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Mendanha, Asseara Batista Leitão, Roberto Augusto de Almeida Torres, and Adelson de Barros Freire. "Micropropagation of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 21, no. 3 (1998): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571998000300018.
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Tissue cultures were established from newly expanded leaves and axillary buds of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). Calli formed from these explants, but no regeneration occurred. Shoots were obtained from axillary buds cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium (Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497, 1962) supplemented with 1.0 mg/l kinetin, 1.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 20 g/l sucrose and 4 g/l Difco agar. Formation of a root similar to a tap root was induced on MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 3.0 mg/l indolylbutyric acid (IBA), 50 g/l sucrose and 4 g/l Difco agar. Several types of explants were used in attempts to recover complete rubber tree plants with well-developed tap roots. Leaf explants and axillary buds formed calli on MS basic medium with different combinations of kinetin, benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-D, IBA, NAA and indolylacetic acid (IAA). The antibiotic tetracycline was also used to control possible bacterial infections. However, no antibiotic effect was noted. Calli formation was abundant, but no regeneration was observed when the calli from different media was transferred to MS medium without growth hormones. On this basic medium, callus cultures became necrotic and died. Shoots developed from axillary buds, rooted vigorously when cultured on MS medium with NAA, IAA, and IBA. Based on these results, further studies with commercially important clones should lead to a feasible micropropagation technique.
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Enjalric, F., M. P. Carron, and L. Lardet. "CONTAMINATION OF PRIMARY CULTURES IN TROPICAL AREAS: THE CASE OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 225 (June 1988): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1988.225.6.
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Tan, Deguan, Xuepiao Sun, and Jiaming Zhang. "Histochemical and immunohistochemical identification of laticifer cells in callus cultures derived from anthers of Hevea brasiliensis." Plant Cell Reports 30, no. 6 (2011): 1117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-011-1019-9.
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Kuluev, B. R., G. R. Gumerova, A. V. Knyazev, Kh G. Musin, and A. V. Chemeris. "Obtaining of hairy roots cultures of kok-saghyz and analysis of the content of natural rubber." Biomics 12, no. 4 (2020): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2020-36.
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Kok-saghyz (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin) is an alternative to Hevea brasiliensis source of high quality natural rubber that is able to grow in temperate climates. However, the field cultivation of kok-saghyz is associated with a number of problems, such as the need for seed stratification, seedlings that are very sensitive to stress factors, laboriousness in the fight against weeds and pests, uneven maturation of seeds, the lack of special equipment for sowing, collecting roots and seeds. In this regard, the use of hairy roots of kok-saghyz as a raw material for obtaining natural rubber seems to be promising. The aim of our work was to obtain cultures of hairy roots of kok-saghyz and to determine the content of natural rubber in them by the hexane method. In the course of the work, 10 lines of hairy roots of kok-saghyz were obtained, capable of growing in isolated cultures. It has been shown that these hairy roots accumulate an average of 7.5% hexane extract (rubber-like substances) per dry weight, which is about 1.5 times more than the roots of field kok-saghyz. Our data indicate that the use of the hairy roots of kok-saghyz is promising for the industrial production of natural rubber.
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Lima, Tomás Cássio de Caires, Cynthia Venâncio Ikefuti, Uderlei Doniseti Silveira Covizz, Luciana Teixeira de Paula, and Lusia Damasceno. "Estudo de luminosidade para o consórcio das culturas de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis L.) e banana (Musa spp.) no município de Tabapuã/SP / Luminosity study for the consortium of cultures of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis L.) and banana (Musa spp.) in the city of Tabapuã / SP." Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 3, no. 4 (2020): 4081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv3n4-103.
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Penot, Eric, and Isabelle Ollivier. "L'hévéa en association avec les cultures pérennes, fruitières ou forestières : quelques exemples en Asie, Afrique et Amérique latine." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 301, no. 301 (2009): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2009.301.a20407.
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Initialement développée par le secteur des grandes plantations au début du siècle, l'hévéaculture est aujourd'hui principalement le fait de petites exploitations paysannes. Le modèle de diffusion initial fut la monoculture stricte. Cependant, les cultures vivrières intercalaires pendant la période immature de l'hévéa, Hevea brasiliensis, sont relativement bien développées, y compris dans les anciens projets de développement sectoriels. En revanche, les associations incluant des cultures pérennes ou forestières sont peu recensées et souvent peu acceptées par les institutions de développement, comme ce fut le cas en Indonésie durant années 1990. Elles existent localement, parfois sur des superficies importantes : le " jungle rubber ", par exemple. Ces pratiques assurent pourtant une meilleure valorisation de la terre et de la main-d'oeuvre et les associations permanentes avec des cultures pérennes constituent un facteur de stabilisation économique des plantations et de diversification des revenus. Les systèmes agroforestiers complexes constituent aussi un avantage écologique puisqu'ils sont garants du maintien d'une grande partie de la biodiversité rencontrée en forêt naturelle. Le peu d'intérêt officiellement reconnu pour ces associations malgré des avantages économiques et environnementaux peut être imputé au fait qu'elles ne correspondent pas au type d'hévéaculture dominant au sein des grandes sociétés de plantations et des institutions de développement. Nombre de paysans ont innové et mis au point des systèmes astucieux et pratiques leur permettant de diminuer les risques et de diversifier leur production. Le présent article tend à faire le point sur les associations existantes : hévéa associé au café, au thé, au cacao, au rotin ainsi qu'aux espèces fruitières ou forestières. Il ne prétend pas analyser les systèmes en détail mais a pour objectif d'en présenter la diversité. (Résumé d'auteur)
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Perrin, Y., L. Lardet, F. Enjalric, and M. P. Carron. "Rajeunissement de clones matures d'Hevea brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.) par microgreffage in vitro." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 3 (1994): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-112.
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In vitro micrografting of apices of two mature genotypes of Hevea brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.), IRCA 18 and PB 235, on 3-wk-old seedlings grown in vitro permitted successfull in vitro micro-cutting of these two genotypes. Microcutting of micrografted material was impossible from nodal explants or shoot tips of scions developed in vitro on rootstocks. Such explants were incapable of caulogenesis activity after their isolation. This problem was resolved using mixed explants, each consisting of a part of the rootstock in contact with the culture medium, and of the clonal scion from which axillary shoots are developed regularly along the subcultures. Budding and shoot elongation abilities along the subcultures have been compared between mixed explants from micrografts, nodal explants from juvenile material and nodal explants from non-micrografted mature genotypes. The results show a very positive effect of micrografting on the in vitro caulogenesis ability in both genotypes. Moreover, shoots produced by mixed explants from micrografts exhibit the same rooting ability as shoots produced by explants collected on juvenile material. Key words: Rejuvenation, Hevea brasiliensis, in vitro micrografting, micropropagation, in vitro microcutting
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Kouassi, K. M., K. E. Koffi, Y. M. Gnagne, O. N`nan, Y. Coulibaly, and A. Sangare. "Production of Hevea brasiliensis Embryos from in vitro Culture of Unpolinated Ovules." Biotechnology(Faisalabad) 7, no. 4 (2008): 793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2008.793.797.
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Sukamto, Dwi Sucianingtyas, Lila Maharani, Siti Amalia, Sholeh Avivi, and Didik Pudji Restanto. "Sterilization and Callus Formation of Rubber Meristem (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)." Journal of Agricultural Studies 6, no. 4 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v6i4.13796.
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Rubber plant (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg) is one of the important plantation commodities in Indonesia because of its role as a source of income. It stimulates the economic growth around the rubber plantation area. The propagation of rubber is still using conventional methods like grafting. The technique of tissue culture through callus induction is one of the alternatives of mass propagation of rubber seedling with quick and efficient time. The sterilization method is very important to determine the success of tissue culture techniques. Therefore, the aim of this research is to know the best method of sterilization and callus formation in rubber explants. The basic media used were WPM and MS, with BAP of 2 ppm and NAA 0.1 ppm. The best result of sterilization is by soaking 5% fungicide solution for 5 minutes, 5% Clorox solution for 15 minutes, betadin 10% solution for 5 minutes, and finally it rinsed with sterile water three times. The best medium uses WPM medium for callus induction, with 0.5 cm callus length and embryonic callus. In contrast, the MS medium has 0.4 cm callus length and non embryonic callus.
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Suprayudi, Muhammad Agus, Winda Styani Irawan, and Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo. "Evaluation of incubated defatted rubber seed meal with sheep rumen liquor for Pangasius diet." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 13, no. 2 (2015): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.13.146-151.
