Academic literature on the topic 'Hierarchical variables'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hierarchical variables"
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Shneiberg, I. Ya. "Hierarchical Sequences of Random Variables." Theory of Probability & Its Applications 31, no. 1 (1987): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1131018.
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Yoshimura, Masataka, and Kazuhiro Izui. "Smart Optimization of Machine Systems Using Hierarchical Genotype Representations." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 3 (2002): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1486013.
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Design problems for machine products are generally hierarchically expressed. With conventional product optimization methods, however, it is difficult to concurrently optimize all design variables of portions within such hierarchical structures. This paper proposes a design optimization method using genetic algorithms containing hierarchical genotype representations, so that the hierarchical structures of machine system designs are exactly expressed through genotype coding, and optimization can be concurrently conducted for all of the hierarchical structures. Crossover and mutation operations for manipulating the hierarchical genotype representations are also developed. The proposed method is applied to a machine-tool structural design and a 2 DOF robot arm design to demonstrate its effectiveness.
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Lopera Gonzalez, Luis I., and Oliver Amft. "Mining hierarchical relations in building management variables." Pervasive and Mobile Computing 26 (February 2016): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2015.10.009.
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Camiz, S., J. Denimal, and V. Pillar. "Hierarchical factor classification of variables in ecology." Community Ecology 7, no. 2 (2006): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/comec.7.2006.2.4.
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Wang, Jie, and Xiao Dong Zhu. "Analysis and Application of a Kind of Hierarchical Fuzzy Systems." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.1097.
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In this paper a kind of hierarchical fuzzy systems was introduced. The characteristics and structural relation of this hierarchical fuzzy system were analyzed. The sensitivity between the input variables and the output variables and the position of variables in the hierarchical fuzzy system were given according to the importance of variables. The weight coefficient of variables was confirmed applying the methods of analytic hierarchical process (AHP). Then the structural analysis and the weight coefficient were applied to the forewarning system of oil drilling.
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Pulido-Valdeolivas, I., D. Gómez-Andrés, J. A. Martin, J. López, E. Gómez-Barrena, and E. Rausell. "P6.14 Hierarchical clustering of Gillette Gait Index variables." Clinical Neurophysiology 122 (June 2011): S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60303-9.
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Kristan, William B. "Sources and Expectations for Hierarchical Structure in Bird-habitat Associations." Condor 108, no. 1 (2006): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/108.1.5.
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Abstract Hierarchical structure in bird-habitat associations can arise from hierarchical structure in environmental variables and from the scale-dependent responses of birds to habitat. Hierarchical structure in environmental variables is expected to result from interactions between variables that differ in grain size (spatial resolution) and frequency, and should occur commonly. Birds cannot accurately sample habitat characteristics at all spatial scales simultaneously, and the habitat chosen for a given purpose may differ depending on whether a bird samples from high above the ground (which is best for sampling coarse-grained variables) or from ground level (which is best for sampling fine-grained variables). Additionally, birds may exhibit an absolute response to a habitat variable, if it is unsuitable beyond some threshold level, or a relative response, if all available habitat is suitable but some is preferred. Models that can represent hierarchical structure in habitat, as well as hierarchical, scale-dependent responses by birds, should provide researchers the best chance of understanding avian habitat associations.
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JIA, WEIJIA, and ZHIBIN SUN. "ON COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF HIERARCHICAL OPTIMIZATION." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 13, no. 05 (2002): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054102001369.
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In this work, the computational complexity of a hierarchic optimization problem involving in several players is studied. Each player is assigned with a linear objective function. The set of variables is partitioned such that each subset corresponds to one player as its decision variables. All the players jointly make a decision on the values of these variables such that a set of linear constraints should be satisfied. One special player, called the leader, makes decision on its decision variables before of all the other players. The rest, after learnt of the decision of the leader, make their choices so that their decisions form a Nash Equilibrium for them, breaking tie by maximizing the objective function of player. We show that the exact complexity of the problem is FPNP-complete.
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Asfaw Dagne, Getachew. "Bayesian analysis of hierarchical poisson models with latent variables." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 28, no. 1 (1999): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610929908832286.
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Hajnal, Istvan, and Geert Loosveldt. "The Sensitivity of Hierarchical Clustering Solutions to Irrelevant Variables." Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 50, no. 1 (1996): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/075910639605000105.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Hierarchical variables"
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Auyang, Arick Gin-Yu. "Robustness and hierarchical control of performance variables through coordination during human locomotion." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42837.
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The kinematic motor redundancy of the human legs provides more local degrees of freedom than are necessary to achieve low degree of freedom performance variables like leg length and orientation. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate how the neuromuscular skeletal system simplifies control of a kinematically redundant system to achieve stable locomotion under different conditions. I propose that the neuromuscular skeletal system minimizes step to step variance of leg length and orientation while allowing segment angles to vary within the set of acceptable combinations of angles that achieves the desired leg length and orientation. I find that during human hopping, control of the locomotor system is organized hierarchically such that leg length and orientation are achieved by structuring segment angle variance. I also found that leg length and leg orientation was minimized for a variety of conditions and perturbations, including frequency, constrained foot placement, and different speeds. The results of this study will give valuable information on interjoint compensation strategies used when the locomotor system is perturbed. This work also provides evidence for neuromuscular system strategies in adapting to novel, difficult tasks. This information can be extended to give insight into new and different areas to focus on during gait rehabilitation of humans suffering from motor control deficits in movement and gait.
