Relevant bibliographies by topics / HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)

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Academic literature on the topic 'HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)"

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Fujishiro, Taishi, and Takuya Hara. "In Situ Observation of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Propagation Behavior." Corrosion 74, no. 10 (June 16, 2018): 1054–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2757.

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Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is one of the major issues of line pipe exposed to sour environments. There are some guidelines on materials requirements for carbon and low alloy steels for H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production. Generally, HIC susceptibility is evaluated after the test duration, typically 96 h, in accordance with NACE Standard TM0284-2016. However, HIC propagation behavior during HIC test has not been fully understood. In this study, a new in situ HIC measurement method has been developed in order to make the connection between HIC propagation behavior and microstructure. This technique is based on the combination of an automatic ultrasonic wave inspection system and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. HIC propagation rate and HIC propagation behavior of carbon steels with different textures were investigated, using this in situ technique. Texture components of tested steels were changed by controlled rolling process in the alpha-gamma dual phase region. The {100} intensity parallel to the rolling plane was developed with increasing controlled rolling reduction in the alpha-gamma dual phase region. HIC propagation rate increased and crack length of HIC grew in a staircase pattern with time when the {100} texture was highly developed. In addition, HIC propagation behavior could be overlapped with fracture surface, just like a projection mapping. The overlapping could make the connection between HIC propagation behavior and HIC fracture surface. Microstructure and texture just under the HIC fracture surface was also characterized by SEM and an electron backscatter diffraction pattern method. The results obtained in this study showed that HIC propagation behavior was affected by a texture. In addition, the new in situ HIC observation technique, which can make the direct connection between HIC propagation behavior and microstructure, revealed a detailed HIC propagation behavior and an effect of microstructure.
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Choe, Byung Hak, Sang Woo Lee, Jong Kee Ahn, Jinhee Lee, and Tae Woon Lim. "Hydrogen Induced Cracks in Stainless Steel 304 in Hydrogen Pressure and Stress Corrosive Atmosphere." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.10.653.

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The phenomena of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in 304 stainless steels was considered in a hydrogen pressure and stress corrosive atmosphere. Microstructures with chloride pits and stress corrosion cracks around the HIC were analyzed by SEM/EDS. Abnormal phase transformations induced by the hydrogen were analyzed using TEM and diffraction. In the hydrogen pressure atmosphere, pits and pores were observed on the surface of the 304 stainless steels. In addition, it was determined that Cl, an etchant component, was concentrated at a high concentration in the pits. SCC (stress corrosion cracking) was induced in the Cl atmosphere by stress caused by the abrasive embedded in the pits. It was assumed that the SCC mechanism is similar to HIC in that it occurs in the surface tensile stress and Cl atmosphere and is accompanied by grain boundary cracks similar to IGSCC (inter-granular SCC). The deformation induced phase transformation accompanied by planar slip should be related to the main cause of HIC in the hydrogen pressured atmosphere. Abnormal forbidden spots between the main diffraction spots were induced by the HIC in the hydrogen attacked area, where the microstructure was hardened. Understanding the HIC mechanism related to chloride corrosion can be used to assess the fitness of austenitic stainless steels for uses where there is a possibility of various susceptible cracking in hydrogen and chloride atmospheres.
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Zhang, Peng, Li Qiong Chen, and Yang Biao. "Experiment Study on Safety Evaluation of L245A-Pipe Steel in Wet H2S Environment." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1603.

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As Pipeline in Wet H2S environment must consider its anti-hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) performance, in this paper, to ensure L245A-pipe mechanical properties qualified under the premise, according to NACE TM 0284-2003 and NACE TM 0177-2005 standard conducted a test evaluation in Wet H2S in the context of anti-hydrogen-induced cracking performance (HIC) and sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance (SSCC) and came L245A-pipe in standard Wet H2S environment didn’t produce hydrogen-induced cracking, occurred sulfide stress corrosion cracking, the design conditions and working conditions are no stress corrosion cracking conclusions. And make recommendations on the safe operation in Wet H2S.
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Gao, Xiu Hua, Jing Li, Chuang Li, Yan Liang, Lin Xiu Du, and Zhen Guang Liu. "Research of High Grade HIC-Resistant Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.730.

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Carry out research on the processes, structures and properties of the X70 corrosion-resistant pipeline steel and analyze the mechanism of the hydrogen induced cracking. The results show that: the developed steel not only has excellent mechanical properties, but also has good resistance to H2S corrosion. Microstructure of the X70 corrosion-resistant pipeline is mainly the acicular ferrite and granular bainite, with well-closed formation and fine grains. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) begins with the appearance of the hydrogen blistering on the specimen surface, and cracks generated by the hydrogen blistering gradually extend inward from the surface along the grain boundary, diffuse inside the specimen gradually, and finally form hydrogen induced cracking.
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Haidemenopoulos, Gregory N., Helen Kamoutsi, Kyriaki Polychronopoulou, Panagiotis Papageorgiou, Ioannis Altanis, Panagiotis Dimitriadis, and Michael Stiakakis. "Investigation of Stress-Oriented Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (SOHIC) in an Amine Absorber Column of an Oil Refinery." Metals 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090663.

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Stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC) of an amine absorber column made of a Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) resistant steel and operating under wet H2S service was investigated. SOHIC was not related to welds in the column and evolved in two steps: initiation of HIC cracks in the rolling plane and through-thickness linking of the HIC cracks. Both the original HIC cracks as well as the linking cracks propagated with a cleavage mechanism. The key factors identified were periods with high hydrogen charging conditions, manifested by high H2S/amine ratio, and stress triaxiality, imposed by the relatively large thickness of the plate. In addition, the mechanical properties of the steel away from cracked regions were unaffected, indicating the localized nature of SOHIC.
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Park, Jin Sung, Jin Woo Lee, Joong Ki Hwang, and Sung Jin Kim. "Effects of Alloying Elements (C, Mo) on Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Behaviors of A516-65 Steels in Sour Environments." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184188.

