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Journal articles on the topic 'Hierarchical porous network'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Rigby, Sean P., Muayad Hasan, Lee Stevens, Huw E. L. Williams, and Robin S. Fletcher. "Determination of Pore Network Accessibility in Hierarchical Porous Solids." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56, no. 50 (December 6, 2017): 14822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04659.

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2

Luan, Yuting, Lei Wang, Shien Guo, Baojiang Jiang, Dongdong Zhao, Haijing Yan, Chungui Tian, and Honggang Fu. "A hierarchical porous carbon material from a loofah sponge network for high performance supercapacitors." RSC Advances 5, no. 53 (2015): 42430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05688h.

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High surface area, hierarchical porous carbon materials were obtained by carbonization and activation process of the loofah sponge. The porous carbon materials with good conductivity exhibit high energy density and power density.
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3

Tan, Kwan Wee, Byungki Jung, Jörg G. Werner, Elizabeth R. Rhoades, Michael O. Thompson, and Ulrich Wiesner. "Transient laser heating induced hierarchical porous structures from block copolymer–directed self-assembly." Science 349, no. 6243 (July 2, 2015): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0492.

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Development of rapid processes combining hierarchical self-assembly with mesoscopic shape control has remained a challenge. This is particularly true for high-surface-area porous materials essential for applications including separation and detection, catalysis, and energy conversion and storage. We introduce a simple and rapid laser writing method compatible with semiconductor processing technology to control three-dimensionally continuous hierarchically porous polymer network structures and shapes. Combining self-assembly of mixtures of block copolymers and resols with spatially localized transient laser heating enables pore size and pore size distribution control in all-organic and highly conducting inorganic carbon films with variable thickness. The method provides all-laser-controlled pathways to complex high-surface-area structures, including fabrication of microfluidic devices with high-surface-area channels and complex porous crystalline semiconductor nanostructures.
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4

Ma, Tian Yi, Tie Zhen Ren, and Zhong Yong Yuan. "Synthesis and Photocatalytic Performance of Hierarchical Porous Titanium Phosphonate Hybrid Materials." Advanced Materials Research 132 (August 2010): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.132.87.

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A hierarchical meso-/macroporous titanium phosphonate (TPPH) hybrid material was prepared via a simple surfactant-assisted process with the use of the precursor tetrabutyl titanate and 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid. The prepared hybrid TPPH presented amorphous phase, exhibiting a hierarchical macroporous structure composed of mesopores with a pore size of 2.0 nm. The BET surface area is 256 m2/g. The hydroxyethylidene-bridged organophosphonate groups were homogeneously incorporated in the network of the hierarchical porous solid, as revealed by FT-IR, MAS NMR, XPS, and TGA measurements. The optical properties and photocatalytic activity of the hierarchical TPPH material were investigated in comparison with those of hierarchical porous titanium phosphate and pure mesoporous titania materials, showing superiority of the inorganic-organic hybrid framework, suggesting promising photocatalysts for wastewater cleanup.
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Liu, Qingzhao, Tao Xue, Lina Yang, Xiaoxia Hu, and Haiyan Du. "Controllable synthesis of hierarchical porous mullite fiber network for gas filtration." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 36, no. 7 (June 2016): 1691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.01.037.

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Song, Yan, He Wang, Qianli Ma, Dan Li, Jinxian Wang, Guixia Liu, Ying Yang, Xiangting Dong, and Wensheng Yu. "3D nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon framework for protecting sulfur cathode in lithium–sulfur batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 24 (2019): 9641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj01017c.

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7

Xu, Zili, Fangfang Zhang, Weiran Lin, and Haining Zhang. "Polymer network-derived nitrogen/sulphur co-doped three-dimensionally interconnected hierarchically porous carbon for oxygen reduction, lithium-ion battery, and supercapacitor." RSC Advances 9, no. 63 (2019): 36570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07619k.

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8

Liu, Lili, Haipeng Guo, Yuyang Hou, Jun Wang, Lijun Fu, Jun Chen, Huakun Liu, Jiazhao Wang, and Yuping Wu. "A 3D hierarchical porous Co3O4 nanotube network as an efficient cathode for rechargeable lithium–oxygen batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 28 (2017): 14673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03553e.

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9

Liang, Yeru, Luyi Chen, Dongyang Zhuang, Hao Liu, Ruowen Fu, Mingqiu Zhang, Dingcai Wu, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Fabrication and nanostructure control of super-hierarchical carbon materials from heterogeneous bottlebrushes." Chemical Science 8, no. 3 (2017): 2101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc03961h.

