Academic literature on the topic 'Heterotrophic culture'

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Journal articles on the topic "Heterotrophic culture"

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Wang, Jing Han, Hai Zhen Yang, and Feng Wang. "Potential of Mixotrophic Cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana for Biodiesel Production." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 1509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.1509.

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Biodiesel from microalgae provides a promising alternative for biofuel production. Microalgal biodiesel can be produced under three major cultivation modes, namely, photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation. Studies of biodiesel production from microalgae have been reported mostly focusing on photoautotrophic cultivation, mixotrophic cultivation has rarely been researched. This paper compared the biomass productivity, lipid content, and lipid productivity ofChlorella sorokinianaunder photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation. Glucose was adopted as organic
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Wang, Jing Han, Hai Zhen Yang, and Feng Wang. "Mixotrophic Cultivation of Scenedesmus sp. as Biodiesel Feedstock." Advanced Materials Research 777 (September 2013): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.268.

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Microalgae are a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. Microalgal biodiesel can be obtained under three major cultivation modes, namely, photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation. Reported studies of microalgal biodiesel production are mainly based on photoautotrophic cultivation, mixotrophic cultivation has rarely been researched. This paper compared the biomass productivity, lipid content, and lipid productivity of Scenedesmus sp. under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation. Glucose was added as organic carbon source at five concentrations (0
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Wang, Kaixuan, Zhongjie Wang, Yi Ding, et al. "Optimization of Heterotrophic Culture Conditions for the Algae Graesiella emersonii WBG-1 to Produce Proteins." Plants 12, no. 12 (2023): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12122255.

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The aim of this study was to improve the protein content and yield of heterotrophic microalgal cultivation and establish a simple, economical, and efficient method for microalgal protein production using the novel green alga, Graesiella emersonii WBG-1, which has not been previously reported for heterotrophic cultivation. Through batch heterotrophic cultivation of this alga, we observed that glucose was the optimal carbon source, while it could not use sucrose as a carbon source. Biomass production and protein content were significantly reduced when sodium acetate was used as the carbon source
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Sedlacek, Christopher J., Susanne Nielsen, Kenneth D. Greis, et al. "Effects of Bacterial Community Members on the Proteome of the Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterium Nitrosomonas sp. Strain Is79." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 15 (2016): 4776–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01171-16.

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ABSTRACTMicroorganisms in the environment do not exist as the often-studied pure cultures but as members of complex microbial communities. Characterizing the interactions within microbial communities is essential to understand their function in both natural and engineered environments. In this study, we investigated how the presence of a nitrite-oxidizing bacterium (NOB) and heterotrophic bacteria affect the growth and proteome of the chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium (AOB)Nitrosomonassp. strain Is79. We investigatedNitrosomonassp. Is79 in co-culture withNitrobacter winogradsky
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Correia, Nádia, Hugo Pereira, Peter S. C. Schulze, et al. "Heterotrophic and Photoautotrophic Media Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology for the Novel Microalga Chlorococcum amblystomatis." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (2023): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042089.

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The nutritional requirements of novel microalgal strains are key for their effective cultivation and metabolite content. Therefore, the optimization of heterotrophic and photoautotrophic culture media is crucial for novel Chlorococcum amblystomatis growth. Heterotrophic and photoautotrophic biomass samples were characterized to identify the differences between their heterotrophic and photoautotrophic biomass composition and their biotechnological potential. Media optimization through surface response methodology led to 44.9 and 51.2% increments in C. amblystomatis-specific growth rates under h
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Cupo, Adelaide, Simone Landi, Salvatore Morra, et al. "Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic Cultivation of the Marine Diatom Cyclotella cryptica for EPA Production." Marine Drugs 19, no. 7 (2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19070355.

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Recently, the marketable value of ω-3 fatty acid, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), increased considering their health effects for human consumption. Microalgae are considered a valuable and “green” source of EPA alternative to fish oils, but considerable efforts are necessary for their exploitation at an industrial level. Due to the high operation costs of photoautotrophic microalgae cultivation, heterotrophic growth represents a promising economic solution. Marine diatoms are the major ecological producers of ω-3 fatty acids. Few species of diatoms are capable to grow in the dark usi
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Gao, Yifan, Yuan Li, Yan Yang, Jia Feng, Li Ji, and Shulian Xie. "Effects of Trophic Modes on the Lipid Accumulation of Parachlorella kessleri TY." Fermentation 9, no. 10 (2023): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9100891.

