Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hévéas – Teneur en carbone'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Hévéas – Teneur en carbone.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Thaler, Philippe. "Relations entre développement racinaire et développement aérien : modélisation de l'influence de la disponibilité en assimilats carbonés sur l'architecture racinaire d'"Hevea brasiliensis"." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20258.
Full textMaeght, Jean-Luc. "L'influence de la variabilité climatique sur l’enracinement superficiel et profond d'arbres adultes en plantation : les cas de l’hévéa (hevea brasiliensis) et du teck (tectona grandis) sous contraintes hydriques en Asie du sud est." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20158/document.
Full textThe root system is essential but essentially invisible. Plants are anchored to the soil through their root system; their adaptation and survival abilities are highly dependent on their ability to learn to take advantage of the space that surrounds them. Certain trees are nevertheless some of the largest and oldest living species on the planet- evidence of their ability to adapt to changes in their environment. Within managed anthropogenic constraints, particular species are vulnerable. It is clear that a wide range of parameters are likely to influence the root system and its operation, which offers many entry points to improve our understanding of a root's capacity for expansion, its dynamics, its role within the plant itself and within the soil plant atmosphere continuum. Available data on the extent and dynamics of plant roots includes several thousand references. However, the vast majority of these observations were made within the first meter of the soil profile. Data acquisition for the fine and/or deep roots is currently limited by constraints of time and financial resources. To overcome this lack of information, while trying to assess root dynamics under different environmental conditions, many models have been developed. However, it is still difficult to describe the complexity of root development in the community and to integrate its "plasticity".To understand such a complex environment, we must work toward establishing a definition of objectives and the tools necessary to develop and implement them. The work developed in the first part of this thesis is the subject of two articles and focuses on a literature review about deep roots. The vital role of the root system for the plant is well highlighted, as is its impact as a link within the atmosphere. We discuss the role of deep roots in carbon storage, which is critical and often underestimated. The different techniques for accessing the root systems in situ are also considered, and we present our access technique for observing the roots down to depths of five meters. We have also developed tools for shooting through a flatbed scanner and image analysis ( IJ_Rizo ) now available online.In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the study of root systems of adult rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis L. RRIM 600) in the northeast of Thailand. Thailand has greatly expanded its acreage to extend its operations beyond its natural climate zone, into areas of high water stress. In this context, we studied the seasonality and dynamics of fine roots for three years and their contribution to the carbon cycle. We were able to highlight the continuity of root dynamics during independent periods of defoliation, yet link these to the seasonality of rainfall. We were also able to characterize the low differentiation of root dynamics at 0 to 4.5 m of depth in this context.The third part of the thesis concerns the study of teak particular to the region of Luang Prabang, Laos. By applying the rain exclusion technique for 2 years on a plantation of twenty-year-old trees, we observed the influence of precipitation patterns. During the period of water stress, an almost total cessation of root growth, at the surface and significant depths, has been highlighted. We conclude that in the case of species with a high dependence on water resources there is a direct impact on the physiological state and stagnated trunk growth. Some individuals have demonstrated an ability to adapt by changing their foliation/defoliation cycle, accompanied by a resumption of trunk growth during the second year of imposed drought. We also demonstrated the importance of rooting as a means of carbon storage, which in this context represents more than 45% of total carbon- roughly double the amount published in other literature .The data obtained for the species studied in this paper can be used for modelling scenarios simulating climate change and changing land use
Chelly, Ben Younes Amina. "Sur la conception des chaînes logistiques à faible teneur en carbone." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI074.
Full textGovernment regulations and responsible customers’ behavior are key drivers for businesses to adopt respectful management strategies towards the environment and reduce the overall carbon emissions of their supply chains.Under a strict carbon emissions legislation and the increased awareness of customers about carbon emissions issues, companies are now pushed to improve their environmental performance to achieve better profits. Thus, they need to make optimal decisions within their Supply Chain Management to reduce the carbon emissions that are generated from their various activities.In this context, we identify the issue of the low carbon supply chain management. In this thesis, our objective is first to study this problem and to identify its key drivers. We then aim to review the literature and to study how quantitative models have addressed this problem and its related constraints. We therefore develop new models of low carbon supply design problems under the carbon tax legislation, which is recognized to be one of the relevant applied carbon legislations. In our proposed models, we particularly emphasize on the features of this carbon regulation that have been ignored within the literature. We first study strategic decisions of the company taking into consideration the non-homogeneous carbon tax scheme between countries. We then, study the investment decision of the company under a progressive carbon tax strategy. Through analytical and numerical analyses, we study the impact of such carbon legislations schemes on strategic decisions of the company and its performances. We aim to provide companies with a decision support tool to help them make optimal strategic decisions under this carbon legislation. We also provide recommendations to governments, as to which carbon tax legislations are the most efficient. Finally, we initiate the development of stochastic models to study the strategic investment problem in such an environmental context. We first consider a random customer demand, and then a dynamic and uncertain carbon tax regulation. We proceed to the evaluation of our developed stochastic models through numerical examples and comparisons of their results to those of deterministic models that are widely studied within the literature
Valenzuela, Nunez Luis Manuel. "Comparaison interspécifique de la dynamique saisonnière de composés azotés et carbonés chez le chêne sessile (Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl. ), le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L. ) et le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L. ) aux stades juvéniles et adultes : effet de la défoliation et de la lumière sur la gestion des réserves." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0177_VALENZUELA-NUNEZ.pdf.
Full textThis research allows us to compare the biomass composition in nitrogenous and carbon compounds in three forest tree species. C contents (g / kg biomass) are stable whatever the species and age. N contents (g / kg biomass) are 10 times more in young trees, whatever the species. It has important links between N content and age. The C/N ratio is almost 10 times less in young trees, due to their content of total nitrogen. Stocks for a given age are comparable between species. Starch contributes to total carbon in a more important fraction in young trees: 50 % against 8 % in adult trees. Starch concentration in Quercus robur is more elevated in comparison with Quercus petraea and Fagus sylvatica. This comparison of species, in both youth and adult ages, allowed the evidence of different physiological mechanisms, linked to phenology. This research concerned the characterization of carbon and nitrogenous reserves by difference of present quantities at tree level in two dates corresponding to important phenologic stages. We used the 15N labelling, which allowed partitioning of nitrogen neo-assimilated to nitrogen coming from reserves remobilisation, in young trees defoliated and in different light conditions. Carbon and nitrogen remobilisation of reserves seems to be not synchronous and differed among species: oak renew only 10% of its nitrogen while beech renew 20%. We have characterized a 25kDa polypeptide in the trunk sapwood of Quercus robur, this polypeptide presents all characteristics of a Vegetative Storage Protein (VSP). Limits and uncertainties of methods used during this research are discussed
Point, Sébastien. "Synthèse par PECVD et caractérisation de nanotubes de carbone orientés." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2024.
