Journal articles: 'HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)'

1

Fujishiro, Taishi, and Takuya Hara. "In Situ Observation of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Propagation Behavior." Corrosion 74, no. 10 (June 16, 2018): 1054–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2757.

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Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is one of the major issues of line pipe exposed to sour environments. There are some guidelines on materials requirements for carbon and low alloy steels for H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production. Generally, HIC susceptibility is evaluated after the test duration, typically 96 h, in accordance with NACE Standard TM0284-2016. However, HIC propagation behavior during HIC test has not been fully understood. In this study, a new in situ HIC measurement method has been developed in order to make the connection between HIC propagation behavior and microstructure. This technique is based on the combination of an automatic ultrasonic wave inspection system and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. HIC propagation rate and HIC propagation behavior of carbon steels with different textures were investigated, using this in situ technique. Texture components of tested steels were changed by controlled rolling process in the alpha-gamma dual phase region. The {100} intensity parallel to the rolling plane was developed with increasing controlled rolling reduction in the alpha-gamma dual phase region. HIC propagation rate increased and crack length of HIC grew in a staircase pattern with time when the {100} texture was highly developed. In addition, HIC propagation behavior could be overlapped with fracture surface, just like a projection mapping. The overlapping could make the connection between HIC propagation behavior and HIC fracture surface. Microstructure and texture just under the HIC fracture surface was also characterized by SEM and an electron backscatter diffraction pattern method. The results obtained in this study showed that HIC propagation behavior was affected by a texture. In addition, the new in situ HIC observation technique, which can make the direct connection between HIC propagation behavior and microstructure, revealed a detailed HIC propagation behavior and an effect of microstructure.

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2

Choe, Byung Hak, Sang Woo Lee, Jong Kee Ahn, Jinhee Lee, and Tae Woon Lim. "Hydrogen Induced Cracks in Stainless Steel 304 in Hydrogen Pressure and Stress Corrosive Atmosphere." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.10.653.

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The phenomena of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in 304 stainless steels was considered in a hydrogen pressure and stress corrosive atmosphere. Microstructures with chloride pits and stress corrosion cracks around the HIC were analyzed by SEM/EDS. Abnormal phase transformations induced by the hydrogen were analyzed using TEM and diffraction. In the hydrogen pressure atmosphere, pits and pores were observed on the surface of the 304 stainless steels. In addition, it was determined that Cl, an etchant component, was concentrated at a high concentration in the pits. SCC (stress corrosion cracking) was induced in the Cl atmosphere by stress caused by the abrasive embedded in the pits. It was assumed that the SCC mechanism is similar to HIC in that it occurs in the surface tensile stress and Cl atmosphere and is accompanied by grain boundary cracks similar to IGSCC (inter-granular SCC). The deformation induced phase transformation accompanied by planar slip should be related to the main cause of HIC in the hydrogen pressured atmosphere. Abnormal forbidden spots between the main diffraction spots were induced by the HIC in the hydrogen attacked area, where the microstructure was hardened. Understanding the HIC mechanism related to chloride corrosion can be used to assess the fitness of austenitic stainless steels for uses where there is a possibility of various susceptible cracking in hydrogen and chloride atmospheres.

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3

Zhang, Peng, Li Qiong Chen, and Yang Biao. "Experiment Study on Safety Evaluation of L245A-Pipe Steel in Wet H₂S Environment." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1603.

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As Pipeline in Wet H2S environment must consider its anti-hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) performance, in this paper, to ensure L245A-pipe mechanical properties qualified under the premise, according to NACE TM 0284-2003 and NACE TM 0177-2005 standard conducted a test evaluation in Wet H2S in the context of anti-hydrogen-induced cracking performance (HIC) and sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance (SSCC) and came L245A-pipe in standard Wet H2S environment didn’t produce hydrogen-induced cracking, occurred sulfide stress corrosion cracking, the design conditions and working conditions are no stress corrosion cracking conclusions. And make recommendations on the safe operation in Wet H2S.

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4

Gao, Xiu Hua, Jing Li, Chuang Li, Yan Liang, Lin Xiu Du, and Zhen Guang Liu. "Research of High Grade HIC-Resistant Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.730.

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Carry out research on the processes, structures and properties of the X70 corrosion-resistant pipeline steel and analyze the mechanism of the hydrogen induced cracking. The results show that: the developed steel not only has excellent mechanical properties, but also has good resistance to H2S corrosion. Microstructure of the X70 corrosion-resistant pipeline is mainly the acicular ferrite and granular bainite, with well-closed formation and fine grains. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) begins with the appearance of the hydrogen blistering on the specimen surface, and cracks generated by the hydrogen blistering gradually extend inward from the surface along the grain boundary, diffuse inside the specimen gradually, and finally form hydrogen induced cracking.

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5

Haidemenopoulos, Gregory N., Helen Kamoutsi, Kyriaki Polychronopoulou, Panagiotis Papageorgiou, Ioannis Altanis, Panagiotis Dimitriadis, and Michael Stiakakis. "Investigation of Stress-Oriented Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (SOHIC) in an Amine Absorber Column of an Oil Refinery." Metals 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090663.

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Stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC) of an amine absorber column made of a Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) resistant steel and operating under wet H2S service was investigated. SOHIC was not related to welds in the column and evolved in two steps: initiation of HIC cracks in the rolling plane and through-thickness linking of the HIC cracks. Both the original HIC cracks as well as the linking cracks propagated with a cleavage mechanism. The key factors identified were periods with high hydrogen charging conditions, manifested by high H2S/amine ratio, and stress triaxiality, imposed by the relatively large thickness of the plate. In addition, the mechanical properties of the steel away from cracked regions were unaffected, indicating the localized nature of SOHIC.

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6

Park, Jin Sung, Jin Woo Lee, Joong Ki Hwang, and Sung Jin Kim. "Effects of Alloying Elements (C, Mo) on Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Behaviors of A516-65 Steels in Sour Environments." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184188.