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Microalgae are considered to have great potential as a source of biodiesel. Currently, algae culture has three different trophic modes, i.e., autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic, but not all kinds of algae are suitable for heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation. In this study, Parachlorella kessleri TY, screened from the soil of Shanxi Province, was heterotrophically and mixotrophically treated with glucose as an organic carbon source, and the physiological and biochemical levels of its growth and lipid accumulation were measured. The results showed that the highest biomass and biom
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Park, Jeong-Eun, Shan Zhang, Thi Hiep Han, and Sun-Jin Hwang. "The Contribution Ratio of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Metabolism during a Mixotrophic Culture of Chlorella sorokiniana." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (2021): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031353.

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The contribution ratio of autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism in the mixotrophic culture of Chlorella sorokiniana (C. sorokiniana) was investigated. At the early stage of mixotrophic growth (day 0–1), autotrophy contributed over 70% of the total metabolism; however, heterotrophy contributed more than autotrophy after day 1 due to the rapid increase in cell density, which had a shading effect in the photo-bioreactor. Heterotrophy continued to have a higher contribution until the available organic carbon was depleted at which point autotrophy became dominant again. Overall, the increase in
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Nishimura, Takao, Raghunath Ramu Pachpande, and Tatsuichi Iwamura. "A heterotrophic synchronous culture of Chlorella." Cell Structure and Function 13, no. 3 (1988): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1247/csf.13.207.

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Korozi, Evagelina, Vasiliki Tsagou, Io Kefalogianni, et al. "Continuous Culture of Auxenochlorella protothecoides on Biodiesel Derived Glycerol under Mixotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions: Growth Parameters and Biochemical Composition." Microorganisms 10, no. 3 (2022): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030541.

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As crude glycerol comprises a potential substrate for microalga fermentation and value added products’ biosynthesis, Auxenochlorella protothecoides was grown on it under heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions and its growth kinetics were evaluated in a continuous system under steady state conditions. Increasing initial glycerol concentration (from 30 to 50 g/L) in the heterotrophic culture led to reduced biomass yield (Yx/S) and productivity (Px), but favored lipid accumulation. Under heterotrophic conditions, the microalga was found to grow better (biomass up to 7.888 g/L) and faster (highe
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Heterotrophic culture"

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Camarena, Cristobal. "Lutein production and extraction improvements from a heterotrophic culture of scenedesmus almeriensis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST085.

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Les microalgues sont considérées comme une solution biotechnologique aux problèmesmajeurs de ce siècle, offrant des réponses et des alternatives dans des domainestels que la malnutrition, les pénuries alimentaires, le changement climatique etla pollution. En tant qu'organismes photosynthétiques, les microalgues synthétisent denombreux composés afin d'exploiter la lumière du soleil pour leurs fonctions métaboliques, notamment la lutéine, un caroténoïde jaune essentiel pour l'alimentation humaine.Bien que la lutéine soit un composé associé à l'activité photosynthétique des microalgues,certaines
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溫志友 and Zhiyou Wen. "A high yield and productivity strategy for eicosapentaenoic acid production by the diatom Nitzschia laevis in heterotrophic culture." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242418.

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Wen, Zhiyou. "A high yield and productivity strategy for eicosapentaenoic acid production by the diatom Nitzschia laevis in heterotrophic culture." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23242097.

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Berthold, Erwin David. "Enhancing Algal Biomass and Lipid Production through Bacterial and Fungal Co-Culture." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2563.

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This thesis investigates the effects of co-culturing microorganisms including 37 yeast, 38 bacteria, nine diazotrophic cyanobacteria, and three fungi on biomass and lipid production in fresh- and saltwater algae. Algal lipid content was measured using Nile Red method and gravimetric techniques. Among the algal strains tested, freshwater Coelastrum sp. 46-4, and saltwater Cricosphaera sp. 146-2-9, showed enhanced biomass yield and lipid content in response to co-culture with bacteria, cyanobacteria, and fungi. While co-culture with yeast caused inhibition of algal productivity, no difference in
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Fuller, Andrew Kenneth Radburne. "The grazing and growth rates of some marine protozoa measured in batch and continuous culture with particular reference to the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325771.