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RIGGI, DANIELE. "Mixture factor model for hierarchical data structure and applications to the italian educational school system." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19465.
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Nowadays, the educational context is one of the most important and interesting
applicative field of social science. The object of interest is often the relation between student ability and motivation. In the context of social science the multilevel structure and the latent variable models are often encountered. In this work, we present an extension of the multilevel mixture factor models (MMFM) (Riggi & Vermunt, in press, 2011 ; Varriale & Vermunt, in press, 2009), with an application to the Italian school system. These models are a combination of Factor Analysis and Latent Class. The purpose of the MMFA is multiple: the teacher classification according to class motivation structure, and the analysis of home and teacher influences on pupil reading motivation.
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Chastaing, Gaëlle. "Indices de Sobol généralisés par variables dépendantes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENM046.
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Dans un modèle qui peut s'avérer complexe et fortement non linéaire, les paramètres d'entrée, parfois en très grand nombre, peuvent être à l'origine d'une importante variabilité de la sortie. L'analyse de sensibilité globale est une approche stochastique permettant de repérer les principales sources d'incertitude du modèle, c'est-à-dire d'identifier et de hiérarchiser les variables d'entrée les plus influentes. De cette manière, il est possible de réduire la dimension d'un problème, et de diminuer l'incertitude des entrées. Les indices de Sobol, dont la construction repose sur une décomposition de la variance globale du modèle, sont des mesures très fréquemment utilisées pour atteindre de tels objectifs. Néanmoins, ces indices se basent sur la décomposition fonctionnelle de la sortie, aussi connue soue le nom de décomposition de Hoeffding. Mais cette décomposition n'est unique que si les variables d'entrée sont supposées indépendantes. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'extension des indices de Sobol pour des modèles à variables d'entrée dépendantes. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une généralisation de la décomposition de Hoeffding au cas où la forme de la distribution des entrées est plus générale qu'une distribution produit. De cette décomposition généralisée aux contraintes d'orthogonalité spécifiques, il en découle la construction d'indices de sensibilité généralisés capable de mesurer la variabilité d'un ou plusieurs facteurs corrélés dans le modèle. Dans un second temps, nous proposons deux méthodes d'estimation de ces indices. La première est adaptée à des modèles à entrées dépendantes par paires. Elle repose sur la résolution numérique d'un système linéaire fonctionnel qui met en jeu des opérateurs de projection. La seconde méthode, qui peut s'appliquer à des modèles beaucoup plus généraux, repose sur la construction récursive d'un système de fonctions qui satisfont les contraintes d'orthogonalité liées à la décomposition généralisée. En parallèle, nous mettons en pratique ces différentes méthodes sur différents cas tests<br>A mathematical model aims at characterizing a complex system or process that is too expensive to experiment. However, in this model, often strongly non linear, input parameters can be affected by a large uncertainty including errors of measurement of lack of information. Global sensitivity analysis is a stochastic approach whose objective is to identify and to rank the input variables that drive the uncertainty of the model output. Through this analysis, it is then possible to reduce the model dimension and the variation in the output of the model. To reach this objective, the Sobol indices are commonly used. Based on the functional ANOVA decomposition of the output, also called Hoeffding decomposition, they stand on the assumption that the incomes are independent. Our contribution is on the extension of Sobol indices for models with non independent inputs. In one hand, we propose a generalized functional decomposition, where its components is subject to specific orthogonal constraints. This decomposition leads to the definition of generalized sensitivity indices able to quantify the dependent inputs' contribution to the model variability. On the other hand, we propose two numerical methods to estimate these constructed indices. The first one is well-fitted to models with independent pairs of dependent input variables. The method is performed by solving linear system involving suitable projection operators. The second method can be applied to more general models. It relies on the recursive construction of functional systems satisfying the orthogonality properties of summands of the generalized decomposition. In parallel, we illustrate the two methods on numerical examples to test the efficiency of the techniques
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Pfister, Mark. "Distribution of a Sum of Random Variables when the Sample Size is a Poisson Distribution." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3459.
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A probability distribution is a statistical function that describes the probability of possible outcomes in an experiment or occurrence. There are many different probability distributions that give the probability of an event happening, given some sample size n. An important question in statistics is to determine the distribution of the sum of independent random variables when the sample size n is fixed. For example, it is known that the sum of n independent Bernoulli random variables with success probability p is a Binomial distribution with parameters n and p: However, this is not true when the sample size is not fixed but a random variable. The goal of this thesis is to determine the distribution of the sum of independent random variables when the sample size is randomly distributed as a Poisson distribution. We will also discuss the mean and the variance of this unconditional distribution.
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Hay, John Leslie. "Statistical modelling for non-Gaussian time series data with explanatory variables." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1999.
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Gebremeskel, Haftu Gebrehiwot. "Implementing hierarchical bayesian model to fertility data: the case of Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424458.