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This study examined the effects of alloying elements (C, Mo) on hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) behaviors of A516-65 grade pressure vessel steel in sour environments. A range of experimental and analytical methods of HIC, SSC, electrochemical permeation, and immersion experiments were used. The steel with a higher C content had a larger fraction of banded pearlite, which acted as a reversible trap for hydrogen, and slower diffusion kinetics of hydrogen was obtained. In addition, a higher hardness in the mid-thickness regions of the steel, due to center segregation, resulted in easier HIC propagation. On the other hand, the steel with a higher Mo content showed more dispersed banded pearlite and a larger amount of irreversibly trapped hydrogen. Nevertheless, the addition of Mo to the steel can deteriorate the surface properties through localized pitting and the local detachment of corrosion products with uneven interfaces, increasing the vulnerability to SSC. The mechanistic reasons for the results are discussed, and a desirable alloy design for ensuring an enhanced resistance to hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) is proposed.
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Elboujdaini, M., and R. W. Revie. "Metallurgical factors in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC)." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2009): 1091–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-009-0799-0.

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Liu, W. J. "Modeling Nucleation of Hydrogen Induced Cracking in Steels during Sour Service." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 983–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.983.

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A model, which can be used to illustrate the process of nucleation of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in steels during sour service, was developed with the aid of Gibbs theory. A set of criteria for crack nucleation were then derived from the model. Metallurgical parameters influencing the criteria and thusly the susceptibility of the material to HIC, which are measurable and controllable in industrial processing, were also advanced in the present article.
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Bouzouni, Marianthi, Evangelos Gavalas, Filippos Chatzigeorgiou, and Spyros Papaefthymiou. "Hydrogen Induced Crack Development in Submerged Arc Welded Steel Pipes." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818804010.

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The current work examines hydrogen sensitivity in different pipeline steels (X65, X70 and X80 HSLA grades) from four productions. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) experiments were performed and then the welds were characterized via optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The optical micrographs revealed cracks only in one of the four welds. Transverse cracks were found along bainitic-ferrite/carbide islands within the heat affected zone and the base metal of production B. Found inclusions e.g. MnS inside the cracks acted as initiation points for the HIC. However, the weld zones in all productions consisting of acicular ferrite and grain boundary ferrite were found to be resistant in hydrogen embrittlement. Therefore, the presence of bainitic ferrite with carbides at the grain boundaries in the microstructures and the intense presence of MnS inclusions caused HIC in pipeline steel from production B. The manufacturing process, the forming and welding conditions in the examined case seem not to have negatively influenced the pipeline steel in terms of HIC.
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Gong, Jian Ming, Jian Qun Tang, Xian Chen Zhang, and Shan Tung Tu. "Evaluation of Cracking Behavior of SPV50Q High Strength Steel Weldment in Wet H2S Containing Environment." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.951.

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JIS-SPV50Q high strength steel is often employed in construction of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) spherical tanks due to its high strength and good ductility. In general, post weld heat treatment is not performed after welding of SPV50Q high strength steel and welding residual stress will be retained in weldment. Service experience and inspection indicate that higher H2S concentration and welding residual stress result in the environmental failure, such as blistering or hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) and stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC). In the present paper, the cracking behavior of SPV50Q high strength steel weldment by manual electric arc welding has been investigated in various saturate solutions with different concentrations of H2S. The results of slow strain rate testing, performed at a strain of 1×10-6s-1, reveal the presence of SSCC and HIC in the base metal adjacent to HAZ. The ffects of the different temperatures of post weld heat treatment on cracking are discussed. The suitable post weld heat treatment could increase the resistance of SPV50Q weldment on SSCC or HIC and does not decrease the mechanical properties of SPV50Q weldment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)"

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Rytirova, Lenka. "Etude de la dégradation par l'hydrogène des aciers micromaillés et duplex : influence de la microstructure." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ECAP1028.

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Les installations pétrolières ou de gaz naturel peuvent être contaminées par H2S humide. Cet environnement est très agressif pour les aciers utilisés pour le transport ou les procédés liés à ces produits, car il peut provoquer l'absorption d'hydrogène par l'acier. En l'absence de contrainte, cet hydrogène peut causer une fissuration (Hydrogen Induced Cracking, HIC). En présence de contrainte appliquée ou résiduelle, une rupture peut se produire par un mécanisme dit de fissuration sous contrainte en présence d’hydrogène sulfuré (Sulphide Stress Cracking, SSC) ou de fissuration orientée induite par l'hydrogène (Stress Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking, SOHIC). La résistance des aciers est étroitement reliée aux caractéristiques microstructurales : inclusions non métalliques, constituants de phase dure, structure en bandes, etc. Cette thèse présente les résultats de tests de résistance à HIC et SCC d'aciers pour pipelines : deux aciers au carbone peu alliés (X52 et X 60) et un acier inoxydable 22-05 de type duplex (microstructure mixte d'austénite et ferrite). Ces matériaux ont été testés conformément aux normes NACE TM 0284 (HIC) et TM 0177, méthode A (SSC). Des essais de perméation électrochimique ont été réalisés pour compléter notre connaissance du comportement de ces matériaux en présence d'hydrogène (diffusivité, piégeage), et quelques essais de perméation ont été suivis de dosage de l'hydrogène piégé par dégazage sous vide à 600 °C. Les essais ont été réalisés en prenant en compte l'orientation des échantillons par rapport au sens de laminage, ainsi que l'état structural : état brut de réception (AR) et état après traitement thermique (HT)
Petroleum and natural gas systems can be contaminated with aqueous H2S. This environment is very aggressive to the steels used for the transport and processing of these products. Hydrogen absorption into steel may result, and provokes hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) in the absence of applied stress. In the presence of applied or residual stress, the failure process can occur by sulphide stress cracking (SSC) or stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC). The resistance of steels is closely related to the microstructure features: non-metallic inclusions, hard phase constituents, banded structures etc. This thesis summarizes results of HIC and SSC resistance of pipelines steels: two carbon micro alloyed steels (X52 and X60 according to API 5L Specification) and one 225 duplex stainless steel (austenite – ferrite microstructure). Materials have been tested according to NACE TM 0284 (HIC) and TM 0177 - Method A (SSC). To obtain detailed information about material behaviour in the presence of hydrogen, electrochemical permeation tests were performed as well. This method lets know the hydrogen diffusivity in these materialsand the hydrogen trapping. Some permeation tests were followed by vacuum outgasing at 600°C, to obtain information about irreversible trapping. The different tests have been achieved in as-received state (AR, after rolling) and after a laboratory heat treatment (HT, quenching and tempering). Influence of samples taking orientation has been also examined. Microstructure and fracture surfaces of broken SSC specimens analysis was performed by means of optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy
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Avilés, Janeth Marlene Quispe. "Investigação da relação entre a suscetibilidade ao trincamento induzido pelo hidrogênio (HIC) e parâmetros de resistência à corrosão de tubos de aços ARBL graus API 5L X65 e X80." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-05012018-104419/.