Full textThis work concerns the synthesis of oriented carbon nanotubes (CNT) using a low pressure microwave plasma excited by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR PECVD). The CNT structure and chemical environment are studied as a function of the nature of the metallic catalyst (Ni, Fe, Pd) deposited by plasma sputtering (PVD), of the substrate temperature and of the composition of the gas mixture (C2H2/NH3 or C2H2/H2). This ECR PECVD process allows the growth of oriented CNT from 550°C. Information on the deposition rate and the structure of CNT are provided by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy analyses. XPS, XANES and EELS analyses show that nitrogen is incorporated into the CNT walls when C2H2/NH3 plasma is used. As well, the dominant nitrogen environment was characterized. In addition, carbon nanofibers have been obtained at room temperature by associating to ECR acetylene plasma a nitrogen atom source
Kuppel, Sylvain. "Assimilation de mesures de flux turbulents d'eau et de carbone dans un modèle de la biosphère continentale." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0041.
Full textAssimilating terrestrial ecosystem data is an approach increasingly used to fill the gap between experimental observations and the ecophysiological theory as embodied in process-based land surface models. In this thesis, we have sought to use the information content of eddy covariance measurements of net carbon dioxide (NEE) and latent heat (LE) fluxes made at the sites of the FLUXNET global network, aiming at optimizing key parameters of the ORCHIDEE vegetation model and at refining the uncertainty budget. A Bayesian statistical approach has been chosen, so as to account for prior knowledge of the uncertainties related to the model parameters, the model equations, and the measurements. The major line of work has been to develop a data assimilation method where observations from several flux sites are simultaneously used as a constraint, in order to optimize a unique set of parameters considered as generic within a given class of ecosystem. We found that this multi-site approach significantly improves the model-data agreement at seasonal and annual time scales, with performances fairly similar to those brought by site-scaled, independently optimized parameters (single-site approach). We notably discuss the fact that the multi-site parameters’ values are not always a mere average of their single-site counterparts. Making use complementary data, we also evaluated the ability of the multi-site optimizations to improve the simulation of the gross carbon fluxes (photosynthesis and respiration) at the site scale, while at the global scale we considered the modeled phenology of the leaf cover and the seasonal cycle of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Within our methodological developments, we have also proposed a technique to infer the statistical structure of the error stemming from inadequate and/or missing process representations in a global vegetation model such as ORCHIDEE. Focusing on net carbon fluxes, our results suggest that this « model error » deserves an explicit representation in the uncertainty budget inherent to carbon cycle modeling
Petitat, Manuel. "Cr isotopes in carbonaceous chondrites : 53Mn-53Cr systematics and Cr isotopic anomalies." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0017.
Full textThis thesis has 2 distinct parts. In part I, the 53Mn-53Cr systematics was developed on a NanoSIMS and a CAMECA IMS 1270 to date the formation of carbonates in Orgueil, Alais, Boriskino and Kaidun. For each grain, the 53Cr excesses measured linearly correlated with their respective 55Mn/52Cr ratios, indicating the in-situ decay of 53Mn and showing that 53Mn was still extent at the time of formation of the respective carbonate. In part II, fragments of Tagish Lake and of Orgueil were dissolved in 5 different steps by using reagents with increasing acid strength to identify the different mineral phases carrying the Cr anomalies. Our results show that Tagish Lake displays both the highest excess and the highest deficit in 54Cr relative to a terrestrial standard of all groups of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. This makes this meteorite one of the least metamorphic meteorite present in the collections worldwide and a particular target for deciphering the carrier phase of the 54Cr anomaly
Miragliotta, Régis. "Modélisation des processus physico-chimiques de la carbonatation des bétons préfabriqués : prise en compte des effets de paroi." La Rochelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LAROS046.
Full textSublet, Marcq Julie. "Membranes et procédés pour l’abattement de la teneur en dioxyde de carbone dans les fumées." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES052.
Full textThe present work brings an other point of view concerning the CO2 separation from flue gases by using membrane technology. The study of the permeation properties of the commercial copolymers Pebax® as well as the analysis of the gas separation performances of composite membranes by means of mathematical modelling are presented. The aim was to modified the best Pebax® grade with a simple technique to improve the material properties for CO2/N2 separation. Composite membranes made of a thin layer of Pebax® supported by a porous substrate were next designed and analysed. Potential performances concerning CO2 postcombustion capture were calculated. The blend of Pebax® 1657 with polyethylene glycol gives PCO2 = 127. 9 Barrers and alphaCO2/N2 = 79. 9. Modellings based on a crossflow permeator showed that the membrane process could be competitive for CO2 postcombustion capture under certain operating conditions (CO2 concentration, pressure and temperature)
Marone, Diatta. "Étude du potentiel de stock de carbone d’espèces agroforestières et de leurs traits fonctionnels en lien avec les systèmes d’utilisation des terres au Sénégal." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25721.
Full textIn Africa, agroforestry technologies play a major socio-economic role, but their potential and that of the principal woody species to contribute to carbon stocks is still poorly understood. As well, the potential of these species to respond to a changing environment is poorly documented. We measured the carbon stock of five local tree species (Acacia raddiana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Euphorbia balsamifera, Faidherbia albida and Neocarya macrophylla) and soil-plant carbon storage associated with three agroforestry technologies (fallow, park land, and rangeland) in three contrasting soil textures (clay, sandy and sandy loam). We evaluated the root depth distribution profile (RDD) and the specific root length (SRL) of these species under these conditions. Intraspecific variation in leaf traits (specific leaf area (SLA); leaf dry matter content (LDMC); leaf carbon and nitrogen content (LCC LNC); SRL, root carbon and nitrogen content (RCC, RNC) ) of these species was also investigated in three soil textures and over three seasons: rainy season (SP), hot dry season (SSC), and cool dry season (SSF). The carbon stored in biomass was higher in sandy soils, while clay soil showed the highest soil carbon stocks. Carbon stored in the soil-plant system was highest in fallow, compared to park land and to rangeland. The RDD did not change with either soil texture or agroforestry technology, and a maximum of root biomass was consistently observed between 40 and 60 cm deep. The SRL was higher in park lands, rangelands and sandy soils, with low soil organic matter, and in the SSC, the most stressful season. Evergreen species generally showed greater variability of traits in response to soil texture and season. Intraspecific variability of SLA was higher in SSC, while the opposite was observed for the SRL. During the SP, a positive correlation was noted between SLA and SRL. Short periods of fallow enriched by evergreen and deciduous nitrogen fixing species would contribute to increase the carbon stocks of degraded lands in these study sites.
