Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hides and skins – Preservation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Hides and skins – Preservation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Hides and skins – Preservation"

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Fereja, Getachew Bekele, Merhun Lamaro, Genet Berhe, and Aregay Berhe. "STUDY ON PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AND PRESERVATION METHODS OF HIDE AND SKIN IN THREE SELECTED DISTRICTS OF GAMBELLA REGION, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i2.2017.1715.

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Ethiopia is believed to have the largest livestock population in Africa. An estimate indicates that the country is a home for about 54 million cattle, 25.5 million sheep and 24.06 million goats. Therefore, this study was conducted in three selected districts of Gambelia regional state with the objective to assess the production potentials and preservation methods of hide and skin. As a secondary product of the meat consumption, the supply of hides & skins depends on the demand for meat, the rearing, management and slaughtering of animals, with little response to change in price and demand for the products. Hides and skins could be obtained from fish, birds and reptiles as well as wild and domesticated animals. The sample size of the study was estimated to be 384 (128 from Gambella zuria, 128 from Godare and 128 from Lare) using the formula stated in Thrust field. The quantitative data was organized, summarized and encoded on excel sheet and analyzed with the help of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.2 version 2008.Qualitative data derived from direct observations and key informants was examined and presented in form of discussions. In the study areas, for all the three species, the mean annual slaughter at household level ranges between 0.07,1.66 and 1.73 cattle, sheep and goat annually, respectively in the study area. Of the 384 respondents interviewed, (94.01%) used the preservation methods of ground air dry and 6.25% use salt preservation for hide and skin preservation, respectively. Generally, production potential and preservation methods variations were observed among the Hide and skin producers, which suggest that there is an opportunity for improvement through awareness creation.
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Bock, Steffen, and Christiane Quaisser. "Tear and Crumble: Deterioration Processes in Skins and Hides in Mammal Collections." Collection Forum 33, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14351/0831-4985-33.1.36.

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Abstract In the mammal collection of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (MfN), Germany a serious but inconspicuous deterioration of mammal skins and hides has been detected. The tear strength has been decreasing until the skins are falling apart, risking permanent loss of valuable specimens. At the MfN, about 80% of the 30,000 skins are affected. Although this phenomenon has been known by taxidermists for some time, there are very few publications on the subject. In this study, we surveyed the literature and conducted interviews with collections and leather industry professionals to understand the extent and potential causes of skin deterioration. In addition, analyses of skins in the collections of the MfN and the ZFMK (Bonn, Germany) showed that more than 80% of the tested skins had a very low tear strength. The tear strength appears correlated with the pH value and age of the skin. Our findings suggest that surplus acid from residual fat, preservation methods, or external sources such as air pollution might be a primary source of the degradation. Future steps should include further research on the chemical processes involved in deterioration, treatment options for threatened skins, and development of best practices, protocols for documentation, and development of a publicly available online knowledge base for museum skin preparation, preservation, and storage methods.
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Sivakumar, Venkatasubramanian, Resmi Mohan, and Chellappa Muralidharan. "Alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins in leather making for sustainable development – A review." Textile & leather review 2, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31881/tlr.2019.19.

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During the leather processing, large quantities of the salt as sodium chloride, about 30-50 % (% w/w on raw weight) is applied for short term preservation of hides and skins, which subsequently leaches out from the skins/hides and end up in waste streams. This raises a serious environmental concern as well as total dissolved solids (TDS) problem in the wastewater, for which there is no viable treatment method available. Remediation measures such as Reverse Osmosis (RO) or Ultra Filtration (UF) could only separate salt from these waste streams and end up as salt sludge, which necessitates Secured Land Fill (SLF) for disposal option. There are some concerns for SLF as it requires Land area as well as possible leaching due to highly soluble nature of Sodium chloride. Therefore, there is a pressing need for developing an alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins. In this regard, Research and Development work is being carried out worldwide and several reports are available. Therefore, it would be beneficial to review and analyze the salt free alternative preservation methods. Even though, some reviews on this topic has been reported earlier, they have not taken into account the patent literature available on this subject. The present paper reviews various alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins, taking into account both patent and other publications on this subject.
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Wu, Jiacheng, Li Zhao, Xiong Liu, Wuyong Chen, and Haibin Gu. "Recent progress in cleaner preservation of hides and skins." Journal of Cleaner Production 148 (April 2017): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.113.