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Atualmente a maior parte da energia consumida no mundo provém de fontes como carvão, petróleo e gás natural. Nas últimas décadas, o aumento na demanda por petróleo e gás natural teve como resultado um grande aumento no uso de tubos de aço para transportar estes produtos por longas distâncias. Os aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) produzidos de acordo com a norma API 5L são atrativos para estas aplicações por apresentarem boas propriedades mecânicas e soldabilidade aliadas a baixos custos. Entretanto, nestas aplicações os materiais são expostos a meios corrosivos com altos teores de H2S, tornando-os susceptíveis aos danos provocados pelo hidrogênio. Dentre estes um dos mais importantes é o trincamento induzido pelo hidrogênio (hydrogen induced cracking - HIC). Neste trabalho a resistência à corrosão e ao HIC de dois aços API 5L X65, cujas composições diferem principalmente com relação aos teores de Mn e de Nb, e de um aço API 5L X80 comercial foi investigada na solução A da norma NACE TM0284-2011. A avaliação da resistência à corrosão foi realizada em solução naturalmente aerada ou desaerada sem e com saturação com H2S por meio de ensaios de potencial de circuito aberto, curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. Análises microestruturais por microscopia óptica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foram realizadas para correlacionar a microestrutura com os dois parâmetros investigados. As análises por MO e MEV mostraram que os dois aços API 5L X65 possuem inclusões uniformemente distribuídas em uma matriz ferrítica com ilhas de perlita degenerada e microconstituintes M/A (martensita/ austenita) nos contornos de grão da ferrita. Por sua vez, o aço API 5L X80 apresentou matriz ferrítica com microconstituintes M/A, e inclusões de formas arredondadas e irregulares em maior número e distribuídas de forma irregular. Os resultados dos ensaios eletroquímicos mostraram que, para os três aços, a resistência à corrosão diminui sensivelmente na presença de H2S. Por outro lado, os ensaios de impedância evidenciaram aumento da resistência à corrosão com o tempo de imersão em todos os meios, provavelmente associado à formação de produtos de corrosão insolúveis e que precipitam sobre a superfície dos aços. Todos os ensaios mostraram que os dois aços API 5L X65 são mais resistentes à corrosão que o aço API 5L X80. Os ensaios de HIC mostraram que os dois aços API 5L X65 não são suscetíveis a este tipo de falha, contrariamente ao aço API 5L X80. Neste último houve formação de trincas da parte central e inferior (interna) da amostra fornecida em forma de tubo. A análise do caminho de propagação da trinca mostrou a presença de inclusões ricas em Mn e S, indicando que elas têm um papel relevante no mecanismo de trincamento. Os resultados de todos os ensaios de corrosão mostraram que o aço experimental API 5L X65 produzido pela CBMM com baixos teores de Mn e altos teores de Nb apresentou resistência à corrosão ligeiramente superior ao aço API 5L X65 comercial, indicando ser esta composição promissora para aplicações em meios sour.
Currently most of the energy consumed in the world comes from sources such as coal, oil and natural gas. In recent decades the increase in demand for oil and natural gas has resulted in a large increase in the use of steel tubes to transport these products over long distances. High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels produced according to the API 5L standard are attractive for these applications because they have good mechanical properties and weldability combined with low costs. However, in these applications the materials are exposed to corrosive media with high levels of H2S, making them susceptible to damage caused by hydrogen. Among them, one of the most important is hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). In this work the resistance to corrosion and HIC of two API 5L X65 steels, whose compositions differ mainly with respect to their Mn and Nb contents, and a commercial API 5L X80 steel were investigated in solution A of the NACE standard TM0284-2011. The evaluation of the corrosion resistance was carried out in naturally aerated or in deaerated solution without and with saturation with H2S by means of open circuit potential tests, potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Microstructural analysis by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to correlate the microstructure with the two investigated parameters. OM and SEM analyzes showed that the two API 5L X65 steels have inclusions evenly distributed in a ferritic matrix with degenerated perlite islands and M/A (martensite/austenite) microconstituents at the perlite grain boundaries. In turn, the API 5L X80 steel presented a ferritic matrix with M/A microconstituents and round-shaped and irregular-shaped inclusions in greater number and irregularly distributed. The results of the electrochemical tests showed that, for all three steels, the corrosion resistance decreases significantly in the presence of H2S. On the other hand, the EIS tests showed an increase in corrosion resistance with immersion time in all media, which is probably due to the formation of insoluble corrosion products that precipitate on the steels surfaces. All assays showed that the two API 5L X65 steels are more resistant to corrosion than the API 5L X80 steel. The HIC assays showed that the two API 5L X65 steels are not susceptible to this type of failure, unlike the API 5L X80 steel. In the latter there was cracks formation in the central and lower (inner) part of the sample supplied as a tube. The analysis of the crack propagation path showed the presence of Mn and S-rich inclusions, indicating that they play a key role in the cracking mechanism. The results of all corrosion tests showed that the experimental steel API 5L X65 produced by CBMM with low Mn contents and high levels of Nb exhibited slightly higher corrosion resistance than the API 5L X65 commercial steel, indicating that this composition is promising for sour media applications.
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Ramírez, Mario Fernando González. "Influência da microestrutura nas propriedades mecânicas e na fragilização por hidrogênio em um aço microligado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-19072013-170730/.