Franck, Berger. "Effet de la charge en fruit et de l'ombrage sur l'assimilation carbonée, la croissance et la production du caféier (coffea arabica L. )." Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0018.
Full textIn order to simulate the conditions of coffee (Coffea arabica L) agroforestry systems fruit load (FL: 100,50, 25. . And 5 % of full fruit load) and shading (S: 0, 25, 50 and 75 % of full sun irradiance) treatments were implemented on productive plantation in Costa Rica. Both FL and S significantly affected vegetative and reproductive development. Shading had a positive effect on vegetative development (higher individual leaf area and LAI but lower leaf mass:area ratio [MAD. Floral induction was reduced by shade leading to lower yields but higher bean size. Lower CF favoured vegetative development, increased bean size and decreased branch mortality, resulting in a better return to bloom. By estimating the amount of assimilated carbon (C) from biometric and C content measurements, it was observed that reducing CF induced a concomitant reduction of plant C assimilation rate (A). Gas exchange measurement showed that this negative effect of low C demand could be related to sucrose accumulation in leaves. Then, a model of leaf A incorporating limitations by stomatal conductance and photoinhibition was developed. Shade induced variations in the values of the parameters of this model were directly or indirectly related to MA which allowed to incorporate the effect of shade acclimation in to the model. This A model was then implemented on 3D coffee crown representations. Because the model does not incorporate the negative effect of leaf carbohydrate accumulation into account, the simulation results can be considered as indicators of potential crown A under different shading levels
Delmi, Mohamed Mounir Yazid. "Etude de l'hydratation et du couplage carbonatation-échanges hydriques dans les mortiers et les bétons." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS130.
Full textCarbonation is a pathology, which affects cementitious materials. The carbonated material becomes fragile and the pH of the interstitial solution falls from a value of 13 (pH of the non-carbonated material) to a value around 9 (pH of the carbonated material). Then, the material loses its capacity to protect the reinforced steel against corrosion. The products of corrosion generate a swelling that induces the materials degradation leading to the ruin of the structure. The aim of this work is the modelling of the coupling between carbonation process and moisture exchanges between cement-based materials and their ambience of exposure. Firstly, a model for the interaction between hydration and the evolution of the porosity was proposed. Simulations of hydration rates were compared to the experimental ones obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images analyses. The theoretical evolution in time of the porosity was checked against mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results. These results were then used in the modelling of the coupling carbonation – moisture exchanges. According to the conservation of these materials before their carbonation, three cases were simulated : accelerated carbonation and humidification of the material, accelerated carbonation without moisture exchanges, accelerated carbonation and drying of the material. Numerical simulations give the evolutions of porosity, calcium carbonate (product of carbonation) and relative water content in the material during the coupling carbonation – moisture exchanges. Other model outputs were used for the theoretical pH calculation in the interstitial solution of the cementitious material. The predicted depths of carbonation were deduced from the calculated values of pH. They were compared with those measured by a phenolphthalein spraying after submitting materials to an accelerated carbonation. The experimental results and simulations show that the carbonation depths are the highest for the materials equilibrated at low relative humidities (HR=25%) before carbonation. These results highlight the importance of including moisture transport effect when predicting carbonation kinetics in cement-based materials
Diaz, Frédéric. "Evolution saisonnière de la production primaire et des processus d'assimilation-régénération de l'azote dans le Golfe du Lion : Estimation d'un bilan de carbone. Approches in situ et modélisation." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22105.
Full textScheiner, Javier David. "Spéciation du carbone, de l'azote et du phosphore de différentes boues de stations d'épuration au cours de leurs incubations contrölées dans deux types de sol." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000379/.
Full textCauwet, Gustave. "Dynamique de la matière organique dans les milieux marin et polyhalins : son rôle dans les processus géochimiques aux interfaces." Perpignan, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PERP1066.
Full textDembélé, Oupré Claude. "Dynamique de l’azote et du carbone lors de la décomposition de trois légumineuses utilisées comme cultures de couverture." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40302.
Full textRogeon, Hervé. "Influence de la gestion des sols sur la structure et la dynamique du carbone organique." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Rogeon-Herve/2010-Rogeon-Herve-These.pdf.
Full textCarbon dioxide sequestration in plant and carbon storage in soil and biomass could be considered as a complementary solution against the increase in concentration of gases responsible for climate change. The aim of this work is to understand the mechanisms of organic matter stabilization in the deepest horizons of soils. The influence of landuse, minerals and amendment with organic matter (compost) on the carbon dynamic has been studied. Four soils representing different landuses (grassland, forest and arable soil) were characterized. The organic matter decreases in amount with depth and becomes more refractory. The relatively high amount of organic matter in deep horizons is probably related to the strong presence of clays and to the low biological activity. The different vegetations seem to influence strongly the quantity of soil organic carbon while affecting slightly its quality. Indeed, the structural study of organic matter shows weak differences whereas the amount of carbon and lipids are more important in arable soil. The study of organomineral associations revealed that the bacterial contribution is more important in fine fractions. Amendment with organic matter of an arable soil affects the biological activity and improves its structural stability. The distribution of the different forms of organic matter has been modified and the presence of molecules originating from the compost in lipids and humic substances show an incorporation of exogenous carbon
Karolak, Cyprien. "CarboFrac : Analyse et modélisation de l'engrenage (d'un siège auto) en acier à faible teneur en carbone carbonitruré." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM057/document.