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<p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p class="Pa2">The research evaluated the use of rubber seed meal (<em>Hevea brasiliensis</em>; RBS) incubated with sheep rumen liquor as a subtitution of soybean meal in catfish <em>Pangasionodon </em>sp. diet. The fish was cultured for 40 days and fed with the experimental diet containing RBS at five different diet compositions regarding to soybean meal substitution level, i.e. 0% (control), 12%, 23%, 34%, and 44%. Feeding was done three times a day to satiation. No significant different was found on fish-protein retention and survival rate in all treatments. Based on the study result, the use of rubber-seed meal (<em>Hevea brasiliensis</em>; RBS) incubated with sheep rumen liquor could substitute soybean meal in catfish <em>Pangasionodon </em>sp. diet.</p><p class="Default"> </p><p class="Pa2">Keywords: <em>Hevea brasiliensis</em>, <em>Pangasionodon </em>sp., catfish, sheep rumen liquor, rubber seed meal<em></em></p><br /><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p class="BasicParagraph"> </p><p class="BasicParagraph" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="BasicParagraph"><strong> </strong></p><p class="Pa2">Penelitian ini mengevaluasi penggunaan tepung bungkil biji karet (<em>Hevea brasiliensis</em>; TBBK) yang diinkubasi dengan cairan rumen domba sebagai pengganti tepung bungkil kedelai pada pakan ikan patin <em>Pangasionodon </em>sp. Pemeliharaan ikan dilakukan selama 40 hari dengan pemberian lima komposisi pakan berbeda sesuai tingkat substitusi tepung bungkil kedelai oleh tepung bungkil karet. TBBK yang ditambahkan untuk mengganti bungkil kedelai adalah sebesar 0%, 12%, 23%, 34% dan 44%. Pemberian pakan dilakukan selama tiga kali sehari secara at satiation. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikan (P&gt;0,05) pada nilai retensi protein dalam tubuh dan kelangsungan hidup ikan uji pada semua perlakuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tepung bungkil biji karet yang diinkubasi dengan cairan rumen domba dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti bungkil kedelai pada pakan ikan patin <em>Pangasionodon </em>sp.</p><p class="Default"> </p><p class="Pa2">Kata kunci: <em>Hevea brasiliensis</em>, <em>Pangasionodon </em>sp., patin, rumen domba, tepung biji karet<em></em></p><br class="BasicParagraph" /><p> </p>
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Masson, Aurélien, Jean-Marc Julien, and Luc Boedt. "Multiplication industrielle par bouturage de clones matures d' Hevea brasiliensis." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 317, no. 317 (2013): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.317.a20523.
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L'importance de l'hévéa (caoutchouc), Hevea brasiliensis, en tant que culture de rente ne cesse d'augmenter justifiant de s'intéresser à de nouvelles techniques de clonage plus efficaces que le greffage (écussonnage) traditionnellement utilisé pour la production industrielle de matériel de plantation de qualité supérieure. Les bonnes performances sur le terrain (croissance rapide, haut rendement) des hévéas produits par embryogenèse somatique n'ont été constatées jusqu'à présent qu'à l'échelle expérimentale. La propagation de masse in vitro par embryogenèse somatique ou microbouturage de clones d'hévéas sur leurs propres racines reste pénalisée par un manque de réactivité de la plupart des génotypes sélectionnés et par des coûts de production prohibitifs. Face à cette situation, la propagation par bouturage de clones matures sélectionnés issus de micropropagation in vitro a été tentée par la SoGB en Côte d'Ivoire comme une alternative possible à l'utilisation exclusive des techniques in vitro. Les deux clones matures industriels, A (70 ans) et B (53 ans), ont d'abord été rajeunis in vitro par embryogenèse somatique puis micropropagés en plus grand nombre par microbouturage. Après acclimatation, les microboutures enracinées in vitro ont été rempotées dans des pots individuels pour être gérées de manière intensive comme pieds-mères destinés au bouturage. Après 3 semaines en conditions horticoles adéquates, les taux d'enracinement obtenus pour les boutures des clones A et B ont été respectivement de 74,6 % (1203/1613) et 76,5 % (198/259). Les racines adventices néoformées étaient généralement vigoureuses. A l'issue d'une phase d'acclimatation réussie, les boutures se sont développées de façon conforme pour atteindre 4 mois plus tard une hauteur de 25-30 cm suffisante pour être plantées au champ. En sus d'une plus grande vigueur et conformité sur le terrain, les clones issus de bouturage peuvent être produits plus rapidement, sur des surfaces plus réduites à moindre coût et dans des conditions de travail plus faciles par rapport aux plantes issus d'écussonnage. Des analyses en cours devraient permettre d'établir les avantages comparatifs des boutures par rapport aux plants écussonnés en ce qui concerne d'autres caractères à fort impact économique tels que le rendement de latex.
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Minh, Nguyen Van, Mai Huu Phuc, Duong Nhat Linh, Tran Thi A. Ni, Tran Kien Duc, and Nguyen Anh Nghia. "Screening of endophytes from rubber trees (hevea brasiliensis) for biological control of Corticium salmonicolor." ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 2 (2020): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.en.8.2.345.2018.
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28 leaves and living-tissue samples of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) were collected from Ho Chi Minh City, Binh Phuoc province and Binh Duong province (Viet Nam). We isolated and screened endophytes that have potential application as agents for biocontrol of Corticium salmonicolor, the agent of Pink Disease in rubber trees. As a result, 21 strains of endophytic bacteria and 14 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated. Antagonistic activity of the endophytes towards C. salmonicolor was checked by using a dual culture. Testing results showed that: T9, T15 and T16 strains have inhibited C. salmonicolor. T9 and T16 strains showed result that 100% of inhibiting C. salmonicolor at the concentration of 1:1. In the test of ability to kill C. salmonicolor, T9 and T16 strains showed that they could kill C. salmonicolor
 after 3 sprays of bacterial filtrate. T9 and T6 strains, which were identified by biochemical methods, have similar characteristics to Bacillus thuringiensis.
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MARTIANSYAH, IRFAN, NURHAIMI HARIS, TATI HUSNIYATI, and EDI DJAUHARI PURWAKUSUMAH. "Genetic Variation Analysis of Hevea brasiliensis Genotype Population of In Vitro Micro-Cutting Culture by RAPD Marker." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 4, no. 2 (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.4.2.57-62.
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The rubber seeds are insufficient for producing rootstocks to rubber grafting. It can be overcome by an in vitro micro-cutting culture technique developed in the Indonesian Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioindustry (IRIBB). However, the origin clone of 57 rubber genotypes used as an explant source in vitro micro-cutting culture is not recognized. The study was to investigate the 57 genotypes that came from mixed GT 1, PB 260, and RRIM 600 as parent clones. We investigated using seven primers of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), i.e., OPA 02, OPA 07, OPA 15, OPB 04, OPC 05, OPC 11, and OPC 20. The qualitative analyzed by electrophoresis 1% gel agarose. A total of 47 DNA fragments produced with an average of 7 fragments per primer. OPA 02 generated of 13 fragments, whereas OPB 04 only one fragment. The DNA fragment pattern shows the presence of polymorphism. The genetic similarity coefficients obtained in the range of 62-96%. The highest genetic similarity (96%) is genotype 70 and 78. It recognized that 42 genotypes from 57 rubber genotypes had the closest relationship with PB 260 clones. Furthermore, six genotypes had a significant growth response as an explant in vitro micro-cutting culture.
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Kougbo, M. D., D. F. Malan, M. Dogba, and A. S. Konan. "Pratiques culturales et diversite des ligneux compagnes dans les exploitations cacaoyeres et heveicoles a l’est de la Côte d’Ivoire." African Crop Science Journal 28, no. 2 (2020): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i2.4.
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En zone de forêt tropicale, les ligneux compagnes offrent de multiples services écosystémiques aux populations locales. Cependant, ils sont sur le point de disparaitre du fait que les agriculteurs ont désormais des objectifs tournés vers la production massive. Cette étude avait pour objectif d’analyser l’impact del’installation des exploitations cacaoyères et hévéicolessur la diversité de ces ligneux dansla région de l’Indénié-Djuablin en Côte d’Ivoire.Une enquête a été menée auprès de 108 agriculteurs (73 hommes et 35 femmes) de la région afin de connaître les processus et les activités relatifs à l’installation de leurs exploitations agricoles. Puis, la densité, l’aire basale et la diversité des ligneux compagnes ont étéévaluées à l’intérieur de 108 exploitations agricoles (54 cacaoyères et 54 hévéicoles) de différentes classes d’âge.Ceci a permis de comparerces parcelles agricoles à celles des forêts en reconstitution servant de témoins. Pour installer de nouvelles parcelles agricoles, ces agriculteurs réduisent la densité des arbresen fonction du type de culture et mettent le feu à la parcelle à exploiter. Ainsi lenombre moyen d’espèces de ligneux compagnesvarie de 4,92 à 6,17 espèces dans les exploitations à base de Theobroma cacao et de 2,08 et 2,50 espèces dans les exploitations à base de Hevea basiliensis. Toutefois, ces valeurs diffèrent de celle des forêts en reconstitution qui est en moyenne de 15,58 espèces.Contrairement aux exploitationsà base de Hevea brasiliensis, l’établissement des exploitations à base de Theobroma cacaoa eu comme conséquence une plus grande conservation de la diversité structurale et fonctionnelle des ligneux compagnes.
 Mots clés: Forêts, Hevea basiliensis, Theobroma cacao
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Rayol, Breno Pinto, and Jéssica Conceição Nunes Silva. "Florística e estrutura do estrato arbóreo de quintais urbanos do município de Belterra, Pará." Agrarian 14, no. 51 (2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30612/agrarian.v13i50.9369.
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Estudos de composição florística e estrutura ampliam o conhecimento de informações ecológicas e botânicas e fornecem subsídios ao manejo e conservação da biodiversidade em agroecossistemas, portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a florística e a estrutura da vegetação arbórea de quintais urbanos do município de Belterra, Pará. Foram amostrados 19 quintais agroflorestais, nos quais foram inventariados todos os indivíduos arbóreos com diâmetro à altura do peito maior ou igual a cinco centímetros (DAP ≥ 5cm). Foram registradas 503 árvores, distribuídas em 39 espécies e 18 famílias botânicas. As espécies mais importantes na estrutura dos quintais agroflorestais avaliados foram Theobroma grandiflorum (372 indivíduos), Hevea brasiliensis (36) e Persea americana (28). Apesar de se localizarem em áreas urbanas, os quintais avaliados são diversificados e possuem grande importância para o suprimento alimentar de famílias amazônicas.