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Gopinath, Arun, Nagarajan Vedaraman, Balaraman Madhan, Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Magesh Peter, and Ramalingam Kirubagaran. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Based Skin Preservation: Solving the Soak Liquor Effluent Crisis of the Leather Industry." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i4.3801.

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Salt-based preservation of hides/skins contributes to about 50% total dissolved solids (TDS) in tannery wastewaters. In this study, raw skins have been preserved by exposing them to a continuous flow of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) in a pressurized reactor. The process was carried out in reactors of two different capacities to ensure scalability. The skins thus dried could be stored at room temperature for a period of 30 days. The SCCO2–dried skins were less conducive for microbial growth than wet-salted skins. The soak liquor of SCCO2–dehydrated skin showed a 90% reduction in chloride content and significantly lower BOD and COD levels than soak liquor from wet-salted skins. The leathers produced from SCCO2-preserved skins and wet-salted skin had no significant quality differences. As SCCO2 systems have been reported as alternatives to all other unit operations, establishing SCCO2–based preservation will complete the circle of total leather manufacture with SCCO2.
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Mwinyihija, Mwinyikione, Joan Magero, and George N. Chemining’wa. "Evaluation of salt cured Kenyan hides and skins Part I of a case study at Mariakani Curing premises, Coast province, Kenya." Journal of Africa Leather and Leather Products Advances 5, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15677/jallpa.2019.v5i1.18.

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A study was conducted at curing premises at Mariakani at the Coast province of Kenya, where salt curing of hides and skins from Cattle, goat and sheep was evaluated. The parameters investigated eventually compared various species in aspects related to blood yield at slaughter point and moisture loss during preservation in a span of 0, 7 and 14 days. The results indicated that blood yield (%) based on body weight showed Sheep>Goat>Cattle. Moreover, moisture weight was highest on the first 7days and reduced to the minimum on day 14 onwards. However, the highest % moisture loss when Cattle hides, sheep and goat skins were compared indicating that both in day 7 and 14 hides>goat>sheep. Incidentally blood yield of an animal specie positively correlated to that of body weight. This was exhibited when Goat skins (weighing 12 kg ± 2.65) yielded 5.5% ± 1.12 blood of its body weight whilst Sheepskins (weighing 13kg± 2.00) yielded 6.7% ± 1.72 of its body weight. The resultant effluent for such moisture production indicated that various amounts of complex contaminant were produced in the process. The final effluent emanating from the cured hides and skins were further characterized and the parameters such as the COD, Lead, Copper, Zinc, Salinity, particulate matter, pH and turbidity were analysed. It is envisaged that further studies be undertaken to evaluate the effluents impact; on soils, aquatic and atmospheric systems to determine the extent of potential damage to the environment.
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Brinda, V., N. Vedaraman, John Sundar, J. Kangaraj, K. C. Velappan, and C. Muralidharan. "De-Oiled Karanja Cake as Potential Bio-Additive for Low Salt Raw Skin Preservation." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i5.3807.

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The most commonly practiced preservation processes for raw hide/skin is by application of common salt (NaCl) due to its wide availability, cost effectiveness and bacteriostatic activity. During the soaking process, the salt present in the skin dissolves in water, thereby generating high total dissolved solids (TDS) levels causing pollution to the environment. Hence, an eco–friendly material without salt or with lower quantities of salt is needed for the preservation of the skin. In this present study Karanja de-oiled cake (Millettia/Pongamia pinnata) extract was studied for its antibacterial activity, minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration for preservation. The reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis shows the presence of karanjin (0.2%) and pongamol (0.02%) and these compounds may be responsible for the antibacterial activity against skin deteriorating bacteria. The preservation trials with karanja de-oiled cake 15% along with less salt 15% showed no hair slip, no putrefaction, reduced bacterial load to approximately 35%, compared to control skins at 25º-35ºC for 21 days. The preserved skins on rehydration showed that the soak liquor of experimental skins had a considerable reduction in TDS (about 67%) compared with conventional soak liquor. On processing these skins into leather, the experimental skins were found to possess comparable strength properties (tensile, tear strength) and organoleptic properties as conventional salt-based preserved skins. This study concludes that conventional salt-based preservation of skins can be replaced by an eco-friendly preservation method using karanja de-oiled cake along with less salt.
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Iyappan, Kuttalam, Thangavel Ponrasu, Vilvanathan Sangeethapriya, Vinaya Subramani Gayathri, and Lonchin Suguna. "An eco-friendly method for short term preservation of skins/hides using Semecarpus anacardium nut extract." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20, no. 9 (April 16, 2013): 6324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1683-0.