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Super-hierarchical carbons with a unique carbonaceous hybrid nanotube-interconnected porous network were fabricated by utilizing well-defined carbon nanotube@polystyrene bottlebrushes as building blocks.
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10

Zhao, Yuhang, Ping Liu, Xiaodong Zhuang, Dongqing Wu, Fan Zhang, and Yuezeng Su. "Ionothermally synthesized hierarchical porous Schiff-base-type polymeric networks with ultrahigh specific surface area for supercapacitors." RSC Advances 7, no. 32 (2017): 19934–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra01203a.

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A hierarchical porous polymeric network (HPPN) with ultrahigh specific surface area up to 2870 m2 g−1 was synthesized via a one-step ionothermal synthesis method without using templates.
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11

Hyun, Gayea, Jun Tae Song, Changui Ahn, Youngjin Ham, Donghwi Cho, Jihun Oh, and Seokwoo Jeon. "Hierarchically porous Au nanostructures with interconnected channels for efficient mass transport in electrocatalytic CO2reduction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 11 (March 4, 2020): 5680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918837117.

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Electrocatalytic CO2reduction is a promising way to provide renewable energy from gaseous CO2. The development of nanostructures improves energy efficiency and selectivity for value-added chemicals, but complex nanostructures limit the CO2conversion rates due to poor mass transport during vigorous electrolysis. Herein, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchically porous Au comprising interconnected macroporous channels (200–300 nm) and nanopores (∼10 nm) fabricated via proximity-field nanopatterning. The interconnected macropores and nanopores enable efficient mass transport and large active areas, respectively. The roles of each pore network are investigated using reliable 3D nanostructures possessing controlled pore distribution and size. The hierarchical nanostructured electrodes show a high CO selectivity of 85.8% at a low overpotential of 0.264 V and efficient mass activity that is maximum 3.96 times higher than that of dealloyed nanoporous Au. Hence, the systematic model study shows the proposed hierarchical nanostructures have important value in increasing the efficiency of expensive Au.
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12

Liao, Hsueh-Chung, Cheng-Si Tsao, Meng-Huan Jao, Jing-Jong Shyue, Che-Pu Hsu, Yu-Ching Huang, Kuo-Yo Tian, Charn-Yin Chen, Chun-Jen Su, and Wei-Fang Su. "Hierarchical i–p and i–n porous heterojunction in planar perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 19 (2015): 10526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02184g.

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A hierarchical pore network is discovered in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell, which forms an i–p or i–n porous heterojunction with infiltrated hole transporting materials or electron transporting materials, respectively.
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13

Egashira, Naomichi, Kazuya Yamamoto, and Jun-ichi Kadokawa. "Enzymatic grafting of amylose on chitin nanofibers for hierarchical construction of controlled microstructures." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 21 (2017): 3279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00521k.

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In this study, controlled microstructures were constructed by enzymatic grafting on amidinium chitin nanofibers, followed by lyophilisation, which were changed from network to porous morphologies depending on the molecular weights of amylose graft chains.
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14

Moon, Su-Young, Eunkyung Jeon, Jae-Sung Bae, Mi-Kyoung Park, Chan Kim, Do Young Noh, Eunji Lee, and Ji-Woong Park. "Thermo-processable covalent scaffolds with reticular hierarchical porosity and their high efficiency capture of carbon dioxide." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 28 (2015): 14871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02938d.

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15

Li, Xuequan, Baisheng Huang, Cuicui Qiu, Zhou Li, Li-Hua Shao, and Hong Liu. "Hierarchical nested-network porous copper fabricated by one-step dealloying for glucose sensing." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 681 (October 2016): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.217.

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16

Wang, Dan, Kang-Hui Tian, Jie Wang, Zhi-Yuan Wang, Shao-Hua Luo, Yan-Guo Liu, Qing Wang, Ya-Hui Zhang, Ai-Min Hao, and Ting-Feng Yi. "Sulfur-doped 3D hierarchical porous carbon network toward excellent potassium-ion storage performance." Rare Metals 40, no. 9 (April 20, 2021): 2464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12598-021-01715-2.

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17

Yu, Yong Ze, Zhen Zhong Han, Ying Liu, Shu Hui Fang, Yuan Yuan Liu, and Qing Xi Hu. "Fabrication of 3D Hierarchical Scaffolds by a Hybrid Process Combining Low-Temperature Deposition and Electrospinning." Key Engineering Materials 522 (August 2012): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.522.117.

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An ideal scaffold should mimic the morphology of the natural extracellular matrix and have good mechanical properties and biologically functional. So, the key point of fabricating of scaffolds is to realize the composition of scaffolds by materials having different physical and biological properties and control porous structure accurately. In this study, we propose a novel technology combining a low-temperature deposition, electrospinning process and freeze-drying to produce a hierarchical 3D biomedical scaffold consisting of micro-sized highly porous chitosan-gelatin strands and nanosized PCL fibers network. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the scaffold composed of parallel aligned micro-strands in a grid-like arrangement layer by layer, along the thickness direction intercalated by a network with randomly distributed nanofibers. The stand of macro-scaffold composed of natural-derived biomaterials and nanofibers composed of synthetic biomaterials were bonded together firmly to form a stable network structure.
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18

Deng, Wei, Xufeng Zhou, Qile Fang, and Zhaoping Liu. "A bifunctional hierarchical porous carbon network integrated with an in situ formed ultrathin graphene shell for stable lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 26 (2017): 13674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta01291h.