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SENEVIRATNE, P., and G. A. S. WIJESEKARA. "THE GROWTH PHASE AND ITS EFFECT ON BUD PROLIFERATION AND GROWTH OF IN VITRO CULTURE OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 22, no. 4 (1994): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v22i4.8134.
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Fox, Jefferson, and Jean-Christophe Castella. "Expansion of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Mainland Southeast Asia: what are the prospects for smallholders?" Journal of Peasant Studies 40, no. 1 (2013): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.750605.
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Nascimento, Erivaldo Alves do, Luiz Edson Mota de Oliveira, Evaristo Mauro de Castro, Nelson Delú Filho, Alessandro Carlos Mesquita, and Carlos Vinicio Vieira. "Alterações morfofisiológicas em folhas de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) consorciado com seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)." Ciência Rural 36, no. 3 (2006): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782006000300019.
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O cultivo da seringueira em monocultivo ou consorciada com cafeeiro surge como alternativa promissora e uma opção para os cafeeicultores frente às constantes oscilações da produção e do mercado. Porém, a produtividade de ambas as culturas é fortemente afetada pelas variações climáticas e pelo sistema de cultivo adotado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da variação dos fatores do clima e dos sistemas de cultivo sobre as trocas gasosas, eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II (FV/FM) e anatomia foliar do cafeeiro. Foram estudados quatro sistemas de cultivo: café em monocultivo (C), três fileiras de cafeeiros a cada fileira dupla de seringueira (SSCCCSS), uma fileira de cafeeiros a cada fileira de seringueira (SCS) e três plantas de café a cada planta de seringueira na mesma fileira (SCSCS). As plantas dos sistemas (SSCCCSS), (SCS) e (SCSCS) apresentaram os menores valores de taxas fotossintéticas (A), condutância estomática (gs), transpiração (E) e maiores valores para a razão Fv/Fm. As plantas de café em (C) apresentaram médias superiores de espessura dos parênquimas paliçádico e lacunoso, do limbo foliar, além de maior índice estomático em relação aos demais sistemas de cultivo, apresentando, dessa forma, plasticidade anatômica para a espécie, quando comparada às plantas de sol e sombreadas pela seringueira.
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Cai, Z. Y., Y. X. Liu, G. X. Huang, et al. "First Report of Alternaria heveae Causing Black Leaf Spot of Rubber Tree in China." Plant Disease 98, no. 7 (2014): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-14-0065-pdn.
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Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) is an important industrial crop of tropical areas for natural rubber production. In October 2013, foliar spots (0.1 to 0.4 mm in diameter), black surrounded by a yellow halo, and with lesions slightly sunken were observed on the rubber tree leaf in a growing area in Heikou County of Yunnan Province. Lesion tissues removed from the border between symptomatic and healthy tissue were surface sterilized in 75% ethanol and air-dried, plated on PDA plates, and incubated at 28°C with alternating day/night cycles of light. The pathogen was observed growing out of many of the leaf pieces, and produced abundant conidia. Colonies 6.1 cm in diameter developed on potato carrot agar (PCA) after 7 days, with well-defined concentric rings of growth. Colonies on PCA were composed of fine, dark, radiating, surface and subsurface hyphae. Conidia produced in PCA culture were mostly solitary or in short chains of 2 to 5 spores, long ovoid to clavate, and light brown, 40 to 81.25 × 8 to 20 μm (200 colonies were measured), with 3 to 6 transverse septa and 0 to 2 longitudinal or oblique septa. Morphological characteristics were similar to those described for Alternaria heveae (3,4). A disease of rubber tree caused by Alternaria sp. had been reported in Mexico in 1947 (2). DNA of Ah01HK13 isolate was extracted for PCR and sequencing of the ITS region with ITS1 and ITS4 primers was completed. From the BLAST analysis, the sequence of Ah01HK13 (GenBank Accession No. KF953884), had 97% similarity to A. dauci, 96% identical to A. macrospora (AY154701.1 and DQ156342.1, respectively), indicating the pathogen belonged to Alternaria genus. According to morphological characteristics, this pathogen was identified as A. heveae. Pathogenicity of representative isolate, Ah01HK13 was confirmed using a field rubber tree inoculation method. Three rubber plants (the clone of rubber tree Yunyan77-4) were grown to the copper-colored leaf stage and inoculated by spraying spore suspension (concentration = 104 conidia/ml) to the copper-colored leaves until drops were equally distributed on it using manual pressure sprayer. Three rubber plants sprayed with sterile distilled water were used as controls. After inoculation, the plants were covered with plastic bags. The plastic bags were removed after 2 days post-inoculation (dpi) and monitored daily for symptom development (1). The experiment was repeated three times. The typical 0.1 to 0.4 mm black leaf spots were observed 7 dpi. No symptoms were observed on control plants. A fungus with the same colony and conidial morphology as A. heveae were re-isolated from leaf lesions on inoculated rubber plants, but not from asymptomatic leaves of control plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Based on these results, the disease was identified as black spot of rubber tree caused by A. heveae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. heveae on rubber tree in China. References: (1) Z. Y. Cai et al. Microbiol Res. 168:340, 2013. (2) W. J. Martin. Plant Dis. Rep. 31:155, 1947. (3) E. G. Simmons. Mycotaxon 50:262, 1994. (4) T. Y. Zhang. Page 111 in: Flora Fungorum Sinicorum: Alternaria, Science Press, Beijing, 2003.
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Yamaguchi, Tomoko, Yukio Kurihara, Yuko Makita, et al. "Regulatory Potential of bHLH-Type Transcription Factors on the Road to Rubber Biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis." Plants 9, no. 6 (2020): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060674.
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Natural rubber is the main component of latex obtained from laticifer cells of Hevea brasiliensis. For improving rubber yield, it is essential to understand the genetic molecular mechanisms responsible for laticifer differentiation and rubber biosynthesis. Jasmonate enhances both secondary laticifer differentiation and rubber biosynthesis. Here, we carried out time-course RNA-seq analysis in suspension-cultured cells treated with methyljasmonic acid (MeJA) to characterize the gene expression profile. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the term “cell differentiation” was enriched in upregulated genes at 24 h after treatment, but inversely, the term was enriched in downregulated genes at 5 days, indicating that MeJA could induce cell differentiation at an early stage of the response. Jasmonate signaling is activated by MYC2, a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)-type transcription factor (TF). The aim of this work was to find any links between transcriptomic changes after MeJA application and regulation by TFs. Using an in vitro binding assay, we traced candidate genes throughout the whole genome that were targeted by four bHLH TFs: Hb_MYC2-1, Hb_MYC2-2, Hb_bHLH1, and Hb_bHLH2. The latter two are highly expressed in laticifer cells. Their physical binding sites were found in the promoter regions of a variety of other TF genes, which are differentially expressed upon MeJA exposure, and rubber biogenesis-related genes including SRPP1 and REF3. These studies suggest the possibilities that Hb_MYC2-1 and Hb_MYC2-2 regulate cell differentiation and that Hb_bHLH1 and Hb_bHLH2 promote rubber biosynthesis. We expect that our findings will help to increase natural rubber yield through genetic control in the future.
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Bamba, Takeshi, Tomoki Sando, Asuka Miyabashira, et al. "Periploca sepium Bunge as a Model Plant for Rubber Biosynthesis Study." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 62, no. 7-8 (2007): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2007-7-820.
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Periploca sepium Bunge (Chinese silk vine) is a woody climbing vine belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. It originally comes from Northwest China. Periploca resembles the Para-rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, regarding a similar body plan to produce a milky exudate containing rubber latex. The Periploca plant was assessed as a rubber-producing plant by rubber structure elucidation and its molecular weight distribution. A rubber fraction purified from the milky exudate was subjected to 1H NMR analysis, and a characteristic signal derived from cis-polyisoprene was observed. In addition, when the molecular weight distribution of rubber components in the exudate was measured (using size-exclusion chromatography), the number-average molecular weight (Mn), weight-average molecular weight (Mw), and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) were estimated to be Mn = 1.3 × 105, Mw = 4.1 × 105, and Mw/Mn = 3.1, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of polyisoprene, with Mn = 4.0 × 104, Mw = 7.6 × 104, and Mw/Mn = 2.5, was also confirmed in plantlets obtained from shoots as a result of tissue culture
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Tarigan, Gema, Mardiana Wahyuni, and Guntoro . "EFEKTIVITAS BIOFUNGISIDA Trichoderma koningii TERHADAP PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT JAMUR AKAR PUTIH DI PEMBIBITAN BATANG BAWAH TANAMAN KARET (Hevea brasiliensis)." Jurnal Agro Estate 3, no. 1 (2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47199/jae.v3i1.16.