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Background: Ethiopia is a country with 9 ethnically-based administrative regions and 2 city administrations, often cited, among other things, with high fertility rates and rapid population growth rate. Despite the country’s effort in their reduction, they still remain high, especially at regional-level. To this end, the study of fertility in Ethiopia, particularly on its regions, where fertility variation and its repercussion are at boiling point, is paramount important. An easy way of finding different characteristics of a fertility distribution is to build a suitable model of fertility pattern through different mathematical curves. ASFR is worthwhile in this regard. In general, the age-specific fertility pattern is said to have a typical shape common to all human populations through years though many countries some from Africa has already started showing a deviation from this classical bell shaped curve. Some of existing models are therefore inadequate to describe patterns of many of the African countries including Ethiopia. In order to describe this shape (ASF curve), a number of parametric and non-parametric functions have been exploited in the developed world though fitting these models to curves of Africa in general and that of Ethiopian in particular data has not been undertaken yet. To accurately model fertility
patterns in Ethiopia, a new mathematical model that is both easily used, and provides good fit for the data is required. Objective: The principal goals of this thesis are therefore fourfold: (1). to examine the pattern of ASFRs at country and regional level,in Ethiopia; (2). to propose a model that best captures various shapes of ASFRs at both country and regional level, and then compare the performance of the model with some existing ones; (3). to fit the proposed model using Hierarchical Bayesian techniques and show that this method is flexible enough for local estimates vis-´a-vis traditional formula, where the estimates might be very imprecise, due to low sample size; and (4). to compare the resulting estimates obtained with the non-hierarchical procedures, such as Bayesian and Maximum likelihood counterparts.
Methodology: In this study, we proposed a four parametric parametric model, Skew Normal model, to fit the fertility schedules, and showed that it is flexible enough in capturing fertility patterns shown at country level and most regions of Ethiopia. In order to determine the performance of this proposed model, we conducted a preliminary analysis along with ten other commonly used parametric and non-parametric models in demographic literature, namely: Quadratic Spline function, Cubic Splines, Coale-Trussell function, Beta, Gamma, Hadwiger distribution, Polynomial models, the Adjusted Error Model, Gompertz curve, Skew Normal, and Peristera & Kostaki Model. The criterion followed in fitting these models was Nonlinear Regression with nonlinear least squares (nls) estimation. We used Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) as model selecction criterion. For many demographers, however, estimating regional-specific ASFR model and the associated uncertainty introduced due those factors can be difficult, especially in a situation where we have extremely varying sample size among different regions. Recently, it has been proposed that Hierarchical procedures might provide more reliable parameter estimates than Non-Hierarchical procedures, such as complete pooling and independence to make local/regional-level analyses. In this study, a Hierarchical Bayesian procedure was, therefore, formulated to explore the posterior distribution of model parameters (for
generation of region-specific ASFR point estimates and uncertainty bound). Besides, other non-hierarchical approaches, namely Bayesian and the maximum likelihood methods, were also instrumented to estimate parameters and compare the result obtained using these approaches with Hierarchical Bayesian counterparts. Gibbs sampling along with MetropolisHastings argorithm in R (Development Core Team, 2005) was applied to draw the posterior samples for each parameter. Data augmentation method was also implemented to ease the sampling process. Sensitivity analysis, convergence diagnosis and model checking were also thoroughly conducted to ensure how robust our results are. In all cases, non-informative prior distributions for all regional vectors (parameters) were used in order to real the lack
of knowledge about these random variables. Result: The results obtained from this preliminary analysis testified that the values of the Akaike Information criterion(AIC) for the proposed model, Skew Normal (SN), is lowest:
in the capital, Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Harari, Affar, Gambela, Benshangul-Gumuz, and country level data as well. On the contrary, its value was also higher some of the models and lower the rest on the remain regions, namely: Tigray, Oromiya, Amhara, Somali and SNNP. This tells us that the proposed model was able to capturing the pattern of fertility at the empirical fertility data of Ethiopia and its regions better than the other existing models considered in 6 of the 11 regions. The result from the HBA indicates that most of the posterior means were much closer to the true fixed fertility values. They were also more precise and have lower uncertainty with narrower credible interval vis-´a-vis the other approaches, ML and Bayesian estimate analogues. Conclusion: From the preliminary analysis, it can be concluded that the proposed model was better to capture ASFR pattern at national level and its regions than the other existing common models considered. Following this result, we conducted inference and prediction on the model parameters using these three approaches: HBA, BA and ML methods. The overall result suggested several points. One such is that HBA was the best approach to implement for such a data as it gave more consistent, precise (the low uncertainty) than the other approaches. Generally, both ML method and Bayesian method can be used to analyze our model, but they can be applicable to different conditions. ML method can be applied when precise values of model parameters have been known, large sample size can be obtained in the test; and similarly, Bayesian method can be applied when uncertainties
on the model parameters exist, prior knowledge on the model parameters are available, and few data is available in the study.<br>Background: L’Etiopia è una nazione divisa in 9 regioni amministrative (definite su base etnica) e due città. Si tratta di una nazione citata spesso come esempio di alta fecondità e rapida crescita demografica. Nonostante gli sforzi del governo, fecondità e cresita della popolazione rimangono elevati, specialmente a livello regionale. Pertanto, lo studio della fecondità in Etiopia e nelle sue regioni – caraterizzate da un’alta variabilità – è di vitale importanza. Un modo semplice di rilevare le diverse caratteristiche della distribuzione della feconditàè quello di costruire in modello adatto, specificando diverse funzioni matematiche. In questo senso, vale la pena concentrarsi sui tassi specifici di fecondità, i quali mostrano una precisa forma comune a tutte le popolazioni. Tuttavia, molti paesi mostrano una “simmetrizzazione” che molti modelli non riescono a cogliere adeguatamente. Pertanto, per cogliere questa la forma dei tassi specifici, sono stati utilizzati alcuni modelli parametrici ma l’uso di tali modelliè ancora molto limitato in Africa ed in Etiopia in particolare.