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A tecnologia dos aços microligados para transporte de gás natural e petróleo tem sido pressionada pelo descobrimento das novas jazidas e o aumento da demanda no mundo. As solicitações ambientais e de resistência mecânica são os parâmetros para o desenvolvimento de aços de alta resistência baixa liga para o transporte de gás e petróleo a menor custo e de forma segura. Neste contexto esta pesquisa investiga, em um aço microligado para tubos API 5L X80, o efeito das transformações de fase obtidas por resfriamentos controlados na fratura induzida por hidrogênio Hydrogen Induced Cracking-(HIC) e nas propriedades mecânicas. Os testes de HIC foram realizados no material como recebido, na espessura da chapa submetida a resfriamentos contínuos e em amostras do material tratadas de forma a simular as regiões de grão grosso da zona afetada pelo calor (GGZAC). Segundo o ciclo de resfriamento, os aços microligados têm microestruturas complexas, como é caso do aço microligado em estudo, onde sua microestrutura, estudada em trabalhos anteriores, é formada principalmente por ferrita, bainita, perlita e microconstituinte austenita/martensita (AM). A morfologia, tamanho, quantidade e distribuição dos produtos de transformação na chapa mudam as propriedades do aço. Esses fenômenos são de grande interesse tecnológico em aços microligados para a fabricação de tubos soldados para o transporte de gás e petróleo, tanto quando a solda é realizada em campo como também durante o encurvamento por indução; aqui as propriedades mecânicas do tubo decorrentes do processo de fabricação termomecânico podem ser degradadas pela ação do aquecimento e dos resfriamentos experimentados na zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC), principalmente na região de GGZAC. A simulação dos ciclos térmicos para o estudo da HIC na espessura da chapa foram realizados em CP austenitizados a 900ºC e submetidos a resfriamentos contínuos no dilatômetro de têmpera. Para simular os ciclos térmicos com resfriamentos controlados focados na GGZAC e a seguir obter CP de tamanho adequado para testes de tração e Charpy, foi necessário fazer os tratamentos térmicos a 1300ºC e resfriamentos contínuos em um simulador termomecânico e dilatômetro Gleeble. O maior tamanho da amostra tratada termicamente neste último equipamento permitiu extrair amostras para avaliar as propriedades mecânicas e a HIC do material, pois as diferentes regiões da ZAC em uma solda real são restritas e não permitem este tipo de ensaios em uma região específica da ZAC. Os resultados permitiram identificar a suscetibilidade de cada microestrutura produto da transformação da austenita na espessura da chapa, sendo a região central da chapa a mais sensível ao hidrogênio no aço como recebido e quando tratado a baixas taxas de resfriamento de 0,5°C/s após austenitizado a 900°C. As bandas grosseiras formadas por estruturas de maior dureza que a matriz na região central diminuíram a resistência à HIC. Da mesma forma nos corpos de prova que simulam a região GGZAC, a fratura induzida pelo hidrogênio foi localizada na região central da espessura embora apresente bainita e ferrita acicular. A falha possivelmente se deve aos elementos remanescentes segregados nesta região central e partição de carbono para os sub contornos de grão da bainita e ferrita que cresceram a partir a austenita primária. As inclusões e precipitados, segundo seu tipo, forma e localização na microestrutura, participam ou não da nucleação e propagação da trinca, sendo a posição mais crítica quando localizadas dentro das estruturas bandeadas. Não foi observada a nucleação de trincas na presença de hidrogênio em precipitados de Nb e Ti.
The technology of microalloyed steels for the transportation of natural gas and oil has been pressed by the discovery of new deposits and the increased demand in the world. Environmental requests for safety and ever increasing mechanical strength are the parameters for the development of high strength low alloy steels for transporting gas and oil at lower cost and safely. In this context, this research investigates, in a microalloyed steel pipe API 5L X80, the effect of phase transformations obtained by controlled cooling on the behavior when loaded with hydrogen - Hydrogen Induced Cracking - (HIC) and in the mechanical properties. HIC tests were performed on as-received material, on samples extracted from the thickness of the plate and subjected to continuous cooling and on samples of the material treated to simulate the coarse-grained regions of heat affected zone (CGHAZ). According to the cooling cycle, the microalloyed steels have complex microstructures: in the steel under evaluation its microstructure, studied in a previous work, consists mainly of ferrite, bainite, pearlite and austenite/martensite constituent (AM). The morphology, size, quantity and distribution of the products of transformation change the properties of plate steel. These phenomena are of great technological interest in microalloyed steels for the fabrication of welded tubes for the transport of gas and oil, when the welding is performed in the field as well as during hot bending; here the mechanical properties of the tube from the process of thermomechanical fabrication can be degraded by the action of heating and cooling experienced in the heat affected zone (HAZ), mainly in the region of CGHAZ. Simulations of thermal cycles for the study of HIC on sheet thickness were performed in coupons subjected to austenitization at 900ºC followed by continuous cooling in the dilatometer. To simulate the thermal cycles with controlled cooling, focused in the CGHAZ, and getting suitable sample sizes for tensile testing and Charpy, it was necessary to austenitize at 1300ºC followed by continuous cooling using the thermal and thermomechanical simulator in a Gleeble dilatometer. Samples heat treated in this equipment were suitable to evaluate the mechanical properties and the HIC of the material for different regions of HAZ, while a real weld would not have enough material to allow this type of testing on a specific region of HAZ. The results showed the susceptibility of each microstructure product of austenite transformation and of the position on the plate thickness. The central region of the plate was more sensitive to hydrogen in the steel as-received and when treated at low cooling rates of 0.5°C/s after austenitization at 900°C. The bands formed by coarse structures of greater hardness than the matrix in the central region decreased the resistance to HIC. Likewise in coupons that simulate the CGHAZ region, the fracture induced by hydrogen was located in the central thickness line, even when the microstructure were bainite and acicular ferrite. Failure there was possibly due to remnants of segregated elements in this central region and carbon partition to the subboundaries of the bainite and ferrite grain that grew from the primary austenite. Inclusions and precipitates, according to their type, shape and location in the microstructure, participating or not in the nucleation and propagation of the crack, were more critical when located within the banded structures; crack nucleation in the presence of hydrogen was not observed at Nb and Ti precipitates.
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Andersen, Kjetil. "HISC in Super Duplex Stainless Steels : A study of the relation between microstructure and susceptibility to hydrogen induced stress cracking." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22418.