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A bifunctional sulfur host integrating graphene shell and hierarchical porous carbon network is fabricated to enhance conductivity of sulfur and block shuttle of sulfides simultaneously. The resultant cathode possesses high areal sulfur loading, excellent cyclic stability, and improved anti-self-discharge capability.
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19

Zhang, Liwei, Peng He, Kunkun Song, Jingxiang Zhang, Baoqiang Zhang, Ruixian Huang, and Qiangqiang Zhang. "Three-Dimensional Graphene Hybrid SiO2 Hierarchical Dual-Network Aerogel with Low Thermal Conductivity and High Elasticity." Coatings 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050455.

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We describe lightweight three-dimensional (3D) graphene hybrid SiO2 aerogels (GSAs) with hierarchically robust interconnected networks fabricated via an in situ deposition procedure after a hydrothermal assembling strategy with graphene oxide sheets. The nano-/micron-thick SiO2 coating conformably grew over porous graphene templates with two constituents (e.g., graphene and SiO2) and formed chemically bonded interfaces. In addition, it significantly refined the primary graphene pores by hundreds of microns into smaller porous patterns. Studies of its mechanical properties verified that the graphene interframework made the ceramic composites elastic, while SiO2 deposition enhanced the strength required it to resist deformation. The higher SiO2 contents resulted in lower elasticity but larger strength because of the apparent nanosize effect of SiO2 ceramic thickness; GSAs with a density of 82.3–250.3 mg/cm3 (corresponding to SiO2 sol with concentration ranging from 5 to 20 wt %) could reach a good balance of strength and elasticity. Benefiting from hierarchical micronetworks consisting of semiclosed or closed pores, GSAs offer excellent thermal-insulation performance, with thermal conductivity as low as 0.026 W/(m·K). GSAs offer improved fire-resistant capacity rather than that of pure carbon-based aerogels via the synergic protection of SiO2 ceramic accretion. This highlights the promising applications of GSAs as lightweight thermal-shielding candidates for industrial equipment, civil architectures, and defense transportation vehicles.
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20

Gong, Haibo, Jephte Agustin, David Wootton, and Jack G. Zhou. "Biomimetic design and fabrication of porous chitosan–gelatin liver scaffolds with hierarchical channel network." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 25, no. 1 (October 12, 2013): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-5061-8.

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21

Sadeghi, Mohammad Amin, Mahmoudreza Aghighi, Jake Barralet, and Jeff T. Gostick. "Pore network modeling of reaction-diffusion in hierarchical porous particles: The effects of microstructure." Chemical Engineering Journal 330 (December 2017): 1002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.139.

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22

Chang, Po-Hsueh, Hua-Pei Hsu, Szu-Chen Wu, and Cheng-Hsiung Peng. "Synthesis and Formation Mechanism of Limestone-Derived Porous Rod Hierarchical Ca-based Metal–Organic Framework for Efficient CO2 Capture." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 26, 2020): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194297.

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Limestone is a relatively abundant and low-cost material used for producing calcium oxide as a CO2 adsorbent. However, the CO2 capture capacity of limestone decreases rapidly after multiple carbonation/calcination cycles. To improve the CO2 capture performance, we developed a process using limestone to transform the material into a rod Ca-based metal–organic framework (Ca-MOF) via a hydrothermal process with the assistance of acetic acid and terephthalic acid (H2BDC). The structural formation of rod Ca-MOF may result from the (200) face-oriented attachment growth of Ca-MOF sheets. Upon heat treatment, a highly stable porous rod network with a calcined Ca-MOF-O structure was generated with a pore distribution of 50–100 nm, which allowed the rapid diffusion of CO2 into the interior of the sorbent and enhanced the CO2 capture capacity with high multiple carbonation–calcination cycle stability compared to limestone alone at the intermediate temperature of 450 °C. The CO2 capture capacity of the calcined porous Ca-MOF-O network reached 52 wt% with a CO2 capture stability of 80% after 10 cycles. The above results demonstrated that rod Ca-MOF can be synthesized from a limestone precursor to form a porous network structure as a CO2 capture sorbent to improve CO2 capture performance at an intermediate temperature, thus suggesting its potential in environmental applications.
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23

Cheng, Yongliang, Liang Huang, Xu Xiao, Bin Yao, Zhimi Hu, Tianqi Li, Kang Liu, and Jun Zhou. "Cross-linked carbon network with hierarchical porous structure for high performance solid-state electrochemical capacitor." Journal of Power Sources 327 (September 2016): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.071.