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This study examined the effects of alloying elements (C, Mo) on hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) behaviors of A516-65 grade pressure vessel steel in sour environments. A range of experimental and analytical methods of HIC, SSC, electrochemical permeation, and immersion experiments were used. The steel with a higher C content had a larger fraction of banded pearlite, which acted as a reversible trap for hydrogen, and slower diffusion kinetics of hydrogen was obtained. In addition, a higher hardness in the mid-thickness regions of the steel, due to center segregation, resulted in easier HIC propagation. On the other hand, the steel with a higher Mo content showed more dispersed banded pearlite and a larger amount of irreversibly trapped hydrogen. Nevertheless, the addition of Mo to the steel can deteriorate the surface properties through localized pitting and the local detachment of corrosion products with uneven interfaces, increasing the vulnerability to SSC. The mechanistic reasons for the results are discussed, and a desirable alloy design for ensuring an enhanced resistance to hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) is proposed.

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7

Elboujdaini, M., and R. W. Revie. "Metallurgical factors in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC)." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2009): 1091–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-009-0799-0.

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8

Liu, W. J. "Modeling Nucleation of Hydrogen Induced Cracking in Steels during Sour Service." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 983–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.983.

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A model, which can be used to illustrate the process of nucleation of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in steels during sour service, was developed with the aid of Gibbs theory. A set of criteria for crack nucleation were then derived from the model. Metallurgical parameters influencing the criteria and thusly the susceptibility of the material to HIC, which are measurable and controllable in industrial processing, were also advanced in the present article.

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9

Bouzouni, Marianthi, Evangelos Gavalas, Filippos Chatzigeorgiou, and Spyros Papaefthymiou. "Hydrogen Induced Crack Development in Submerged Arc Welded Steel Pipes." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818804010.

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The current work examines hydrogen sensitivity in different pipeline steels (X65, X70 and X80 HSLA grades) from four productions. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) experiments were performed and then the welds were characterized via optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The optical micrographs revealed cracks only in one of the four welds. Transverse cracks were found along bainitic-ferrite/carbide islands within the heat affected zone and the base metal of production B. Found inclusions e.g. MnS inside the cracks acted as initiation points for the HIC. However, the weld zones in all productions consisting of acicular ferrite and grain boundary ferrite were found to be resistant in hydrogen embrittlement. Therefore, the presence of bainitic ferrite with carbides at the grain boundaries in the microstructures and the intense presence of MnS inclusions caused HIC in pipeline steel from production B. The manufacturing process, the forming and welding conditions in the examined case seem not to have negatively influenced the pipeline steel in terms of HIC.

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10

Gong, Jian Ming, Jian Qun Tang, Xian Chen Zhang, and Shan Tung Tu. "Evaluation of Cracking Behavior of SPV50Q High Strength Steel Weldment in Wet H₂S Containing Environment." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.951.

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JIS-SPV50Q high strength steel is often employed in construction of liquid petroleum gas (LPG) spherical tanks due to its high strength and good ductility. In general, post weld heat treatment is not performed after welding of SPV50Q high strength steel and welding residual stress will be retained in weldment. Service experience and inspection indicate that higher H2S concentration and welding residual stress result in the environmental failure, such as blistering or hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) and stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC). In the present paper, the cracking behavior of SPV50Q high strength steel weldment by manual electric arc welding has been investigated in various saturate solutions with different concentrations of H2S. The results of slow strain rate testing, performed at a strain of 1×10-6s-1, reveal the presence of SSCC and HIC in the base metal adjacent to HAZ. The ffects of the different temperatures of post weld heat treatment on cracking are discussed. The suitable post weld heat treatment could increase the resistance of SPV50Q weldment on SSCC or HIC and does not decrease the mechanical properties of SPV50Q weldment.

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11

Terasaki, F., H. Ohtani, A. Ikeda, and M. Nakanishi. "Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels in Sour Environment Applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 200, no. 3 (August 1986): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_021_02.

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It is well known that wet hydrogen sulphide (H2S) can cause embrittlement of steels, hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC). Several fractures of pipelines handling sour crude oil or gas led to vigorous researches on these problems. As similar failures have also been experienced in petroleum refinery equipment, degradation of steel by hydrogen sulphide is now recognized as a serious environmental problem. The paper considers the mechanism and factors involved in HIC. This type of cracking occurs mainly in the parent steels. The susceptibility of steels to cracking is influenced strongly by inhomogeneities such as the shape and distribution of non-metallic inclusions, and segregation of alloying elements. These have a significant effect on HIC because they modify the microstructures in the segregated regions. With reference to environmental factors, these mainly concern the influence of H2S partial pressures, pH of the solutions and other phenomena relevant to the absorption of hydrogen by the steel. SSCC poses problems in weld zones. It can occur especially in heat affected zones (HAZ) with high hardnesses. Such cracking can be prevented by the control of hardness by a suitable selection of the chemical composition of the steel and the welding conditions. Nevertheless, countermeasures similar to those described for the prevention of HIC are necessary to prevent SSCC in HAZ even with relatively low hardness. Research on factors influencing HIC and SSCC has resulted in the development of steels which are highly resistant to wet H2S cracking. These steels have been supplied in plate form for pressure vessels. Experience has confirmed the good performance of welded constructions in aggressive service environments.

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12

Abas, Ahmad Zaki, Azmi Mohammed Nor, Muhammad Firdaus Suhor, Ahmad Mustaza Ahmad Rusli, and Mokhtar Che Ismail. "HIC and SSC of Carbon Steel in High Partial Pressure CO2 Environments with Elevated H2S." E3S Web of Conferences 287 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128702001.

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The Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) and Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) behaviours of sour service and non-sour service carbon steel API 5L X65 were investigated under high pressure carbon dioxide environments, containing elevated amount of hydrogen sulphide (H2S); the test environments simulated offshore pipelines transporting full-well streams in high carbon dioxide (CO2) environments with elevated H2S concentrations. It was systematically studied under standard NACE condition and high pressure carbon dioxide field condition with variation in other key parameters (temperature, pressure and hydrogen sulfide concentration). The HIC and SSC were tested using a High Pressure and High Temperature (HPHT) Autoclave. The surface cracking morphology was analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Ultrasonic Technique (UT) and Magnetic Particle (MP). The results showed that no cracks were detected in NACE standard and field-condition SSC tests for both sour service and non-sour services carbon steel. In HIC test, crack was detected on non-sour service carbon steel in NACE standard test while no crack was detected on field condition-based tests for both types of carbon steel.