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Testing of susceptibility to hydrogen induced stress cracking (HISC) in two 25% Cr Super Duplex Stainless Steels (SDSS) has been carried out. These were a forged material and a hot isostatically pressed (HIP) material with austenite spacing 51.5 µm and 12.9 µm, respectively. The tests were carried out on both smooth and notched samples by stepwise increasing load in Cortest proof rings on hydrogen pre-charged samples until fracture. The fracture surfaces were examined in scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and the hydrogen contents were measured. The microstructures of the materials were examined with the electron backscattered diffraction technique (EBSD) and assessed in relation to the results from the HISC testing.The results indicated that both SDSS materials are prone to HISC and that the HIP material has a higher threshold for HISC. The fracture surface on samples of both materials showed features indicating reduced ductility from HISC. The HIP samples indicated ductile fracture in the centre, implying that hydrogen influence was primarily in close proximity of the sample surfaces. This observation, and considerably higher hydrogen content measured in the forged material, indicates slower hydrogen diffusion in the HIP material than in the forged material.The results obtained were discussed against the literature reviewed and compared to the requirements in DNV-RP-F112. Indication of low temperature creep was observed on smooth samples by relaxation of the load determining ring deflection. The results from smooth samples indicated a threshold for HISC fracture (after one day of low temperature creep) at 112.6% ± 3.9% of yield strength (YS) and 104.8% ± 3.1% for HIP and forged material, respectively. No ring relaxation occurred for the notched samples. Therefore the results from these samples indicated higher threshold for HISC than the smooth samples, namely at 117.1% ± 2.2% and 113.8% ± 2.2\% of YS for HIP and forged samples, respectively.
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Sezgin, Jean-Gabriel. "Modélisation de la formation des décohésions dues à l’hydrogène dans l’acier 18MND5." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM006/document.

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Les viroles en acier microallié 18MND5, destinées aux générateurs de vapeur, présentent une composition hétérogène à plusieurs échelles. Un écart au procédé de fabrication ou une teneur en hydrogène excessive, peuvent conduire à la formation des Décohésions Dues à l’Hydrogène. Ces DDH résultent de la désorption de l’hydrogène interne lors du refroidissement jusqu’à température ambiante. La pression interne n’étant pas mesurables expérimentalement, une modélisation du phénomène est requise. Afin de préciser les mécanismes sous-jacents, il est proposé un scénario de formation de ces défauts s’appuyant conjointement sur une expertise et la modélisation des processus de diffusion-désorption-propagation. Les observations ont révélé une corrélation entre les DDH, les zones ségrégées et les amas de MnS (sites préférentiels d’initiation). Un modèle de diffusion dans un milieu hétérogène a été proposé afin d’évaluer la pression interne associée. La pression maximale excède ainsi 8600 bar en considérant une loi d’Abel-Noble optimisée du gaz réel. Le couplage de ce modèle avec la mécanique de la rupture a permis de quantifier l’évolution des paramètres relatifs à la propagation (pression interne, taille finale, vitesse, …). Un scénario de formation des DDH industriel a ainsi pu être formulé sur la base d’une étude paramétrique. Bien que les simulations préliminaires corroborent le retour d’expérience, le modèle raffiné et la prise en compte du gonflement de la DDH semblent sous-estimer la cinétique. Le caractère multi-fissuré des amas de MnS (homogénéisation des propriétés mécaniques) associé à un critère de rupture à l’échelle locale permettrait d’ajuster ce modèle
Heat generators are manufactured from ingots of 18MND5 (A508cl3) low alloy steel and present composition heterogeneities at different scales. Under specific conditions (non-respect of guidelines or high initial content of H), Hydrogen Induced Cracks (HIC) may result from diffusion-desorption of internal hydrogen during cooling down to room temperature. Since neither hydrogen redistribution nor its internal pressure within cavities could be measured by experimental techniques, quantitative investigation is based on the modelling of related physical phenomena. A scenario of HIC formation, based on industrial feedback and modelling, has been proposed. A correlation between these defects, segregated areas and clusters of MnS (preferred initiation sites) has been revealed by expertise of HIC. A model of diffusion in heterogeneous alloys has then been proposed to assess the maximal pressure of H2 in such HIC. Simulation has shown that internal pressures above 860MPa are reached by considering an optimized Abel-Noble real gas behavior. The previous model has then been coupled to a failure mechanics procedure to characterize and quantify the crack growth parameters. Based on a parametric study, a scenario of HIC formation during the cooling has been proposed regarding process. Although results from preliminary simulations matched with feedback, the refined model based on the pressure induced elastic deformation of HIC has been developed but provided an underestimated kinetic of crack growth. Consequently, the multi-cracked nature of MnS clusters (homogenization of mechanical properties) and the updated local failure criterion appear to be a viable path to adjust predictions
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Fang, Peijun. "Weldability and hydrogen relationships in super duplex stainless steel." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260057.

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Kivisäkk, Ulf. "Influence of hydrogen on corrosion and stress induced cracking of stainless steel." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Korrosionslära, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-12436.

