Evaluation." Urologia Journal 63, no. 2 (1996): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039606300206.

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Twenty-five patients with prostatic cancer who, for varying reasons, underwent different neoadjuvant treatment before radical prostatectomy were studied retrospectively. Pre- and post-hormonal specimens were compared in 10 of these patients (so-called “reference group”). Another 10 patients (so-called “control-group”) were assessed, who were cross-matched for pathological staging, grading and age with the reference group but had no neoadjuvant hormonal treatment. There was a significant morphological cyto-histological regression in all patients on hormonal neoadjuvant therapy for at least 2 months, despite the fact that it was impossible to show a real down-staging, even if the percentage of pathologically confirmed clinical intracapsular stages rose from 53 to 63% in these cases. No significant difference was observed in the grading or the Gleason score between patients who underwent hormonal therapy and those who did not. Nor were there significant differences regarding operation times and intraoperative transfusion. A marked reduction in the proliferative acitivity of the neoplasms was shown, using Ki-67, in the reference group. There were no other significant differences in proliferative activity, ploidy, index of heteroploidy and hyperexpression of p53 between the two groups. Two patients in the reference group, who were p53 negative, became positive after one month of neoadjuvant hormonal treatment.

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37

Ordidge, Matthew, Pianpool Kirdwichai, M. Fazil Baksh, Edward P. Venison, J. George Gibbings, and Jim M. Dunwell. "Genetic analysis of a major international collection of cultivated apple varieties reveals previously unknown historic heteroploid and inbred relationships." PLOS ONE 13, no. 9 (2018): e0202405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202405.

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38

Benkö, Maria, A. Bartha, Karin Möstl, and F. Bürki. "A heteroploid permanent cell line originating from embryonic calf thyroid supporting the replication of all known bovine adenovirus serotypes." Veterinary Microbiology 19, no. 4 (1989): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(89)90097-7.

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39

Basappa, G. P., M. Muniyamma, and C. C. Chinnappa. "An investigation of chromosome numbers in the genus Brachiaria (Poaceae: Paniceae) in relation to morphology and taxonomy." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 11 (1987): 2297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-313.

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Determinations of chromosome number and morphological studies of 260 populations, belonging to 32 taxa, of the genus Brachiaria from the Indian subcontinent reveal that all sexually reproducing taxa have no chromosome races. Six agamic taxa, viz., B. brizantha var. brizantha (n = 27), B. brizantha var. ciliata (n = 18), B. decumbens (n = 18), B. hybrida (n = 27), B. mutica (n = 18), and B. setigera var. albistyla (n = 14), have consistently shown uniformity in chromosome numbers, based on x = 7, 8, and 9. Brachiaria setigera var. setigera, a genetically unstable apomict, is the only taxon that tends to have a heteroploid series (n = 16, 17, 18, 21, and 32). The population of B. setigera var. setigera with n = 17 is based on a secondary base number of x = 17. There are 6 diploids, 20 tetraploids, 5 hexaploids, and 3 octoploids in the genus. Aneuploidy and triploidy are characteristically absent in the genus, although their plausible existence in the B. setigera complex cannot be ruled out. In several species certain previously reported chromosome numbers that deviate from the present study are found to be the result of erroneous identifications or the result of taxonomically complex situations such as those found in B. brizantha, the B. distachya complex, and the B. ramosa complex.

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40

Ekanayake, Piyumi N., Jatinder Kaur, Pei Tian, et al. "Genomic and metabolic characterisation of alkaloid biosynthesis by asexual Epichloë fungal endophytes of tall fescue pasture grasses." Genome 60, no. 6 (2017): 496–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2016-0173.