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13

Fu, Lei, and Hongyuan Fang. "Formation Criterion of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking in Steel Based on Fracture Mechanics." Metals 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110940.

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A new criterion for hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) that includes both the embrittlement effect and the loading effect of hydrogen was obtained theoretically. The surface cohesive energy and plastic deformation energy are reduced by hydrogen atoms at the interface; thus, the fracture toughness is reduced according to fracture mechanics theory. Both the pressure effect and the embrittlement effect mitigate the critical condition required for crack instability extension. During the crack instability expansion, the hydrogen in the material can be divided into two categories: hydrogen atoms surrounding the crack and hydrogen molecules in the crack cavity. The loading effect of hydrogen was verified by experiments, and the characterization methods for the stress intensity factor under hydrogen pressure in a linear elastic model and an elastoplastic model were analyzed using the finite-element simulation method. The hydrogen pressure due to the aggregation of hydrogen molecules inside the crack cavity regularly contributed to the stress intensity factor. The embrittlement of hydrogen was verified by electrolytic charging hydrogen experiments. According to the change in the atomic distribution during crack propagation in a molecular dynamics simulation, the transition from ductile to brittle fracture and the reduction in the fracture toughness were due to the formation of crack tip dislocation regions suppressed by hydrogen. The HIC formation mechanism is both the driving force of crack propagation due to the hydrogen gas pressure and the resisting force reduced by hydrogen atoms.

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14

Traidia, Abderrazak, Elias Chatzidouros, and Mustapha Jouiad. "Review of hydrogen-assisted cracking models for application to service lifetime prediction and challenges in the oil and gas industry." Corrosion Reviews 36, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 323–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2017-0079.

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AbstractThe present manuscript reviews state-of-the art models of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) with potential for application to remaining life prediction of oil and gas components susceptible to various forms of hydrogen embrittlement (HE), namely, hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), sulfide stress cracking (SSC), and HE-controlled stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Existing continuum models are compared in terms of their ability to predict the threshold stress intensity factor and crack growth rate accounting for the complex couplings between hydrogen transport and accumulation at the fracture process zone, local embrittlement, and subsequent fracture. Emerging multiscale approaches are also discussed, and studies relative to HE in metals and especially steels are presented. Finally, the challenges that hinder the application of existing models to component integrity assessment and remaining life prediction are discussed with respect to identification of model parameters and limitations of the fracture similitude, which paves the way to new directions for further research.

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15

Park, Jin Sung, Jin Woo Lee, and Sung Jin Kim. "Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Caused by Galvanic Corrosion of Steel Weld in a Sour Environment." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185282.

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This study examined the hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) caused by galvanic corrosion of an ASTM A516-65 steel weld in a wet sour environment using a combination of standard immersion corrosion test, electrochemical analyses, and morphological observation of corrosion damage. This study showed that the weld metal has lower open circuit potential, and higher anodic and cathodic reaction rates than the base metal. The preferential dissolution and much higher density of localized corrosion damage were observed in the weld metal of the welded steel. On the other hand, the presence of weldment can make steel more susceptible to HIC, specifically, in areas of the base metal but not in the weld metal or heat affected zone, which is in contrast to typical expectations based on metallurgical knowledge. This can be explained by galvanic corrosion interactions between the weldment and the base metal, acting as a small anode and a large cathode, respectively. This type of galvanic couple can provide large surface areas for infusing cathodically-reduced hydrogen on the base metal in wet sour environments, increasing the susceptibility of welded steel to HIC.

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16

Ma, Heng, Huiyun Tian, Juncheng Xin, and Zhongyu Cui. "Correlation between Microstructure and Hydrogen Degradation of 690 MPa Grade Marine Engineering Steel." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040851.

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Electrochemical H charging, hydrogen permeation, and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) behavior of 690 MPa grade steel substrate and different heat-treatment states (annealed, quenched, normalized, tempered) are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), hydrogen permeation, electrochemical H charging, and slow strain rate tensile test (SSRT). The results show that hydrogen diffuses through the steel with the highest rate in base metal and the lowest rate in annealed steel. The hydrogen-induced cracks in base metal show obvious step shape with tiny cracks near the main crack. The cracks of annealed steel are mainly distributed along pearlite. The crack propagation of quenched steel is mainly transgranular, while the hydrogen-induced crack propagation of tempered steel is along the prior austenite grain boundary. HIC sensitivity of base metal is the lowest due to its fine homogeneous grain structure, small hydrogen diffusion coefficient, and small hydrogen diffusion rate. There are many hydrogen traps in annealed steel, such as the two-phase interface which provides accommodation sites for H atoms and increases the HIC susceptibility.

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17

Zhang, Hai, Shaopo Li, Wenhua Ding, and Ning Hao. "Research on hydrogen-induced cracking behavior of normalized pipeline steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817501027.

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Hydrogen sulfide corrosion test was used to test the hydrogen-induced cracking sensitivity of the normalized BNS pipeline steel. The microstructure and morphology of hydrogen induced crack(HIC) of the normalized BNS pipeline steel after hydrogen sulfide corrosion test were observed with optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Combined with electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA) and hardness test, the hydrogen-induced cracking behavior of BNS pipeline steel was studied from the aspects of microstructure, crack morphology, center segregation and harness. The results showed that the pearlite band with high hardness caused by center segregation of C and Mn was the main crack initiation and propagation path for the long-size and linear shape hydrogen induced crack at the center of plate thickness, and the type of crack propagation was transgranular. Some tiny hydrogen induced crack nucleated from the small calcium-aluminate inclusion and the tiny hydrogen induced crack would not propagate to form long-size cracks with no suitable propagation path existing around the inclusion.

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18

Miranda-Herrera, Carlos, Israel Sauceda, J. González-Sánchez, and Narciso Acuña-González. "Corrosion Degradation of Pipeline Carbon Steels Subject to Geothermal Plant Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 449 (September 2010): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.449.62.