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Yusuf, O., and S. Abdurrahman. "Market structure and performance of value chain actors in hides and skins processing and marketing in Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2015): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v11i2.15.

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The study was designed to investigate the Structure and Performance of value chain actors in hides and skins processing and marketing in Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the structure of hides and skins processing and marketing, estimated the marketing margin and marketing efficiency. One hundred and six respondents were selected from Kano, Anambra and Lagos states for the study. The result of the market structure revealed that there was no barrier to entry and exit of the business of hides and skins processing and marketing. Registration was compulsory for tanners and hides and skins wholesalers while it was optional for ‘pomo’ wholesalers, leather wholesalers and butchers. Though, the registration fee for skins wholesalers was very small (about ₦500), Result of the market performance of hides and skins processing and marketing revealed that the marketing margin for leather final consumer was 48% while that of ‘pomo’ final consumers was about 44%. Marketing efficiency of tanners was about 176% while that of ‘pomo’ wholesalers was 188%. There was high performance in hides and skins processing and marketing in Nigeria. Based on the findings, it was recommended that public or private market information service rendering agencies should be involved in the area of hides and skins processing and marketing in providing reliable and timely information.Keywords: Structure, performance, value chain actors, hides and skins, Nigeria.
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Chaudhry, Zafar I., Aga Saiddain, Naveed Sabir, Naeem A. Malik, Sahan Azeem, and Abdul Sajid. "Prevalence of pathological conditions causing skin damage and consequently reducing its market value in domestic ruminants of Punjab, Pakistan." Veterinary Science Development 1, no. 1 (May 16, 2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/vsd.2011.2444.

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Data regarding the prevalence of skin diseases reducing the market value of skins and hides and ultimately refined leather were not available in Pakistan. The current study was conducted in the hide/skin markets and abattoirs of Lahore and Faisalabad and tanneries of Sheikhupura, Kasur and Sialkot. The record of various skin diseases and conditions damaging the skin/hide of cattle, goat and sheep was made. Lesions, extent and type of damage were recorded. A total of 21,671 skins / hides were examined out of which 3918 of skins and 600 hides were examined at the abattoirs of Lahore and Faisalabad, 6784 Skins and 1399 hides at hide markets and 8091 skins and 879 hides at tanneries. Out of total 21,671 skins / hides, 66.12% were normal and 33.88% were having some sort of damage. The data were gathered on questionnaire sheets. The prevalence of skin diseases was assessed through Strata V.9 software program. The correlation of the disease and area was analyzed by the chi-square. The prevalence of various diseases and damages due to mal-management in sheep, goats and cattle has been discussed in detail. The damages in goat skins were significantly less as compared with cattle and sheep. However, the type of defects and severity varied amongst various ruminants studied. The most common damages observed, overall in all species studied were atrophy of skin (Thin skin) 6.38%, followed in descending order observed was lesions of wounds 4.94%, old lesions of pox 4.82%, flaying cuts 3.17%, tick infestation 3.08%, lesions caused by mites infestation 2.45%, scratches 2.33%, lesions caused by warble fly larvae 1.47%, decomposition 1.32%, charr (fibrosis) 1.28%, ringworm infection 1.10%, extensive soiling by dung 0.84%, chronic abscesses 0.46%, and Lice infestation 0.17%.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hides and skins – Preservation"

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Brüning, Adrian Rudolf Nicolaus Ernst. "A polarimetric method for collagenase activity measurement." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004113.