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24

Yu, Xing, Mengyi Wang, Annie Gagnoud, Yves Fautrelle, Rene Moreau, and Xi Li. "Fabrication and electrochemical properties of a graphene-enhanced hierarchical porous network of Fe3O4/carbon nanobelts." Electrochimica Acta 248 (September 2017): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.135.

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25

Zhu, Yade, Ying Huang, and Mingyue Wang. "Three-dimensional hierarchical porous MnCo2O4@MnO2 network towards highly reversible lithium storage by unique structure." Chemical Engineering Journal 378 (December 2019): 122207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122207.

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26

Huang, Jianyu, Lidong Chen, Hanwu Dong, Yuan Zeng, Hang Hu, Mingtao Zheng, Yingliang Liu, Yong Xiao, and Yeru Liang. "Hierarchical porous carbon with network morphology derived from natural leaf for superior aqueous symmetrical supercapacitors." Electrochimica Acta 258 (December 2017): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.092.

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27

Wang, Qiuyue, Baidan Zhao, Sen Zhang, Xiaohui Gao, and Chao Deng. "Superior sodium intercalation of honeycomb-structured hierarchical porous Na3V2(PO4)3/C microballs prepared by a facile one-pot synthesis." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 15 (2015): 7732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta00765h.

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A honeycomb-type structured Na3V2(PO4)3/C microball with hierarchical pores and 3D conductive network exhibits enhanced sodium intercalation kinetics and superior electrochemical properties.
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Liang, Yeru, Qiaoying Cao, Mingtao Zheng, Haobin Huo, Hang Hu, Hanwu Dong, Yong Xiao, and Yingliang Liu. "Teflon: A Decisive Additive in Directly Fabricating Hierarchical Porous Carbon with Network Structure from Natural Leaf." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 5, no. 10 (September 13, 2017): 9307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02318.

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29

Vočka, Radim, and Marc A. Dubois. "Pore network as a model of porous media: Comparison between nonhierarchical and hierarchical organizations of pores." Physical Review E 62, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 5216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.62.5216.

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30

Liu, Tianyu, Joel Serrano, John Elliott, Xiaozhou Yang, William Cathcart, Zixuan Wang, Zhen He, and Guoliang Liu. "Exceptional capacitive deionization rate and capacity by block copolymer–based porous carbon fibers." Science Advances 6, no. 16 (April 2020): eaaz0906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0906.

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Capacitive deionization (CDI) is energetically favorable for desalinating low-salinity water. The bottlenecks of current carbon-based CDI materials are their limited desalination capacities and time-consuming cycles, caused by insufficient ion-accessible surfaces and retarded electron/ion transport. Here, we demonstrate porous carbon fibers (PCFs) derived from microphase-separated poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polyacrylonitrile (PMMA-b-PAN) as an effective CDI material. PCF has abundant and uniform mesopores that are interconnected with micropores. This hierarchical porous structure renders PCF a large ion-accessible surface area and a high desalination capacity. In addition, the continuous carbon fibers and interconnected porous network enable fast electron/ion transport, and hence a high desalination rate. PCF shows desalination capacity of 30 mgNaCl g−1PCF and maximal time-average desalination rate of 38.0 mgNaCl g−1PCF min−1, which are about 3 and 40 times, respectively, those of typical porous carbons. Our work underlines the promise of block copolymer–based PCF for mutually high-capacity and high-rate CDI.
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31

Shrestha, Rekha Goswami, Subrata Maji, Lok Kumar Shrestha, and Katsuhiko Ariga. "Nanoarchitectonics of Nanoporous Carbon Materials in Supercapacitors Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040639.

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High surface area and large pore volume carbon materials having hierarchical nanoporous structure are required in high performance supercapacitors. Such nanoporous carbon materials can be fabricated from organic precursors with high carbon content, such as synthetic biomass or agricultural wastes containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Using recently developed unique concept of materials nanoarchitectonics, high performance porous carbons with controllable surface area, pore size distribution, and hierarchy in nanoporous structure can be fabricated. In this review, we will overview the recent trends and advancements on the synthetic methods for the production of hierarchical porous carbons with one- to three-dimensional network structure with superior performance in supercapacitors applications. We highlight the promising scope of accessing nanoporous graphitic carbon materials from: (i) direct conversion of single crystalline self-assembled fullerene nanomaterials and metal organic frameworks, (ii) hard- and soft-templating routes, and (iii) the direct carbonization and/or activation of biomass or agricultural wastes as non-templating routes. We discuss the appealing points of the different synthetic carbon sources and natural precursor raw−materials derived nanoporous carbon materials in supercapacitors applications.
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32

Yang, Luyu, Wei Liu, Huanlei Wang, Shuang Liu, Jifei Wang, and Jiaxin Chen. "A low-cost and one-step synthesis of a novel hierarchically porous Fe3O4/C composite with exceptional porosity and superior Li+ storage performance." RSC Advances 5, no. 125 (2015): 102993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24166a.