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The electrochemical behaviour of two carbon steels exposed to the acidic solutions and their resistance to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) is evaluated in order to determine the effect of hydrogen damage on the failure process of the steels used in line pipe and casing at a geothermal plant. MethodologyApproach: Samples of two different steels, ASTM A-53 grade B (line pipe) and API L-80 (casing) were immersed during 96 hours in the electrolyte proposed by NACE to evaluate the susceptibility to HIC. Samples of the two steels embedded in non-conducting bakelite were exposed to potentiodynamic polarisation at room temperature using brines obtained from different wells at Cerro Prieto geothermal plant as electrolyte. Hardness tests were performed before and after the HIC test on samples in order to determine hardness changes induced by hydrogen penetration, as field results indicated embrittlement of the steels after 4 months of service. Findings: The steels, ASTM A-53 grade B and API L-80 did not present cracking sensitivity, as no cracks were observed in the tests specimens, although they showed an increase in hardness. The steels presented high corrosion rate in the brine media at room temperature (3.3 mm/year), which is expected to increase at high temperatures. Originality: This work revealed that carbon steels used at line pipes and casing at geothermal plants present high resistance to hydrogen induced cracking; however they corrode at high rates and present embrittlement. It is suggested that due to the high operation temperature the damage induced by hydrogen results in hardness increase but was not sufficient to crack development.

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19

Kholodnyi, Alexey, Ivan Shabalov, Yury Matrosov, and Valery Velikodnev. "Perspective ways to improve the strength properties and resistance to hydrogen induced cracking of low-alloy pipe steels." E3S Web of Conferences 121 (2019): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912104016.

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The perspective ways to improve the strength properties and resistance to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) of low-alloy pipe steels were established. The possibility to improve the strength properties and resistance to HIC of plates due the additive of 0.15% molybdenum while decreasing finish temperature of accelerated cooling from 560 to 420°C was found. The influence of heating in the α-, (α+γ)and γ-regions followed by air cooling on the mechanical properties and resistance to HIC of various alloying systems pipe steels plates was studied. The possibility of increasing the strength while maintaining the resistance to HIC of plates by tempering at heating in the α-region was shown.

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20

Zhang, Jian Ping, Hui Ji Shi, and Ya Jun Yin. "Yield Criterion and Constitutive Model for Ductile Materials with Hydrogen and Deformation Induced Voids." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1044.

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Using the method of mesomechanics, a represent volume element (RVE) with internal pressure acted on the inner wall of the void is suggested to simulate the hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in porous ductile materials. Based on this RVE, yield criterion is derived and constitutive model is constructed. Simulations show that the hydrogen pressure intensively reduces the yield stress for porous ductile materials

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Kushida, Takahiro, and Takeo Kudo. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking Observation by ^|^ldquo;in situ HIC Measurement Method^|^rdquo;." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 40, no. 9 (1991): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.40.595.

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Chmiela, Bartosz, Adrian Mościcki, and Maria Sozańska. "Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Magnesium Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 211 (November 2013): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.211.89.

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The paper organises the current state of knowledge concerning the effect of hydrogen on stress corrosion of magnesium alloys. This review describes phenomena and mechanisms connected with stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in commonly used magnesium alloys from Mg-Al-Zn system. In addition, some information about SCC in alloys from Mg-Y-RE-Zr and Mg-Al-RE systems is described. It seems that microstructural factors (e.g., matrix α-Mg and intermetallic phases) related to the presence of Y, Zr and rare earth elements (RE) plays an essential role in hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC).

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23

Wang, Cui Cui, Jing Wang, Yi Liang Zhang, and Yan Li. "Evaluation of Stress Corrosion Resistance Properties of 15CrMoR(H) in H₂S Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.14.

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Tests including the constant load tensile, three point bending and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) are executed to evaluate the comprehensive properties of the 15CrMoR(H) with new smelting process in saturated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) according to NACE and National Standard. By analyzing and fitting the results of constant load tensile test, the stress-life mathematical model of this material is given. Results show that the stress corrosion threshold of the constant load tensile is 0.7Rel (252MPa).The nominal stress of three point bending SC is higher than 4.5 Rel (1620MPa). Results of HIC test show that the crack length rate CLR is 4.40%, the crack thickness rate CTR is 0.87% and the crack sensitive rate CSR is 0.04%. According to EFC standard, the safety margin is 3.4, 3.4 and 37.5 times respectively. All the experimental results show that the 15CrMoR(H) material has excellent H2S stress corrosion cracking resistance properties.

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24

Tretyakov, Dmitry, Alexander Belyaev, Aliya Galyautdinova, Vladimir Polyanskiy, and Darya Strekalovskaya. "Investigation of the corrosion process and destruction of metals by using acoustodamage method." E3S Web of Conferences 121 (2019): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912101017.

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The paper presents the results of investigation of acoustic anisotropy in industrial alloy made of steel 14HGNDC after hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) tests according to the standard NACE TM0284-2003. It was found that location and parameters of corrosion cracks with size about 20 microns can be determined by distribution and value of acoustic anisotropy. A quantitative relationship between value of acoustic anisotropy and size of corrosion cracks in the range from 60 to 6600 microns was established. The obtained results have a great importance for improving methods of hydrogen-induced cracking tests and for non-destructive testing of brittle destruction of structures in oil and gas industry by using the acoustodamage method.

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25

Matrosov, Yury, Ivan Shabalov, Alexey Kholodnyi, and Valery Velikodnev. "Steel for gas and oil pipelines resistant to destruction in hydrogen sulphide-containing media." E3S Web of Conferences 121 (2019): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912104008.

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About a third reserves of the natural gas and oil contain H2S impurities, which, in the presence of moisture, form an acidic medium and can lead to pipeline destruction by the mechanisms of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC). With the growing number of hydrocarbon fields being developed with a high content of H2S, the demand for gas and oil large diameter pipes grade from ВМS to Х70MS with high resistance to HIC and SSC increases. Comprehensive studies have been carried out in laboratory and industrial conditions to determine the effect of the chemical composition and thermomechanical processing on the microstructure, mechanical properties and resistance to HIC of rolled plates from low-alloy pipe steels. Optimal concentration of segregating elements (С ≤ 0.06%, Mn ≤ 1.00%), and schedules of accelerated cooling after controlled rolling (Тsc ≥ Ar3; Тfc = 520±30°C; Vc ≥ 20°C/с) provide the high resistance to destruction in H2S-containing media due the formation of a homogeneous microstructure without developed central segregation heterogeneity was determined. According to the research results, the technology for manufacturing of plates for large-diameter pipes grade X52MS, X56MS, X60MS, and X65MS ordered for sour service was developed.