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A polarimetric method for monitoring the rate of soluble collagen breakdown by collagenase enzyme action has been developed. The method represents an extension of previous physicochemical techniques based on viscometry, but is simpler and easier to carry out, particularly in the case of reaction rate studies. The method was developed arising from reports of collagenase activity measurement on inappropriate substrates such as gelatin, modified collagens and synthetic polypeptides. The optical method depends on measurement of the loss in optical rotation in solutions of soluble calfskin collagen resulting from initial enzymic cleavage of the collagen trip1e-helix, followed by spontaneous unwinding of the resultant unstable helical fragments. Specific assay conditions were chosen to ensure that the loss in optical rotation following enzymic cleavage was rapid and complete. The method is specific since in the absence of collagenase, non-specific proteinases produce only a limited decrease in solution optical activity. The method has also been compared with established physicochemical assay techniques and compares favourably with both viscometric and titrimetric collagenase assays. The availability of a rapid, sensitive and quantitative procedure for measurement of collagenase activity provides a convenient means for detecting the presence of collagenase in solution and examination of hide bacterial cultures for collagenase production. In addition, a study of biocidal compounds of potential interest in hide preservation for possible inhibitory effects on collagenase is conveniently carried out with the method. Fundamental research into synergistic action in enzymic hydrolysis of collagen is now possible, providing valuable insight into the mechanism of raw hide biodeterioration.
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Fowler, William Mackenzie. "Interaction of selected fungicides with insoluble bovine skin collagen in the presence of the non ionic surfactant Triton X-100." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004976.

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In the leather industry fungicides are often used for the protection of wet-blue leather. These fungicides are usually only sparingly soluble and are therefore formulated together with surfactants in order to increase their solubility and to ensure an even distribution over the surface of the hide after treatment. Solutions containing both fungicides and surfactant are complex. The nature of these solutions was investigated. By means of UV/Vis spectroscopy and viscometry it was shown that the surfactant and fungicides form micelles and mixed micelles in solution. The nature of these micelles and mixed micelles was dependent on the solution temperature as well as on the concentrations of the surfactant and fungicides. At the higher temperatures and concentrations transition to large, possibly rod-shaped, mixed micelles occurred. The interaction between the selected fungicides 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole and n-octyl-4-isothiazol-3-one with bovine skin collagen in the form of both limed and lightly chromed hide powder in the presence of the non ionic surfactant Triton X -100 was investigated. Fungicide uptake was determined by difference measurements on the float solutions at regular intervals during treatment. Binding was rapid with equilibrium being established within the first six hours even for the solutions with the highest surfactant concentration. Binding failed to follow a normal mass-action binding-type isotherm approaching a saturation limit, but increased continuously indicating a co-operative effect whereby binding site affinity actually increased with the amount of ligand bound. Binding was accompanied by a drop in the free surfactant in the solution at the higher biocide levels indicating the formation of complex mixed micelles which bind to the collagen fibres. The uptake and antifungal activity of commercial fomulations of the fungicides on chrome-tanned wet-blue leather was investigated at various treatment temperatures. At lower fungicide treatment concentrations, binding tended to follow a typical mass-action type binding isotherm, increasing slightly with temperature. At higher float concentrations, an inflexion point was apparent beyond which uptake showed a marked increase with concentration. This inflexion point, signifying a change in binding characteristics, occurred at progressively lower concentrations with increasing temperature. Antifungal activity in terms of storage periods to onset of fungal growth was determined on the wet-blue leather cuttings immediately after treatment and drainage and also on sample discs after exhaustive extraction of free fungicide using dichloromethane. Storage performance testing of the various treated wet-blue leathers was carried out by different methods. Residual protective periods showed a curvilinear increase with dosage offer and surface uptake. In the low dosage range treatment temperature had only a relatively slight effect in promoting uptake and improving storage protection. At higher dosages, the influence of temperature on uptake and storage protection was greater due to the increase in surface binding of the fungicides at the elevated temperatures. Only a portion of the fungicide uptake was recovered by direct solvent extraction of the treated wet-blue leather. Solvent extraction reduced storage margins. The storage response in relation to fungicide content was, however comparable after extraction, indicating that both irreversibly bound and physically associated fungicide offered effective protection. Results of the study provide further insight into the mode of interaction of fungicide emulsion dispersion with bovine skin collagen, and the importance of the emulsion dispersions and its stability in determining the uptake of fungicide.
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Thompson, Gillian Ann. "Bacterial interaction in hide biodeterioration with special reference to selected Clostridium species." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004102.