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Hydrogen is the smallest element in the periodical table. It has been shown in several studies that hydrogen has a large influence on the corrosion and cracking behaviour of stainless steels. Hydrogen is involved in several of the most common cathode reactions during corrosion and can also cause embrittlement in many stainless steels. Some aspects of the effect of hydrogen on corrosion and hydrogen-induced stress cracking, HISC, of stainless steels were studied in this work. These aspects relate to activation of test specimens for uniform corrosion testing, modification of a test cell for dewpoint corrosion testing and the mechanism of hydrogen-induced stress cracking. The results from uniform corrosion testing of superduplex stainless steels indicated that there is a large difference between passive and activated surfaces in hydrochloric acid and in lower concentrations of sulphuric acid. Hence, initial activation of the test specimen until hydrogen evolution can have a large influence on the results. This may provide another explanation for the differences in iso-corrosion curves for superduplex stainless steels that have previously been attributed to alloying with copper and/or tungsten. In concentrated sulphuric acid, potential oscillations were observed; these oscillations activated the specimen spontaneously. Due to these potential oscillations the influence of activation was negligible in this acid. An experimental set-up was developed for testing dewpoint corrosion of stainless steels in a condensate containing 1 % hydrochloric acid. There was an existing experimental set-up that had to be modified in order to avoid azeotroping of the water and hydrogen chloride system. A separate flask with hydro chloric acid was included in the experimental set-up. The final set-up provided reasonably good agreement with field exposures in contrary to much higher corrosion rates in the original set-up. Relaxation and low temperature creep experiments have been performed with several stainless steels in this work. The aim was to understand how creep and relaxation relates to material properties and the relative ranking between the tested materials. For low temperature creep with a load generating stresses below the yield strength, as well relaxation at stress levels above and below the yield strength, the same ranking with respect to changes in mechanical properties of the steel grades was found. For low temperature creep with a load level above the yield strength, the same ranking was not obtained. This effect can most probably be explained by annihilation and generation of dislocations. During low temperature creep above the yield strength, dislocations were generated. In addition, low temperature creep experiments were performed forone superduplex stainless steel in two different product forms with differentaustenite spacing in the microstructure. The superduplex material experienced low temperature creep at a lower load level for the material with large austenite spacing compared to the one with smaller austenite spacing. Also this differenceis influenced by dislocations. In a material with small austenite spacing the dislocations have more obstacles that they can be locked up against. Studies of the fracture surfaces of hydrogen induced stress cracking, HISC, tested duplex stainless steels showed that HISC is a hydrogen-enhanced localised plasticity, HELP, mechanism. Here a mechanism that takes into account the inhomogeneous deformation of duplex stainless steels was proposed. This mechanism involves an interaction between hydrogen diffusion and plastic straining. Due to the different mechanical properties of the phases in a superduplex stainless steel, plastic straining due to low temperature creep can occur in the softer ferrite phase. A comparison between low temperature creep data showed that for the coarser grained material, HISC occurs at the load levelwhen creep starts. However, in the sample with small austenite spacing, HISC did not occur at this load level. Microhardness measurements indicated that the hydrogen level in the ferrite was not high enough to initiate cracking in the coarser material. The proposed mechanism shows that occurrence of HISC is an interaction between local plasticity and hydrogen diffusion.
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Yue, Xin. "Evaluation of Heat-affected Zone Hydrogen-induced Cracking in High-strength Steels." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374109768.

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Stenerud, Gaute. "The Susceptibility to Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking for Alloy 718 and Alloy 725." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26331.

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The Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) susceptibility of Alloy 718 and Alloy 725 where examined and compared. Pre-charged samples of each alloy where stepwise loaded during polarization in Cortest Proof rings. A safe load was found from this stepwise loading. To confirm that these load levels were safe, pre-charged samples were loaded to this load for 30 days during cathodic polarization. After fracture the fracture surfaces were examined in scanning electron microscope and the hydrogen concentration were measured by hydrogen melt extraction. It was found that both alloy are severely embrittled by hydrogen. Both the ductility and stress at fracture were reduced by the same amount in both alloys. The constant load tests revealed a safe stress at 123,8 % of YS for Alloy 725 and 120,4 % of YS for Alloy 718. Based on this it was concluded that Alloy 725 is somewhat more resistant to HISC than Alloy 718.
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Wildash, Clint. "Microstructure factors affecting hydrogen induced cold cracking in high strength steel weld metal." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364642.

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Books on the topic "HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)"

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Clarke, C. F. Hydrogen induced cracking of grade-2 titanium. Pinawa, Manitoba: AECL Whiteshell Laboratories, 1995.

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F, Dewsnap R., and Great Britain. Dept. of Energy., eds. A Review of information on hydrogen induced cracking and sulphide stress corrosion cracking in linepipe steels: Report. London: H.M.S.O., 1987.

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National Association of Corrosion Engineers., ed. Evaluation of pipeline and pressure vessel steels for resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking. Houston: NACE, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)"

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Elboujdaini, M. "Hydrogen-Induced Cracking and Sulfide Stress Cracking." In Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook, 183–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470872864.ch15.

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Gerberich, W. W., P. G. Marsh, and J. W. Hoehn. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking Mechanisms - Are There Critical Experiments?" In Hydrogen Effects in Materials, 539–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118803363.ch47.

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Moody, N. R., S. L. Robinson, J. E. Angelo, and M. W. Perra. "Temperature Effects on Hydrogen-Induced Cracking in an Iron-Based Superalloy." In Hydrogen Effects in Materials, 967–78. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118803363.ch85.

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Elboujdaini, Mimoun, and Winston Revie. "Effect of Non-Metallic Inclusions on Hydrogen Induced Cracking." In Damage and Fracture Mechanics, 11–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2669-9_2.

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Freye, Christian, Christian Bendicks, Erik Lilienblum, and Ayoub Al-Hamadi. "Optical Sensor Tracking and 3D-Reconstruction of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking." In Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, 521–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25903-1_45.

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Hsiao, Chi-mei, Wu-yang Chu, and Feng-wu Zhu. "Some Contribution to the Understanding of the Mechanisms of Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Intermetallic Compounds." In Hydrogen Effects in Materials, 555–68. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118803363.ch48.