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Díaz, Guillermo Álvarez, Pablo Vinjoy Rodríguez, Mario López Gallego, and Cristina Rodríguez González. "Analysis of the Hydrogen Induced Cracking by Means of the Small Punch Test: Effect of the Specimen Geometry and the Hydrogen Pre-Charge Mode." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (November 23, 2018): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231418.

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This paper presents a simplified procedure to analyse the Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) of structural steels by means of the Small Punch Test (SPT). Two types of notched specimens were used: one with through-thickness lateral notch and another with surface longitudinal notch. The results for conventional specimens were compared with those for hydrogen pre-charged specimens. For this purpose, two different methods to introduce hydrogen in the specimens were used: cathodic/electrochemical pre-charging and pressurized gaseous hydrogen pre-charging. The results obtained with both methods are also discussed.

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27

Song, Guang San, Ke Tong, and Xiao Dong He. "Mechanical Property, HIC and SSCC Test Analysis of L245NS Anti-Sulfur Bending Pipe." Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (May 2013): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.456.

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Rational utilization of the anti-sulfur tubes is considerable significance to the reliability and service life of oil-gas pipeline system. Unfortunately, there have been no such researches in the field of anti-sulfur bending pipe. In this paper, the mechanical property test, hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) test and sulfide stress-corrosion cracking(SSC) test were conducted to investigate the Φ406.4×10.31mm L245NS anti-sulfur bending pipe with the technique of induction heating bending. And the test result was analyzed combining with microstructure of pipe. The results show that mechanical properties and HIC behavior of L245NS bending pipe reach the standard with the 890~930°C induction quenching and 580-630°C temper process. The strength and Charpy toughness of inner arc and outer arc are higher than base metal. Most HIC crack initiated at the bainite structure and banded structure. The L245NS anti-sulfur bending pipe exhibits good resistance to SSCC under the NACE TM0177-2005 experiment environment.

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Hong, H. U., and Jong B. Lee. "Optimization of Electric Resistance Welding Conditions in Small Diameter X60 Pipes for HIC Resistance." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.363.

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The optimization of electric resistance welding conditions has been investigated in order to improve the resistance to hydrogen induced cracking at bondline in API 5L X60 line pipes from center-slit coils. It was found that the elongated (Si, Mn, Al) rich oxide inclusions at bondline provided a preferential site for HIC, but no evidence on the center segregation effects was found. Design of experimental (DOE) method was used to find out the optimum ERW condition in the viewpoint of the minimization of defects ratio at bondline. The optimum ERW condition suggested by DOE successfully led to an excellent HIC resistance at bondline. Furthermore, it was observed that there was no relation between segregation and HIC resistance at bondline.

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29

Le Hien, Nguyen Thi. "CRACKING CORROSION OF LOW CARBON STEEL IN ENVIRONMENT WITH A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF CO2 AND H2S." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 5B (March 24, 2018): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/5b/12228.

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Cracking corrosion of API 5CT Grade L80 Type 1 low carbon steel has been studied in a in brine solutions with H2S 12.3 psia and CO2 9.4 psia. Testing was performed according to the methodology reference from the NACE TM0177, Bent-beam test method in solution B for stress corrosion cracking and sulfide stress corrosion cracking test and NACE TM0284, immersion test method in solution A for Hydrogen induced cracking test.The obtained results showed pitting and general corrosion at both temperatures of 24 oC and 82 oC. In case of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) testing at 82 °C, microscopy of the samples tested for 30 days developed pitting corrosion in the surface and cracking starting in the surface of the samples. The cracks, mostly found in the middle of the samples where the maximum bending occurred. General corrosion was also observed in the samples, with significant decrease in the dimensions of the samples after testing (due to general corrosion). However, in case of sulfide stress corrosion (SSC) and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) tests at room temperature (24-25 oC), no cracking was observed on the sample.

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30

Iskanderani, Faisal. "The Resistance of a Control Rolled and Aged Steel to Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Engineering Sciences 19, no. 2 (2008): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/eng.19-2.1.

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31

Jha, Abhay K., and K. Sreekumar. "Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (HIC) of Hardened and Tempered Steel Fastener Used in Space Application." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 9, no. 5 (July 29, 2009): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-009-9277-3.

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32

Stachowicz, Agnieszka. "Laboratory testing of steel L360NB, L80, J55 resistance to sulphide stress cracking SCC and hydrogen induced cracking HIC." Nafta-Gaz 71, no. 11 (November 2015): 917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng2015.11.15.

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33

Cho, Hyun Chul, Hun Jang, Byoung Koo Kim, In Sup Kim, and Chang Heui Jang. "Effect of Cyclic Strain Rate on Environmental Fatigue Behaviors of SA508 Gr.1a Low Alloy Steel in 310°C Deoxygenated Water." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 1121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.1121.

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The low cycle fatigue tests of SA508 Gr.1a low alloy steel in 310oC deoxygenated water were conducted to investigate the effect of cyclic strain rate on the environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) mechanisms. The flattened striations and the blunt crack tip, which indicate the occurrence of the slip dissolution/oxidation, were mainly observed for the specimen tested at 0.008 %/s. On the other hand, the brittle cracks and the blunt main crack with microcracks, which are the evidences of the hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), were observed for the specimens tested at 0.04 and 0.4 %/s. Through this study, it is thought that the slip dissolution/oxidation dominantly contributes to the reduction in the fatigue life at a strain rate of 0.008 %/s and the HIC is mainly responsible for the reduction in the fatigue life at strain rates of 0.04 and 0.4 %/s.

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34

Mazancová, Eva, and Dmytro Ostroushko. "Hydrogen Response of 304 SS and Ti Weld Realised by Explosion." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.166.