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Symbiotic associations between tall fescue grasses and asexual Epichloë fungal endophytes exhibit biosynthesis of alkaloid compounds causing both beneficial and detrimental effects. Candidate novel endophytes with favourable chemotypic profiles have been identified in germplasm collections by screening for genetic diversity, followed by metabolite profile analysis in endogenous genetic backgrounds. A subset of candidates was subjected to genome survey sequencing to detect the presence or absence and structural status of known genes for biosynthesis of the major alkaloid classes. The capacity to produce specific metabolites was directly predictable from metabolic data. In addition, study of duplicated gene structure in heteroploid genomic constitutions provided further evidence for the origin of such endophytes. Selected strains were inoculated into meristem-derived callus cultures from specific tall fescue genotypes to perform isogenic comparisons of alkaloid profile in different host backgrounds, revealing evidence for host-specific quantitative control of metabolite production, consistent with previous studies. Certain strains were capable of both inoculation and formation of longer-term associations with a nonhost species, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Discovery and primary characterisation of novel endophytes by DNA analysis, followed by confirmatory metabolic studies, offers improvements of speed and efficiency and hence accelerated deployment in pasture grass improvement programs.

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Tang, F. J., P. O. Ts'o, and S. A. Lesko. "Simultaneous in situ detection of beta-interferon mRNA and DNA in the same cell." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 5 (1989): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.5.2703705.

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We report a quantitative method that combines in situ mRNA hybridization with microfluorometric analysis of DNA content to detect gene expression in single cells of a heteroploid cell population. The model was a human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line which consisted of diploid and tetraploid cells that were induced with polyI:polyC for production of beta-interferon. The level of beta-interferon mRNA detected by in situ hybridization was found to be two to three times higher in tetraploid compared to diploid HT1080 cells, and correlated with beta-interferon activity in that a subclone of tetraploid HT1080 cells secreted two- to fivefold more beta-interferon than a subclone of diploid HT1080 cells. Interestingly, beta-interferon-related transcripts were detected during S-phase in uninduced tetraploid HT1080 cells. In addition, beta-interferon induced by polyI:polyC was expressed in all phases of the cell cycle as demonstrated with a human diploid fibroblast, HF926. The unique features offered by the combination of microfluorometry and in situ hybridization provide a valuable tool to investigate specific gene expression related to ploidy or cell-cycle stage in the same individual cell of an unsynchronized population. Since the method allows direct observation of morphology, one can be assured that all quantitative measurements were made on whole cells with intact nuclei.

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Castro-Munozledo, F. "Development of a spontaneous permanent cell line of rabbit corneal epithelial cells that undergoes sequential stages of differentiation in cell culture." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 8 (1994): 2343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.8.2343.

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Established epithelial cell lines that retain their differentiation potential and growth regulatory characteristics can provide valuable tools for studying gene regulation, extracellular matrix synthesis or growth factor response. They are also useful for drug development and toxicity testing. Experiments were therefore carried out to optimize culture conditions for the long-term, serial transfer of corneal epithelial cells in the presence of 3T3 feeder layers; and to establish a permanent cell line. In such experiments, rabbit corneal epithelial cells were seeded at low inoculation densities, and transferred every 5 days. After 80 population doublings, an epithelial cell line, RCE1, emerged. The cell line is heteroploid, with an average population doubling time of 15.5 hours (vs 18 hours for primary cultures). When RCE1 cells reached confluence, they stratified to form a three- to five-layered epithelium and expressed the differentiation-related keratin pair K3/K12 as shown by immunoblot and immunostaining. Biosynthetic labeling of proliferating, confluent and stratified cultures further showed that RCE1 cells expressed keratin pairs K5/K14, K6/K16 and K3/K12, thus mimicking faithfully the stage-dependent differentiation of primary cultures of rabbit corneal keratinocytes. The results demonstrated that RCE1 cells provide a useful model for studying corneal cell growth and differentiation.

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Chen, G., K. J. Hutter, J. Bullerdiek, and W. J. Zeller. "Karyotypic change from heteroploidy to near diploidy associated with development of cisplatin resistance in a rat ovarian tumour cell line." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 117, no. 6 (1991): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01613285.

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Conceição, Sofia I. R., Ana Sofia Róis, and Ana D. Caperta. "Limonium homoploid and heteroploid intra- and interspecific crosses unveil seed anomalies and neopolyploidy related to sexual and/or apomictic reproduction." Taxon 67, no. 6 (2018): 1153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/676.11.