Full textThis work aims at a better understanding and modeling of the failure of gradient metallic materials. It is applied to carbonitrided pinions made out of 20MnB5 steel, inserted in a "recliner", a safety mechanism of automotive seats. Carbonitriding induces high surface hardness while preserving significant core ductility. The experimental analysis of the fracture behavior of seat recliners in an industrial test confirmed the dual failure behavior of the component : brittle external layer, ductile core material. A test bench has been specifically designed for the project: one tooth is submitted to a lateral force until complete failure. In situ observations are performed and the load-displacement curve recorded, showing a variety of behaviors as a function of the teeth engagement depth and of the presence or not of the carbonitrided layer. Experimental tests with various tress states were conducted to measure plastic properties as well as to calibrate fracture criteria, for the carbonitrided layer and for the core steel. Von Mises plasticity and a simple strain hardening curve fit very well all these experiments. As fracture criteria from the literature were unable to predict failure correctly for all the mechanical tests, an adapted criterion has therefore been proposed as an outcome of this extensive mechanical testing campaign. Fracture simulation in LS Dyna has been performed using the element erosion technique, the limitations of which are discussed. Comparison with the experimental tooth fracture measurements allows evaluation of the proposed failure criteria, and enables to stress out and discuss the present limits of the simulation, concluding that it will be necessary in future work to account more finely for the mechanical property gradient together with the compressive residual stresses in the carbonitrided layer
Zaouche, Mounia. "Modélisation spatiale multi-sources de la teneur en carbone organique du sol d'une petite région agricole francilienne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS080.
Full textIn this thesis, we are interested in the spatial estimation of the topsoil organic carbon(SOC) content over a small agricultural area located West of Paris. The variability of the SOC contenthas been identified as one of the main sources of prediction uncertainty of SOC stocks, whose increasepromotes soil fertility and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions. We use data issued from heterogeneoussources defined at different spatial resolutions (soil samples, soil map, multispectral satellite images, etc)with the aim of providing on the one hand an exhaustive spatial information, and on the other accurateestimates of the SOC content in the study region and an assessment of the related uncertainties. Severaloriginal models, some of which incorporate the change of support, are built and several approaches andprediction methods are considered. These include recent and powerful Bayesian methods enabling notonly the inference of sophisticated models integrating jointly data of different spatial resolutions butalso the exploitation of large data sets. In order to optimize the quality of prediction of the multi-sourcedata modellings, we also propose an efficient and fast approach : it allows to increase the influence of animportant but under-represented type of data, in the set of all initially integrated data
Barbier, Hugues. "Recherche de marqueurs associés à la contrainte en azote et en carbone chez la vigne (vitis vinifera var. Cabernet Sauvignon)." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21095.
Full textThe stake of the vine growing, is to produce fruits of quality suitable for the manufacture of wine. For that, the growing methods related to the control of the nitrogen contribution (nitrate fertilizers and the availability of carbon (limitation of leaf aera). This thesis work concerned the search for biochemical and molecular markers on grape (Vitis vinifera var Cabernet Sauvignon) associated with nitrogen and carbon constraints. He biochemical (sugar concentration, free amino acids, and ecophysiologic (growth of the vegetative parts) studies of fruit-bearing cuttings showed that the growth (size if the plants and leaf aera) is the more discriminating character between the plants under constraint and control conditions. But they did not allow to disciminate the nitrogen and the carbon constraint. A molecular study was thus undertaken by realization of SSH libraries (Subtractive Suppressive Hybridization) for the plants placed in nitrogenized constraint vs control plants. The screening of these libraries by microarrays highlighted 137 clones induced or repressed by the nitrogen constraint
Eichinger, Marie. "Dégradation bactérienne du carbone organique dissous dans la colonne d'eau : une approche couplée expérimentation - modélisation." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22098.pdf.
Full textThis thesis aims to utilise both experimental and modelling approaches to investigate growth of pelagic heterotrophic bacteria that utilise dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as nutritive resource. Two main axes merge from this work: (1) the study of growth models, constructed from experimental results, with a view to implement them in ecosystem models, and (2) the investigation of the environmental factors influencing the bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) with these models. The main objective consists of the study of bacterial growth in different environmental contexts and to deduce a suitable mathematical formulation for describing the interaction between growth and DOC to include this in a biogeochemical model later on. Firstly, bacterial production and respiration data, obtained during the POMME program that carried out in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean according to several depths and seasons, allowed the application of the Monod model that uses Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The coupled study of the model with data permitted to show that BGE varies according to depth and season. BGE has been estimated experimentally directly from data but also with the model, as BGE is one of the parameter. We have thus highlighted that this model, often utilised in biogeochemical models to represent bacterial growth, is not sufficient. In order to use mechanistic models to describe bacterial growth, we decided to realise biodegradation experiments, in artificial and controlled medium, with a monospecific bacterial strain and a unique carbon substrate. Two kinds of experiments were realised: batch-kind experiments where all the carbon substrate was introduced since the beginning of the experiment, and experiments where the carbon substrate was periodically pulsed. The total amount of substrate put in both systems was the same. These experiments first allowed highlighting key processes: the refractory DOC production that accumulates in batches, the variation of the specific bacterial carbon content during an experiment, the maintenance process at the respiration level when bacteria are starved as well as the instantaneous response to an environmental perturbation. BGE have also been estimated for each experiment and according to different methods: experimentally directly from the data sets and from various models, each of them comprising a different level of complexity. Three models were utilised: the Monod model, the Marr-Pirt model and a mechanistic model resulting from the DEB (Dynamic Energy Budget) theory and specifically constructed for the pulse substrate experiment. We highlighted that what else the method used, BGE value is always higher for the pulse experiment than for the batch-kind experiment. BGE values were also always higher when the maintenance process was taken into account in their estimation. This would mean that BGE value is under-estimated with the classical method of estimation, i. E. With batch experiments and without considering the maintenance process. This would lead to the conclusion that the bacterial role as CO2 producer is over-estimated. The DEB model, highly complex for the representation of only one bacterial species and a unique substrate, was also simplified in view of its implementation in a biogeochemical model later on. We have demonstrated that the original system with 4 differential equations can be reduced to a system with 2 differential equations, where growth can be expressed by a logistic equation with a variable carrying capacity. The simplification of this model does not imply any loss of performance at the level of model dynamics and reduces the calibration and simulation time
Paillet, Matthieu. "Synthèse et propriétés physiques de nanotubes de carbone monofeuillets individuels." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20023.