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Echaniz, G., T. E. Perez, C. Pampillo, R. C. Newman, R. P. M. Procter, and G. W. Lorimer. "The Effect of Microstructure on Hydrogen-Induced Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Quenched and Tempered Steels." In Hydrogen Effects in Materials, 669–78. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118803363.ch58.

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Mummert, K., H. J. Engelmann, S. Schwarz, and M. Uhlemann. "Influence of the Ni-Content on the Cathodic an Corrosive Hydrogen Induced Cracking Behaviour of Austenitic Alloys." In Hydrogen Effects in Materials, 679–88. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118803363.ch59.

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Xinyu, Zhao, Zou Yang, Liu Yang, Zhao Nan, Fan Yanqiu, Qin Liye, and Lv Yanchun. "Research on Manufacture and Quality Control of Medium Carbon Vessels for Resistance to Hydrogen Induced Cracking." In HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, 751–58. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119223399.ch93.

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Xinyu, Zhao, Zou Yang, Liu Yang, Zhao Nan, Fan Yanqiu, Qin Liye, and Lv Yanchun. "Research on Manufacture and Quality Control of Medium Carbon Vessels for Resistance to Hydrogen Induced Cracking." In HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, 751–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48767-0_93.

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Conference papers on the topic "HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)"

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Rami´rez, J. A., and J. L. Gonza´lez. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Welds in Steel Pipelines." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2182.

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The phenomenon of Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) by the absorption of hydrogen from a sour fluid in carbon steel plates is well known, however the question if HIC cracks can penetrate weld deposits is still subject of controversy in both laboratory and field studies. In this research, plates containing Submerged Arc Welding, Resistance Seam Welding and Shield Metal Arc welds, were exposed to cathodic charging to induce HIC and to determine if HIC cracks can grow and pass through the weld materials. The HIC progress in the plates was detected and monitored by straight beam ultrasonic inspection in the A-Scan mode. The results showed that HIC can occur in the weld by the same mechanism as in normal plate in the case of SAW welds, while in the other two (RSEW, SMAW) the crack deviates from its original trajectory to form radial cracks when the HIC cracks penetrate into the weld material. The study is completed by metallographic and fractographic observations of the cracked specimens.
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Fotouh, Ahmed, R. El-Hebeary, M. El-Shennawy, David Tulloch, Jason Davio, and Rob Reid. "Integrated Experimental Procedures Assessing Hydrogen Induced Cracking Susceptibility." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-46011.

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This study proposes a complete set of integrated experimental procedures to assess the risk of Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) using implant test. The proposed experimental procedures assess HIC susceptibility in base metals using two measures: the implant static fatigue limit stress (σimp); and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) maximum hardness (HV10MAX). The base metal susceptibility to HIC was evaluated by examining the effect of three welding factors: the critical cooling time between 800 °C and 500 °C (t800/500); the base metal carbon equivalent (CE); and the diffusible Hydrogen content (H). A 3-D mapping technique was used to demonstrate the interactive integrated relationships among the three examined welding factors (i.e. t800/500, CE and H) and the susceptibility of the base metal to HIC. Using the 2-D projection of the developed 3-D mapping, it was proven that the diffusible hydrogen content (H) had more effect on the HIC susceptibility of High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel compared to the effect of H on the HIC susceptibility of Carbon-Manganese (C-Mn) steel.
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Al-Said, Y. A., and M. A. Abufour. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) Assessment in a Gas Processing Plant." In IPTC 2009: International Petroleum Technology Conference. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.151.iptc13715.

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Said, Yousef, and Mohammed A. Abufour. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) Assessment in a Gas Processing Plant." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-13715-ms.

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Venegas, V., O. Herrera, F. Caleyo, J. M. Hallen, and T. Baudin. "Crystallographic Texture Control Helps Improve Pipeline Steel Resistance to Hydrogen-Induced Cracking." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31362.

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Low-carbon steel specimens, all within API (American Petroleum Institute) specifications, were produced following different thermomechanical paths. After austenization, the samples were rolled and recrystallized. The rolling process was carried out using different reduction-in-thickness degrees and finishing temperatures. The investigated steels showed similar microstructural features but differed considerably in their crystallographic textures and grain boundary distributions. After cathodic hydrogen charging, hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) was detected in the hot-rolled recrystallized steels, whereas the cold and warm-rolled recrystallized steels proved resistant to this damage. Among the investigated specimens, the HIC-stricken show either the strongest {001}ND texture fiber, the smallest fraction of low-angle grain boundaries, or the weakest {111}ND (γ) texture fiber ({hkl}ND representing crystallographic orientations with {hkl} planes parallel to the steel rolling plane). In contrast, the HIC-resistant steels show the weakest {001}ND texture fiber, the largest fraction of low-angle grain boundaries, and the strongest γ fiber. These results support the hypothesis of this and previous works, that crystallographic texture control, through warm rolling schedules, helps improve pipeline steel resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking.
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Stalheim, Douglas G., and Bernhard Hoh. "Guidelines for Production of API Pipelines Steels Suitable for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) Service Applications." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31299.

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Worldwide oil and natural gas reserves can be classified as either sweet or sour service. The sour service classified oil and natural gas reserves contain some level of H2S making the product flowing through a steel pipeline corrosive. Due to this, the majority of the oil and natural gas reserves that have been drilled are of the sweet service nature. However as demand continues and supplies change, many of the remaining oil and natural gas reserves contain the H2S component and are of a sour service nature. These oil and natural gas reserves containing the H2S component through a corrosion mechanism will allow for diatomic hydrogen — in the presence of moisture — to disseminate to monatomic hydrogen and diffuse into the pipeline steel microstructure. Depending on the microstructure and level of cleanliness the monatomic hydrogen can become trapped at areas of high residual stress, recollect to diatomic hydrogen and creating partial pressures that exceed the tensile strength of the steel resulting in cracking. Therefore transmission pipelines are being built to transport sour service oil or natural gas requires steels with hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance. Alloy designs, steel making processing, continuous casting, plate or strip rolling, pipe forming, and last not least corrosion testing are all key components in producing pipeline steels that are resistant to HIC applications and meeting the NACE TM0284 specifications. However, producing steels that have good HIC performance do not necessarily meet other mechanical property requirements such as strength and YT ratios. Balance has to be achieved to meet not only the HIC requirements but the other required mechanical properties. Mastering this complex HIC process poses a serious challenge to pipe producers and their primary material suppliers. The capability of producing HIC steel grades according to critical specifications and/or standards clearly distinguishes excellent steel producers from good steel makers. This paper will discuss the basics of the hydrogen induced cracking phenomenon, the requirements of the NACE TM0284 specification and give guidelines for steel production of API pipeline steels that not only can meet the specification requirements the NACE testing but also fulfill the other mechanical property requirements.
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Aviles, J. Quispe, N. Alonso-Falleiros, and H. G. de Melo. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking HIC Resistance in HSLA API 5L X65 e 5L X80 Steels." In OTC Brasil. Offshore Technology Conference, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/28151-ms.