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Shirazi Fard, Shahrzad, Miguel Jarrin, Henrik Boije, Valerie Fillon, Charlotta All-Eriksson, and Finn Hallböök. "Heterogenic Final Cell Cycle by Chicken Retinal Lim1 Horizontal Progenitor Cells Leads to Heteroploid Cells with a Remaining Replicated Genome." PLoS ONE 8, no. 3 (2013): e59133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059133.

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Solomyannyi, Roman, Sergii Slivchuk, Donald Smee, et al. "In vitro Activity of the Novel Pyrimidines and Their Condensed Derivatives Against Poliovirus." Current Bioactive Compounds 15, no. 5 (2019): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407214666180720120509.

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Background: Substituted pyrimidine derivatives (non-nucleoside) are found to be associated with various biological activities. The various substituted pyrimidines are also having significant in vitro activity against different DNA and RNA viruses. The present study focuses on the anti-PV activity of new pyrimidines and their condensed derivatives. Methods: A series of novel pyrimidines and their condensed derivatives were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by spectral data. Their antiviral activities against poliovirus type 3 (PV-3) were evaluated in vitro. In cell culture, morphological changes observed in cells infected with polioviruses, including cell rounding and detachment from the substrate, are generally termed cytopathic effects (CPE). The effects of synthetic pyrimidines on PV amplification in a culture of the heteroploid cell line, Vero 76 (African green monkey kidney cells) were investigated. Results: Bioassays in vitro showed that one of seven synthesized compounds, 7-(Benzenesulfonyl)-5- benzyl-N-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine, has potent antiviral activity against PV-3 (EC50 = 0.75 μM). The selectivity index of this compound is similar to that of pirodavir. Conclusion: The need for antiviral agents to treat PV-associated diseases remains great, but few options currently exist. Here we show that substituted pyrimidine derivatives are a promising structure class of chemical compounds for the development of antiviral drugs against PV infections.

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Deng, Lin, Shikong Guo, Hong Li, Xianghui You, Yang Song, and Haichuan Su. "CA125, CEA, CA19-9, and Heteroploid Cells in Ascites Fluid May Help Diagnose Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in Patients with Gastrointestinal and Ovarian Malignancies." Cancer Management and Research Volume 12 (October 2020): 10479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/cmar.s271596.

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Louis, WAECKEL, LI Guorong, BERGER Anne-Emmanuelle, and LAMBERT Claude. "Flow cytometry potential applications in characterizing solid tumors main phenotype, heterogeneity and circulating cells." Archives of Pathology and Clinical Research 5, no. 1 (2021): 010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.apcr.1001022.

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Flow cytometry (FCM) is a unique technique that allows rapid quantitative measurement of multiple parameters on a large number of cells at the individual level. FCM is based on immunolabelling with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, leading to high sensitivity and precision while time effective sample preparation. FCM can be performed on tissue following enzymatic or mechanical dissociation. The expression of epithelial antigens and cytokeratin isoforms help in distinguishing tumor cells from adjacent epithelial cells and from tumor infiltrating leukocytes. Tumor phenotypes can be characterized on expression intensity, aberrancies and presence of tumor-associated antigens as well as their cell proliferation rate and eventual heteroploidy. FCM can measure quantitative expression of hormone or growth factor receptors, immunoregulatory proteins to guide adjuvant therapy. Expression of adhesion molecules tells on tumor’s capacity for tissue invasion and metastasis seeding. Tumor heterogeneity can be explored quantitatively and rare, potentially emerging, clones with poor prognosis can be detected. FCM is easily applicable on fine needle aspiration and in any tumor related biological fluids. FCM can also be used to detect circulating tumor cells (CTC) to assess metastatic potential at diagnosis or during treatment. Detecting CTC could allow early detection of tumors before they are clinically expressed although some difficulties still need to be solved. It thus appears that FCM should be in the pathologist tool box to improve cancer diagnosis, classification and prognosis evaluation as well as in orientating personalized adjuvant therapy and immunotherapy. More developments are still required to better known tumor phenotypes and their potential invasiveness.

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Schardl, C. L., A. Leuchtmann, H. F. Tsai, M. A. Collett, D. M. Watt, and D. B. Scott. "Origin of a fungal symbiont of perennial ryegrass by interspecific hybridization of a mutualist with the ryegrass choke pathogen, Epichloë typhina." Genetics 136, no. 4 (1994): 1307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.4.1307.