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Animal hides are the basic raw material of the leather industry and they undergo rapid putrefaction unless "cured". This study investigated the role and interactive effects of three selected bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clostridium histoly ticum and Clostridium sporogenes in in-situ cattle hide degradation using a model system set up for the purpose. The system consisted of 3cm diameter hide pieces contained in sealed jars and sterilised by ethylene oxide to remove resident microbes and inactivate autolytic tissue enzymes. The inocula were prepared either as individual cultures or as combinations of two inocula or all three inocula. Degradative changes during storage at 30°C were measured for up to 8 days using ten different parameters. Initial trials confirmed that the selected inocula were readily isolated from raw hides and could outcompete resident populations to produce putrefactive decomposition. Growth rates and enzyme profiles of the organisms and the effects of nutrients and reductants on their relative denaturative effects were used to standardise the system. Trials on the effects of ethylene oxide indicated the suitability of the method for hide and collagen sterilisation. The findings of in-situ trials with the selected inocula confirmed previous studies of protein putrefaction in that a bacterial succession was evident involving aerobic proteolytic bacteria, micro-aerophilic proteolytic bacteria and strictly anaerobic amino acid degrading bacteria. However, this study showed that the micro-aerophilic collagenase producing C. histolyticum degraded hides at a far greater rate when inoculated on its own than when in the presence of either or both of the other two inocula. It also demonstrated a bacterial antagonism between the two clostridia in which C. sporogenes prevented degradative changes occurring for up to 4-6 days possibly due to cysteine production by C. sporogenes. These findings have implications for hide preservation since maintenance of aerobic conditions and suppression of spore outgrowth could be used to delay growth of collagenase producing clostridia. The use of C. sporogenes as a biocontrol agent is also postulated. The model system was also used to examine salted hides during storage and these studies indicated that Halobacteriaceae do not produce collagenase but that inadequately salted hides could possibly be subject to degradation by delsulfovibrios.
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Klokkernes, Torunn. "Skin processing technology in Eurasian reindeer cultures : a comparative study in material science of Sàmi and Evenk methods : perspectives on deterioration and preservation of museum artefacts : PhD thesis /." Rudkøbing [Denmark] : Langelands Museum, 2007. http://www.langelandsmuseum.dk/LMR%20Press/2007%20Klokkernes%20-%20Skin%20Processing%20LMR-PRESS.pdf.

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Campbell, Louisa Jacoba. "Evaluation of two indigenous South African sheep breeds as pelt producers." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07192007-111505.

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Poncet, T., and Cédric Vigier. "Traceability of hides and skins - 212: from field to leather." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34315.

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Content: Quality of leather is deeply dependant on the origin of the livestock including breeding, transportation and slaughter. Ten years ago, the French leather industry have commissioned CTC, the French Leather, leather goods and footwear research centre to improve the quality of hides and skins. In order to improve raw material, a unitary link is required between the quality of leather and its origin that is to say the raw material. This was the beginning of a huge project: traceability of hides and skins through the supply chain, from breeding to wet-blue (and even leather). Data is captured from the animal’s ear tag at the point of slaughter which is then transfer on to a paper bar code. Hides and skins traders will then transfer definitively the code from the paper tag to the hides or skins thanks to an automatic high-pressure CO2 marking device on the hair side of the fresh or salted hide in the neck region. That unitary traceability is resistant to water, acid, alcalis, grease, solvents but also mechanical impacts such as splitting, shaving and even buffing. It is visible throughout all the process and fast enough. Once the permanent number code has been added, it can be visually or automatically read throughout the subsequent tanning process steps. The automatic code reader takes the algorithm of the number and the data is collected by mean of artificial intelligence. This technology has been implemented by several abattoirs, trader and tanners. Traceability is the essential tool for quality management throughout the supply chain. It helps the identification of the origin of defects for improvement and provides the origin of grade 1 hides and skins. This realistic industrial solution is a major issue for the leather industry whether it is for the improvement of quality or mastery of the supply chain and sustainability. Take-Away: In order to improve the quality of raw material, a unitary link is required between the quality of leather and its origin that is to say the raw material. This is the objective of that project: traceability of hides and skins through the supply chain, from breeding to wet-blue (and even leather) thanks to CO2 laser marquing.
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Flowers, Karl Bernard. "Accelerated carbon dioxide deliming of cattle hides and sheepskins." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003977.