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A novel Fe3O4/C composite with a hierarchical pore carbon network has been synthesized simply by one-step pyrolysis synthesis using ferrous gluconate as the precursor, which shows excellent electrochemical properties as an anode material for LIBs.
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33

Li, Yao, Qing Meng, Shen-min Zhu, Zeng-hui Sun, Hao Yang, Zhi-xin Chen, Cheng-ling Zhu, Zai-ping Guo, and Di Zhang. "A Fe/Fe3O4/N-carbon composite with hierarchical porous structure and in situ formed N-doped graphene-like layers for high-performance lithium ion batteries." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 10 (2015): 4594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt03615h.

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A Fe/Fe3O4/N-carbon composite consisting of a porous carbon matrix containing a highly conductive N-doped graphene-like network and Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles was prepared.
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Shen, Xiaoping, Li Zheng, Ruixin Tang, Kangchen Nie, Zhe Wang, Chunde Jin, and Qingfeng Sun. "Double-Network Hierarchical-Porous Piezoresistive Nanocomposite Hydrogel Sensors Based on Compressive Cellulosic Hydrogels Deposited with Silver Nanoparticles." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 19 (April 22, 2020): 7480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02035.

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35

Liang, Yeru, Yingbo Ruan, Junlong Huang, Bo Peng, Chen-Yang Liu, Ruowen Fu, Mingqiu Zhang, Yongming Chen, and Dingcai Wu. "Synthesis of novel hierarchical porous polymers with a nanowire-interconnected network structure from core-shell polymer nanoobjects." Science China Chemistry 60, no. 8 (July 5, 2017): 1084–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11426-017-9074-8.

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Zhu, Yade, Ying Huang, Mingyue Wang, and Chen Chen. "Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped 3D hierarchical porous carbon network with highly-reversible performance in sodium storage." Ceramics International 45, no. 18 (December 2019): 24500–24507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.08.177.

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37

Cai, Xueqing, Guiming Tan, Zhentao Deng, Jianhong Liu, and Dayong Gui. "Preparation of Hierarchical Porous Carbon Aerogels by Microwave Assisted Sol-Gel Process for Supercapacitors." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030429.

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Low-cost resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) organic aerogels were prepared by using resorcinol and formaldehyde as precursors, and sodium hydroxide as a catalyst through a single-mode microwave radiation-assisted sol-gel method and ambient temperature drying. Because of the ring focusing and power-max technology, the fabrication procedure of carbon aerogels (CAs) are much easier, faster, and cheaper than traditional methods. The RF aerogels were then pyrolysized at 900 °C, and the KOH activation process was used to further dredge micropores in the carbon aerogels. The CAs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and a series of electrochemical tests. The KOH activated carbon aerogels with 3D-nano-network structure exhibited a high specific surface area of 2230 m2 g−1 with appropriate pore volumes of micro-, meso-, and macropores. The specific capacitance of CAs activated by KOH measured in a two-electrode cell was 170 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with excellent rate capability and cycle stability in 6 M KOH electrolyte.
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38

Zhang, Qian, Man Li, Chunling Qin, Zhifeng Wang, Weimin Zhao, and Yongyan Li. "Flexible Free-Standing CuxO/Ag2O (x = 1, 2) Nanowires Integrated with Nanoporous Cu-Ag Network Composite for Glucose Sensing." Nanomaterials 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10020357.

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To improve glucose electrocatalytic performance, one efficient manner is to develop a novel Cu-Ag bimetallic composite with fertile porosity and unique architecture. Herein, the self-supported electrode with CuxO/Ag2O (x = 1, 2) nanowires grown in-situ on a nanoporous Cu-Ag network (CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg) has been successfully designed by a facile two-step approach. The integrated hierarchical porous structure, the tip-converged CuxO/Ag2O nanowires combined with the interconnected porous conductive substrate, are favorable to provide more reactive sites and improve ions or electrons transportation. Compared with monometallic Cu2O nanowires integrated with nanoporous Cu matrix (Cu2O@NP-Cu), the bimetallic CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg composites exhibit the enhanced electrocatalytic performance for glucose. Moreover, the higher sensitivity of ~1.49 mA mM−1 cm−2 in conjunction with a wider linear range of 17 mM for the CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg electrode anodized for 10 min are attributed to the synergistic effect of porous structure and bimetallic CuxO/Ag2O nanowires. Particularly, the integrated CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg composites possess good flexibility, which has been reported for the first time. Accordingly, the CuxO/Ag2O@NP-CuAg with excellent glucose electrocatalytic performance and good flexibility is promising to further develop as a candidate electrode material of glucose sensors.
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Qiu, Daping, Jingyu Guan, Min Li, Cuihua Kang, Jinying Wei, Feng Wang, and Ru Yang. "Cucurbit[6]uril‐Derived Nitrogen‐Doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon Confined in Graphene Network for Potassium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors." Advanced Science 7, no. 20 (August 26, 2020): 2001681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.202001681.

