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Journal articles on the topic 'Hides and skins – Preservation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Fereja, Getachew Bekele, Merhun Lamaro, Genet Berhe, and Aregay Berhe. "STUDY ON PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AND PRESERVATION METHODS OF HIDE AND SKIN IN THREE SELECTED DISTRICTS OF GAMBELLA REGION, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i2.2017.1715.

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Ethiopia is believed to have the largest livestock population in Africa. An estimate indicates that the country is a home for about 54 million cattle, 25.5 million sheep and 24.06 million goats. Therefore, this study was conducted in three selected districts of Gambelia regional state with the objective to assess the production potentials and preservation methods of hide and skin. As a secondary product of the meat consumption, the supply of hides & skins depends on the demand for meat, the rearing, management and slaughtering of animals, with little response to change in price and demand for the products. Hides and skins could be obtained from fish, birds and reptiles as well as wild and domesticated animals. The sample size of the study was estimated to be 384 (128 from Gambella zuria, 128 from Godare and 128 from Lare) using the formula stated in Thrust field. The quantitative data was organized, summarized and encoded on excel sheet and analyzed with the help of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.2 version 2008.Qualitative data derived from direct observations and key informants was examined and presented in form of discussions. In the study areas, for all the three species, the mean annual slaughter at household level ranges between 0.07,1.66 and 1.73 cattle, sheep and goat annually, respectively in the study area. Of the 384 respondents interviewed, (94.01%) used the preservation methods of ground air dry and 6.25% use salt preservation for hide and skin preservation, respectively. Generally, production potential and preservation methods variations were observed among the Hide and skin producers, which suggest that there is an opportunity for improvement through awareness creation.

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2

Bock, Steffen, and Christiane Quaisser. "Tear and Crumble: Deterioration Processes in Skins and Hides in Mammal Collections." Collection Forum 33, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14351/0831-4985-33.1.36.

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Abstract In the mammal collection of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (MfN), Germany a serious but inconspicuous deterioration of mammal skins and hides has been detected. The tear strength has been decreasing until the skins are falling apart, risking permanent loss of valuable specimens. At the MfN, about 80% of the 30,000 skins are affected. Although this phenomenon has been known by taxidermists for some time, there are very few publications on the subject. In this study, we surveyed the literature and conducted interviews with collections and leather industry professionals to understand the extent and potential causes of skin deterioration. In addition, analyses of skins in the collections of the MfN and the ZFMK (Bonn, Germany) showed that more than 80% of the tested skins had a very low tear strength. The tear strength appears correlated with the pH value and age of the skin. Our findings suggest that surplus acid from residual fat, preservation methods, or external sources such as air pollution might be a primary source of the degradation. Future steps should include further research on the chemical processes involved in deterioration, treatment options for threatened skins, and development of best practices, protocols for documentation, and development of a publicly available online knowledge base for museum skin preparation, preservation, and storage methods.

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3

Sivakumar, Venkatasubramanian, Resmi Mohan, and Chellappa Muralidharan. "Alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins in leather making for sustainable development – A review." Textile & leather review 2, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31881/tlr.2019.19.

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During the leather processing, large quantities of the salt as sodium chloride, about 30-50 % (% w/w on raw weight) is applied for short term preservation of hides and skins, which subsequently leaches out from the skins/hides and end up in waste streams. This raises a serious environmental concern as well as total dissolved solids (TDS) problem in the wastewater, for which there is no viable treatment method available. Remediation measures such as Reverse Osmosis (RO) or Ultra Filtration (UF) could only separate salt from these waste streams and end up as salt sludge, which necessitates Secured Land Fill (SLF) for disposal option. There are some concerns for SLF as it requires Land area as well as possible leaching due to highly soluble nature of Sodium chloride. Therefore, there is a pressing need for developing an alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins. In this regard, Research and Development work is being carried out worldwide and several reports are available. Therefore, it would be beneficial to review and analyze the salt free alternative preservation methods. Even though, some reviews on this topic has been reported earlier, they have not taken into account the patent literature available on this subject. The present paper reviews various alternative methods for Salt free / Less salt short term preservation of hides and skins, taking into account both patent and other publications on this subject.

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4

Wu, Jiacheng, Li Zhao, Xiong Liu, Wuyong Chen, and Haibin Gu. "Recent progress in cleaner preservation of hides and skins." Journal of Cleaner Production 148 (April 2017): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.113.

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5

Gopinath, Arun, Nagarajan Vedaraman, Balaraman Madhan, Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Magesh Peter, and Ramalingam Kirubagaran. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Based Skin Preservation: Solving the Soak Liquor Effluent Crisis of the Leather Industry." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i4.3801.

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Salt-based preservation of hides/skins contributes to about 50% total dissolved solids (TDS) in tannery wastewaters. In this study, raw skins have been preserved by exposing them to a continuous flow of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) in a pressurized reactor. The process was carried out in reactors of two different capacities to ensure scalability. The skins thus dried could be stored at room temperature for a period of 30 days. The SCCO2–dried skins were less conducive for microbial growth than wet-salted skins. The soak liquor of SCCO2–dehydrated skin showed a 90% reduction in chloride content and significantly lower BOD and COD levels than soak liquor from wet-salted skins. The leathers produced from SCCO2-preserved skins and wet-salted skin had no significant quality differences. As SCCO2 systems have been reported as alternatives to all other unit operations, establishing SCCO2–based preservation will complete the circle of total leather manufacture with SCCO2.