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To avoid environmental pressure from water authorities, specifically regarding nitrogen and sulfate limits in tannery wastewater, modifications to existing deliming processes have been made. Conventional ammonium salt deliming methods contribute to Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen values in the region of 0.5 – 1.0g/L (33-67% of total TKN). Sulfate levels are increased with the use of organic deliming and ammonium sulfate deliming to the extent of 0.9g/L (27% of total sulfate). To understand the dynamics and kinetics of carbon dioxide equilibrium, the movement of carbon dioxide into deliming water, through carbonic acid, bicarbonate and ultimately into carbonates at liming or early deliming pH was studied. It was shown in this study that effective lime removal, at optimum conditions, resulted in fully delimed pelts at highly comparable quality and times compared to conventional ammonium salt deliming
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Wiederhold, James Edward. "Toward the standardization of use-wear studies : constructing an analogue to prehistoric hide work /." Thesis, [College Station, TX] : Texas A & M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/1262.

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McAlpine, Thomas H. "A study of the beamer : a prehistoric hide processing tool." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1313639.

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In archaeology, most studies of artifacts focus on lithics and ceramics, while bone artifacts are often neglected in our intense study of the past. This thesis takes a step in the opposite direction by focusing on a bone tool known as the beamer. This thesis tests the hypothesis that the beamer, used for processing animal hides, is only used during the Late Woodland and Mississippian time periods. If the hypothesis is supported, the beamer would be unique among bone artifacts, acting as a chronological marker similar to projectile points. The thesis also studies how the hypothesized appearance of the beamer at the beginning of the Late Woodland affected the use of lithic scrapers, another tool used for hide processing. Information gathered for this thesis was used to create a large database of Midwestern prehistoric archaeological sites. While the original hypothesis did not hold up, a new hypothesis was created based on the data.
Department of Anthropology
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Books on the topic "Hides and skins – Preservation"

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Steller, Rose M. Hides, skins, and leather. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1997.

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Sauer, Ron. Namibia: Hides and skins supply study. [Geneva]: International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT, 1995.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., ed. Hides and skins for the tanning industry. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995.

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Hides and skins improvement in developing countries. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1985.

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Keizaikyoku, Tokyo (Japan) Rōdō. Kankoku ni okeru hikaku sangyō no jitsujō chōsa hōkokusho. Tōkyō: Tōkyō-to Rōdō Keizaikyoku, 1988.

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Trade, Namibia Directorate of International. Namibia: Supply survey on hides and skins including company profiles. Windhoek]: Directorate of International Trade, Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2001.

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Venkatesan, R. A. Studies on bobble with reference to its possible aetiology and structural changes in damaged skin. Madras: Indian Leather, 1991.

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Meseldzic, Zivana. Pieles y cueros del Perú republicano. Lima, Perú: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Seminario de Historia Rural Andina, 2000.

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Kerven, Carol. Potential for increasing producers' income from wool, fibre, and pelts in Central Asia. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute, 2002.

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Tancous, Jean J. Skin, hide, and leather defects. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Leather Industries of America Laboratory, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hides and skins – Preservation"

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Bailey, David G. "Handling, Grading and Curing of Hides and Skins." In Inedible Meat by-Products, 19–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7933-1_2.

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Marmer, William N. "Preservation and Tanning of Animal Hides." In ACS Symposium Series, 60–73. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0647.ch005.

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Jaouadi, Nadia Zaraî, Mouna Sahnoun, Hatem Rekik, Mouna Ben Elhoul, Haifa Khemir Ezzine, Neila Miled, Samir Bejar, and Bassem Jaouadi. "Expression of Mutated SapB-N99Y Keratinase in Bacillus subtilis DB430 and Its Attractive Properties for Soaking Hides and Skins in the Leather Processing Industry." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions (2nd Edition), 743–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51210-1_117.

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"Hides and Skins." In The Manual of Australian Agriculture, 611–18. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-409-30946-1.50028-2.

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Ockerman, H. W., and L. Basu. "BY-PRODUCTS | Hides and Skins." In Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences, 125–38. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-464970-x/00048-9.

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Ockerman, H. W., and L. Basu. "BY-PRODUCTS | Hides and Skins." In Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences, 112–24. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-384731-7.00033-7.