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One of the main obstacles in rubber cultivation is the white root fungus (JAP) attack which caused by Rigidophorus ligonosus. This pathogen infects rubber plants from the nursery until the mature plants. Efforts to control the disease have been carried out by chemical, technical culture and use of biological agencies. This research was conducted at the STIP-AP Medan in January 2017 to June 2017, this study used a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications and four treatments. Using Trichoderma koningii with somes doses were 20 grams, 30 grams, and 40 grams/seedling. The results of this study indicate that the biofungicide application of Trichoderma koningii 30 g/seedling produces the greatest inhibition of the rubber plants seedling nursery against the growth of pathogens Rigidoporus lignosus.
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Uteulin, K. R., and K. Zh Zhambakin. "TABLE OF CONTENTS AND LOCALIZATION OF RUBBER IN THE ROOTS OF KOK-SAGHYZ (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin)." REPORTS 6, no. 334 (2020): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.134.
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This article presents biological features, botanical description, and the results of the anatomical and physiological study of the Dandelion kok-saghyz (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin), a valuable resource plant of world significance. Kok-saghyz is used as a technical culture, a source of high-quality rubber. Natural rubber is widely used in the rubber industry for the production of tires for automobiles, aircrafts, bicycles, as well as shoes, medical gloves and other products. The global rubber industry faces the real danger of the destruction of plantations of the main source of natural rubber - the rubber tree of hevea (Hevea brasiliensis), grown in the tropical humid climate of Southeast Asia, due to its diseases. This has happened in South America, which was originally a world center for the production of natural rubber; it has completely lost its position due to epiphytotics. There is currently a phytosanitary quarantine and a person who was accessed to hevea in South America should not visit the countries of Southeast Asia. Thus, there is a need for reserve additional plant species, the sources of natural rubber in the temperate zone, being adverse for acclimatization of hevea. Dandelion kok-saghyz is recognized as such a promising producer of natural rubber. According to data published, rubber of kok-saghyz sits in the latex vessels of the root, and the rubber content (6 to 14%) depends on the number of circles of the latex vessels (3 to 14). The number of circles of the latex vessels and, therefore, the rubber content in the roots depends on genotype, agricultural background and stage of kok-saghyz ontogenesis. The roots of kok-saghyz are known for high variability in the rubber content even in the same natural population of wild kok-saghyz from 0 to 47.87; 35.85 and 23.58% of the air-dry weight is due to several one-year covers in the root. Kok-saghyz is a highly polymorphic species that can be used in breeding programs. Individual selection provides for the high rubber content in the roots of kok-saghyz (10 to 14%). Currently, kok-saghyz is an important rubber plant with the following features: 1) high percentage of rubber; 2) flowering and fruiting in the first year of life; 3) high quality rubber. Kok-saghyz polymorphism provides for the selection of the most rubber-bearing and most precocious forms of this plant.
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Oliveira, Marcelo Alves de, Thales Caetano de Oliveira, Matheus Vinicius Abadia Ventura, et al. "UTILIZAÇÃO DA AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO NA GESTÃO E CORREÇÃO DO SOLO NA HEVEICULTURA." Científic@ - Multidisciplinary Journal 6, no. 1 (2019): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29247/2358-260x.2019v6i1.p119-133.
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A cultura da seringueira com um manejo de correção do solo de qualidade expressa melhor suas características respondendo em produtividades. O cultivo do gênero Hevea brasiliensis diferentes de outras culturas não visa os frutos, mais sim o látex, que é extraído do tronco da planta. Como os procedimentos são delicados, exige-se conhecimento técnico do processo, assim, é preciso ferramentas que auxiliem na precisão e acurácia, e este processo precisa ser implantado no estabelecimento da cultura, na base, ou seja, na correção do solo, que condiciona este ambiente para as melhores expressões da planta no ambiente de produção. Nesta necessidade que entra a aplicações de ferramentas tecnológicas da agricultura de precisão aplicadas a cultura da seringueira, uma ferramenta que tem muito a contribuir no setor de produção de florestas. A aplicação da tecnologia foi totalmente realizada levando em consideração a realidade do setor da heveicultura, com uma ferramenta que auxilia na gestão dos processos por tarefas que representam tabuleiros que por sua vez são amostradas e interpoladas para fins de recomendações e confecção de mapas temáticos de correção do solo, e o conhecimento de características da variabilidade do solo.
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Aoki, Yuichi, Seiji Takahashi, Satoshi Toda, Tanetoshi Koyama, and Toru Nakayama. "Transcriptional responses of laticifer-specific genes to phytohormones in a suspension-cultured cell line derived from petioles of Hevea brasiliensis." Plant Biotechnology 31, no. 5 (2014): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.1015a.
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Cividanes, Francisco Jorge, José Carlos Barbosa, Ivan Carlos Fernandes Martins, Fernando Pattaro, Maria Andreia Nunes, and Rodrigo Souza Santos. "Diversidade e distribuição espacial de artrópodes associados ao solo em agroecossistemas." Bragantia 68, no. 4 (2009): 991–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87052009000400020.
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O conhecimento da diversidade e distribuição de artrópodes associados ao solo contribui para o desenvolvimento de sistemas agrícolas sustentáveis. O presente estudo foi realizado em Jaboticabal (SP), durante o período de fevereiro a abril de 2004. O objetivo foi analisar a comunidade de Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Formicidae e Araneae através de índices faunísticos e determinar a distribuição espacial e a interação interespecífica de espécies predominantes em soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), milho (Zea mays L.) e seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). Os artrópodes foram amostrados com armadilhas de solo distribuídas a cada 10 m em dois transectos de 210 m de comprimento, que atravessaram o seringal e avançaram 60 m no interior das culturas. A fauna foi caracterizada pelos índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, de equitabilidade e de similaridade de Morisita. As diferenças entre a ocorrência das espécies predominantes nos hábitats foram determinadas por análise de variância e a interação interespecífica por correlação de Pearson. A soja e o milho cultivados em sistema de plantio direto propiciaram comunidades de carabídeos, formigas e aranhas mais bem estruturadas que o seringal. Entre as 88 espécies capturadas, 20 espécies foram predominantes cuja distribuição espacial mostrou que Odontocheila nodicornis (Dejean), Glenus chrysis Gravenhorst, Castianeira sp. e oito espécies de formigas foram mais abundantes no seringal em comparação às culturas de soja e do milho. A abundância dos carabídeos Calosoma granulatum Perty e O. nodicornis diminuiu conforme aumentou a densidade dos formicídeos Pheidole sp.1 e Odontomachus chelifer Latreille respectivamente.
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Chakraborty, Kripamoy, Aparajita Roy Das, Ajay Krishna Saha, and Panna Das. "A culture based diversity of saprobic fungi associated with leaf litter of Hevea brasiliensis along a chronosequence of plantations in Tripura, Northeast India." Tropical Ecology 61, no. 4 (2020): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42965-020-00104-7.
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Ferla, Noeli Juarez, and Gilberto José de Moraes. "Seletividade de acaricidas e inseticidas a ácaros predadores (Acari: Phytoseiidae) encontrados em seringueira no centro-oeste do Brasil." Ciência Rural 36, no. 2 (2006): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782006000200001.
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Euseius concordis (Chant) e Neoseiulus anonymus (Chant & Baker) são ácaros predadores da família Phytoseiidae comumente encontrados em seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) em Mato Grosso, região centro-oeste do Brasil. Este trabalho foi realizado para verificar o efeito de acaricidas e inseticidas-acaricidas empregados em plantações de seringueira, e outros que teriam potencial para serem empregados contra insetos e ácaros considerados pragas dessa cultura, sobre E. concordis e N. anonymus. Utilizou-se o método residual de pulverização em superfície, recomendado como padrão pelo Grupo de Trabalho "Pesticidas e Artrópodes Benéficos", da Organização Internacional de Controle Biológico e Integrado de Plantas e Animais Nocivos/Seção Regional do Paleártico Oeste. Duas concentrações de cada um dos seguintes ingredientes ativos foram utilizadas: acefato, dicofol, endosulfan, formetanate, metomil, monocrotofós, óxido de fenbutatin e propargite. Uma das concentrações utilizadas foi uma média daquelas sugeridas pelos fabricantes para o controle de ácaros e insetos fitófagos presentes em outras culturas, uma vez que nenhum dos produtos testados tem registro para o uso em seringueira e a outra correspondeu à cerca de um terço da primeira. Endosulfan a 320ppm, dicofol a 100ppm e óxido de fenbutatin a 100 e 320ppm foram inócuos a E. concordis, enquanto que endosulfan a 320ppm e dicofol a 100ppm foram inócuos a N. anonymus. Acefato, formetanate e monocrotofós, nas concentrações testadas, foram nocivos às duas espécies.
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Godswill, Ntsomboh-Ntsefong, Ngoueko Tefonou Bernadette-Sorele, Dzokouo Dzoyem Camille Ulrich, Yaouba Aoudou, and Nyaka Ngobisa Aurelie Irene Claire. "Effect of Two Fungicides on Mycelial Growth of Fungi Causing Leaf Blight and Wilt of the Rubber Plant (Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg.) in Cameroon." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 4 (2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i4.17476.