Full textLloret, Emily. "Dynamique du carbone organique dans des petits bassins versants tropicaux : exemple de la Guadeloupe." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077068.
Full textThe main purposes of this work were to evaluate the carbon export of small mountainous rivers from tropical volcanic island (Guadeloupe, French West Indies), and to estimate the impact of extreme meteorological events on this export, and to identify the sources of organic carbon during the different hydrological stages of the rivers (low water level and floods). We carried out a detail study on stream waters, soils and soil solutions. We have analyzed the concentrations of carbon (DOC, POC, DIC) and the carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C), as well as the spectroscopic (UV-Vis) characteristics of dissolved organic matter. The results have shown that the specific annual fluxes of DOC, POC and DIC were respectively of 5. 4, 7. 8 and 12. 4 tC km⁻². An⁻¹. The organic carbon fluxes of Guadeloupean rivers are similar to the reported export from large rivers. The export of total organic carbon from Guadeloupean rivers is more important than the export of inorganic carbon, indicating the major implication of organic carbon to the global carbon cycle. The carbon export during extreme meteorological events (instantaneous discharge more than 30 m³ s⁻¹) represents 15%, 20% and 5% of the annual export of DOC, POC an DIC, respectively. The main sources of POC are litter and soil surface layers. The sources of DOC vary with the hydrological stages (low water level and floods). During low water level, the rivers are mainly fed by the groundwater (identified by soil solution collected by lysimeters). During floods, the DOC mainly comes from the quick flow and hypodermic flow of soil surface layers (identified by soil solution obtained by extraction in laboratory)
Trinsoutrot-Gattin, Isabelle. "Influence de la qualité biochimique et de la teneur en azote de résidus de colza (Brassica napus L) sur les biotransformations du carbone et de l'azote au cours de leur décomposition dans le sol." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10070.
Full textSallih, Zaher. "Relations entre activité rhizosphérique et décomposition de la matière organique des sols au niveau de la biomasse microbienne et de la minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20138.
Full textThomen, Aurélien. "Développement instrumental de la mesure de l'hydrogène, du carbone et de l'azote à la nanosims : applications à l'origine des volatils en cosmochimie." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0025.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the measurements of isotopic and elementary compositions of hydrogen and nitrogen in the Insoluble Organic Matter (IOM) isolated from the carbonaceous chondrites and Wild 2 materials collected by the Stardust mission. Analysis were performed by means of secondary ions mass spectrometry (SIMS). In this thesis, an effort was done to quantify the N/C ratio in the IOM. The precision on the N/C ratio is improved by collecting secondary ions with similar physical parameters, in that case molecular ions C−2 and CN−. The IOM in carbonaceous chondrites shows that isotopic anomalies in hydrogen and nitrogen are spatially correlated for the most of them. For the non -correlated anomalies, enrichments in D and 15N are decoupled. Apart from isotopic ratios, no classification of these isotopic anomalies can be done on the basis of their elementary H/C and N/C ratios. The isotopic fractionation of the hydrogen is not systematically correlated with the nitrogen isotopic fractionation. The measured Wild 2 cometary grains have chondritic carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions. Two peculiar grains bearing isotopic anomalies were observed, probably condensed in stellar envelopes of novae stars. One of these grains is composed of organic matter as shown by its spectrocopic signature
Furet, Pierre-Maxime. "Déterminisme trophique du gradient acrotone de débourrement chez Rosa hybrida L. En fonction de l’intensité lumineuse." Angers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ANGE0064.
Full textApical control is defined as the preferential budburst of apical axillary buds along an axis (budburst acrotone gradient). Little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of apical control. On a decapitated rose model with an acrotone budburst gradient, we determined the origin of the mechanisms (morphological, internal or external to the bud) involved in apical control. We studied the influence of carbon and nitrogen nutrition on apical control in different lighting regimes (low or high) and nitrogen supply regimes (low or high). We then studied carbon and nitrogen fluxes during bud break by isotopic labelling with 15N and 13C. Our results showed that the buds are morphologically identical and that they are all capable of breaking when grown in vitro. In low light conditions, the budburst profile is not modified by the addition of nitrogen. On the other hand, in high light conditions, buds all emerge when nitrogen supply is high, while the budburst profile remains acrotonous under low nitrogen supply. We have shown in low light that nitrogen is less absorbed and that the export of carbon to the roots is reduced. The nutrition of the unclogging apical bud is then very dependent on the nitrogen reserves accumulated before beheading. The expression of apical control thus seems to be determined by the nitrogen absorption capacity, which is conditioned by the light intensity. Our study has shown that the nitrogen status of the plant is a key factor in regulating apical control
Ngao, Jérôme. "Déterminisme de la respiration de l'écosystème dans l'étude du bilan de carbone d'une hêtraie de plaine." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0150_NGAO.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to separate the components of ecosystem respiration (RECO) and to identify the main factors driving its variability. Soil respiration (RS) and its autotrophic and heterotrophic component was the main part of RECO. CO2 efflux from woody debris and leaf litter decomposition also participated significantly to RECO. Our results confirmed the predominant influence of soil temperature and water content on temporal variability of CO2 efflux. But they also showed that several other factors could influence variability (in particular spatial variability). The spatial variability of RS was related to bulk density and C/N ratio of superficial soil layer. Stand parameters (basal area, density, leaf area index) and root biomass did not explain this variability. These approaches allowed highlighting variability of RECO and its components. Limits and uncertainties of our methods are discussed
Laika, Hussam Eddin. "Variations spatio-temporelles du flux de dioxyde de carbone à l’interface air-mer dans l’océan Antarctique." Perpignan, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PERP0857.