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6

Mwinyihija, Mwinyikione, Joan Magero, and George N. Chemining’wa. "Evaluation of salt cured Kenyan hides and skins Part I of a case study at Mariakani Curing premises, Coast province, Kenya." Journal of Africa Leather and Leather Products Advances 5, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15677/jallpa.2019.v5i1.18.

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A study was conducted at curing premises at Mariakani at the Coast province of Kenya, where salt curing of hides and skins from Cattle, goat and sheep was evaluated. The parameters investigated eventually compared various species in aspects related to blood yield at slaughter point and moisture loss during preservation in a span of 0, 7 and 14 days. The results indicated that blood yield (%) based on body weight showed Sheep>Goat>Cattle. Moreover, moisture weight was highest on the first 7days and reduced to the minimum on day 14 onwards. However, the highest % moisture loss when Cattle hides, sheep and goat skins were compared indicating that both in day 7 and 14 hides>goat>sheep. Incidentally blood yield of an animal specie positively correlated to that of body weight. This was exhibited when Goat skins (weighing 12 kg ± 2.65) yielded 5.5% ± 1.12 blood of its body weight whilst Sheepskins (weighing 13kg± 2.00) yielded 6.7% ± 1.72 of its body weight. The resultant effluent for such moisture production indicated that various amounts of complex contaminant were produced in the process. The final effluent emanating from the cured hides and skins were further characterized and the parameters such as the COD, Lead, Copper, Zinc, Salinity, particulate matter, pH and turbidity were analysed. It is envisaged that further studies be undertaken to evaluate the effluents impact; on soils, aquatic and atmospheric systems to determine the extent of potential damage to the environment.

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7

Brinda, V., N. Vedaraman, John Sundar, J. Kangaraj, K. C. Velappan, and C. Muralidharan. "De-Oiled Karanja Cake as Potential Bio-Additive for Low Salt Raw Skin Preservation." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i5.3807.

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The most commonly practiced preservation processes for raw hide/skin is by application of common salt (NaCl) due to its wide availability, cost effectiveness and bacteriostatic activity. During the soaking process, the salt present in the skin dissolves in water, thereby generating high total dissolved solids (TDS) levels causing pollution to the environment. Hence, an eco–friendly material without salt or with lower quantities of salt is needed for the preservation of the skin. In this present study Karanja de-oiled cake (Millettia/Pongamia pinnata) extract was studied for its antibacterial activity, minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration for preservation. The reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis shows the presence of karanjin (0.2%) and pongamol (0.02%) and these compounds may be responsible for the antibacterial activity against skin deteriorating bacteria. The preservation trials with karanja de-oiled cake 15% along with less salt 15% showed no hair slip, no putrefaction, reduced bacterial load to approximately 35%, compared to control skins at 25º-35ºC for 21 days. The preserved skins on rehydration showed that the soak liquor of experimental skins had a considerable reduction in TDS (about 67%) compared with conventional soak liquor. On processing these skins into leather, the experimental skins were found to possess comparable strength properties (tensile, tear strength) and organoleptic properties as conventional salt-based preserved skins. This study concludes that conventional salt-based preservation of skins can be replaced by an eco-friendly preservation method using karanja de-oiled cake along with less salt.

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8

Iyappan, Kuttalam, Thangavel Ponrasu, Vilvanathan Sangeethapriya, Vinaya Subramani Gayathri, and Lonchin Suguna. "An eco-friendly method for short term preservation of skins/hides using Semecarpus anacardium nut extract." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20, no. 9 (April 16, 2013): 6324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1683-0.

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9

Yusuf, O., and S. Abdurrahman. "Market structure and performance of value chain actors in hides and skins processing and marketing in Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2015): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v11i2.15.

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The study was designed to investigate the Structure and Performance of value chain actors in hides and skins processing and marketing in Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the structure of hides and skins processing and marketing, estimated the marketing margin and marketing efficiency. One hundred and six respondents were selected from Kano, Anambra and Lagos states for the study. The result of the market structure revealed that there was no barrier to entry and exit of the business of hides and skins processing and marketing. Registration was compulsory for tanners and hides and skins wholesalers while it was optional for ‘pomo’ wholesalers, leather wholesalers and butchers. Though, the registration fee for skins wholesalers was very small (about ₦500), Result of the market performance of hides and skins processing and marketing revealed that the marketing margin for leather final consumer was 48% while that of ‘pomo’ final consumers was about 44%. Marketing efficiency of tanners was about 176% while that of ‘pomo’ wholesalers was 188%. There was high performance in hides and skins processing and marketing in Nigeria. Based on the findings, it was recommended that public or private market information service rendering agencies should be involved in the area of hides and skins processing and marketing in providing reliable and timely information.Keywords: Structure, performance, value chain actors, hides and skins, Nigeria.

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10

Chaudhry, Zafar I., Aga Saiddain, Naveed Sabir, Naeem A. Malik, Sahan Azeem, and Abdul Sajid. "Prevalence of pathological conditions causing skin damage and consequently reducing its market value in domestic ruminants of Punjab, Pakistan." Veterinary Science Development 1, no. 1 (May 16, 2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/vsd.2011.2444.