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Welds of thick plates (304 SS) cladded with Ti of commercial purity both in as received state and subsequently heat treated (HT, 600°C/1.5 h/air), charged by hydrogen, were investigated after fatigue tests (tension-pressure) with amplitude of 20 Hz. Simultaneously, samples of above mentioned welds were also exposed in H2S in accord with NACE Standard TM0284-2011 to find hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) response. Charged welds after the HT showed by 15 MPa higher threshold level than the welds without the HT. The HIC tests generally demonstrated favourable results both after as weld state and after subsequent HT. Short and thin cracks were observed, exclusively located in intermetallic phase areas, where approx. 16-20 wt. % of Ti was revealed. Fracture surfaces of fatigue bars showed maximal failure in areas with 42-97 wt. % of Ti.

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35

Zhang, Xianguang, Wen Yang, Haikun Xu, and Lifeng Zhang. "Effect of Cooling Rate on the Formation of Nonmetallic Inclusions in X80 Pipeline Steel." Metals 9, no. 4 (March 29, 2019): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040392.

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Nonmetallic inclusions have a strong influence on the hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in pipeline steels, which should be well controlled to improve the steel resistance to HIC and SSC. The effects of cooling rate on the formation of nonmetallic inclusions have been studied both experimentally and thermodynamically. It was found that the increasing cooling rate increased the number density and decreased the size of the inclusions, while the inverse results were obtained by decreasing the cooling rate. Furthermore, as the cooling rate decreased from 10 to 0.035 K/s, the inclusions were changed from Al2O3-CaO to Al2O3-CaO-MgO-CaS. At a high cooling rate, the reaction time is short and the inclusions cannot be completely transformed which should be mainly formed at high temperatures. While, at low cooling rate, the inclusions can be gradually transformed and tend to follow the equilibrium compositions.

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36

Figueredo, Rodrigo Monzon, Mariana Cristina de Oliveira, Leandro Jesus de Paula, Heloisa Andréa Acciari, and Eduardo Norberto Codaro. "A Comparative Study of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Resistances of API 5L B and X52MS Carbon Steels." International Journal of Corrosion 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1604507.

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Susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking of API 5L B and X52MS low-carbon steels in NACE 177-A, 177-B, and 284-B solutions has been investigated by the present work. A metallographic analysis of these steels was performed before and after NACE TM0284 standard testing. Corrosion products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray dispersive energy spectrometry, which were subsequently identified by X-ray diffraction. Thus it was found that pH directly affects the solubility of corrosion products and hydrogen permeation. Both steels showed generalized corrosion in solution 177-A, and a discontinuous film was formed on their surfaces in solution 177-B; however, only the API 5L B steel failed the HIC test and exhibited greater crack length ratio in solution 177-A. In solution 284-B whose pH is higher, the steels exhibited thick mackinawite films with no internal cracking.

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37

Dietrich, Andreas, Andreas Kern, and Christian Schäf. "New constructional steel for pressure vessels with a high resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC)." Steel Construction 5, no. 2 (May 23, 2012): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201210014.

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38

Manladan, S. M., and B. O. Onyekpe. "Effect of Postweld Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Weld in a Medium Carbon Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.6.

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This paper presents the result of an investigation of the effect of postweld heat treatment on the mechanical properties of weld in 0.36%C medium Carbon Steel. Samples were prepared and welded using Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process with a low hydrogen electrode. The welded samples were subjected to postweld heat treatment (stress relief) at four different temperatures: 550°C, 600°C, 650°C and 700°C followed by air-cooling. Microstructural examination was carried out to determine the change in microstructure before and after postweld heat treatment. The mechanical properties of the samples were also tested before and after the heat treatment. It was established that a hard microstructure, susceptible to Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC), was formed in the heat affected zone of the as-welded samples and that postweld heat treatment improved the mechanical properties of the weld and substantially reduced or eliminated the risk of HIC.

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39

Choe, Byung Hak, Sang Woo Lee, Jong Kee Ahn, and Jinhee Lee. "Analysis of Stress Corrosion Cracking Propagation of SS304 Stainless Steel Using Crack Shape and Etch Pits." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.9.583.

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Austenitic stainless steel SS304 is vulnerable to Cl atmosphere SCC (stress corrosion crack). In this study, SCC phenomena related to stress and corrosion composition were analyzed to identify the mechanism for SCC initiation and propagation in SS304. The microstructure and mechanical properties resulting from crack propagation were analyzed by OM, SEM/EDS and micro Vickers hardness tests. The abnormal phase transformation induced by the SCC was analyzed by TEM and diffraction. As a result of these analyses, the shape of SCC was observed to form a branched type crack, which was related to etch pit patterns on the etched surface due to the austenitic fcc (face centered cubic) lattice slip. In addition, the high concentration accumulation of Cl and S components at the SCC site, observed by SEM/EDS, indicated that the SCC was affected by the corrosive atmosphere. The SCC crack propagation was accompanied by hardening, which is believed to be associated with the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement. High resolution TEM analysis found abnormal satellite diffraction points in the SCC high hardness region. This means that a superlattice phase with high hardness values is formed near the SCC region. And the HIC (hydrogen induced crack) effect, a kind of hydrogen embrittlement, was also influenced by the hardened superlattice phase. It is assumed that the SCC and HIC are similar phenomena produced in the same stress and corrosive atmosphere by superlattice phase transformation.

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40

Gu, Bo Qin, Yao Feng Zhang, and Yi Ding. "Research on Hydrogen Induced Cracking of 08Cr2AlMo Steel Based on the Empirical Electron Theory." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1364.

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Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) is one of main type of damage to metallic materials in H2S solution. 08Cr2AlMo steel is a type of material developed especially for heat exchanger pipe bundle used under H2S condition in recent years. Calculation models of the construction units in 08Cr2AlMo steel with or without hydrogen were established based on the empirical electronic theory in solid (EET) and valence electron structure of the construction units in this steel was calculated. The results show that hydrogen bond is formed between the hydrogen solved in the steel and other atoms in the steel. The cleavage energy of crystal plane with hydrogen bond is increased and that without hydrogen bond is decreased. Hydrogen results in the remarkable difference of the cleavage energy of different crystal planes and changes the bond distribution in the structure units. The mechanical property of the units has directional properties. In these units, the microcracks propagate along the cleavage plane with small binding energy and so the brittle fracture of the crystal occurs. The elements of Cr, Al, Mo are able to strengthen the basal body without carbon, and have little effect on the plastic nature. In the structure unit with carbon, carbon increases the anisotropy of mechanical property and alloying agents decrease the plastics of the steel further. The alloying agents of Cr and Mo decrease plastic nature loss of the steel due to decrement of the anisotropy of mechanical property in the unit with hydrogen. The alloying agent of Al has little effect on the loss of plastic nature.