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Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg., Euphorbiaceae) is a tropical tree crop mainly grown for the industrial production of latex. The rubber sector in Cameroon is faced with the effects of global economic crisis and a drop in the yield of latex due to several pests and diseases. This study focused on leaf diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum and Pestalotiopsis microspora. The fungi were isolated from the leaves of the rubber plant and cultured for characterization on two media (Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Potato Carrot Dextrose Agar (PCDA)) at various temperature and pH levels. Using the poison food technique, an in vitro assay was done to assess the effect of two fungicides (Synthetic Fungicide 1 (SF1) and Synthetic Fungicide 2 (SF2)) at the respective doses of 0.006, 0.013 and 0.025 g.L-1, and 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 g.L-1 on the growth of the two fungi. Results obtained show that PDA is most favourable for the growth of both fungi compared to PCDA. Both fungi attained optimal growth at pH 7 and at an incubation temperature of 25 oC. Neither F. oxysporum nor P. microspora grew on SF1-amended PDA and PCDA at all doses of the fungicide. SF2 significantly (P>0.05) inhibited the growth of P. microspora by 53.3% at the dose of 0.025 g.L-1 while F. oxysporum was less sensitive to the fungicide at all doses. In vitro pathogenicity test revealed similar disease symptoms as those observed in the field. This study shows that SF1 is the best fungicide against F. oxysporum and P. microspora as it gave 100% inhibition on the growth of both fungi.
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Diniz, Patricia Fabian de Araújo, Luiz Edson Mota de Oliveira, Noelly Alves Lopes, Ligiane Aparecida Florentino, Teotonio Soares de Carvalho, and Fatima Maria de Souza Moreira. "Bactérias diazotróficas em solos sob seringueira." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, no. 5 (2012): 1426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000500006.
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Diversos relatos evidenciam os benefícios de procariotos fixadores de nitrogênio atmosférico no crescimento e na nutrição de muitas espécies vegetais; entretanto, não há, até o momento, nenhum trabalho visando à prospecção desses microrganismos na rizosfera da seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis). Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a ocorrência de bactérias diazotróficas em solos sob plantio de seringueira, assim como em suas raízes, e isolar e caracterizar essas bactérias. Para essa finalidade, coletaram-se amostras de solo e de raízes finas de seringueiras cultivadas no Campus Experimental da Universidade Federal de Lavras (Lavras, MG) para inoculação em meios de cultura semissólidos sem N na forma combinada, de modo a favorecer o crescimento de algumas espécies de bactérias diazotróficas. Foram obtidos 19 isolados nas amostras de solo, e não houve crescimento de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio nas culturas com amostras de raízes. A caracterização celular e das colônias desses isolados indicou que 17 deles produzem grande quantidade de exopolissacarídeo elástico, algumas vezes cartilaginoso. Eles são todos Gram-negativos, com formato celular de bastonete, imóveis e com dois glóbulos de poli-β-hidroxibutirato (PBH), um em cada extremidade do bastonete. O sequenciamento do 16S rDNA e sua análise filogenética confirmaram que isolados representativos desse grupo pertencem ao gênero Beijerinckia (B. indica e B. derxii) e que os outros dois isolados Gram-positivos pertencem ao gênero Bacillus. A presença da nitrogenase - a enzima responsável pela fixação biológica do nitrogênio atmosférico (FBN) - foi confirmada por meio da técnica de redução do acetileno. Conclui-se que, no solo sob plantio de seringueira, houve predominância de diazotróficas de vida livre pertencentes ao gênero Beijerinckia (B. indica e B. derxii), não havendo indícios de bactérias endofiticas ou rizosféricas.
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Ondo Ovono, Paul, Préccilia Karène Ada Ollomo, Samson Daudet Medza Mve, Claire Kevers, and Jacques Dommes. "Effet des herbicides à base de glyphosate et fluroxypyr sur les adventices les plus fréquentes dans la culture de l’hévéa (Hevea brasiliensis (H.B.K) (Muell. Arg) à Batouri, Nord du Gabon." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13, no. 6 (2020): 2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i6.3.
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Tu, Min. "In vitro culture method of powdery mildew (Oidium heveae Steinmann) of Hevea brasiliensis." AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 11, no. 68 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb12.864.
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Divya, U. K., and S. Sushama Kumari. "Development of In vitro Tetraploid Plants of Hevea brasiliensis." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, July 16, 2019, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2019/v28i630125.
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Increase in global consumption of natural rubber necessitates crop improvement of Hevea aimed at increased productivity. As conventional breeding of Hevea is very elaborate and time consuming. Hence in the present study development of tetraploids through chromosome doubling of diploid callus obtained from cultured immature inflorescence of Hevea using colchicines were attempted. Chromosome doubling of the diploid callus occurred when treated with 1.25 µM colchicine for 3 days. In higher concentrations as well as at longer exposure periods, the callus texture and viability were affected. 48 % embryo induction and a maturation frequency of 45 % were obtained. Embryo germination and plant regeneration with a germination frequency (30 %) and a regeneration frequency (20 %) were obtained. Cytological and flow cytometric analyses confirmed the tetraploid nature of the colchicines treated callus. In vitro tetraploid plant developed through these in vitro techniques can be further used in Hevea brasiliensis breeding.
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LESTARI, Retno, Maryannick RIO, Florence MARTIN, et al. "Establishment of Hevea brasiliensis lines overexpressing genes involved in ethylene signalling pathway." E-Journal Menara Perkebunan 84, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v84i1.190.
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The gaseous plant hormone ethylene has a wide variety of applications in agriculture and horticulture. Ethylene Response Factors (ERF) are the last transcription factors of the ethylene signalling pathway and control a large number of ethylene-responsive genes. Two Hevea brasiliensis ERF, HbERF-IXc4 and HbERF-IXc5, are orthologs to ERF1 a key regulator at the crosstalk of ethylene and jasmonate signalling pathways. These genes were suggested to play an important role in regulating latex cell metabolism in response to tapping and ethephon stimulation. In this study, transgenic lines overexpressing HbERF-IXc4 and HbERF-IXc5 under control of 35S CaMV and HEV2.1 promoter have been conducted. Transgenic Hevea lines were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. The somatic embryogenesis process was affected by these modifications. Agrobacterium tumefaciens genetic transformation procedure has been developed from friable callus line for clone PB260. Hevea callus was sub-cultured as small aggregates on paromomycin selection medium. Transgenic callus lines were established from sub-aggregates showing full GFP activity. Ten transgenic lines were confirmed as transgenic by Southern blot hybridization. This result showed successfully establishment of H. brasiliensis transgenic lines. Further plant regeneration and characterization were necessary to understand the function HbERF-IXc4 and HbERF-IXc5 in latex.
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LESTARI, Retno, Maryannick RIO, Florence MARTIN, et al. "Establishment of Hevea brasiliensis lines overexpressing genes involved in ethylene signalling pathway." E-Journal Menara Perkebunan 84, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/ppbbi.jur.mp.v84i1.190.
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The gaseous plant hormone ethylene has a wide variety of applications in agriculture and horticulture. Ethylene Response Factors (ERF) are the last transcription factors of the ethylene signalling pathway and control a large number of ethylene-responsive genes. Two Hevea brasiliensis ERF, HbERF-IXc4 and HbERF-IXc5, are orthologs to ERF1 a key regulator at the crosstalk of ethylene and jasmonate signalling pathways. These genes were suggested to play an important role in regulating latex cell metabolism in response to tapping and ethephon stimulation. In this study, transgenic lines overexpressing HbERF-IXc4 and HbERF-IXc5 under control of 35S CaMV and HEV2.1 promoter have been conducted. Transgenic Hevea lines were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation. The somatic embryogenesis process was affected by these modifications. Agrobacterium tumefaciens genetic transformation procedure has been developed from friable callus line for clone PB260. Hevea callus was sub-cultured as small aggregates on paromomycin selection medium. Transgenic callus lines were established from sub-aggregates showing full GFP activity. Ten transgenic lines were confirmed as transgenic by Southern blot hybridization. This result showed successfully establishment of H. brasiliensis transgenic lines. Further plant regeneration and characterization were necessary to understand the function HbERF-IXc4 and HbERF-IXc5 in latex.
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Sukamto, Dwi Sucianingtyas, Lila Maharani, and Inget Puji Lestari. "Perbandingan Konsentrasi ZPT (BAP dan NAA) Pada Media MS Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kalus Eksplan Daun Muda Tanaman Karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg)." bionature 18, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.35580/bionature.v18i2.6143.
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Abstract. Rubber is known in Indonesia since the Dutch colonial period. Indonesia is the second largest natural rubber producer in the world after Thailand, rubber production contributes greatly to the Indonesian economy. Propagation of rubber seedlings to date is still done by grafting is by using the eyes of buds and seed plants, one of the alternatives to meet the demand for rubber seedlings that are increasing and not dependent on the season and to produce the clonal rootstock is homogeneous by tissue culture techniques. This study aims to find out the response of callus formation of young leaf rubber plant leaves (Hevea brasiliensis Muell, Arg) on MS medium with different concentration of ZPT (BAP and NAA). This research uses Cross Sectional type of observation research, with combination of MS and ZPT media used ie MS with BAP 1.5 ppm + NAA 0,05 ppm, BAP 2 ppm + NAA 0,1 ppm, BAP 2.5 ppm + NAA 0.2 ppm. The parameters observed were the forming of callus, callus texture and callus color for 21 days. Based on the results of the study showed that MS treatment with ZPT concentration (BAP 1.5 ppm + NAA 0.05ppm) gave the best result for callus formation response with highest explanation percentage of 0,06%.Keywords. Calli, Concentration ZPT, Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg.
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"Growth characteristics of in vitro plantlets of Hevea brasiliensis obtained from immature embryo culture." International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 11, no. 1 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/11.1.1-6.