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Data regarding the prevalence of skin diseases reducing the market value of skins and hides and ultimately refined leather were not available in Pakistan. The current study was conducted in the hide/skin markets and abattoirs of Lahore and Faisalabad and tanneries of Sheikhupura, Kasur and Sialkot. The record of various skin diseases and conditions damaging the skin/hide of cattle, goat and sheep was made. Lesions, extent and type of damage were recorded. A total of 21,671 skins / hides were examined out of which 3918 of skins and 600 hides were examined at the abattoirs of Lahore and Faisalabad, 6784 Skins and 1399 hides at hide markets and 8091 skins and 879 hides at tanneries. Out of total 21,671 skins / hides, 66.12% were normal and 33.88% were having some sort of damage. The data were gathered on questionnaire sheets. The prevalence of skin diseases was assessed through Strata V.9 software program. The correlation of the disease and area was analyzed by the chi-square. The prevalence of various diseases and damages due to mal-management in sheep, goats and cattle has been discussed in detail. The damages in goat skins were significantly less as compared with cattle and sheep. However, the type of defects and severity varied amongst various ruminants studied. The most common damages observed, overall in all species studied were atrophy of skin (Thin skin) 6.38%, followed in descending order observed was lesions of wounds 4.94%, old lesions of pox 4.82%, flaying cuts 3.17%, tick infestation 3.08%, lesions caused by mites infestation 2.45%, scratches 2.33%, lesions caused by warble fly larvae 1.47%, decomposition 1.32%, charr (fibrosis) 1.28%, ringworm infection 1.10%, extensive soiling by dung 0.84%, chronic abscesses 0.46%, and Lice infestation 0.17%.

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11

Flamant, Jean-Claude. "Production of hides, skins, wool and hair." Livestock Production Science 42, no. 1 (April 1995): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(95)90045-4.

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12

U., Bisrat. "Investigation of Major Factors That Cause Skin and Hide Rejection in Ethiopia: The Case of Tanneries in Addis Ababa and Modjo Towns." Journal of Africa Leather and Leather Producuts Advances 1, no. 1 (July 8, 2014): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15677/jallpa.2014.v1i1.7.

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A study was conducted from May 2013 to September 2013 with the objective of identifying the major causes of skin and hide rejection on wet blue skins and hides in AA and Modjo tanneries. A total of 769 rejected skins and hides out of which 272 wet blue sheep skins, 275 goat wet blue skins and 222 cattle hides were examined for the major defects that cause rejection. For sheep skins ekek 110(40.3%), scratch 54(19.9%), wound 54(19.4%), scar 23(8.3%), flay cut, machine defect, and pox each 11(4.2% and putrefaction4(1.4%)) were major causes of sheep skin rejection.. In goats skin, scratch 95(34.7%) was the dominant cause of rejection followed by scar 62(22.7%), ekek 49(18.1%),, flying defect 22(8%) and pox14(5.3%). In cattle hide, putrefaction 98(44.2%), flying cuts 58(26.2%), ekek 33(14.8%),Scratch 20(9%), branding 6(2.5%)were major causes of hide rejection. In sheep skin diseases such as Ekek and scratch caused high rejection of skin and entailed serious economic loss in terms of foreign exchange earning to Ethiopia. Therefore, this main cause of sheep skin rejection and factors that cause rejections should be controlled. where as in goat skins serious issue is scratch responsible for rejection. This study revealed that ekek, scratch, wound and scar, putrefaction and flay cuts were major causes of skin and hide rejection and this suggests out of six major defects four (67%) are pre-slaughter defects and there need to be integrated efforts towards improved livestock extension and husbandry and better health care which are vital issues for production of better quality hide and skin.

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13

CLIPLEF, R. L., and R. M. McKAY. "HIDE THICKNESS OF MARKET-WEIGHT SWINE AS AFFECTED BY LINE AND SEX." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-057.

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Two hundred and eighty purebred boar and gilt carcasses, representing two genetic lines and 143 crossbred boars, barrows, and gilts were measured for hide thickness at three anatomical locations. A breed difference in hide thickness was apparent. Boars had thicker hides than gilts in the purebred carcasses and gilts and barrows in the crossbred carcasses. Gilt carcasses generally had thicker hides than barrow carcasses. Consistent location differences were evident in the purebred carcasses. Key words: Swine, carcasses, hides, skins, thickness, grading

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14

Adebayo, A. G. "The Production and Export of Hides and Skins in Colonial Northern Nigeria, 1900–1945." Journal of African History 33, no. 2 (July 1992): 273–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700032242.

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Despite the seeming abundance of writings on the topic, the depth and breadth of the British raw materials trade with Africa is yet to be fully appreciated. There are commodities, such as cassava starch, animal and dairy products and other less prominent crops, whose exploitation under colonial rule has not been studied; and, with regard to the organization of the export trade, the relationship between the colonial state and metropolitan (industrial and merchant) capital has not been adequately defined. This paper examines the organization of the production and export of hides and skins in colonial Northern Nigeria both to fill a gap in the literature on colonial economic history and to raise questions about the true position of the colonial state vis-à-vis metropolitan capital. Relying on primary source materials, it confirms the importance of hides and skins as a commodity of the pre-colonial caravan trade; and shows that, upon the establishment of British rule over Northern Nigeria, the volume of production and export increased, reaching new and unprecedented peaks during the world wars. Colonialism had a tremendous impact on the hides and skins industry of Northern Nigeria. The colonial state forced the producers to adopt new procedures in flaying, trimming and drying hides and skins, and extended rules of control of markets, minimum standards and compulsory inspection to the industry. In the enforcement of these rules, the state practised double standards, treating African producers and European merchant companies differently. Finally, on the strength of the evidence from the controversy over export duties and railway freight charges, the paper agrees that European merchants and industrialists had unlimited access to, and sometimes prevailed on, the colonial state; but argues that the latter had autonomy in the taking of crucial decisions affecting the economy and commerce of the colony.