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Zhang, Jing. "Development of Chlorella vulgaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in immobilized cultures." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC034.

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Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) est un organisme modèle qui présente un potentiel commercial élevé dans le domaine de l'alimentation et de l'énergie, avec une faisabilité prouvée de cultures sous forme de biofilms et de co-culture de levures/microalgues pour la valorisation in situ du CO2 dans les processus biotechnologiques. Ce travail de doctorat se concentre sur les colonies immobilisées dans des cultures pures ou mixtes. Il vise une meilleure compréhension des interactions au sein des colonies et entre colonies, avec pour objectif ultime de comprendre et d'optimiser les co-cultures.Pour a
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Ip, Po-fung. "Elicitation of astaxanthin biosynthesis in dark-heterotrophic cultures of Chlorella zofingiensis." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34617048.

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Sanz, Sáez Isabel. "Contribution of marine heterotrophic cultured bacteria to microbial diversity and mercury detoxification." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671617.

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Els oceans conten aproximadament un total de 10^29 cèl·lules microbianes. Els bacteris marins són responsables de la major part de la respiració que es produeix en l’oceà i són essencials en els cicles biogeoquímics de la Terra. Estudiar la diversitat bacteriana dels ecosistemes marins i tenir accés als genomes mitjançant estudis dependents o independents de cultiu és important per desxifrar el potencial metabòlic dels bacteris marins. El cultius ens aporten informació sobre la fisiologia bacteriana, ecologia i contingut genòmic, però la majoria dels esforços en aïllar bacteris marins proven
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Strate, Jessica Lorene. "Characterization and activity comparisons of methanotrophic-heterotrophic mixed cultures derived from a landfill environment." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0009061.

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Ducos, Jean-Paul. "Croissance et metabolisme primaire de suspensions heterotrophes de catharanthus roseus en fermenteur : importance de la phase gazeuse." Toulouse, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAT0031.

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Books on the topic "Heterotrophic culture"

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Kirchman, David L. Microbial growth, biomass production, and controls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0008.

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Soon after the discovery that bacteria are abundant in natural environments, the question arose as to whether or not they were active. Although the plate count method suggested that they were dormant if not dead, other methods indicated that a large fraction of bacteria and fungi are active, as discussed in this chapter. It goes on to discuss fundamental equations for exponential growth and logistic growth, and it describes phases of growth in batch cultures, continuous cultures, and chemostats. In contrast with measuring growth in laboratory cultures, it is difficult to measure in natural env
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Book chapters on the topic "Heterotrophic culture"

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Kovar, Karin, Pavel Přibyl, and Markus Wyss. "Microalgae Grown under Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Conditions." In Industrial Scale Suspension Culture of Living Cells. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527683321.ch04.

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Imseng, Nicole, Stefan Schillberg, Cornelia Schürch, et al. "Suspension Culture of Plant Cells Under Heterotrophic Conditions." In Industrial Scale Suspension Culture of Living Cells. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527683321.ch07.

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Ogbonna, James Chukwuma, and Mark P. McHenry. "Culture Systems Incorporating Heterotrophic Metabolism for Biodiesel Oil Production by Microalgae." In Biofuel and Biorefinery Technologies. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_4.

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Benlloch, Susana, Francisco Rodríguez-Valera, Silvia G. Acinas, and Antonio J. Martínez-Murcia. "Heterotrophic bacteria, activity and bacterial diversity in two coastal lagoons as detected by culture and 16S rRNA genes PCR amplification and partial sequencing." In Coastal Lagoon Eutrophication and ANaerobic Processes (C.L.E.AN.). Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1744-6_1.

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Cortese, Enrico, Luca Carraretto, Barbara Baldan, and Lorella Navazio. "Arabidopsis Photosynthetic and Heterotrophic Cell Suspension Cultures." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0880-7_8.

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Singh, Amit K., and Daniel C. Ducat. "Generation of Stable, Light-Driven Co-cultures of Cyanobacteria with Heterotrophic Microbes." In Plant Synthetic Biology. Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1791-5_16.