Obiettivo: In questo lavoro si utilizza un nuovo modello per modellare la fecondità in Etiopia con quattro obiettivi specifici: (1). esaminare la forma dei tassi specifici per età dell’Etiopia a livello nazionale e regionale; (2). proporre un modello che colga al meglio le varie forme dei tassi specifici sia a livello nazionale che regionale. La performance del modello proposto verrà confrontata con quella di altri modelli esistenti; (3). adattare la funzione di fecondità proposta attraverso un modello gerarchico Bayesiano e mostrare che tale modelloè sufficientemente flessibile per stimare la fecondità delle singole regioni – dove le stime possono essere imprecise a causa di una bassa numerosità campionaria; (4). confrontare le stime ottenute con quelle fornite da metodi non gerarchici (massima verosimiglianza o Bayesiana semplice) Metodologia: In questo studio, proponiamo un modello a 4 parametri, la Normale Asimmetrica, per modellare i tassi specifici di fecondità. Si mostra che questo modello è sufficientemente flessibile per cogliere adeguatamente le forme dei tassi specifici a livello sia nazionale che regionale. Per valutare la performance del modello, si è condotta un’analisi preliminare confrontandolo con altri dieci modelli parametrici e non parametrici usati nella letteratura demografica: la funzione splie quadratica, la Cubic-Spline, i modelli di Coale e Trussel, Beta, Gamma, Hadwiger, polinomiale, Gompertz, Peristera-Kostaki e l’Adjustment Error Model. I modelli sono stati stimati usando i minimi quadrati non lineari (nls) e il Criterio d’Informazione di Akaike viene usato per determinarne la performance. Tuttavia, la stima per le singole regioni pu‘o risultare difficile in situazioni dove abbiamo un’alta variabilità della numerosità campionaria. Si propone, quindi di usare procedure gerarchiche che permettono di ottenere stime più affidabili rispetto ai modelli non gerarchici (“pooling” completo o “unpooling”) per l’analisi a livello regionale. In questo studia si formula un modello Bayesiano gerarchico ottenendo la distribuzione a posteriori dei parametri per i tassi di fecnodità specifici a livello regionale e relativa stima dell’incertezza. Altri metodi non gerarchici (Bayesiano semplice e massima verosimiglianza) vengono anch’essi usati per confronto. Gli algoritmi Gibbs Sampling e Metropolis-Hastings vengono usati per campionare dalla distribuzione a posteriori di ogni parametro. Anche il metodo del “Data Augmentation” viene utilizzato per ottenere le stime. La robustezza dei risultati viene controllata attraverso un’analisi di sensibilità e l’opportuna diagnostica della convergenza degli algoritmi viene riportata nel testo. In tutti i casi, si sono usate distribuzioni a priori non-informative.
Risultati: I risutlati ottenuti dall’analisi preliminare mostrano che il modello Skew Normal ha il pi`u basso AIC nelle regioni Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, Harari, Affar, Gambela, Benshangul-Gumuz e anche per le stime nazionali. Nelle altre regioni (Tigray, Oromiya, Amhara, Somali e SNNP) il modello Skew Normal non risulta il milgiore, ma comunque mostra un buon adattamento ai dati. Dunque, il modello Skew Normal risulta il migliore in 6 regioni su 11 e sui tassi specifici di tutto il paese. Conclusioni: Dunque, il modello Skew Normal risulta globalmente il migliore. Da questo risultato iniziale, siè partiti per costruire i modelli Gerachico Bayesiano, Bayesiano semplice e di massima verosimiglianza. Il risultato del confronto tra questi tre approcci è che il modello gerarchico fornisce stime più preciso rispetto agli altri.
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Gardiner, Robert B. "The relationship between teacher qualifications and chemistry achievement in the context of other student and teacher/school variables : application of hierarchical linear modelling /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0003/MQ42384.pdf.
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Han, Gang. "Modeling the output from computer experiments having quantitative and qualitative input variables and its applications." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1228326460.
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Saves, Paul. "High dimensional multidisciplinary design optimization for eco-design aircraft." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESAE0002.