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15

Groenman-van Waateringe, W., M. Kilian, and H. van Londen. "The curing of hides and skins in European prehistory." Antiquity 73, no. 282 (December 1999): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00065637.

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Leather, hide and fur were probably the preferred material for all kinds of equipment (tents, bags, pots and drinking vessels) and clothing in prehistory. It is therefore remarkable that our knowledge of this material is so restricted, and its survival even in suitable circumstances very limited. Palynological data and experimental methods attempt to explain this phenomenon.

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16

Haenlein, G. F. W. "Report of all India survey on raw hides and skins." Small Ruminant Research 12, no. 2 (November 1993): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(93)90088-y.

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17

Agbaji, A. S., and E. B. Agbaji. "Moisture sorption isotherms of some Nigerian hides, skins and leather." Journal of Stored Products Research 25, no. 1 (February 1989): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-474x(89)90009-x.

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18

Li, Kai, Hui Chen, Yajuan Wang, Zhihua Shan, Jeff Yang, and Patrick Brutto. "A salt-free pickling regime for hides and skins using oxazolidine." Journal of Cleaner Production 17, no. 17 (November 2009): 1603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.06.004.

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19

Cross, Robin H. "The Role of Microscopy in Quality Control, Litigation and Forensic Studies of Hides, Skins and Leather." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600028427.

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The economic importance of animal hides and skins as the source material for the natural leather industry is significant world-wide, and in some countries of the developing world the livelihood of a large proportion of the population depends upon it. Consequently, it is understandable that anything affecting the quality of the source material and the finished product has major economic, industrial and sociological significance. It is also inevitable that a product that is so widely-used in many ways by most of the population will become an important source of evidence in forensic investigations.Quality control procedures in the leather industry involve monitoring the progress of the hides and skins from the growth stages of the animal, through the slaughter, storage, transportation, curing, tanning and finishing processes, to the sale and distribution of the finished product. There are many factors during these stages that can affect quality of finished leather, amongst the most important of which are mechanical and parasite damage during growth, biodeterioration and mechanical damage between slaughter and curing, mechanical, heat and chemical damage during curing, tanning and finishing.

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20

Khandelwal, Harish B., Snehal V. More, K. M. Kalal, and R. Seeta Laxman. "Eco-friendly enzymatic dehairing of skins and hides by C. brefeldianus protease." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 17, no. 2 (July 6, 2014): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0791-y.

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21

Tamil Selvi, A., V. Brindha, N. Vedaraman, J. Kanagaraj, V. John Sundar, Yasmin Khambhaty, and P. Saravanan. "Eco-friendly curing of hides/ skins using phyto based Citrus limon leaves paste." Journal of Cleaner Production 247 (February 2020): 119117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119117.

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22

Agbaji, A. S., and E. B. Agbaji. "Influence of temperature on moisture sorption isotherms of nigerian hides, skins and leathers." Journal of Stored Products Research 26, no. 2 (April 1990): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-474x(90)90005-d.

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23

Calin, Mariana, Iuliana Raut, Mihaela Doni, Elvira Alexandrescu, Gabriela Macovescu, Melania Liliana Arsene, Ana Maria Gurban, Gelu Vasilescu, and Luiza Jecu. "The Potential of Keratinolytic Fungi for Biotechnological Applications in Leather Manufacture." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 9 (October 15, 2019): 3152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.9.7506.

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Keratinophilic fungi are present in soil as decomposers of keratinous substrates, while keratinolytic fungi have the capacity to decompose native keratin, the insoluble fibrous proteins from living organism. Keratin materials, especially by-products from food industry and animal husbandry must be harnessed through innovative, non-polluting and low-cost solutions. The nonpathogenic keratinolytic fungal species produce extracellular keratinases which have many and various applications, one being in leather industry where dehairing process of skin and hides require keratinolytic activity. The present study investigates the biodegradative potential of selected keratinolytic fungal microorganisms expressed towards different types of animal skins. The ability of Fusarium sp. 1 A strain to produce keratinase with a good activity towards animal skins was confirmed. These results suggest that after further studies, Fusarium sp.1A could play an important role in processing of animal wastes.

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24

Zungum, I. U., T. S. Imam, B. Benjamin, A. Moisule, M. G. Daya, T. Abubakar, Z. M. Bala, and D. D. Peter. "In Vitro Assay of Bacterial Load on Some Ruminant Hide and Skin from North Western Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 8 (September 9, 2020): 1425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i8.18.