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40

Yuan, Changzhou, Jiaoyang Li, Linrui Hou, Jingdong Lin, Xiaogang Zhang, and Shenglin Xiong. "Polymer-assisted synthesis of a 3D hierarchical porous network-like spinel NiCo2O4 framework towards high-performance electrochemical capacitors." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 37 (2013): 11145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta11949a.

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41

Yang, Qinghua, Jiaen Xiao, Xuetao Huang, Lin Ma, Biyi Li, Chunyan Wu, and Limei Xu. "Hierarchical Assembly of MoS2 Nanosheets on Macroporous Ti Mesh as a Binder-Free Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery." Nano 15, no. 04 (April 2020): 2050050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292020500502.

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In this work, a MoS2-based binder-free electrode has been fabricated via a simple hydrothermal deposition approach. In this electrode, the MoS2 nanosheets are orderly assembled and immobilized on macroporous titanium (Ti) mesh with exposed active sites for Li-storage. The Ti mesh with a 3D porous network provides a stable skeleton and large surface area for loading MoS2 nanosheets. Meanwhile, the intimate contact with conductive Ti mesh facilitates fast charge transfer in the electrode reactions. When applied as an anode in lithium-ion battery, the binder-free electrode exhibits a greatly promoted Li-storage property, including desirable cycling durability and superior rate capability.
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42

Ren, Bo, Jingjing Liu, Wenlong Huo, Ke Gan, Yuju Lu, Yugu Chen, Lu Wang, Jinlong Yang, and Yong Huang. "Facile fabrication of nanofibrous network reinforced hierarchical structured porous Si3N4-based ceramics based on Si-Si3N4 binary particle-stabilized foams." Ceramics International 45, no. 2 (February 2019): 1984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.093.

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43

Wu, Yan, Jing-Pei Cao, Qi-Qi Zhuang, Xiao-Yan Zhao, Zhi Zhou, Yu-Lei Wei, Ming Zhao, and Hong-Cun Bai. "Biomass-derived three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon network for symmetric supercapacitors with ultra-high energy density in ionic liquid electrolyte." Electrochimica Acta 371 (March 2021): 137825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137825.

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44

Chen, L., Y. F. Yuan, P. F. Du, S. M. Yin, M. Zhu, and S. Y. Guo. "Intimately coupled Mn3O4 nanocrystalline@3D honeycomb hierarchical porous network scaffold carbon for high-performance cathode of aqueous zinc-ion batteries." Nanotechnology 32, no. 40 (July 16, 2021): 405403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac1131.

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45

Zhang, Wenjuan, Waleed Diab, Hadi Hajibeygi, and Mohammed Al Kobaisi. "A Computational Workflow for Flow and Transport in Fractured Porous Media Based on a Hierarchical Nonlinear Discrete Fracture Modeling Approach." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 6667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246667.

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Modeling flow and transport in fractured porous media has been a topic of intensive research for a number of energy- and environment-related industries. The presence of multiscale fractures makes it an extremely challenging task to resolve accurately and efficiently the flow dynamics at both the local and global scales. To tackle this challenge, we developed a computational workflow that adopts a two-level hierarchical strategy based on fracture length partitioning. This was achieved by specifying a partition length to split the discrete fracture network (DFN) into small-scale fractures and large-scale fractures. Flow-based numerical upscaling was then employed to homogenize the small-scale fractures and the porous matrix into an equivalent/effective single medium, whereas the large-scale fractures were modeled explicitly. As the effective medium properties can be fully tensorial, the developed hierarchical framework constructed the discrete systems for the explicit fracture–matrix sub-domains using the nonlinear two-point flux approximation (NTPFA) scheme. This led to a significant reduction of grid orientation effects, thus developing a robust, applicable, and field-relevant framework. To assess the efficacy of the proposed hierarchical workflow, several numerical simulations were carried out to systematically analyze the effects of the homogenized explicit cutoff length scale, as well as the fracture length and orientation distributions. The effect of different boundary conditions, namely, the constant pressure drop boundary condition and the linear pressure boundary condition, for the numerical upscaling on the accuracy of the workflow was investigated. The results show that when the partition length is much larger than the characteristic length of the grid block, and when the DFN has a predominant orientation that is often the case in practical simulations, the workflow employing linear pressure boundary conditions for numerical upscaling give closer results to the full-model reference solutions. Our findings shed new light on the development of meaningful computational frameworks for highly fractured, heterogeneous geological media where fractures are present at multiple scales.
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46

Du, Xiaohan, Zhen Qin, and Zijiong Li. "Free-Standing rGO-CNT Nanocomposites with Excellent Rate Capability and Cycling Stability for Na2SO4 Aqueous Electrolyte Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061420.