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Li, Xue, Jie Li, Hua Yong Bai, Kecheng Xu, Ruiqi Zhang, and Qiong Huang. "First Report of Wilt of Rubber Tree Caused by Chalaropsis thielavioides in China." Plant Disease, November 18, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-20-2066-pdn.
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Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. Juss) Müll. Arg.) is used for the extraction of natural rubber and is an economically and socially important estate crop commodity in many Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, China and several countries in Africa (Pu et al, 2007). Xishuangbanna City and Wenshan City are the main rubber cultivation areas in Yunnan Province, China. In November 2012, rubber tree showing typical wilt symptoms (Fig. 1 A) and vascular stains (Fig. 1 B) were found in Mengla County, Xishuangbanna City. This disease was destructive in these trees and plant wilt death rate reached 5%. The diseased wood pieces (0.5cm long) from trunk of rubber was surface disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30s and 0.1% mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 2min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, plated onto malt extract agar medium (MEA), and incubated at 28℃. After 7 days, fungal-like filaments were growing from the diseased trunk. Six cultures from 6 rubber trunk were obtained and incubated on MEA at 28℃, after 7 days to observe the cultural features. The mycelium of each culture was white initially on MEA, and then became dark green. Cylindrical endoconidia apices rounded, non-septate, smooth, single or borne in chains (8.9 to 23.6 × 3.81 to 6.3μm) (Fig. 1 C). Chlamydospores (Fig. 1 D) were abundant, thick walled, smooth, forming singly or in chains (11.1 to 19.2 × 9.4 to 12.0μm). The mould fungus was identifed as Chalaropsis based on morphology (Paulin-Mahady et al. 2002). PCR amplification was carried out for 3 isolates, using rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primer pairs ITS1F and ITS4 (Thorpe et al. 2005). The nucleotide sequences were deposited in the GenBank data base and used in a Blast search of GenBank. Blast analysis of sequenced isolates XJm8-2-6, XJm8-2 and XJm10-2-6 (accessions KJ511486, KJ511487, KJ511489 respectively) had 99% identity to Ch. thielavioides strains hy (KF356186) and C1630 (AF275491). Thus the pathogen was identified as Ch. thielavioides based on morphological characteristics and rDNA-ITS sequence analysis. Pathogenicity test of the isolate (XJm8-2) was conducted on five 1-year-old rubber seedlings. The soil of 5 rubber seedlings was inoculated by drenching with 40 ml spore suspension (106 spores / ml). Five control seedlings were inoculated with 40 ml of sterile distilled water. All the seedlings were maintained in a controlled greenhouse at 25°C and watered weekly. After inoculated 6 weeks, all the seedlings with spore suspension produced wilt symptoms, as disease progressed, inoculated leaves withered (Fig. 1 E) and vascular stains (Fig. 1 F) by 4 months. While control seedlings inoculated with sterile distilled water remained healthy. The pathogen re-isolated from all inoculated symptomatic trunk was identical to the isolates by morphology and ITS analysis. But no pathogen was isolated from the control seedlings. The pathogenicity assay showed that Ch. thielavioides was pathogenic to rubber trees. Blight caused on rubber tree by Ceratocystis fimbriata previously in Brazil (Valdetaro et al. 2015), and wilt by Ch. thielavioides was not reported. The asexual states of most species in Ceratocystis are “chalara” or “thielaviopsis” (de Beer et al. 2014). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this fungus causing wilt of rubber in China. The spread of this disease may pose a threat to rubber production in China.
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NURHAIMI-HARIS, SUMARYONO, and M. P. CARRON CARRON. "Pengaruh bahan pra-sterilan, tutup tabung kultur, dan musim terhadap tingkat kontaminasi eksplan pada kultur microcutting karet Effect of pre-sterilization agent, culture tube closure, and season on the contamination level of rubber microcutting culture." E-Journal Menara Perkebunan 77, no. 2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v77i2.96.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMicrobial contamination is a major obstaclein clonal propagation of hevea (Heveabrasiliensis) through microcutting technology;therefore the ability to reduce contamination willdetermine the success of the application of thistechnology. The aim of experiments was toincrease healthy and survived plantlets by testingpre-sterilization agents for cleaning explantsduring pre-sterilization step, culture tubeclosures suitable for explants growth and anappropriate time for introducing explants at theprimary culture phase. The pre-sterilizationagents tested were aganol, alcohol anddesogerme, the culture tube closures used wereparafilm and cotton, and the time for culturingexplants were determined by using rubbergenotypes introduced during the year of 2006 and2007. The results show that desogermedecreased significantly the level of explantcontamination compared to aganol and alcohol,meanwhile the type of culture tube closure didnot affect the level of explant contamination. Thetype of culture tube closure influencedsignificantly the survival of explants where thenumber of survived explants in culture tubescovered with cotton was higher than that of withparafilm. Season also affected the contaminationfrequency of the explants. Higher number ofhealthy plantlets were obtained whenintroduction of the explants were conducted fromJune to October considered as dry season inBogor compared to introduction of the explantsduring rainy season from January to May.Different genotypes of rubber introduced at theprimary culture phase did not affect thepercentage of explant contamination.AbstrakKontaminasi oleh mikroba merupakanmasalah utama pada perbanyakan klonal tanamankaret (Hevea brasiliensis) melalui teknologimicrocutting sehingga kemampuan mengurangikontaminasi menentukan keberhasilan aplikasiteknologi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuanmempelajari pengaruh jenis bahan pra-sterilanyang efektif untuk pencucian eksplan tahap pra-sterilisasi, mempelajari pengaruh tutup tabungterhadap perkembangan eksplan serta meng-identifikasi waktu yang tepat untuk melaksanakanintroduksi eksplan pada tahap kultur primer(kultur awal) sehingga jumlah eksplan sehat dantumbuh dapat ditingkatkan. Bahan pra- sterilanyang diuji adalah aganol, alkohol dan desogerme,tutup tabung yang digunakan adalah parafilm dankapas, sedangkan identifikasi waktu kulturdilakukan melalui introduksi eksplan sepanjang tahun 2006 dan 2007 terhadap berbagai genotipetanaman karet yang tersedia. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa desogerme menurunkansecara nyata tingkat kontaminasi eksplandibandingkan dengan aganol dan alkohol,sedangkan jenis tutup tabung tidak berpengaruhterhadap persentase kontaminasi. Jenis tutuptabung berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadappersentase eksplan yang hidup dan membentuktunas, di mana persentase eksplan membentuktunas pada tabung dengan tutup kapas lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan tutup parafilm. Musim jugasangat mempengaruhi tingkat kontaminasieksplan. Eksplan sehat jauh lebih banyakdiperoleh apabila penanaman eksplan dilakukanpada bulan Juni sampai Oktober, yang merupakanmusim kemarau di Bogor dibandingkan denganintroduksi eksplan pada bulan Januari sampaiMei, yang merupakan musim hujan. Jenisgenotipe yang ditanam pada tahap kultur primertidak berpengaruh terhadap persentasekontaminasi.
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NURHAIMI-HARIS, SUMARYONO, and M. P. CARRON CARRON. "Pengaruh bahan pra-sterilan, tutup tabung kultur, dan musim terhadap tingkat kontaminasi eksplan pada kultur microcutting karet Effect of pre-sterilization agent, culture tube closure, and season on the contamination level of rubber microcutting culture." E-Journal Menara Perkebunan 77, no. 2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/ppbbi.jur.mp.v77i2.96.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMicrobial contamination is a major obstaclein clonal propagation of hevea (Heveabrasiliensis) through microcutting technology;therefore the ability to reduce contamination willdetermine the success of the application of thistechnology. The aim of experiments was toincrease healthy and survived plantlets by testingpre-sterilization agents for cleaning explantsduring pre-sterilization step, culture tubeclosures suitable for explants growth and anappropriate time for introducing explants at theprimary culture phase. The pre-sterilizationagents tested were aganol, alcohol anddesogerme, the culture tube closures used wereparafilm and cotton, and the time for culturingexplants were determined by using rubbergenotypes introduced during the year of 2006 and2007. The results show that desogermedecreased significantly the level of explantcontamination compared to aganol and alcohol,meanwhile the type of culture tube closure didnot affect the level of explant contamination. Thetype of culture tube closure influencedsignificantly the survival of explants where thenumber of survived explants in culture tubescovered with cotton was higher than that of withparafilm. Season also affected the contaminationfrequency of the explants. Higher number ofhealthy plantlets were obtained whenintroduction of the explants were conducted fromJune to October considered as dry season inBogor compared to introduction of the explantsduring rainy season from January to May.Different genotypes of rubber introduced at theprimary culture phase did not affect thepercentage of explant contamination.AbstrakKontaminasi oleh mikroba merupakanmasalah utama pada perbanyakan klonal tanamankaret (Hevea brasiliensis) melalui teknologimicrocutting sehingga kemampuan mengurangikontaminasi menentukan keberhasilan aplikasiteknologi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuanmempelajari pengaruh jenis bahan pra-sterilanyang efektif untuk pencucian eksplan tahap pra-sterilisasi, mempelajari pengaruh tutup tabungterhadap perkembangan eksplan serta meng-identifikasi waktu yang tepat untuk melaksanakanintroduksi eksplan pada tahap kultur primer(kultur awal) sehingga jumlah eksplan sehat dantumbuh dapat ditingkatkan. Bahan pra- sterilanyang diuji adalah aganol, alkohol dan desogerme,tutup tabung yang digunakan adalah parafilm dankapas, sedangkan identifikasi waktu kulturdilakukan melalui introduksi eksplan sepanjang tahun 2006 dan 2007 terhadap berbagai genotipetanaman karet yang tersedia. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa desogerme menurunkansecara nyata tingkat kontaminasi eksplandibandingkan dengan aganol dan alkohol,sedangkan jenis tutup tabung tidak berpengaruhterhadap persentase kontaminasi. Jenis tutuptabung berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadappersentase eksplan yang hidup dan membentuktunas, di mana persentase eksplan membentuktunas pada tabung dengan tutup kapas lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan tutup parafilm. Musim jugasangat mempengaruhi tingkat kontaminasieksplan. Eksplan sehat jauh lebih banyakdiperoleh apabila penanaman eksplan dilakukanpada bulan Juni sampai Oktober, yang merupakanmusim kemarau di Bogor dibandingkan denganintroduksi eksplan pada bulan Januari sampaiMei, yang merupakan musim hujan. Jenisgenotipe yang ditanam pada tahap kultur primertidak berpengaruh terhadap persentasekontaminasi.