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Consumption of meat is considered a vital source of essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals which makes it a critical dietary requirement for humans and other organisms. However, in Sub Saharan Africa, despite accounting for a large chunk of livestock production, it is in short supply due to poverty and cultural practices. Hence, encourages the demand and consumption of other meat products such as singed ruminant hide and skin. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of singeing on bacterial population of hides and skin of cattle, camel, goat and sheep sold for human consumption in the seven North-western states of Nigeria using standard methods. Data obtained for the bacteria load showed that the highest mean count for singed hides and skins of cattle, camel, goat and sheep mean log10 CFU/g;5.10±0.13, 5.08±0.10, 5.06±0.05 and 5.05±0.09 respectively which were less than the unsigned (control), mean log10 CFU/g5.71±0.02, 5.70±0.03, 5.71±0.02 and 5.69±0.08. The high occurrence ofbacteria was slightly within unacceptable limits for the ruminant hides and skin sampleslog10 CFU/g; cattle: 5.22 camel: 5.19, goat: 5.23 and sheep: 5.19. This require urgent mitigation as it is slightly contaminated. However, the lower bacterial counts taken for ruminant sampleslog10 CFU/g; cattle: 4.82, camel: 4.83, goat: 4.84 and sheep: 4.79 were all within the marginal acceptable standard. Succinctly, 60% of the ruminant hides and skin samples require correctional measures whereas, 40% were out rightly contaminated. Hence, urgent action is needed across the abattoirs of Northwestern states of Nigeria to curtail the tide of unsafe hides and skin consumptions. Conclusively, the study established as thus; significantly, Singeing reduces (p < 0.05) the bacterial load on ruminant hides and skin and all samples were considerably high and exceeding the WHO satisfactory level. Keywords:Hide and skin, Ruminant, Meat, Singeing, Abattoir and Northwestern Nigeria

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25

Lawal, A., and C. Odums. "Tanning of Different Animal Skins/Hides and Study of Their Properties for Textile Application." British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 5, no. 6 (January 10, 2015): 588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/12938.

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26

Kanagaraj, J., N. K. Chandra Babu, S. Sadulla, G. Suseela Rajkumar, V. Visalakshi, and N. Chandra Kumar. "Cleaner techniques for the preservation of raw goat skins." Journal of Cleaner Production 9, no. 3 (June 2001): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-6526(00)00060-3.

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27

Birbir, Meral, Pinar Caglayan, and Yasar Birbir. "The Destructive Effects of Extremely Halophilic Archaeal Strains on Sheepskins, and Proposals for Remedial Curing Processes : Use of sterile brine or direct electric current to prevent red heat damage on salted sheepskins." Johnson Matthey Technology Review 64, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651320x15943793010464.

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Proteolytic and lipolytic extremely halophilic archaea found in curing salt may contaminate skins during the brine curing process and damage skin structure. In the present study, three proteolytic and lipolytic extremely halophilic archaea were isolated from deteriorated salted sheepskins and characterised using conventional and molecular methods. Each test strain (Haloarcula salaria AT1, Halobacterium salinarum 22T6, Haloarcula tradensis 7T3), a mixed culture of these strains and the mixed culture treated with 1.5 A direct current (DC) were used for brine curing processes of fresh sheepskins and examined during 47 days of storage to evaluate the degree of destruction wreaked by these microorganisms. Both organoleptic properties and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of sheepskins proved that each separate test strain and the mixed culture caused serious damage. However, the mixed culture of strains treated with electric current did not damage sheepskin structure. Therefore, we highly recommend sterilisation of brine using DC to prevent archaeal damage on cured hides and skins in the leather industry.

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Fiddyment, Sarah, Bruce Holsinger, Chiara Ruzzier, Alexander Devine, Annelise Binois, Umberto Albarella, Roman Fischer, et al. "Animal origin of 13th-century uterine vellum revealed using noninvasive peptide fingerprinting." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 49 (November 23, 2015): 15066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512264112.

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Tissue-thin parchment made it possible to produce the first pocket Bibles: Thousands were made in the 13th century. The source of this parchment, often called “uterine vellum,” has been a long-standing controversy in codicology. Use of the Latin term abortivum in many sources has led some scholars to suggest that the skin of fetal calves or sheep was used. Others have argued that it would not be possible to sustain herds if so many pocket Bibles were produced from fetal skins, arguing instead for unexpected alternatives, such as rabbit. Here, we report a simple and objective technique using standard conservation treatments to identify the animal origin of parchment. The noninvasive method is a variant on zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS) peptide mass fingerprinting but extracts protein from the parchment surface by using an electrostatic charge generated by gentle rubbing of a PVC eraser on the membrane surface. Using this method, we analyzed 72 pocket Bibles originating in France, England, and Italy and 293 additional parchment samples that bracket this period. We found no evidence for the use of unexpected animals; however, we did identify the use of more than one mammal species in a single manuscript, consistent with the local availability of hides. These results suggest that ultrafine vellum does not necessarily derive from the use of abortive or newborn animals with ultrathin hides, but could equally well reflect a production process that allowed the skins of maturing animals of several species to be rendered into vellum of equal quality and fineness.

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Oduye, O. O. "Prevalence of Bovine Demodecosis in Northern Nigeria and its Possible Economic Effect of Animal Production." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 1, no. 2 (January 5, 2021): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v1i2.1969.