Full textThis study was carried out as part of the program MINERVE in order to observe and to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal variabilities of CO2 fluxes across the air-sea interface in the Indian Ocean South of Australia. Measurements on board of the various parameters of the CO2 system (total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon, temperature and salinity) were carried out during six cruises over two years (2005/2006 and 2006/2007). In order to confirm the good quality of measurements on board, discrete samples were also collected along the way to make measurements of total alkalinity and total inorganic carbon on shore (LOCEAN, PARIS). The seasonally covered sea-ice zone presents an intense CO2 sink in summer 2006 and 2007 (-14. 9 and -23. 5 mmol. M-2. D-1, respectively) controlled by the development of the phytoplankton biomass. The continental Antarctic zone presents a strong seasonal variation of CO2 fluxes. In spring 2005 and 2006, the ocean was a source of CO2 towards the atmosphere (+14. 9 and +4. 4 mmol. M-2. D-1). On the other hand in summer 2006 and 2007, CO2 flux decreased. This ocean area became a CO2 sink (-12. 3 and -10. 1 mmol. M-2. D-1). Indeed, the seasonal variations spring-summer of CO2 flux are influenced by the thermodynamic, dynamic biologic processes. The various parameters associated with the CO2 system allowed us to parameterizes of total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon and partial pressure of CO2 as a function of temperature, salinity and chlorophyll-a concentrations. This study shows a very significant role of the Indian Ocean south of Australia in the absorption of atmospheric CO2, mainly during summer
Maillard, Émilie. "Impacts à moyen terme (20 ans) de traitements sylvicoles intensifs sur la séquestration et la stabilité du carbone du sol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20734.
Full textOmikrine, Metalssi Othman. "Étude des couplages hydratation-échanges hydriques-carbonatation dans les mortiers modifiés polymères." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS200.
Full textThe exhibition of polymer modified mortars used as surface coating in an aggressive environment can affect their durability. The CO2 is one of these aggressive elements. Several studies took an interest in the carbonation of the reinforced concrete, where process leads to the corrosion of reinforcing steel. On the other hand, we find not enough studies concerning the case of polymer modified mortars. That's why, the objective of this thesis is to treat the special feature of the carbonation process in the case of this type of mortar by doing an experimental study based on phenolphthalein spraying, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), water and mercury intrusion porosimetry, mechanical tests and shrinkage evolution. The investigation of the carbonation is accomplished by the coupling of the phenolphthalein spraying with TGA. The effect of the cure on carbonation kinetics and consequences of this phenomenon on the physical and mechanical evolution could be comprehended (dimensional and weight stabilities, mechanical resistance, microstructure). Finally, a modelling of coupling hydration-water exchanges was suggested by the resolution of the equations of mass conservation. It allowed to predict the evolution of the degree of hydration and the porosity of the material. The validation of the model shows a good concordance with the experimental values of hydration
Humbert, Hugues. "Etude de la sorption des matières organiques naturelles par les résines échangeuses d'ions : intérêt pour la production d'eau potable." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2256.
Full textNatural Organic Matter (NOM) represents through Total Organic Carbon (TOC) a key parameter for the control of drinking water quality. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Anion Exchange Resin (AER) MIEX® and different other AER for the elimination of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) from a high DOC content surface water. The performances of these AER were compared with those of coagulation/flocculation at laboratory scale as well as pilot scale. The second objective of this study was to determine the impact of AER treatment on the reduction of competition mechanisms between NOM and pesticides for the adsorption on activated carbon and on the reduction of membrane fouling (ultrafiltration). Various analytical tools (fluorescence spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, pyrolysis GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry)) were used in order to characterize NOM of raw and treated waters. As well as MIEX® resin, whole studied AER proved to be an interesting alternative to coagulation/flocculation for DOC removal. Moreover, the interest of AER lies in its combination with activated carbon for the reduction of competition mechanisms between NOM and pesticides
Ollat, Nathalie. "Bases physologiques et anatomiques de la croissance des baies de vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet sauvignon." Montpellier, ENSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ENSA0001.
Full textThe growth of grapevine berries and their water and carbon supply are studied on fruiting cuttings under controlled conditions. Fluorescent probes were used to follow xylem and phloem transport to the berry. During the first growth period, there is a symplastic continuity between the mesocarp cells and the sieve tubes of the peripherie vascular network. At the onset of ripening, the circulation of the fluorescent probes stops in the tracheids and in the sieve tubes of the peripherie network. During ripening a symplastic discontinuity between the vascular bundles and the mesocarp cells could occur. The analysis of berry growth reveals two growth periods. During the first one, the berry is characterized by high transpiration and respiration rates and by water imports mainly through the xylem pathway. The seeds store half of the carbon accumulated in the whole berry. Organic acids represent 20 % of the carbon in the pericarp. At the beginning of the second period, berry growth resumes rapidly. Metabolic changes occur suddenly. Transpiration rates are much lower. Water is imported through the phloem pathway. Consequently carbon and mineraI nutrient imports are stimulated. Hexoses account for at least 40 % of the carbon stored in the pericarp. Respiration rates are reduced. During the first period, berry growth is very sensitive to a reduction in leaf area. Malic acid accumulation is affected. The onset of ripening is also delayed. There is no effect of this early limitation on berry growth and sugar accumulation during ripening if carbon supply is restored at veraison. On the contrary, a limited carbon supply during ripening does not reduce the fresh weight increase, but strongly affects sugar accumulation. During the first period, berry growth is under the control of source activity. During maturation, the regulation of imports to support growth occurs mainly in the berry
Maillard, Émilie. "Évaluation des changements quantitatifs et qualitatifs du stock de carbone du sol après l’application d’effluents d'élevage." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25374.
Full textFor both agronomic and environmental purposes, it is important to quantify the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks to animal manure application. The objectives of this PhD thesis were : 1/ To quantify the response of SOC stocks to manure application from a large worldwide pool of individual studies, and to assess the impact of explanatory factors such as climate, soil properties, land use and manure characteristics; 2/ To determine the influence of tillage and cropping systems on the response of SOC stocks to the application of liquid dairy manure (LDM); 3/ To determine the impact of LDM on SOC stocks in the whole soil and specific physical fractions corresponding to different levels of protection. The meta-analysis (chapter 1) suggests that overall, at the global scale, animal manure application results in significantly larger SOC stocks compared to mineral fertilization or unamended control. The magnitude of SOC stock response to manure application depends mainly on the cumulative manure-C input. Climate also influenced the SOC stock response but its effect could not be decoupled from that of manure-C input. At a local scale, 15 and 21 years of LDM application resulted in significantly higher SOC stocks compared to an unamended control (chapter 3) or mineral fertilization (chapters 2 and 3). For both sites, the LDM effect was limited to the topsoil (down to 20- or 30-cm). In Normandin (QC), the magnitude of the SOC stock response to LDM was dependent on crop sequence, with a much greater effect of LDM application in SOC stocks in the perennial-based rotation than in the cereal monoculture (chapter 2). In Agassiz (BC), the magnitude of the SOC stock response was dependent on manure C input and this response seemed to be smaller with the combined application of LDM and mineral fertilization (chapter 3). In addition, LDM application favoured the incorporation of C in relatively protected fractions of organic matter.