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41

IINO, Makio, and Itsu FUJINO. "Report of Activity of Hydrogen Induced Cracking Subcommittee of High Strength Line Pipe Research Committee." Tetsu-to-Hagane 75, no. 12 (1989): 2163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.75.12_2163.

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Li, Qiang, Xin Hua Wang, and Hai Bo Li. "Effect of Slag-Metal Reaction on Transformation of Al₂O₃ inclusions in Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1143.

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For high grade pipeline steel, elimination of Al2O3 inclusions can improve the susceptibility of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In the present work, the transformation of Al2O3 inclusions with slag-metal reaction was studied by controlling ladle slag and relative technologies in LF-RH refining process. It is found that Al2O3 inclusions decrease with increasing refining time, and no pure Al2O3 inclusions exist in molten steel at the end of secondary refining; the remained inclusions in molten steel are liquid calcium aluminates and semi-liquid CaO-MgO-Al2O3 complex inclusions. The analysis of thermodynamic equilibrium proves that CaO and MgO in slag can be reduced by aluminum in molten steel, which is the source of calcium and magnesium in molten steel.

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43

Zheng, Shu Qi, Cheng Shuang Zhou, Li Qiang Chen, and Chang Feng Chen. "The Hydrogen Blistering Formed on the Surface of A333Gr6 Pipeline Steel Exposed to Wet H₂S Solution." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.87.

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After Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) test, many hydrogen blisters appeared on the surface of A333Gr6 pipeline steel. The amount of hydrogen blistering depends on the sample location. The amount and area rate of the hydrogen blistering on the surface of A333Gr6 sample near the internal wall are more than those of the sample near the external wall. After the upper part of the hydrogen blisters were torn off, the fracture surfaces of the upper and lower parts of the blister were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The cell segregation inclusion of alloying elements which contain Ca and Al sulfides and oxides were observed in most of the nucleation sites of hydrogen blisters. The result shows that the dislocations and the increasing vacancy concentration are the main reasons to form hydrogen cavities in the nucleation sites. The hydrogen pressure which exceeds the strength of the materials will cause the formation of hydrogen blister.

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44

Mazancová, E., D. Ostroushko, K. Saksl, and A. Niesłony. "Joint Hydrogen Susceptibility of 304 SS Welded with Titanium/ Podatność Połczenia Na Wodorowanie W Układzie Plateru Stal 304 Ss Zgrzewanym Wybuchowo Z Tytanem." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 1605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0272.

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Abstract Welds of thick plates (304 SS) clad with Ti of commercial purity in as-received state and also after subsequent heat treatment and/or after hydrogen charging were investigated. Fatigue tests were carried out at amplitude of 20 Hz and in case of bimetal without hydrogen charging also at amplitude of 40 Hz. After heat treatment, charged welds showed higher threshold level than the welds without heat treatment. Energy dispersed analyses (EDA) of fracture surfaces showed that failure predominantly occurred in joint. Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) response of bimetal samples demonstrated favourable results both after welding and after subsequent heat treatment. Short and thin cracks were observed, exclusively located in mixed zone, where approx. 16-20 at. % of Ti using EDX (energy dispersed analyser) was revealed. By application of monochromatic synchrotron radiation Ti-α , Fe-fcc, Fe-bcc and intermetallic phase Fe2Ti were detected.

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45

Yang, Wu, Guang Fu Li, Hao Guo, Jian Jiang Zhou, Chun Bo Huang, and Jiasheng Bai. "Effects of Environmental Factors on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steels." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.939.

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Effects of some environmental factors on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipeline steel X-70 both in near-neutral pH environments, including NS4 solution and several solutions containing main types of soil in the eastern part of China, and in high pH solution were studied by means of electrochemical measurement and slow strain rate testing (SSRT). The anodic polarization curves showed different features in near-neutral pH and high pH solutions in terms of active-passive transition behavior. In near-neutral pH solutions, the cracking mode was transgranular with the feature of quasi-cleavage, the susceptibility to SCC increased with decreasing potential, pH and temperature as well as increasing CO2, indicating a dominant mechanism of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). In high pH solutions, the cracking behavior was similar to that in near-neutral pH solutions when the specimens were polarized at cathodic potentials, but quite different at anodic potentials. A comparison of the electrochemical behavior with the SCC potential region indicated a dominant SCC mechanism associated with anodic dissolution (AD) of X70 in high pH solution at anodic potentials. A preliminary experimental potential (E)-pH-SCC diagram has been established for X70 in near-neutral pH environments.

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46

Zhang, Fang Fang, Chun Feng, Li Juan Zhu, and Wen Wen Song. "Research Progress on Corrosion Resistance of Titanium Alloy Oil Well Tubing." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.528.

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Compared with aluminum alloy and alloy steel, titanium alloy has higher specific strength, lower modulus of elasticity, and better toughness, fatigue performance and corrosion resistance. In terms of oil well tubing, the development of titanium alloy lags behind that of aluminum alloy and alloy steel. Aluminum alloy tubing is sensitive to pitting, fatigue corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. At the same time, it is not suitable for ultra-deep wells due to temperature limitations. Easily interact with corrosive media to cause corrosion and cracking. Titanium alloy oil well tubing is expected to solve this corrosion problem, but its corrosion resistance research is still incomplete. Therefore, it is necessary to develop titanium alloy oil well tubing with good corrosion resistance to improve corrosion fatigue (CF), fatigue during deep oil well and natural gas drilling operations. Catastrophic brittle fracture caused by hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), pitting corrosion and sulfide stress cracking (SSC). In this paper, by investigating a large number of domestic and foreign documents, the corrosion types of titanium alloy oil well pipes are analyzed, and the research status of corrosion resistance of titanium alloy oil well pipes is reviewed from three aspects: oil pipes, casings and drill pipes.