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The prevalence and importance of bovine dermatoses was studied by means of field surveys over a two year period. Demodecosis, a parasitic disease caused by a manage mite, Demodex folliculorum bovis, is the second most common and important skin disease of cattle in Northern Nigeria. The disease is less common in well managed government-owned herds than in local herds. About 3% of the 10 million cattle population of Northern Nigeria are affected by this disease which is responsible for downgrading of hides and skins. It is conservatively estimated that the disease is responsible for an annual loss of about N300,000 to the hide and skin industries.

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Sivasubramanian, S., B. Murali Manohar, A. Rajaram, and R. Puvanakrishnan. "Ecofriendly lime and sulfide free enzymatic dehairing of skins and hides using a bacterial alkaline protease." Chemosphere 70, no. 6 (January 2008): 1015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.036.

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Pohland, Georg, and Peter Mullen. "Preservation agents influence UV-coloration of plumage in museum bird skins." Journal of Ornithology 147, no. 3 (December 6, 2005): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-005-0038-0.

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Khan, Wahiduzzaman. "Leather Industry in Bangladesh: Opportunities and Challenges." American Journal of Trade and Policy 1, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v1i3.373.

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Leather is a unique commodity that links grassroots villages with high societies and traditional practices with emerging technologies. For many developing countries, leather and leather manufacturers constitute an indispensable and dependable source for export trade and foreign exchange earnings. For Bangladesh, leather is a high priority industrial sector and footwear exports, an extreme focus area. Bangladesh has, just few decades since Independence, made significant gains from the leather trade, progressing from the status of an exporter of 90% plus raw hides and skins to that of an exporter and predominantly leather product manufacturer. However, there is little systematic research into this sector. This study is trying to address the research gap by seeking to understand the current status, problems and prospect of leather industry in Bangladesh.

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Bordignon, Adriana Cristina, Maria Luiza Rodrigues de Souza, Eliane Gasparino, Edson Minoru Yajima, Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer, and Elenice Souza dos Reis Goes. "Characterization of gelatins from Nile tilapia skins preserved by freezing and salting." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6 (August 29, 2019): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2581.

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After Nile tilapia skin was preserved using the methods of freezing and dry salting, characteristics of skin gelatin were evaluated with regard to yield, rheological features and physical and chemical properties. Preservation was performed after filleting, at which time skins were either frozen (-18°C) for 7 days or salted (25°C) for 7 days. Although no differences (p > 0.05) were observed with respect to humidity, protein, lipid, ash and calcium levels, gelatin from salted skins had a higher concentration of iron relative to frozen skins. Further, twenty-three fatty acids were detected in salted skins compared with merely three found in skin derived gelatin. Of amino acids found, glycine, alanine, proline and arginine were the most abundant. Hydroxyproline abundance in salted and frozen skin gelatin were 8.76% and 8.71%, respectively. In addition, salted skin gelatins had a greater accumulation of saturated fatty acids and lower rates of monounsaturated fatty acids. Salted skin gelatin had the highest yield (18g × 100g-1), gel strength (200 g) and viscosity (19.02mPas) when compared to the yield (17g × 100g-1), gel strength (12.7g) and viscosity (9.16 mPas) of frozen skins. Results show that gelatin from dry salted skin had the best yield and also had relatively better rheological properties, more iron, and better coloration relative to gelatin obtained from frozen skins of Nile tilapia.

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Vinodhkumar, Marudhamuthu, Velappan Brindha, James Kanagaraj, Alagumuthu Tamilselvi, and Sayeed Sadulla. "Phyto-Based Preservation of Raw Skins for Salinity Reduction in Tannery Wastewater." Leather and Footwear Journal 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/lfj.16.2.3.

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Amistu, Kuma, and Assefa Feleke. "Study of the status of collection, utilization and marketing of hides and skins in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 9, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2016.0813.

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Ciavatta, Claudio, Chiara Manoli, Luciano Cavani, Clizia Franceschi, and Paolo Sequi. "Chromium-Containing Organic Fertilizers from Tanned Hides and Skins: A Review on Chemical, Environmental, Agronomical and Legislative Aspects." Journal of Environmental Protection 03, no. 11 (2012): 1532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2012.311169.

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de la Teja, Jesús F. "St. James at the Fair: Religious Ceremony, Civic Boosterism, and Commercial Development on the Colonial Mexican Frontier." Americas 57, no. 3 (January 2001): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2001.0021.

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Every year a fair is held in the last days of September at which not only the inhabitants of Saltillo provision themselves for the entire year, but also those of the Kingdom of Nuevo León, Coahuila, Texas, and a great part of the colony of Santander as well. They come to sell wool, deer skins, salt, mules, and some other products that those places produce, and return with clothes, tanned hides, soap, saddles, and a variety of foodstuffs that come from Michoacán and Nueva Galicia, such as rice, sugar, chickpeas, and other commodities harvested in those lands. As a result, Saltillo has become a sort of warehouse, where the neighboring provinces provision themselves not only at fair time, but where they come between-times to stock themselves of those articles that they lack, which are considerable because of the impossibility of preserving them in such hot places.

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M L, Revanna. "Problems of Industrialization Mysore -1914 -1918." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, S1-Feb (February 6, 2021): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8is1-feb.3962.