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Facing the increasing demand for various renewable energy storage devices and wearable and portable energy storage systems, the research on electrode materials with low costs and high energy densities has attracted great attention. Herein, free-standing rGO-CNT nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method, in which the hierarchical porous network nanostructure is synergistically assembled by rGO nanosheets and CNT with interlaced network distribution. The rGO-CNT composite electrodes with synergistic enhancement of rGO and CNT exhibit high specific capacitance, excellent rate capability, exceptional conductivity and outstanding long-term cycling stability, especially for the optimal rGO-CNT30 electrode. Applied to a symmetric supercapacitor systems (SSS) assembled with an rGO-CNT30 electrode and with 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution as the electrolyte, the SSS possesses a high energy density of 12.29 W h kg−1 and an outstanding cycling stability, with 91.42% of initial specific capacitance after 18,000 cycles. Results from these electrochemical properties suggest that the rGO-CNT30 nanocomposite electrode is a promising candidate for the development of flexible and lightweight high-performance supercapacitors.
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47

Wang, Dan, Zhiyuan Wang, Yuan Li, Kangze Dong, Jiahui Shao, Shaohua Luo, Yanguo Liu, and Xiwei Qi. "In situ double-template fabrication of boron-doped 3D hierarchical porous carbon network as anode materials for Li- and Na-ion batteries." Applied Surface Science 464 (January 2019): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.035.

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48

Hu, Shujuan, Bo Feng, Xiaoxia Tang, and Yue Zhang. "Porous Alumina Ceramics Obtained by Particles Self-Assembly Combing Freeze Drying Method." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060897.

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An innovative approach for fabricating porous alumina ceramics is demonstrated in this paper. The distinguished feature is that the construction of the porous structure stems from the interaction between ceramic particles, which is a poorly explored area. By tailoring the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energy to the second minimum, the dilute ceramic slurry would be gelled by the weakly assembled particle network, and the assembled structure is conserved via a freeze drying strategy. The DLVO theoretical analyses revealed that the second minimum of interaction energy could be obtained when the counter-ion concentration in colloidal suspension is 1.5 × 10−2 mol/L. The properties of the as-assembled samples were compared with one produced by the conventional freeze drying method. Results showed that the self-assembly of alumina particles has a positive influence on micro structures. Unlike the laminar pores generated by the traditional freeze drying procedure, the assembled samples show homogeneously interconnected and hierarchical open pores which were stable even after a 24 h dwell time at 950 °C (open porosity is 79.19% for the slurry of vol 20% solid loading). Particularly, after sintering at 1550 °C for 2 h, open porosity (67.01%) of the assembled samples was significantly greater than that of their un-assembled counterparts (39.97%). Besides, the assembled sample shows a narrower pore size distribution and a relatively higher cumulative pore volume.
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49

Charyton, Martyna, Francesco Deboli, Peter Fischer, Gerard Henrion, Mathieu Etienne, and Mateusz L. Donten. "Composite Anion Exchange Membranes Fabricated by Coating and UV Crosslinking of Low-Cost Precursors Tested in a Redox Flow Battery." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152396.

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This paper presents a novel, cost-effective approach to the fabrication of composite anion exchange membranes (AEMs). Hierarchical AEMs have been fabricated by coating a porous substrate with an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) layer where poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) is immobilized in a crosslinked matrix. The IPN matrix was formed by UV initiated radical crosslinking of a mixture of acrylamide-based monomers and acrylic resins. The fabricated membranes have been compared with a commercial material (Fumatech FAP 450) in terms of ionic transport properties and performance in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Measures of area-specific resistance (ASR) and vanadium permeability for the proposed membranes demonstrated properties approaching the commercial benchmark. These properties could be tuned by changing the content of PVP in the IPN coating. Higher PVP/matrix ratios facilitate a higher water uptake of the coating layer and thus lower ASR (as low as 0.58 Ω.cm2). On the contrary, lower PVP/matrix ratios allow to reduce the water uptake of the coating and hence decrease the vanadium permeability at the cost of a higher ASR (as high as 1.99 Ω.cm2). In VRFB testing the hierarchical membranes enabled to reach energy efficiency comparable with the commercial AEM (PVP_14—74.7%, FAP 450—72.7% at 80 mA.cm−2).
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50

Li, Liyong, and Seong H. Lee. "Efficient Field-Scale Simulation of Black Oil in a Naturally Fractured Reservoir Through Discrete Fracture Networks and Homogenized Media." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 11, no. 04 (August 1, 2008): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/103901-pa.