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De nos jours, un intérêt significatif et croissant pour améliorer les processus de conception de véhicules s'observe dans le domaine de l'optimisation multidisciplinaire grâce au développement de nouveaux outils et de nouvelles techniques. Concrètement, en conception aérostructure, les variables aérodynamiques et structurelles s'influencent mutuellement et ont un effet conjoint sur des quantités d'intérêt telles que le poids ou la consommation de carburant. L'optimisation multidisciplinaire se présente alors comme un outil puissant pouvant effectuer des compromis interdisciplinaires.Dans le cadre de la conception aéronautique, le processus multidisciplinaire implique généralement des variables de conception mixtes, continues et catégorielles. Par exemple, la taille des pièces structurelles d'un avion peut être décrite à l'aide de variables continues, le nombre de panneaux est associé à un entier et la liste des sections transverses ou le choix des matériaux correspondent à des choix catégoriels. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une approche efficace pour optimiser un modèle multidisciplinaire boîte noire lorsque le problème d'optimisation est contraint et implique un grand nombre de variables de conception mixtes (typiquement 100 variables). L'approche d'optimisation bayésienne utilisée consiste en un enrichissement séquentiel adaptatif d'un métamodèle pour approcher l'optimum de la fonction objectif tout en respectant les contraintes.Les modèles de substitution par processus gaussiens sont parmi les plus utilisés dans les problèmes d'ingénierie pour remplacer des modèles haute fidélité coûteux en temps de calcul. L'optimisation globale efficace est une méthode heuristique d'optimisation bayésienne conçue pour la résolution globale de problèmes d'optimisation coûteux à évaluer permettant d'obtenir des résultats de bonne qualité rapidement. Cependant, comme toute autre méthode d'optimisation globale, elle souffre du fléau de la dimension, ce qui signifie que ses performances sont satisfaisantes pour les problèmes de faible dimension, mais se détériorent rapidement à mesure que la dimension de l'espace de recherche augmente. Ceci est d'autant plus vrai que les problèmes de conception de systèmes complexes intègrent à la fois des variables continues et catégorielles, augmentant encore la taille de l'espace de recherche. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des méthodes pour réduire de manière significative le nombre de variables de conception comme, par exemple, des techniques d'apprentissage actif telles que la régression par moindres carrés partiels. Ainsi, ce travail adapte l'optimisation bayésienne aux variables discrètes et à la grande dimension pour réduire le nombre d'évaluations lors de l'optimisation de concepts d'avions innovants moins polluants comme la configuration hybride électrique "DRAGON"<br>Nowadays, there has been significant and growing interest in improving the efficiency of vehicle design processes through the development of tools and techniques in the field of multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO). In fact, when optimizing both the aerodynamics and structures, one needs to consider the effect of the aerodynamic shape variables and structural sizing variables on the weight which also affects the fuel consumption. MDO arises as a powerful tool that can perform this trade-off automatically. The objective of the Ph. D project is to propose an efficient approach for solving an aero-structural wing optimization process at the conceptual design level. The latter is formulated as a constrained optimization problem that involves a large number of design variables (typically 700 variables). The targeted optimization approach is based on a sequential enrichment (typically efficient global optimization (EGO)), using an adaptive surrogate model. Kriging surrogate models are one of the most widely used in engineering problems to substitute time-consuming high fidelity models. EGO is a heuristic method, designed for the solution of global optimization problems that has performed well in terms of quality of the solution computed. However, like any other method for global optimization, EGO suffers from the curse of dimensionality, meaning that its performance is satisfactory on lower dimensional problems, but deteriorates as the dimensionality of the optimization search space increases. For realistic aircraft wing design problems, the typical size of the design variables exceeds 700 and, thus, trying to solve directly the problems using EGO is ruled out. In practical test cases, high dimensional MDO problems may possess a lower intrinsic dimensionality, which can be exploited for optimization. In this context, a feature mapping can then be used to map the original high dimensional design variable onto a sufficiently small design space. Most of the existing approaches in the literature use random linear mapping to reduce the dimension, sometimes active learning is used to build this linear embedding. Generalizations to non-linear subspaces are also proposed using the so-called variational autoencoder. For instance, a composition of Gaussian processes (GP), referred as deep GP, can be very useful. In this PhD thesis, we will investigate efficient parameterization tools to significantly reduce the number of design variables by using active learning technics. An extension of the method could be also proposed to handle mixed continuous and categorical inputs using some previous works on low dimensional problems. Practical implementations within the OpenMDAO framework (an open source MDO framework developed by NASA) are expected
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Guin, Ophélie. "Méthodes bayésiennes semi-paramétriques d'extraction et de sélection de variables dans le cadre de la dendroclimatologie." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00636704.