Jean, Frédéric. "Modélisation à l'état stable des transferts de carbone dans le réseau trophique benthique de la rade de Brest (France)." Brest, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BRES2029.
Full textFontvieille, Dominique. "La circulation du carbone organique dans les écosystèmes lotiques : cas du phénomène d'autoépuration." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10047.
Full textDe, Stefani Vania. "Etude de la solubilité de solides à pression modérée, liée au domaine de la cryogénie : mesures et modélisation." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1125.
Full textGobé, Valérie. "Matière organique complexe du sol ; structure et rôle dans les processus d'humification du carbone xénobiotique." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2316.
Full textGuihéneuf, Freddy. "Régulation par des facteurs environnementaux de la synthèse des acides gras à longue chaîne de différentes espèces de microalgues marines : effets combinés de l'éclairement et de la nature de la source carbonée sur l'optimisation de la synthèse de l'EPA et du DHA : intérêts nutritionnels." Le Mans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LEMA1011.
Full textBy their large amounts of omega-3 (EPA and DHA), marine microalgae are currently used in aquaculture for feeding invertebrates and in human nutrition for their beneficial effects on human health. In this context, the objective of this work was to study the influence of environmental factors on n-3 fatty acids synthesis in three microalgae species. It appears that the response to variations in growing conditions is specific to each species. Thus, the results can be used to optimize the cultivation conditions of microalgae producing n-3 fatty acids. Meanwhile, the study in rats shows that nutritional n-3 fatty acids from microalgae induced EPA tissue enrichment compared to regime based on fish oil. Consequently, microalgae could represent a possible alternative to fish oil in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases
Aresheva, Olga. "Regulation of CO2 acquisition and role of beta-carbonic anhydrases in A. thaliana and related C3-C4 species." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0538.
Full textIn the first part of this work, we review how the changes in CO2 concentration across geological history contributed to shape current plant life, changes in stomatal function and the apparition of carbon-concentrating mechanisms. The second part of the thesis concentrates on the role of carbonic anhydrases for CO2 transport and assimilation in leaves. We characterize growth, assimilation rates and CO2 transport in single, double and triple T-DNA insertion lines of Arabidopsis thaliana that lack the main β-carbonic anhydrases of the leaf (β-CA1, β-CA2, β-CA4). We provide a quantitative comparison of the mesophyll conductance to the sites of carbonic anhydrase in Arabidopsis thaliana and we have related this to C3 type (Tareneya hassleriana) and C4 type (Gynandropsis gynandra) species from Cleomaceae family.The third part of the thesis describes stomatal behavior and its potential differences in C3 and C4 species from Cleomaceae family. Using laser capture microdissection, we compare transcriptomes of the guard cells and the mesophyll cells in both species. We report characteristics of the guard cell transcriptomes common to C3 T. hassleriana, C4 G. gynandra as well as A. thaliana, but also the extent to which the transcriptome of GCs from C4 leaves differs from the ancestral C3 GC. Finally, we integrate these data into the context of the C4 metabolic pathway of the whole C4 type leaf by comparative analysis of gene expression between guard cells, mesophyll cells and bundle-sheath cells. We also discuss whether variations in transcript profiles could underlie changes in stomatal behavior
Meroufel, Abdelkader. "Étude de nouvelles formulations de peintures en poudre riches en zinc et contenant PANI." La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS180.
Full textZinc Rich Primers are widely used in industry to protect the metal structures against corrosive environment. Metal zinc is dispersed in a polymeric matrix in the form of fine dust. These particles must be in electrical contact between them and with the metal substrate, in order to be sacrified and to place the substrate under cathodic protection. However, currently available formulations do not exceed 50 % weight of zinc. This weak zinc rate induces a weak electrical contact in painting and requires the addition of other conducting species for a better cathodic protection. In the continuity of previous works using the carbon black as a conducting pigment, one proposed to study three new formulations containing a conducting polymer as conducting pigment. The results obtained are compared with those of a commercial formulation containing carbon black. The exploration of the mechanisms of protection of its formulations was carried out mainly thanks to the electrochemical spectroscopy of impedance. Microscopic analyses (SEM, EDS) and spectroscopic (Raman) made it possible to bring essential elements in the comprehension of the degradation of various primers in condition of immersion. Finally, an accelerated ageing with the salt sprays and an immersion in the presence of defect were carried out and studied in order to classify the various coatings in terms of protective qualities
Poirier, Vincent. "Séquestration du carbone dans un sol agricole du Québec : influence du travail du sol et de la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24793/24793.pdf.
Full textRoué-Le, Gall Anne. "Modélisation du fonctionnement écologique d'un réservoir nouvellement mis en eau : estimation des flux de carbone entre les différents compartiments biologiques." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1036.
Full textFreixes, Sandra. "Disponibilité en carbone et architecture racinaire : relations entre teneur locale en sucres et élongation ou ramification et interaction avec le déficit hydrique." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0022.
Full textTo test the role of sugar in the control of root growth, we have looked for relationships between local sugar concentration in regions involved in elongation and branching and these processes. An original culture method was developed to allow an easy root growth study and a correct development of leaves. Positive and robust relationships between local hexose concentration and root growth were obtained using a large spectrum of environmental conditions (irradiance, external sucrose). These relationships accounted for plant-to-plant variability within treatments as well as root-to-root variability within plants. Similar relationships were identified in various genotypes. In case of soil water deficit, as well as in case of other sink limitation of root growth, an accumulation of sugar was observed together with a decrease of root elongation. This suggests that in theses case, root elongation is not source but rather sink limited
Rolim, Lopes Luiz. "Contribution à l'étude de l'influence de la microstructure sur le comportement en fatigue plastique d'un acier ferritique à faible teneur en carbone." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213121.
Full textJreich, Rana. "Distribution verticale du carbone dans les sols - Analyse bayésienne des profils des teneurs en carbone et de C14." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV060/document.