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Jaswir, Irwandi, Hassan Abdullah Al-Kahtani, Fitri Octavianti, Widya Lestari, and Nurlina Yusof. "Camel Gelatin Composition, Properties, Production, and Applications." In Handbook of Research on Health and Environmental Benefits of Camel Products, 306–27. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1604-1.ch014.

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Abstract:
Gelatin is an important protein produced through partial hydrolysis of collagen from animal parts and byproducts such as cartilage, bones, tendons, and hides. The ability of gelatin to form a thermo-reversible gel at normal body temperature and high water content make it an exceptional food ingredient. A good quality gelatin is translucent, brittle, colorless (sometimes slightly yellow), bland in taste, and odorless. Gelatin has been found useful as stabilizer and filler in dairy products and other food industries. Recently, the global gelatin production net over 300,000 metric tons: 46% were from pigskin, 29.4% from bovine hides, 23.1% from bones, and 1.5% from other parts. Although camels have been recognized as source of meat and milk, utilization of camel bones and skins for gelatin production has not been fully explored. This chapter will discuss the processing of camel gelatin extraction.
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"Bioambiant Preservation of Raw Hides Using Plant-Based Materials–A Green Technology to Reduce Tannery Waste Water Pollution." In Environmental Biotechnology, 247–78. 1st ed. | Toronto ; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, 2015. |: Apple Academic Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315366289-17.

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Klepeis, Peter, and Rinku Roy Chowdhury. "Institutions, Organizations, and Policy Affecting Land Change: Complexity Within and Beyond the Ejido." In Integrated Land-Change Science and Tropical Deforestation in the Southern Yucatan. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199245307.003.0017.

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Despite decades of colonization and development initiatives, the southern Yucatán peninsular region remains an economic frontier. The term ‘frontier’, however, hides a complex political economy of social, political, and economic structures in which land managers operate. Presently, multiple interest groups vie for influence, increasingly positioning themselves around sustainability concerns, and attempting to reconcile the competing goals of economic development and environmental preservation. The major political institutions and organizations promoting conservation and development in the region fit into five categories: federally decreed land management regimes, federal and state secretariats, local community-based groups and institutions, national non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international accords. These institutions and organizations aim to influence land-use decisions in the dominant land access unit, the ejido. The relationships among ejidos, social movements, NGOs, government policy, and international activity in the region are examined here, highlighting how even within a frontier economy, conservation and development visions increasingly influence resource use. Before the Mexican revolution of 1910–17, 96 per cent of Mexico’s rural people were landless (Sinha 1984). These rural poor supported the revolution, in large part, to break up grand haciendas (estates) and to allow campesinos (peasants) access to agricultural land. Ejidos, one of four landtenure types federally mandated, were designed to provide campesinos access to land that could not be transferred easily and thereby taken from them. Based on interpretations of pre-Hispanic land tenure, Article 27 of the Constitution established ejido land to be communal, ruled by an ejido assembly (consisting of all members with land rights in the ejido, or ejidatarios), and used in ejido-defined usufruct. Prior to 1992, when the law was reformed, ejidatarios were prevented from selling their land, renting it, or using it as collateral, and from negotiating deals with private investors. Perhaps more important than these official guidelines, however, are the perceptions of ejidos by state officials. Established, in part, to protect ‘indigenous’ people and not open to privatization, the ejido was stigmatized as ill-suited for modernization (Oasa and Jennings 1982). A bimodal Mexican agrarian policy followed (de Janvry 1981; Tomich, Kilby, and Johnston 1995) in which the potential productive role of ejidatarios was largely ignored (Oasa and Jennings 1982; Sonnenfeld 1992; Tomich, Kilby, and Johnston 1995).
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Conference papers on the topic "Hides and skins – Preservation"

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CAGLAYAN, Pinar, Meral BIRBIR, and Antonio VENTOSA. "A Survey Study to Detect Problems on Salted Hides and Skins." In The 7th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2018.viii.4.

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Suparno, Ono, Amalia Afifah, Tania Panandita, Marimin, and Rini Purnawati. "The potency of plant extracts as antimicrobials for the skin or hide preservation." In PROCEEDINGS FROM THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4978171.

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YAZICI, Eda, Meral BIRBIR, and Pinar CAGLAYAN. "Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Ewingella americana and Kluyvera intermedia Isolated from Soaked Hides and Skins." In The 7th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2018.vi.15.

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