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Selon le Groupe Intergouvernemental d'experts sur l'Évolution du Climat (GIEC), il est important de connaitre le climat passé afin de replacer le changement climatique actuel dans son contexte. Ainsi, de nombreux chercheurs ont travaillé à l'établissement de procédures permettant de reconstituer les températures ou les précipitations passées à l'aide d'indicateurs climatiques indirects. Ces procédures sont généralement basées sur des méthodes statistiques mais l'estimation des incertitudes associées à ces reconstructions reste une difficulté majeure. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est donc de proposer de nouvelles méthodes statistiques permettant une estimation précise des erreurs commises, en particulier dans le cadre de reconstructions à partir de données sur les cernes d'arbres.De manière générale, les reconstructions climatiques à partir de mesures de cernes d'arbres se déroulent en deux étapes : l'estimation d'une variable cachée, commune à un ensemble de séries de mesures de cernes, et supposée climatique puis l'estimation de la relation existante entre cette variable cachée et certaines variables climatiques. Dans les deux cas, nous avons développé une nouvelle procédure basée sur des modèles bayésiens semi- paramétriques. Tout d'abord, concernant l'extraction du signal commun, nous proposons un modèle hiérarchique semi-paramétrique qui offre la possibilité de capturer les hautes et les basses fréquences contenues dans les cernes d'arbres, ce qui était difficile dans les études dendroclimatologiques passées. Ensuite, nous avons développé un modèle additif généralisé afin de modéliser le lien entre le signal extrait et certaines variables climatiques, permettant ainsi l'existence de relations non-linéaires contrairement aux méthodes classiques de la dendrochronologie. Ces nouvelles méthodes sont à chaque fois comparées aux méthodes utilisées traditionnellement par les dendrochronologues afin de comprendre ce qu'elles peuvent apporter à ces derniers.
Books on the topic "Hierarchical variables"
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Babeshko, Lyudmila, and Irina Orlova. Econometrics and econometric modeling in Excel and R. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079837.
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The textbook includes topics of modern econometrics, often used in economic research. Some aspects of multiple regression models related to the problem of multicollinearity and models with a discrete dependent variable are considered, including methods for their estimation, analysis, and application. A significant place is given to the analysis of models of one-dimensional and multidimensional time series. Modern ideas about the deterministic and stochastic nature of the trend are considered. Methods of statistical identification of the trend type are studied. Attention is paid to the evaluation, analysis, and practical implementation of Box — Jenkins stationary time series models, as well as multidimensional time series models: vector autoregressive models and vector error correction models. It includes basic econometric models for panel data that have been widely used in recent decades, as well as formal tests for selecting models based on their hierarchical structure. Each section provides examples of evaluating, analyzing, and testing models in the R software environment. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
 
 It is addressed to master's students studying in the Field of Economics, the curriculum of which includes the disciplines Econometrics (advanced course)", "Econometric modeling", "Econometric research", and graduate students."
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Hierarchical Modelling of Discrete Longitudinal Data: Applications of Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Herbert Witz Verlag, Wissenschaft, 1997.
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Lee, Patricia, Donald Stewart, and Stephen Clift. Group Singing and Quality of Life. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.22.
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International research has broadly reported positive effects of singing on health. Choral singing, a social activity, can contribute to health and social and emotional well-being through enhancing individual and social variables, such as a sense of motivation, personal worth, concentration, and social engagement. This cross-sectional study aimed to establish a quantitative model to explain how multiple attributes of choral singing interact to impact on different dimensions of health and well-being. Using data from an Australian subsample within a multinational project, the results, from a series of stepwise hierarchical regression models, showed that choral singing benefited the choir members’ physical and psychological health and well-being through social engagement and a sense of positive identity. Choral singing also impacted social health and well-being positively by promoting feelings of excitement and importance to life, as well as longer duration of involvement in the choir. This study will contribute to developing targeted group singing or social activities to promote continued physical, psychological, and social health.
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Cemgil, A. Taylan, Simon Godsill, Paul Peeling, and Nick Whiteley. Bayesian statistical methods for audio and music processing. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.25.
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This article focuses on the use of Bayesian statistical methods in audio and music processing in the context of an application to multipitch audio and determining a musical ‘score’ representation that includes pitch and time duration summary for a musical extract (the so-called ‘piano-roll’ representation of music). It first provides an overview of mainstream applications of audio signal processing, the properties of musical audio, superposition and how to address it using the Bayesian approach, and the principal challenges facing audio processing. It then considers the fundamental audio processing tasks before discussing a range of Bayesian hierarchical models involving both time and frequency domain dynamic models. It shows that Bayesian analysis is applicable in audio signal processing in real environments where acoustical conditions and sound sources are highly variable, yet audio signals possess strong statistical structure.
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Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.
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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.
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Sobczyk, Eugeniusz Jacek. Uciążliwość eksploatacji złóż węgla kamiennego wynikająca z warunków geologicznych i górniczych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/onermin/0222.
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Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.
Book chapters on the topic "Hierarchical variables"
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Ilić, Marija D., and Shell Liu. "Structural Modeling and Control Design Using Interaction Variables." In Hierarchical Power Systems Control. Springer London, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3461-9_4.
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Azbel, Mark Ya. "Non-Separable Variables: Hierarchical Quantization and Tunneling Resonances." In Quantum Coherence in Mesoscopic Systems. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3698-1_39.
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Abdesselam, Rafik. "A Topological Clustering of Individuals." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09034-9_1.