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M, Moradpour, and Aziz MA. "Establishment of in vitro Culture of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) from Field-derived Explants: Effective Role of Silver Nanoparticles in Reducing Contamination and Browning." Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology 7, no. 3 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7439.1000375.
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SUMARYONO, Masna Maya SINTA, and NURHAIMI-HARIS. "Daya hidup planlet karet asal in vitro microcutting pada berbagai periode penutupan sungkup plastik dan komposisi media tumbuh Survival rate of in vitro microcutting-derived rubber plantlets on various plastic cover closed periods and medium compositions." E-Journal Menara Perkebunan 80, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v80i1.46.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn vitro culture through microcutting technology can be used for clonal propagation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) rootstocks. Acclimatization of in vitro plantlets to ex vitro conditions is a major bottleneck in the micropropagation of many plants.This research was conducted to study the effect of plastic cover closed period and media composition on the survival rate of rubber plantlets. Plantlets derived from microcutting were planted on plastic pots containing a mixture of soil, cocopeat, dung manure, and sand or zeolite. The plantlets were then placed inside a closed transparent plastic cover that opened after 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks. The cover was placed under tree canopy. The second experiment used the same media composition with or without cocopeat and with sand or zeolite. At 1.5 month after culture, observation was done on the number of survived plantlets, plantlet height and the percentage of rooted plantlets. The results show that the best coverclosed period was six weeks and the best growing medium was a mixture of soil, cocopeat, dung manure, and zeolite (6:2:1:1v/v). On the two combined treatments, the survival rate was 73.3% after 1.5 month of acclimatization. The use of zeolite and a higher soil percentage gave positive influences on rubber plantlet survival rate. The second experiment results confirmed that the use of zeolite was better than sand and the use of cocopeat was definitely needed. It can be concluded that the best of acclimatization of rubber plantlets from microcutting was on a medium mixture of soil, cocopeat, dung manure, and zeolite (6:2:1:1) and placed inside a closed plastic cover for six weeks before the cover was opened gradually. AbstrakKultur in vitro melalui teknologi microcutting dapat digunakan untuk perbanyakan klonal batang bawah tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). Aklimatisasi planlet in vitro ke kondisi ex vitro merupakan hambatan utama pada mikropropagasi berbagai jenis tanaman. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh lama penutupan sungkup plastik dan komposisi media tumbuh terhadap daya hidup planlet karet. Planlet karet asal microcutting ditanam pada pot plastik berisi media dengan berbagai campuran tanah, cocopeat, pupuk kandang, dan pasir atau zeolit. Planlet selanjutnya diletakkan di dalam sungkup plastik transparan tertutup rapat yang dibuka setelah 2, 3, 4 dan 6 minggu. Sungkup plastik diletakkan di bawah tajuk pepohonan. Percobaan kedua menggunakan komposisi media serupa dengan atau tanpa cocopeat dan dengan pasir atau zeolit. Pada umur 1,5 bulan, pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah planlet yang hidup, tinggi planlet, dan persentase planlet yang berakar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama penyungkupan terbaik adalah enam minggu dan media tumbuh terbaik adalah campuran tanah, cocopeat, pupuk kandang, dan zeolit (6:2:1:1 v/v). Pada kombinasi kedua perlakuan tersebut, daya hidup planlet karet mencapai 73,3% setelah 1,5 bulan aklimatisasi. Penggunaan zeolit dan persentase tanah yang lebih tinggi berpengaruh positif terhadap daya hidup planlet karet. Hasil percobaan kedua menegaskan bahwa penggunaan zeolit lebih baik daripada pasir dan penggunaan cocopeat mutlak diperlukan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa aklimatisasi planlet karet asal microcutting terbaik dilakukan pada media campuran tanah, cocopeat, pupuk kandang, zeolit (6:2:1:1) dan diletakkan di dalam sungkup plastik tertutup selama enam minggu sebelum sungkup dibuka secara bertahap.
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SUMARYONO, Masna Maya SINTA, and NURHAIMI-HARIS. "Daya hidup planlet karet asal in vitro microcutting pada berbagai periode penutupan sungkup plastik dan komposisi media tumbuh Survival rate of in vitro microcutting-derived rubber plantlets on various plastic cover closed periods and medium compositions." E-Journal Menara Perkebunan 80, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/ppbbi.jur.mp.v80i1.46.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn vitro culture through microcutting technology can be used for clonal propagation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) rootstocks. Acclimatization of in vitro plantlets to ex vitro conditions is a major bottleneck in the micropropagation of many plants.This research was conducted to study the effect of plastic cover closed period and media composition on the survival rate of rubber plantlets. Plantlets derived from microcutting were planted on plastic pots containing a mixture of soil, cocopeat, dung manure, and sand or zeolite. The plantlets were then placed inside a closed transparent plastic cover that opened after 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks. The cover was placed under tree canopy. The second experiment used the same media composition with or without cocopeat and with sand or zeolite. At 1.5 month after culture, observation was done on the number of survived plantlets, plantlet height and the percentage of rooted plantlets. The results show that the best coverclosed period was six weeks and the best growing medium was a mixture of soil, cocopeat, dung manure, and zeolite (6:2:1:1v/v). On the two combined treatments, the survival rate was 73.3% after 1.5 month of acclimatization. The use of zeolite and a higher soil percentage gave positive influences on rubber plantlet survival rate. The second experiment results confirmed that the use of zeolite was better than sand and the use of cocopeat was definitely needed. It can be concluded that the best of acclimatization of rubber plantlets from microcutting was on a medium mixture of soil, cocopeat, dung manure, and zeolite (6:2:1:1) and placed inside a closed plastic cover for six weeks before the cover was opened gradually. AbstrakKultur in vitro melalui teknologi microcutting dapat digunakan untuk perbanyakan klonal batang bawah tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). Aklimatisasi planlet in vitro ke kondisi ex vitro merupakan hambatan utama pada mikropropagasi berbagai jenis tanaman. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh lama penutupan sungkup plastik dan komposisi media tumbuh terhadap daya hidup planlet karet. Planlet karet asal microcutting ditanam pada pot plastik berisi media dengan berbagai campuran tanah, cocopeat, pupuk kandang, dan pasir atau zeolit. Planlet selanjutnya diletakkan di dalam sungkup plastik transparan tertutup rapat yang dibuka setelah 2, 3, 4 dan 6 minggu. Sungkup plastik diletakkan di bawah tajuk pepohonan. Percobaan kedua menggunakan komposisi media serupa dengan atau tanpa cocopeat dan dengan pasir atau zeolit. Pada umur 1,5 bulan, pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah planlet yang hidup, tinggi planlet, dan persentase planlet yang berakar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama penyungkupan terbaik adalah enam minggu dan media tumbuh terbaik adalah campuran tanah, cocopeat, pupuk kandang, dan zeolit (6:2:1:1 v/v). Pada kombinasi kedua perlakuan tersebut, daya hidup planlet karet mencapai 73,3% setelah 1,5 bulan aklimatisasi. Penggunaan zeolit dan persentase tanah yang lebih tinggi berpengaruh positif terhadap daya hidup planlet karet. Hasil percobaan kedua menegaskan bahwa penggunaan zeolit lebih baik daripada pasir dan penggunaan cocopeat mutlak diperlukan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa aklimatisasi planlet karet asal microcutting terbaik dilakukan pada media campuran tanah, cocopeat, pupuk kandang, zeolit (6:2:1:1) dan diletakkan di dalam sungkup plastik tertutup selama enam minggu sebelum sungkup dibuka secara bertahap.
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Gonçalves, Elaine Cristine Piffer, Renato de Mello Prado, and Marcus André Ribeiro Correia. "FONTES DE FÓSFORO NO CRESCIMENTO DE PORTA-ENXERTO DE SERINGUEIRA SOB CONDIÇÕES DE VIVEIRO." FLORESTA 40, no. 4 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v40i4.20332.