Full textGlobal warming is a major issue for both the scientific world and societies. The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by 45% since the pre-industrial era (Harris, 2010) as a consequence of human activities, unbalancing the global carbon cycle. This results in global warming with dramatic impacts on the Earth, particularly for fragile populations.Amongst mitigation solutions, a better use of soil is proposed. Soils have the largest capacity of carbon exchanges with the atmosphere and contain a large stock of carbon. A tiny increase in this soil carbon stock and in carbon exchanges between atmosphere and soil would be more favorable to soil carbon sequestration and would compensate for carbon emissios from burning fossil fuel. However, soil carbon dynamics still suffers from insufficient knowledge. There remains therefore a huge uncertainty about the soil carbon response to climate and land-use changes.While several mechanistic models have been developed to better understand the dynamics of soil carbon, they provide an incomplete view of the physical processes affecting soil organic matter (OM). It will be long before a complete and updated soil dynamics model becomes available.In my thesis, I propose a Bayesian statistical model aiming at describing the vertical dynamics of soil carbon. This is done thanks to the modeling of both soil organic carbon and of radiocarbon data as they illustrate the residence time of organic matter and thus the soil carbon dynamics. The purpose of this statistical approach was to better represent the uncertainties on soil carbon dynamics and to quantify the effects of climatic and environmental factors on both surface and deep soil carbon.This meta-analysis was performed on a database of 344 profiles, collected from 87 soil science papers and the literature in archeology and paleoclimatology, under different climate conditions (temperature, precipitation, etc.) and environments (soil type and type of ecosystem).A hierarchical non-linear model with random effects was proposed to model the vertical dynamics of radiocarbon as a function of depth. Bayesian selection techniques, recently published, were applied to the latent layers of the model, which in turn are linked by a linear relationship to the climatic and environmental factors. The Bayesian Group Lasso with Spike and Slab Prior (BGL-SS), the Bayesian Sparse Group Selection (BSGS) and the Bayesian Effect Fusion model-based clustering (BEF) were tested to identify the significant categorical explanatory predictors (soil type, ecosystem type) and the Stochastic Search Variable Selection method to identify the influential numerical explanatory predictors. A comparison of these Bayesian techniques was made based on the Bayesian model selection criteria (the DIC (Deviance Information Criterion), the Posterior Predictive Check, etc.) to specify which model has the best predictive and adjustment power of the database profiles. In addition to selecting categorical predictors, the BSGS allows the formulation of an a posteriori inclusion probability for each level within the categorical predictors such as soil type and ecosystem type (9 soil types and 6 ecosystem types were considered in our study). Furthermore, the BEF made it possible to merge the types of soil as well as the types of ecosystem, which according to the BEF, are considered to have the same effects on the responses of interest here, such as the response of the topsoil radiocarbon.The application of these techniques allowed us to predict, on average and on a global level, the vertical dynamics of the radiocarbon in the case of a temperature increase of 1, 1.5 and 2 °C, and in the case of a change in vegetation cover. For example, we studied the impact of deforesting tropical forests and replacing them by cultivated land on soil carbon dynamics. The same statistical analysis was also done to better understand the vertical dynamics of soil carbon content
Ridolfi, Michèle. "Fonctionnement stomatique d'arbres forestiers en situation de carence calcique, et dans le cas d'une insensibilité à l'acide abscissique : conséquences pour l'assimilation de carbone." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10420.
Full textQuilici, Laeticia. "Le carbone organique dans les mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : extraction, structures et rôle sur l'environnement." Toulon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUL0010.
Full textLn France, about 50 % of municipal solid wastes are incinerated (with or without energy recuperation). The main solid residue from incineration process is bottom ash. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash storage or valorisation poses an ecological and economic problem for industrials and local communities. This study is about characterisation of organic fraction present in MSWI bottom ash as well as its influence in short and long term behaviour of bottom ash. Differentia] Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is applied to speciation and evaluation of carbon in MSWI residues. This innovative recognition approach highlights and quantifies different types of carboned materials in bottom ash: Labile Organic Carbon (LOG) and Refractory Carbon (RC). Characterisation and dosage of organic compounds (paraffins, carboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are realised with various extraction (traditional extraction (Soxhlet) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)) and identification (Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MSD)) methods. This fine characterisation of organic matter has permitted to evaluate the short and long term available and mobilisable organic reservoir, and also the complexation possibility of some metals with carboxylic acids generously present in bottom ash. Moreover, any ecotoxicity tests performed on studied residues gets a new approach of bottom ash characterisation. A direct correlation with bottom ash physico-chemical parameters (usually studied) and its biotests responses is not possible. In opposite, a relation with carboxylic acids content and ecotoxic indice bottom ash is highlight
Lavaud, Aurélien. "Extraction et caractérisation de la matière organique soluble des horizons profonds d'un sol arable." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Lavaud-Aurelien/2010-Lavaud-Aurelien-These.pdf.
Full textThe increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration due to the combustion of the fossil resources and deforestation is the major environmental problems today. To store carbon and thus to decrease the concentration of CO2 emitted by human activity in the atmosphere, it would be necessary to be able to operate the carbon sinks located in the continental biosphere. The largest carbon surface reservoir of the continental biosphere is the soil, which stores 1500 Mt carbon. The potential of French soil to store carbon is currently being evaluated for the plowed horizon, i. E the first 30 cm. However, recent studies showed that a significant proportion of soil carbon is stored in horizons B and C. The precise role of soluble organic carbon or DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) in the stabilization and / or destabilization of carbon deep horizons is indispensable to adapt the methods of land management and cropping systems to increase the stock of carbon in soils. Despite abundant literature, studies on DOC are mainly limited to soils of forest ecosystems and especially in laboratory scale. The results were never confirmed on the ground. The overall objective of this thesis is to better define the proportion of soluble organic matter of different horizons of arable soil and indicate their main structural features. This work takes into account the importance of the mode of cultural practice and the impact of prolonged drought particularly in deep horizons. Different analytical techniques (spectrofluorimetry, chromatography size exclusion, pyrolysis GC / MS, 13C NMR) were used on waters collected at the lysimeter plates and porous candles but also HPO, TPH and HPI extracts, for characterizing the OM of deep horizons, while being based on existing work on surface water. The work showed that the OM of the deep horizons was characterized by low aromaticity, a lower molecular weight and by the presence of compound lignins types and terpenoids
Cazelles, Bernard. "Modélisation d'un écosystème lotique : dynamique du carbone organique dissous et des microorganismes benthiques dans un cours d'eau cours." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10068.
Full text