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Mannan, R. Mannar, and Himadri B. Pakrasi. "The Photosynthetic Apparatus in Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Cultures of Anabaena Variabilis ATCC 29413." In Research in Photosynthesis. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0383-8_95.

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Gu, Ji-Dong, and Yoko Katayama. "Microbiota and Biochemical Processes Involved in Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage and Protection." In Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69411-1_2.

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AbstractThe world cultural heritage sites face new challenges for an effective protection and management because of destruction and damage initiated by both natural and anthropogenic causes. Fresh rock and sandstone surfaces of buildings are quickly colonized and covered by a layer of microorganisms, including phototrophs, lithotrophs, and heterotrophs to form a biofilm that alters the local conditions of the stone surfaces, especially under the favorable tropical climate conditions for autotrophic microorganisms and plants. Biofilms had been studied with indigenous or pure cultures of isolate
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Wen, Z. Y., and F. Chen. "Optimization of Nitrogen Sources for the Production of Eicosapentaenoic Acid by the Diatom Nitzschia Laevis in Heterotrophic Cultures." In Algae and their Biotechnological Potential. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9835-4_3.

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Häuser, Christiane, Johannes Jung, and Klaus Grossmann. "Changes in abscisic acid levels of heterotrophic cell suspension cultures caused by the plant growth retardant BAS 111… W and possible physiological consequences." In Progress in Plant Growth Regulation. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2458-4_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Heterotrophic culture"

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Grigoryan, Alexander. "Challenges in Microbial Monitoring of an Oil-water Separation Facility." In MECC 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/mecc2023-20123.

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Abstract Abundance and diversity of microorganisms, including H2S-producing and corrosive bacteria, in the produced water collected from different locations at a Central Arabian Gas-Oil Separation Plant (GOSP) were examined by culture-based and culture-independent methods. Conventional MPN techniques showed that abundance of general heterotrophic bacteria exceeded acceptable levels more frequently in water samples from High Pressure-Production Trap (HPPT) and Water-Oil Separator (WOSEP) than in water from Production Header (PH). MPN assay of corrosive sulfidogenic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SR
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Franklin, Michael J., David C. White, and Hugh S. Isaacs. "The Use of Current Density Mapping in the Study of Microbial Influenced Corrosion." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90104.

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Abstract The scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) was used to map current densities over carbon steel coupons exposed to bacteria. This study was initiated to evaluate the usefulness of the SVET in studies of microbial influenced corrosion (MIC). A comparison was made between current densities, at open circuit potential, of steel exposed to dilute sterile microbiological medium, and steel exposed to medium containing a culture of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. At specific times during the analysis, small amplitude cyclic polarizations were performed. The SVET was utilized to detect l
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Fichter, Jennifer, Geddy Hamblen, Chris Janes, Elizabeth J. Summer, Elizabeth J. Summer, and Abigail Mills. "Use of a Methodological Panel to Identify the Source of Problematic Microbial Contamination in an Oil Shale Field." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09019.

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Abstract An oil shale field was found to exhibit classic signs of a heavy microbial burden, including incidences of hydrogen sulfide production, downhole and surface microbially influenced corrosion, downhole pump and surface equipment fouling and fracturing fluid and drilling mud degradation. Over 140 samples, including formation core material, drilling muds, fracturing fluid source waters, production well samples, samples collected from failed pipe surfaces and samples from salt water disposal facilities, were collected in a comprehensive survey. Microbial activity was measured in parallel u
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Kholodenko, V. P., V. A. Chugunov, I. A. Irkhina, et al. "Investigation of Influence of Biofilms on Microbiologically Induced Corrosion in Oil- and Gas-Processing Industries." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05496.

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Abstract Oil-and gas- pipelines and processing equipment are usually attacked by different microorganisms that can result with time in damage of the equipment leading to serious technological incidences and environmental contamination. The direction and speed of the processes responsible for bio-damages and bio-corrosion are determined by vital activity of microorganisms. Namely bio-films presenting complex associations of the microorganisms and their metabolites are among the main reasons providing such incidences. From other side, bio-films can be protective agents against corrosion as well.
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Savanina, Y. V. "INTENSIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL SELF-CLEANING UNDER CONDITIONS OF SLOPE DISCHARGE." In NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. LLC Institute Information Technologies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-4-5.225-229.