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O uso de fontes e doses de fósforo podem influenciar o crescimento do porta-enxerto de seringueira. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes fontes de fósforo no crescimento de porta-enxertos de seringueira sob condições de viveiro. Para isso, realizou-se experimento em viveiro telado, em Colina/SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de: 1-testemunha (sem aplicação de P); 2- 2,5 kg de superfosfato simples e 186 g de óxido silicatado por m3 de terra; 3- 5,0 kg de superfosfato simples e 372g de óxido silicatado por m3 de terra; 4- 3,1 kg de termofosfato magnesiano por m3 de terra; 5- 6,2 kg de termofosfato magnesiano por m3 de terra. A parcela foi constituída por cinco sacolas plásticas de dimensões de 20x35cm, contendo uma muda de seringueira (clone Tjair). Ao longo do cultivo do porta-enxerto da seringueira, realizou avaliações do crescimento, a partir do diâmetro do caule a 5 cm do solo e a altura das plantas, durante seis épocas (junho/2008, agosto/2008, outubro/2008, janeiro/2009, março/2009 e maio/2009) de cultivo. A aplicação do fósforo incrementou o crescimento das plantas, durante todo o ciclo de crescimento das mudas de seringueira. Para produção de mudas de seringueira indica-se aplicação do fósforo, seja na forma de termofosfato na dose de 3,1 kg por m3 de terra ou na forma do superfosfato simples na dose de 2,5 kg por m3 de terra.Palavras-chave: Hevea brasiliensis; produção de mudas; desenvolvimento; adubação fosfatada. AbstractSources of phosphorus on rootstock growth of nursery cultured seringueira. The use of phosphorous sources and s levels can influence the growth of rubber tree rootstockr. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of application of different phosphorus sources on growth of rubber tree rootstock under nursery conditions, int an experiment carried out in a greenhouse located in Colina County, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of: 1-control (no P application), 2 - 2.5 kg superphosphate and 186 g of silicate oxide per m3 of earth, 3 - 5.0 kg of superphosphate and 372g oxide silicate per m3 of earth, 4 - 3.1 kg of thermophosphate per m3 of earth, from 5 to 6.2 kg of thermophosphate per m3 of earth. The plot consisted of five plastic bags of 20x35cm, containing a rubber trees seedling (clone Tjair). Evaluations of stem diameter and seedling height growths were carried out during six sesaons (June/2008 to May/2009). Phosphorus application increased the plants growth throughout the seasons. Application of phosphorous is indicated to the rubber tree seedling production, either in the form of thermophosphate (3.1 kg per m3 of soil) or in the form of single superphosphate (2.5 kg per m3 of soil).Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis; seedlings; development; phosphate fertilization and thermophosphate.
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Zhang, Yu, Lijun Zou, Peichun Li, Meng Wang, and Xiaoyu Liang. "First report of Colletotrichum cliviae causing anthracnose of rubber tree in China." Plant Disease, July 2, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-21-0814-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is the most important species producing commercially viable natural rubber latex, which is an important raw material for many industrial uses. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum is one of the most severe diseases of rubber tree, especially in China. However, the diversity of Colletotrichum from rubber trees is complex and needs further identification (Liu et al. 2018). In January 2021, anthracnose-like lesions were observed on the leaves of rubber seedlings at a plantation in Qiongzhong City (19.08 N, 109.54E), Hainan Province, China. The lesions initially produced dark brown spots on the leaves of rubber trees, and then gradually evolved into larger necrotic spots. The diseased leaves shrank and died until they fell off. Small pieces of symptomatic leaf tissues were soaked in 0.5% mercuric chloride for 40 s, washed with sterile water for three times, and plated on potato dextrose ager (PDA). The plates were incubated at 28°C with 12-h light/dark regime for 10 days. Two isolate HN16 and HN18 from different leaves were subcultured on PDA using the single-spore method. The center of the colony is brown or grayish brown with the leading edge of growth in culture being white. Conidia were hyaline, septate, and cylindrical, with obtuse ends (14-20 μm × 4-6 μm).These morphological features confirmed the identity of the two isolated fungi as Colletotrichum cliviae (Yang et al. 2009). To confirm the morphological identification, five loci informative for identification of Colletotrichum spp. were amplified and sequenced, including the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene with the two flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB), actin (ACT), an intron of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and chitin synthase (CHS-1), using the primer pairs ITS-1F/ITS4,T1/Bt-2b, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, GDF/GDR and CHS-79F/CHS-345R, respectively (Weir et al 2012). Sequences were deposited in NCBIs GenBank database (MW971911-MW971920). A multilocus phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences of the two isolates and published sequences of C. cliviae S37 clustered into one clade with a 100% confidence level. The two isolates were determined as C. cliviae by combining morphological and molecular characteristics. To verify pathogenicity, six leaves of rubber plants at the light green phase were sprayed with drop of spore suspension (106 conidia/ml) and sterile distilled water as control. After inoculation, all leaves were maintained in a climate box at 28°C with 100% relative humidity. After 3 days, lesions similar to those observed with dark brown spots in the field appeared on the inoculated leaves, while the controls remained symptomless. The fungus was reisolated from inoculated leaves and confirmed as C. cliviae by morphological and molecular identification, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The pathogen has been mainly reported on soybean in Brazil and China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose on rubber tree caused by C. cliviae in China. However, Colletorrichum gloeosporioides and Colletorrichum acutatum are the two major causatives agent of anthracnose of rubber trees in China (Cai et al. 2016; Shi et al. 2019). The disease caused by C. cliviae was observed only at one rubber plantation with its distribution needing further investigation.
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Zhang, Meng-Yu, Yuan-Zhi Si, Yue Ju, De-Wei Li, and Li-Hua Zhu. "First report of leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum siamense on Salix matsudana in China." Plant Disease, May 31, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-21-0776-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Salix matsudana Koidz. (Chinese willow) is an important landscaping tree species widely grown in China (Zhang et al. 2017). In October 2019, a characteristic leaf spot disease of S. matsudana was found on the campus of Nanjing Forestry University. Most 25-year-old S. matsudana trees (13 out of 21, approximately 62%) on campus showed the leaf spot disease. On average, 70% of the leaves per individual tree were affected by this disease. Foliar symptoms began as dark brown, irregular spots and the centers were gray-white, gradually enlarging with time. Leaf spot symptomatic leaves were collected from three infected S. matsudana trees (10 leaves/tree), and small infected tissues (3–4 mm2) were surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 s, 1% NaClO for 90 s, rinsed in ddH2O, dried on sterilized filter paper, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and then incubated at 25°C. Three isolates (NHY1-1, NHY1-2, and NHY1-3) of the same fungus were obtained in 85% of the samples and deposited in China's Forestry Culture Collection Center (NHY1-1: cfcc55354, NHY1-2: cfcc55355, NHY1-3: cfcc55359). The colonies of three isolates were white, but the reverse side was grayish-white. The conidia of NHY1-1 were one-celled, straight, subcylindrical, hyaline, 14.4 ± 0.9 × 5.4 ± 0.4 µm (n = 50), with a rounded end. Conidiophores were hyaline to pale brown, septate, and branched. Appressoria were one-celled, ellipsoidal, brown or dark brown, thick-walled, 8.0 ± 0.9 × 5.9 ± 0.5 µm (n = 50). The conidia and appressoria of the other two isolates weralmost identical to NHY1-1. The morphological characters of the three isolates were matched with those of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex (Weir et al. 2012). For accurate identification, the DNA of the three isolates was extracted. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), chitin synthase (CHS-1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD2), and β-tubulin 2 (TUB2) genes were amplified using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, CL1C/CL2C, CHS-79F/CHS-345R, GDF1/GDR1, SODglo2-F/SODglo2-R, and Bt2a/Bt2b, respectively (Weir et al. 2012). The sequences were deposited in GenBank [Accession Nos. MW784679 and MW808959 to MW808964 for NHY1-1; MW784726 and MW808965 to MW808970 for NHY1-2; MW784729 and MW808971 to MW808976 for NHY1-3]. A BLAST search of GenBank showed that ITS, ACT, CAL, GAPDH, SOD2, and TUB2 sequences of the three isolates were identical to Colletotrichum siamense at a high level (>99%), and CHS-1 sequences of three isolates were consistent with Colletotrichum fructicola at a high level (>99%). A maximum likelihood and Bayesian posterior probability analyses using IQtree v. 1.6.8 and Mr. Bayes v. 3.2.6 with the concatenated sequences (ITS, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, SOD2, and TUB2) placed NHY1-1, NHY1-2, and NHY1-3 in the clade of C. siamense with high bootstrap support values (ML/BI = 93/1). The pathogenicity of three isolates were tested on potted 2-yr-old seedlings (50-cm tall) of S. matsudana, which were grown in a greenhouse. Healthy leaves were wounded with a sterile needle and then inoculated with 10 µL of conidial suspension (106 conidia/mL). Controls were treated with ddH2O (Zhu et al. 2019). In total, 12 seedlings were inoculated including controls. Three seedlings/isolate and 10 leaves/seedling were used for each treatment. The plants were covered with plastic bags after inoculation and sterilized H2O was sprayed into the bags twice/day to maintain humidity and kept in a greenhouse at the day/night temperatures at 25 ± 2 / 16 ± 2°C. Within 7 days, all the inoculated points showed lesions similar to those observed in field, whereas controls were asymptomatic. The infection rate of each of the three isolates is 100%. C. siamense was re-isolated from the lesions, whereas no fungus was isolated from control leaves. The diseases caused by C. siamense often occur in tropical and subtropical regions of China, with a wide range of hosts, such as Hevea brasiliensis and Coffea arabica, etc. (Cao et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2018). This is the first report of C. siamense causing leaf spot of S. matsudana in China and the world. These data will help to develop effective strategies for managing this newly emerging disease.