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Buchheim, Gerrit M., David A. Osage, and Jeremy C. Staats. "Development of Fitness-for-Service Rules for the Assessment of HIC and SOHIC Damage in API 579-1/ASME FFS-1." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61753.

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Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) a form of wet H2S cracking that has a stepwise (through-thickness crack linkage) nature that is created from laminar (in-plane) cracking. HIC damage is initiated when atomic hydrogen generated by a surface corrosion reaction permeates into the steel and combines at non-metallic inclusions, discontinuities or other imperfections forming hydrogen molecules that are too large to diffuse out of steel. Lower strength carbon steel plate is most susceptible to hydrogen blistering and HIC damage, especially when exposed to an aqueous hydrogen environment, such as sulfide, cyanides, and hydrofluoric acid. This mechanism typically occurs below 300°F and is common in the oil and gas and petroleum refining industries, particularly with older high sulfur or phosphorous steels. HIC damage typically has not lead to breaches of containment in pressurized equipment. Stress oriented HIC (SOHIC), much rarer than HIC, is the arrangement of small HIC cracking perpendicular to the stress in a stacked array in stee and is typically located in the residual stress fields of welds. SOHIC has lead to breaches in containment. This paper focuses on the FFS assessment of HIC and SOHIC damage and describes some of the background to the new rules in Part 7 of API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 issued in 2007. It discusses laboratory tests undertaken on steel removed from a vessel that suffered severe HIC damage in service, but did not fail or leak. The results of those tests indicated that HIC damaged steel has considerable remaining strength and this lead to the new rules in API 579 Part 7. Because of the difficulty of ascertaining the presence of SOHIC when HIC damage is present, an additional crack-like flaw check is required to ensure that the HIC damaged area is acceptable as a crack-like flaw (Part 9) in addition to being acceptable as a locally thin area (Part 5) with a slight credit for remaining strength.
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Bahrami, Amir, and Paul Woollin. "Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking of Duplex Stainless Steel Subsea Components." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20088.

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A small number of duplex and superduplex stainless steel components have failed in subsea service due to hydrogen induced stress cracking (HISC). The significance of these failures has led to research to define critical loading conditions for HISC, to allow confident design of components in future. Data relating to the Foinaven superduplex hub failures were published at OTC in 1999 and NACE Corrosion conference in 2001 and data from TWI Group Sponsored Projects were published at OMAE in 2004. DNV RP F112 has been based on these and other data, to provide a conservative approach to design. There are a number of gaps in the published literature and in the data available when DNV RP F112 was prepared, related to differences between small scale specimens tested at typical seabed temperature and actual components in operation, ie the operating temperature and pressure, and data from full-scale tests on pipe material with fine austenite spacing and hence good resistance to HISC. The paper presents new data on these issues and indicates where technology gaps remain.
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Homrossukon, Samerjit, Sheldon Mostovoy, and Judith A. Todd. "Investigation of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in Pressure Vessels." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93923.

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Hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) has been investigated in high strength 4140 and low strength Z17D pressure vessel steels, charged at −50 mA/cm2 in 1N H2SO4 + 25 mg/1 As2O3 and tested under three-point bend decreasing load. The HAC growth rate for Z17D steel (1.4×10−7 cm/s) was found to be approximately two orders of magnitude slower than that of 4140 steel (3.3×10−5 cm/s), while the threshold stress intensity factor for Z17D steel (∼37 MPa√m) was significantly higher than that of 4140 steel (∼7 MPa√m). This research will show that a single analytical model, based on the hypothesis that hydrogen both reduces crack resistance (R) and increases crack driving force (G), can explain HAC in 4140 and Z17D steels. The model predicts the hydrogen concentration required to initiate HAC as a function of the stress intensity factor and yield strength of the steel. Hydrogen-induced reduction of R was found to dominate HAC in 4140 steel, while hydrogen-induced reduction of R was combined with an increase in G for HAC cracking of Z17D steel.
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Reports on the topic "HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)"

1

Lu, S. C. Hydrogen-induced cracking of drip shield. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/12724.

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De, G. Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Drip Shield. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836507.

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F. Hua. Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of the Drip Shield. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/839517.

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McMahon, Jr, C. J., Xinyu Liu, Jun Kameda, and Michael J. Morgan. Recent Observation of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of High-Strength Steels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1035138.

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Lu, S. Hydrogen Induced Cracking in Titanium Drip Shield of High-Level Waste Repository. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15005125.

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Buckley, Paul, Milton Levy, John Beatty, and Richard Brown. Hydrogen-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility Analysis of Pitch Links From the AH-64 Apache Helicopter. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada260692.

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G. De, K. Mon, G. Gordon, D. Shoesmith, and F. Hua. AN EVALUATION OF HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING SUSCEPTIBILITY OF TITANIUM ALLOYS IN US HIGH-LEVEL NUCLEAR WASTE REPOSITORY ENVIRONMENTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884896.

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Characterization of the hydrogen induced cold cracking susceptibility at simulated weld zones in HSLA-100 steel. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5408.

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