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Taheri, H., A. Dolati, and Behrooz Beidokhti. "Hydrogen failure sensitivity of A516-Gr70 and API 5L-X70 steels in sour environments." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 62, no. 5 (September 7, 2015): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-01-2014-1340.

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Purpose – This paper aims to clarify the corrosion behavior of two famous structural steels in sour environment. These steels have a vast application in oil and gas industries. The study aims to find the effect of different concentrations of sour solution on the origin of crack in these steels. Design/methodology/approach – After preparation of specimens, different sour solutions were made using the synthetic brine (according to National Association of Corrosion Engineers [NACE], Technical Committee Report 1D182) and various amounts of Na2S.9H2O and CH3COOH. The polarization test was done by Potansiostat apparatus model Zahner-IM6 at two temperatures, 25°C and 50°C. The corrosion current densities were obtained from the polarization curves. Finally, the corrosion products and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) were investigated by Tescan Vega II XMU scanning electron microscope (SEM) linked to a Rontec energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) system. Findings – API 5L-X70 steel showed smaller corrosion current values than A516-Gr70 steel. The HIC cracks propagated parallel to the surface of A516-Gr70 steel in three solutions and confirmed the inappropriateness of this steel for sour environment applications. Originality/value – This paper studies the effect of sour environment on the behavior of two famous industrial steels at two temperatures by new method.

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48

Arroyo Martínez, Borja, José Alberto Álvarez Laso, Federico Gutiérrez-Solana, Alberto Cayón Martínez, Yahoska Julieth Jirón Martínez, and Ana Ruht Seco Aparicio. "A Proposal for the Application of Failure Assessment Diagrams to Subcritical Hydrogen Induced Cracking Propagation Processes." Metals 9, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9060670.

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In this work, an optimization proposal for a model based on the definition of regions for crack propagation by means of the micromechanical comparison by SEM images and its application to failure assessment diagrams (FADs) is presented. It consists in three approaches. (1) The definition of the crack propagation initiation in the elastic-plastic range. (2) A slight modification of the zones in which the FAD is divided for hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) conditions. (3) The introduction of a simple correction for the definition of the Kr coordinate of the FAD to take into account the fracture toughness reduction caused by an aggressive environment, instead of using a fracture parameter obtained from a test in air. For the experimental work, four medium and high strength steels exposed to a cathodic charge and cathodic protection environments were employed, studying two different loading rates in each case, and testing C(T) samples under slow rates in the environment. The study was completed with a subsequent fractographic analysis by SEM. A good degree of fulfilment was appreciated in both materials and environmental conditions, showing the validity of the predictions supplied by the FAD optimization model proposal, which constitutes an advance in the accuracy of the FAD predictive model.

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Quej-Ake, Luis Manuel, Jesús Noé Rivera-Olvera, Yureel del Rosario Domínguez-Aguilar, Itzel Ariadna Avelino-Jiménez, Vicente Garibay-Febles, and Icoquih Zapata-Peñasco. "Analysis of the Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Electrochemical Parameters and Their Impact on the Internal and External SCC of Carbon Steel Pipelines." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 5771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245771.

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The review presented herein is regarding the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) phenomena of carbon steel pipelines affected by the corrosive electrolytes that comes from external (E) and internal (I) environments, as well as the susceptibility and tensile stress on the SCC. Some useful tools are presented including essential aspects for determining and describing the E-SCC and I-SCC in oil and gas pipelines. Therefore, this study aims to present a comprehensive and critical review of a brief experimental summary, and a comparison of physicochemical, mechanical, and electrochemical data affecting external and internal SCC in carbon steel pipelines exposed to corrosive media have been conducted. The SCC, hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), hydrogen embrittlement, and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) are attributed to the pH, and to hydrogen becoming more corrosive by combining external and internal sources promoting cracking, such as sulfide compounds, acidic soils, acidic atmospheric compounds, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, organic acids (acetic acid, mainly), bacteria induced corrosion, cathodic polarization, among others. SCC growth is a reaction between the microstructural, chemical, and mechanical effects and it depends on the external and internal environmental sources promoting unpredictable cracks and fractures. In some cases, E-SCC could be initiated by hydrogen that comes from the over-voltage during the cathodic protection processes. I-SCC could be activated by over-operating pressure and temperature at flowing media during the production, gathering, storage and transportation of wet hydrocarbons through pipelines. The mechanical properties related to I-SCC were higher in comparison with those reviewed by E-SCC, suggesting that pipelines suffer more susceptibility to I-SCC. When a pipeline is designed, the internal fluid being transported (changes of environments) and the external environment concerning SCC should be considered. This review offers a good starting point for newcomers into the field, it is written as a tutorial, and covers a large number of basic standards in the area.

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Sarwar, Muhammad, and Mohd Amin bin Abd Majid. "Study of Hydrogen Cracking and PWHT of Dissimilar Materials for Elevated Temperature Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.797.

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s. On construction sites many challenges and premature failures are being encountered in welded joints of creep strength-enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steels. The primary reason of these premature failures is found to be the dissimilar material joints, having strength mismatch, or improper heat treatment that is mandatorily carried out to achieve the required weld hardness. This study aims at determining the impact of post welding heat treatment (PWHT) on dissimilar alloy steels joints, between ASTM A335 Gr. P-22 and ASTM A335 Gr. P-91 steels, welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) using ER 90S-B9 filler wire. The PWHT, at 745°C for 1hr., was applied to attain the required hardness. The effect of PWHT was investigated on the weld metal and the heat affected zones (HAZ) by hardness testing. Due to the martensitic microstructure, the hardness values of HAZ of P91 steel are over 350 HV. However, the hardness value of the P22 HAZ less than 350 HV. P91 HAZ has a higher hardness value than P22 HAZ because of its higher hardenability and due to phase transformation from martensite to ferrite. The interaction between the too high hardness microstructure with hydrogen can result in the hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) initiation in the HAZ. Therefore, the PWHT is needed to reduce this high hardness HAZ.

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Journal articles on the topic 'HIC ( Hydrogen Induced Cracking)'

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