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During the First World War period, despite the best efforts by the Government of Mysore it was difficult to start and run many industries which required large -scale import of machineries. The First World War had broken the regular commercial traffic between Europe, the Mediterranean and India. On the one hand, the state escaped from the reckless floatation of companies that characterized the boom that followed the war, but some capital was invested in shares in outside companies. However as far as the investment in the new industries was concerned, capital was certainly shy in Mysore during the warperiod1. This situation continued even in the early twenties. Even during 1921-22, business conditions continued to be unfavorable throughout the year. Heavy losses were sustained by per-sons engaged in the business of piece-goods, timber, hides and skins and to a certain extent in food grains.

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Kanagaraj, J., T. P. Sastry, and C. Rose. "Effective preservation of raw goat skins for the reduction of total dissolved solids." Journal of Cleaner Production 13, no. 9 (July 2005): 959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.05.001.

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Kuttalam, Iyappan, Vedaraman Nagarajan, and Suguna Lonchin. "An eco-friendly saltless method of preservation of skins using A. marmelos extract." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 19 (April 16, 2020): 23707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08633-3.

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41

Sullivan, Shannon. "Pragmatist Feminism as Ecological Ontology: Reflections onLiving Across and Through Skins." Hypatia 17, no. 4 (2002): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2002.tb01081.x.

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In my response to the comments of Vincent Colapietro, Charlene Seigfried, and Gail Weiss on Living Across and Through Skins (Sullivan 2001), I explain pragmatist feminism as an ecological ontology that understands bodies and environments as dynamically co-constitutive. I then discuss the relationship of pragmatist feminism to phenomenology, psychoanalysis, Nietzschean genealogy, and Darwinian evolutionary theory. Some of the specific concepts I examine include the anonymous body, the bodying organism, truth as transactional flourishing, and the preservation of racial and ethnic categories.

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Fratini, Alessandra, and Mariacristina Bottino. "The “Eco–leather” Claim: The Urgent Need for a Mandatory Labelling System for Leather Products at EU Level." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 2 (June 2016): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005857.

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Leather is one of the most efficient, natural and renewable resource, a unique and highly versatile material which contributes to the quality of everyday life and has done so for centuries. Due to its resilience, comfort and beauty, leather has played an important role since the beginning of times in satisfying man's clothing and decorative needs. Technically speaking, leather is a fundamental output of the leather tanning industry. Tanneries recover the hides and skins that are discarded by-products of the food industry producing meat for human consumption and convert them into leather, a stable material with a wide range of applications in downstream sectors of the consumer goods industry. Footwear, garment, furniture, automotive and leather goods industries are the most important outlets for EU tanners’ production. More specifically, the footwear Directive provides a definition of “leather”, which reserves the use of the word and its synonyms to products resulting from the processing of animal remains that retain the natural structure of the fibres undamaged.

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Шамин, Евгений, Evgeniy Shamin, Галина Новикова, Galina Novikova, Ольга Михайлова, Ol'ga Mihaylova, Петр Зайцев, et al. "MICROWAVE INSTALLATIONS WITH NON-TRADITIONAL RESONATORS FOR COLLECTING FUR FROM RABBITS’ SKIN." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b3509e018cc44.33539650.

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The paper describes the developed ultrahigh-frequency installations with toroidal and conical resonators used for separating rabbits’ fur from hides providing high electric field strength, continuity of the technological process while observing radio-tightness and improving the quality of fluff by improving microwave technology and ultra-high-frequency installations. The technological process of collecting hair from rabbits’ skins in a microwave device with toroidal resonators is due to the weakening of the retention of the hair cover in hair follicles during the selective dielectric heating of the components of the skin and the spraying of the brine. In a biconical resonator, it is possible to obtain the highest possible high quality factor due to small longitudinal currents in the walls. The presence of gaps in the outermost regions provides the ability to move the skin through the internal cavity of the biconical resonator, where the emitters are located in the region of its maximum diameter.

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Antipova, L. V., S. A. Storublevtsev, M. A. Piskova, and Yu Z. Himishev. "Protein of fish origin – a source of health and beauty." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 4 (March 21, 2019): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-4-138-144.

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This article is devoted to the study of collagen-containing raw materials and obtained collagen substances. Histomorphological analysis was carried out, which resulted in data on the presence of collagen in animal and fish raw materials, but characterized by a loose structure and a smaller thickness of fibers in the case of fish skins. Studies of the fractional composition showed that the predominant fraction is alkali-soluble, which include collagen proteins. The obtained dispersion of collagen fibers of the hides of inland water bodies and split leather from cattle hides. Dispersions are similar in properties, but have some differences associated with structural features. The materials obtained for the food, cosmetic and medical industries meet the principles of rational nature management and are economically viable.New ideas about the role of collagen in nutrition, the creation of original products, the need to develop unconventional and improve existing technologies of collagen substances of various functionalities, require the implementation of approaches to ensure maximum transformation of collagen-containing resources into human products, materials and tools.New ideas about the role of collagen in nutrition, the creation of original products, the need to develop unconventional and improve existing technologies of collagen substances of various functionalities, require the implementation of approaches to ensure maximum transformation of collagen-containing resources into human products, materials and tools.In terms of sanctions of the European Union, the United States and supporters, reducing the import of natural polymer-film coatings, finding new sources of film coatings for the food surface is most appropriate.

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Мухиддинов, Анваридин, Anvaridin Muhiddinov, Анатолий Попов, Anatoly Popov, Руслан Бобоходжаев, Ruslan Bobohojaev, Идибой Шарипов, Idiboy Sharipov, Михаил Сорочкин, and Mikhail Sorochkin. "The Pamir Yaks of North Tajikistan: Specifics of Hide Formation." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 48, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2018-4-157-164.