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Summary This paper describes a hybrid finite volume method, designed to simulate multiphase flow in a field-scale naturally fractured reservoir. Lee et al. (WRR 37:443-455, 2001) developed a hierarchical approach in which the permeability contribution from short fractures is derived in an analytical expression that from medium fractures is numerically solved using a boundary element method. The long fractures are modeled explicitly as major fluid conduits. Reservoirs with well-developed natural fractures include many complex fracture networks that cannot be easily modeled by simple long fracture formulation and/or homogenized single continuity model. We thus propose a numerically efficient hybrid method in which small and medium fractures are modeled by effective permeability, and large fractures are modeled by discrete fracture networks. A simple, systematic way is devised to calculate transport parameters between fracture networks and discretized, homogenized media. An efficient numerical algorithm is also devised to solve the dual system of fracture network and finite volume grid. Black oil formulation is implemented in the simulator to demonstrate practical applications of this hybrid finite volume method. Introduction Many reservoirs are highly fractured due to the complex tectonic movement and sedimentation process the formation has experienced. The permeability of a fracture is usually much larger than that of the rock matrix; as a result, the fluid will flow mostly through the fracture network, if the fractures are connected. This implies that the fracture connectivities and their distribution will determine fluid transport in a naturally fractured reservoir (Long and Witherspoon 1985). Because of statistically complex distribution of geological heterogeneity and multiple length and time scales in natural porous media, three approaches (Smith and Schwartz 1993) are commonly used in describing fluid flow and solute transport in naturally fractured formations:discrete fracture models;continuum models using effective properties for discrete grids; andhybrid models that combine discrete, large features and equivalent continuum. Currently, most reservoir simulators use dual continuum formulations (i.e., dual porosity/permeability) for naturally fractured reservoirs in which matrix blocks are divided by very regular fracture patterns (Kazemi et al. 1976, Van Golf-Racht 1982). Part of the primary input into these simulation models is the permeability of the fracture system assigned to the individual grid-blocks. This value can only be reasonably calculated if the fracture systems are regular and well connected. Field characterization studies have shown, however, that fracture systems are very irregular, often disconnected, and occur in swarms (Laubach 1991, Lorenz and Hill 1991, Narr et al. 2003). Most naturally fractured reservoirs include fractures of multiple- length scales. The effective grid-block permeability calculated by the boundary element method becomes expensive as the number of fractures increases. The calculated effective properties for grid-blocks also underestimates the properties for long fractures whose length scale is much larger than the grid-block size. Lee et al. (2001) proposed a hierarchical method to model fluid flow in a reservoir with multiple-length scaled fractures. They assumed that short fractures are randomly distributed and contribute to increasing the effective matrix permeability. An asymptotic solution representing the permeability contribution from short fractures was derived. With the short fracture contribution to permeability, the effective matrix permeability can be expressed in a general tensor form. Thus, they also developed a boundary element method for Darcy's equation with tensor permeability. For medium-length fractures in a grid-block, a coupled system of Poisson equations with tensor permeability was solved numerically using a boundary element method. The grid-block effective permeabilities were used with a finite difference simulator to compute flow through the fracture system. The simulator was enhanced to use a control-volume finite difference formulation (Lee et al. 1998, 2002) for general tensor permeability input (i.e., 9-point stencil for 2-D and 27-point stencil for 3-D). In addition, long fractures were explicitly modeled by using the transport index between fracture and matrix in a gridblock. In this paper we adopt their transport index concept and extend the hierarchical method:to include networks of long fractures;to model fracture as a two-dimensional plane; andto allow fractures to intersect with well bore. This generalization allows us to model a more realistic and complex fracture network that can be found in naturally fractured reservoirs. To demonstrate this new method for practical reservoir applications, we furthermore implement a black oil formulation in the simulator. We explicitly model long fractures as a two-dimensional plane that can penetrate several layers. The method, presented in this paper, allows a general description of fracture orientation in space. For simplicity of computational implementation however, both the medium-length and long fractures considered in this paper are assumed to be perpendicular to bedding boundaries. In addition, we derive a source/sink term to model the flux between matrix and long fracture networks. This source/sink allows for coupling multiphase flow equations in long fractures and matrix. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 black oil formulation is briefly summarized and the transport equations for three phase flow are presented. The fracture characterization and hierarchical modeling approach, based on fracture length, are discussed in Section 3. In Section 4 we review homogenization of short and medium fractures, which is part of our hierarchical approach to modeling flow in porous media with multiple length-scale fractures. In Section 5 we discuss a discrete network model of long fractures. We also derive transfer indices between fracture and effective matrix blocks. In Section 6 we present numerical examples for tracer transport in a model with simple fracture network, interactions of fractures and wells, and black oil production in a reservoir with a complex fracture network system. Finally, the summary of our main results and conclusion follows.
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