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AbstractThe clustering of objects-individuals is one of the most widely used approaches to exploring multidimensional data. The two common unsupervised clustering strategies are Hierarchical Ascending Clustering (HAC) and k-means partitioning used to identify groups of similar objects in a dataset to divide it into homogeneous groups. The proposed Topological Clustering of Individuals, or TCI, studies a homogeneous set of individual rows of a data table, based on the notion of neighborhood graphs; the columns-variables are more-or-less correlated or linked according to whether the variable is of a quantitative or qualitative type. It enables topological analysis of the clustering of individual variables which can be quantitative, qualitative or a mixture of the two. It first analyzes the correlations or associations observed between the variables in a topological context of principal component analysis (PCA) or multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), depending on the type of variable, then classifies individuals into homogeneous group, relative to the structure of the variables considered. The proposed TCI method is presented and illustrated here using a real dataset with quantitative variables, but it can also be applied with qualitative or mixed variables.
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Bickel, Peter J., Ya’acov Ritov, and Alexandre B. Tsybakov. "Hierarchical selection of variables in sparse high-dimensional regression." In Institute of Mathematical Statistics Collections. Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/10-imscoll605.
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Hengst, Bernhard. "Generating Hierarchical Structure in Reinforcement Learning from State Variables." In PRICAI 2000 Topics in Artificial Intelligence. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44533-1_54.
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da Silva, Ana Lorga, Helena Bacelar-Nicolau, and Gilbert Saporta. "Missing Data in Hierarchical Classification of Variables — a Simulation Study." In Classification, Clustering, and Data Analysis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56181-8_13.
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Tanioka, Kensuke, and Hiroshi Yadohisa. "Three-Mode Hierarchical Subspace Clustering with Noise Variables and Occasions." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01264-3_8.
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Bonales Valencia, Joel, and Odette Virginia Delfín Ortega. "Hierarchical Structure of Variables in Export Agribusiness: The Case of Michoacan." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30433-0_15.
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Ross, Amanda, and Victor L. Willson. "Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis Using at Least Two Sets of Variables (In Two Blocks)." In Basic and Advanced Statistical Tests. SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-086-8_10.
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Zhao, Feixiang, Mingzhe Liu, Binyang Jia, Xin Jiang, and Jun Ren. "Key Variables Soft Measurement of Wastewater Treatment Process Based on Hierarchical Extreme Learning Machine." In Proceedings in Adaptation, Learning and Optimization. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23307-5_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Hierarchical variables"
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de Soto, Adolfo R. "Hierarchical Linguistic Variables." In NAFIPS 2009 - 2009 Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nafips.2009.5156432.
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Yoshimura, Masataka, and Kazuhiro Izui. "Smart Optimization of Machine Systems Using Hierarchical Genotype Representations." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/dac-8631.
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Abstract Design problems for machine products are generally hierarchically expressed. With conventional product optimization methods, it is difficult to concurrently optimize all design variables of portions within the hierarchical structure. This paper proposes a design optimization method using genetic algorithms containing hierarchical genotype representations, so that the hierarchical structures of machine system designs are exactly expressed through genotype coding, and optimization can be concurrently conducted for all of the hierarchical structures. Crossover and mutation operations for manipulating the hierarchical genotype representations are also developed. The proposed method is applied to a machine-tool structural design to demonstrate its effectiveness.
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Yoshimura, Masataka, and Kazuhiro Izui. "Global System Optimization Using Hierarchical Genetic Algorithms Based on Decision-Making Components." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dac-21075.
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Abstract The efficient, optimized manufacture of sophisticated products largely depends upon a globally optimized design and manufacturing solution. Ideally, the decision-making tools independently used within various enterprise divisions, such as design and manufacturing, should be integrated, and all decisions made should take into account the goal of global optimization of the entire system. This paper proposes an integrated global optimization technique especially suited to systems consisting of multiple divisions. Each division’s decision-making tools are transformed into components, the interrelationships of these components and other decision variables are classified, and an optimization problem is formulated based on these classifications. The obtained optimization problem is constructed from hierarchically structured decision variables, and the optimization problem is represented by hierarchical genes. Finally, to achieve a globally optimal solution, a hybrid optimization method is demonstrated, that uses a combination of hierarchical genetic algorithms in concert with the optimization methods attached to divisional decision-making components.
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Chen, Zhengming, Feng Xie, Jie Qiao, Zhifeng Hao, and Ruichu Cai. "Some General Identification Results for Linear Latent Hierarchical Causal Structure." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/397.
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We study the problem of learning hierarchical causal structure among latent variables from measured variables. While some existing methods are able to recover the latent hierarchical causal structure, they mostly suffer from restricted assumptions, including the tree-structured graph constraint, no ``triangle" structure, and non-Gaussian assumptions. In this paper, we relax these restrictions above and consider a more general and challenging scenario where the beyond tree-structured graph, the ``triangle" structure, and the arbitrary noise distribution are allowed. We investigate the identifiability of the latent hierarchical causal structure and show that by using second-order statistics, the latent hierarchical structure can be identified up to the Markov equivalence classes over latent variables. Moreover, some directions in the Markov equivalence classes of latent variables can be further identified using partially non-Gaussian data. Based on the theoretical results above, we design an effective algorithm for learning the latent hierarchical causal structure. The experimental results on synthetic data verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Jayasimha, D. N. "Partially shared variables and hierarchical shared memory multiprocessor architectures." In Eleventh Annual International Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communication [1992 Conference Proceedings]. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pccc.1992.200539.