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In all animals, the hide mass increases together with live body weight. At the age of 6 months and 3 years, the total weight of yak hide is almost two times higher than in other cattle. At 6 months, the thickness of yak hide in all topographical points exceeds that of cowhide by almost two times. By one and three years, the difference in the reference point disappears. However, the neck and the bellous hides of yak remain 25–40% thicker, and the skin area of other breeds of cattle exceeds that of yak at all ages by 35–40%. For the yaks of the Aininks Region, the optimal hide removal period is from birth to 3–4 years. For the animals over 4 years old, the hide yield by weight becomes relatively low. As far as thickness uniformity is concerned, the best skins for leather processing are those obtained from yaks under 3 years old, since they have the lowest degree of slackness. As for the chemical composition, the moisture of yak hide is 2.0–2.5% higher and the hide substance is 7.0–18.5% lower than in cowhide. This is, probably, connected with a certain reserve of water, or the so-called “depot moisture”, in the skin of the animal. For all age periods, the moisture of the bellous yak hides is lower and fat content is by 1.5–2.2% higher than in other topographical areas. Apparently, this is due to the thermal adaptation of animals to the habitat conditions.

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46

George, S., V. Raju, M. R. V. Krishnan, T. V. Subramanian, and Kunthala Jayaraman. "Production of protease by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in solid-state fermentation and its application in the unhairing of hides and skins." Process Biochemistry 30, no. 5 (January 1995): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-9592(94)00034-4.

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47

Never, Zekeya, China Cecilia, Mbwana Suleimain, and Mtambo Madundo. "Dehairing of animal hides and skins by alkaline proteases of Aspergillus oryzae for efficient processing to leather products in Tanzania." African Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 20 (May 15, 2019): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2019.16752.

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48

Зиганшин, Булат, Bulat Ziganshin, Евгений Шамин, Evgeniy Shamin, Галина Новикова, Galina Novikova, Евгений Белов, and Evgeniy Belov. "TECHNOLOGY OF RABBIT’S FUR PROCESSING." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 12, no. 3 (January 11, 2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a1d960149f6f0.71270472.

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Analyzed shadowy the method of keeping rabbits, the design of cells. Developed two technologies of processing of skins of rabbits with use of energy of electromagnetic radiation. The first technology involves the drying skins of rabbits on pravicah in the electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency (MPSVC). Designed installation can provide periodic or continuous mode of operation. The second technology involves separating the fur from the leather hides of rabbits with the simultaneous rychle-tion, beating and separating fibres from bunches. Discusses the design of facilities that implement these technologies of processing of skins of rabbits. The sequence of development of technological process of heat treatment of fur raw materials: a study of the shapes and sizes surround the cavity of the microwave generator; the development of modes of processing of raw materials; selection of equipment and controls. Taking into account the structural features of the device, intended for primary processing of wool, developed by the working chamber of the microwave unit that provides the melting of the skin, breaking and separation of the fibers from the fur of fried dross. The working chamber is made in the form of a rotating perforated cylinder containing the inner side surface of the special pins. On the vertical axis of the cylinder, the shaft. On the shaft wearing the stationary pipe, the outer surface of which also has pins. The cylinder is coaxially installed in the cylindrical shielding housing containing an inlet for pneumatic transport fur squares. On the upper base of the body has a generator and the drum dispenser of raw materials. Proposed operational-technological scheme of processing of fur raw materials using electromagnetic fields of ultrahigh frequency. Analyzed electrical parameters of the components of raw materials. One of the proposed variants of the working chamber of the microwave installation, ensuring continuous operation. The working chamber is made as a coaxial screen-roumega housing, the perforated cylinder with pegs and hollow pipe with pegs, inside of which a shaft for rotation of the cylinder.

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Sundar, John, and Chellappa Muralidharan. "Total salinity elimination during preservation of animal skins: a sustainable approach through benign alternatives." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 32 (September 10, 2019): 32891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06405-2.

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50

Xu, Wei, Li Fen Hao, Qiu Feng An, and Lei Zhou. "Minimization of the Environmental Impact of Leather Processing: A Benign and Enzyme-Based Integrated Leather Processing Technology." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1614.

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Traditional leather processing posed great threat to the environment due to its numerous do-undo procedures and use of tremendous amount of chemicals, especially toxic reagents such as sulfides, lime, ammonium salts, etc. To minimize the pollution loads and avoid using unsafe substances in leather manufacturing, an enzyme-based dehairing and fiber opening, silicate pretreating, liming-deliming-bating free chrome tanning and post-tanning integrated leather processing technology has been achieved using biocatalysts for goatskins under slight basic condition. It has been found that the extent of hair removal, opening up of fiber bundles and shrinkage temperatures of crust leather are comparable to that produced by traditional methods. Scanning electron microscopic analysis, determination of physical-mechanical properties and organoleptic evaluation further verify that performance of the leathers is on par with conventionally processed leathers. Most important is that, reductions in water consumption, wastewater discharge, COD and TS loads are in the order of 60% when compared to conventional leather processing. Thus, the developed leather manufacturing technology offers immense potential for greener production of skins and hides to leather coupled with environmental excellence.

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