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Abstract Seed-borne fungal symbionts (endophytes) provide many cool-season grass species with biological protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The endophytes are asexual, whereas closely related sexual species of genus Epichloë (Clavicipitales) cause grass choke disease. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a host of two endophyte taxa, LpTG-1 (L. perenne endophyte taxonomic grouping one = Acremonium lolii) and LpTG-2, as well as the choke pathogen, Epichloë typhina (represented by isolate E8). Relationships among these fungi and other Epichloë species were investigated by analysis of gene sequences, DNA polymorphisms and allozymes. The results indicate that LpTG-2 is a heteroploid derived from an interspecific hybrid. The LpTG-2 isolates had two copies each of nine out of ten genes analyzed (the exception being the rRNA gene locus), and the profiles for seven of these were composites of those from E. typhina E8 and A. lolii isolate Lp5. Molecular phylogenetic analysis grouped the two beta-tubulin genes of LpTG-2 into separate clades. One (tub2-1) was related to that of E. typhina E8, and the other (tub2-2) to that of A. lolii. The mitochondrial DNA profile of LpTG-2 was similar to that of A. lolii, but its rRNA gene sequence grouped it with E. typhina E8. A proposed model for the evolution of LpTG-2 involves infection of a L. perenne-A. lolii symbiotum by E. typhina, followed by hybridization of the two fungi. Such interspecific hybridization may be a common and important mechanism for genetic variation in Epichloë endophytes.

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Grant, William F. "A chromosome atlas and interspecific – intergenic index for Lotus and Tetragonolobus (Fabaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 11 (1995): 1787–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-191.

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Basic chromosome numbers in Lotus are x = 5, 6, and 7. It is considered that evolution has proceeded in the genus by means of a descending aneuploid series from an eight-chromosomed ancestor. Chromosome numbers for species of Tetragonolobus are based on x = 7. Somatic chromosome numbers are reported for 108 species and 38 varieties. The chromosome numbers for five species (L. hamatus Greene, 2n = 14, L. haydonii (Orcutt) Greene, 2n = 14, L. hintoniorum B.L. Turner, 2n = 14, L. mearnsii Britton, 2n = 14, L. utahensis Ottley, 2n = 14) and seven varieties (L. argophyllus (Gray) Green var. argenteus Dunkle, 2n = 14, L. dendroideus var. traskiae (Eastwood ex Noddin) Isely, 2n = 14, L. heermanii (Durand et Hilgard) Greene var. orbicularis (Gray) Isely, 2n = 14, L. junceus (Benth.) Greene var. biolettii (Greene) Ottley, 2n = 14, L. strigosus var. hirtellus (Greene) Ottley, 2n = 14, L. strigosus var. tomentellus (Greene) Isely, 2n = 14, L. uliginosus ssp. vestitus (Lange) A. Pedersen, 2n = 12) are reported for the first time. Natural diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid plants are reported for L. alpinus. Several species are reported as possessing B chromosomes. Mixoploidy is reported to occur in three species (L. alpinus, L. glacialis, L. glareosus). In addition, chromosome numbers are given for plants regenerated from calluses grown in tissue culture having both heteroploidy, euploidy, and mixoploidy. Root nodules are reported with tetraploid and octoploid cells in addition to the normal number of chromosomes. Trisomie series have been partially developed in L. tenuis and L. uliginosus. Polytene chromosomes were observed in suspensor cells of three species of Lotus. Feulgen cytophotometric measurements, to determine the DNA nuclear content, were made for 16 species of Lotus and one species of Tetragonolobus. The majority of the studies in Lotus concern the economic species L. corniculatus, L. tenuis, and L. uliginosus. Interspecific hybridization was carried out in different combinations between diploids, autoploids, and amphidiploids. Intergeneric hybrids were attempted by somatic hybridization, protoplast fusion, and asymmetric hybridization between Lotus and other species (Glycine max, Medicago sativa, Oryza sativa). Key words: chromosome numbers, DNA values, Fabaceae, Lotus species, interspecific hybrids, intergeneric hybrids, Tetragonolobus.

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