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The article studies the possibilities of creating biohybrid materials based on a mixed-separate culture of cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria isolated from polluted environments, and their use in conditions of excess pollution.
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Wei, X., W. Yang, and S. Choi. "A HIGH POWER-DENSITY, SELF-SUSTAINED HYBRID BIO-SOLAR CELL WITH CO-CULTURE OF HETEROTROPHIC AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA." In 2016 Solid-State, Actuators, and Microsystems Workshop. Transducer Research Foundation, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31438/trf.hh2016.106.

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Molokwane, Pulane E., and Evans M. N. Chirwa. "Development of a Carbon-14 Bioseperation Technique for Cleanup of Nuclear Graphite." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7164.

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A preliminary study on the bioseperation of Carbon-14 was carried out using a mixed-culture of microorganisms obtained from the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Company (PBMR). The culture demonstrated the ability to bioaccumulate radiocarbon-14 (C-14) from solution. The experiment consisting of a growth vessel and a biofilter connected in a closed loop. The biofilter was not installed for the purpose of treatment but rather as a method of isolation of microorganisms for further processing. Significant amounts of C-14 were detected in the trapped cells in the biofilter, significantly higher than in
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MARONEZE, M. M., G. J. G. TEIXEIRA, C. NEVES, L. Q. ZEPKA, M. I. QUEIROZ, and E. JACOB-LOPES. "EVALUATION OF SUBSTRATE LIMITATION KINETICS IN HETEROTROPHIC MICROALGAL CULTURES." In XI Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Química em Iniciação Científica. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chemeng-cobeqic2015-314-33907-260288.

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Stramski, Dariusz, Marian Sedlak, David Tsai, Eric J. Amis, and Dale A. Kiefer. "Dynamic light scattering by cultures of heterotrophic marine bacteria." In San Diego '92, edited by Gary D. Gilbert. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.140688.

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Maroneze, Mariana Manzoni, Cristina Neves, Leila Queiroz Zepka, Maria Isabel Queiroz, and Eduardo Jacob Lopes. "EVALUATION OF SUBSTRATE LIMITATION KINETICS IN HETEROTROPHIC MICROALGAL CULTURES." In Simpósio Nacional de Bioprocessos e Simpósio de Hidrólise Enzimática de Biomassa. Galoá, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/sinaferm-2015-33510.

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Reports on the topic "Heterotrophic culture"

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Phelps, T. J., D. Ringelberg, A. T. Mikell, D. C. White, and C. B. Fliermans. Mineralization of trichloroethylene by heterotrophic enrichment cultures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/666263.

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Shpigel, Muki, Allen Place, William Koven, Oded (Odi) Zmora, Sheenan Harpaz, and Mordechai Harel. Development of Sodium Alginate Encapsulation of Diatom Concentrates as a Nutrient Delivery System to Enhance Growth and Survival of Post-Larvae Abalone. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586480.bard.

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The major bottlenecks in rearing the highly priced gastropod abalone (Haliotis spp.) are the slow growth rate and the high mortality during the first 8 to 12 weeks following metamorphosis and settling. The most likely reason flor these problems is related to nutritional deficiencies in the diatom diet on which the post larvae (PL) feed almost exclusively in captivity. Higher survival and improved growth rate will reduce the considerable expense of hatchery-nursery resisdence time and thereflore the production costs. BARD supported our research for one year only and the support was given to us
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Koven, William, Gordon Grau, Benny Ron, and Tetsuya Hirano. Improving fry quality, survival and growth in commercially farmed fish by dietary stimulation of thyroid hormone production in premetamorphosing larvae. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695856.bard.

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There is a direct correlation between successful metamorphosis from larvae to post-larvae and the quality of the resultant juveniles or fry. Juvenile quality, in turn, is a major factor influencing fish production level and market price. However, following the profound morphological and physiological changes occurring during metamorphosis, the emerging juveniles in some species characteristically demonstrate heterotrophic growth, poor pigmentation, cannibalism and generally poor survival. The white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) in Israel and the Pacific threadfin (Polydactylussexfilis) in Hawai
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