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Silva, Eliana Costa e., Isabel Cristina Lopes, Aldina Correia, and A. Manuela Gonçalves. "Hierarchical clusters of phytoplankton variables in dammed water bodies." In APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Applied Mathematics and Computer Science. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4981978.
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Tunc, Pervin. "ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR VARIABLES AND HIERARCHICAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS: A RESEARCH." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/1.5/s05.094.
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Liu, Yu, Xiaolei Yin, Paul Arendt, Wei Chen, and Hong-Zhong Huang. "An Extended Hierarchical Statistical Sensitivity Analysis Method for Multilevel Systems With Shared Variables." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87434.
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Statistical sensitivity analysis (SSA) is an effective methodology to examine the impact of variations in model inputs on the variations in model outputs at either a prior or posterior design stage. A hierarchical statistical sensitivity analysis (HSSA) method has been proposed in literature to incorporate SSA in designing complex engineering systems with a hierarchical structure. However, the original HSSA method only deals with hierarchical systems with independent subsystems. Due to the existence of shared variables at lower levels, responses from lower level submodels that act as inputs to a higher level subsystem are both functionally and statistically dependent. For designing engineering systems with dependent subsystem responses, an extended hierarchical statistical sensitivity analysis (EHSSA) method is developed in this work to provide a ranking order based on the impact of lower level model inputs on the top level system performance. A top-down strategy, same as in the original HSSA method, is employed to direct SSA from the top level to lower levels. To overcome the limitation of the original HSSA method, the concept of a subset SSA is utilized to group a set of dependent responses from lower level submodels in the upper level SSA. For variance decomposition at a lower level, the covariance of dependent responses is decomposed into the contributions from individual shared variables. To estimate the global impact of lower level inputs on the top level output, an extended aggregation formulation is developed to integrate local submodel SSA results. The importance sampling technique is also introduced to re-use the existing data from submodels SSA during the aggregation process. The effectiveness of the proposed EHSSA method is illustrated via a mathematical example and a multiscale design problem.
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Michalek, Jeremy J., and Panos Y. Papalambros. "BB-ATC: Analytical Target Cascading Using Branch and Bound for Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming." In ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99040.
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The analytical target cascading (ATC) methodology for optimizing hierarchical systems has demonstrated convergence properties for continuous, convex formulations. However, many practical problems involve both continuous and discrete design variables, resulting in mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulations. While current ATC methods have been used to solve such MINLP formulations in practice, convergence properties have yet to be formally addressed, and optimality is uncertain. This paper describes properties of ATC for working with MINLP formulations and poses a solution method applying branch and bound as an outer loop to the ATC hierarchy in order to generate optimal solutions. The approach is practical for large hierarchically decomposed problems with relatively few discrete variables.
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Zhang, Xiao-Ling, Po Ting Lin, Hae Chang Gea, and Hong-Zhong Huang. "Bounded Target Cascading in Hierarchical Design Optimization." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48614.
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Analytical Target Cascading method has been widely developed to solve hierarchical design optimization problems. In the Analytical Target Cascading method, a weighted-sum formulation has been commonly used to coordinate the inconsistency between design points and assigned targets in each level while minimizing the cost function. However, the choice of the weighting coefficients is very problem dependent and improper selections of the weights will lead to incorrect solutions. To avoid the problems associated with the weights, single objective functions in the hierarchical design optimization are formulated by a new Bounded Target Cascading method. Instead of point targets assigned for design variables in the Analytical Target Cascading method, bounded targets are introduced in the new method. The target bounds are obtained from the optimal solutions in each level while the response bounds are updated back to the system level. If the common variables exist, they are coordinated based on their sensitivities with respect to design variables. Finally, comparisons of the results from the proposed method and the weighted-sum Analytical Target Cascading are presented and discussed.
Reports on the topic "Hierarchical variables"
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Chamberlain, Gary, and Guido Imbens. Hierarchical Bayes Models with Many Instrumental Variables. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0204.
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Zhang, Zhen. From CFA to SEM with Moderated Mediation in Mplus. Instats Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/e6lwwzg27rqsr469.
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This seminar introduces the Mplus latent variable modeling framework and explores measurement models including bi-factor and hierarchical factor models and scale reliability in CFA, as well as SEMs with latent variable interactions (moderation), indirect effects (mediation), latent conditional indirect effects (moderated mediation), and latent instrumental variable methods in an framework (IV-SEM).
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Zyphur, Michael. From CFA to SEM with Moderated Mediation in R. Instats Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/75sjvfs0ve1d4469.
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This seminar introduces the Lavaan latent variable modeling framework and explores measurement models including bi-factor and hierarchical factor models and scale reliability in CFA, as well as SEMs with latent variable interactions (moderation), indirect effects (mediation), latent conditional indirect effects (moderated mediation), and latent instrumental variable methods in an SEM framework (IV-SEM). An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar. For European PhD students, the seminar offers 2 ECTS Equivalent point.
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Zyphur, Michael. From CFA to SEM with Moderated Mediation in Mplus. Instats Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/a6tru90pc9miu469.
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This seminar introduces the Mplus latent variable modeling framework and explores measurement models including bi-factor and hierarchical factor models and scale reliability in CFA, as well as SEMs with latent variable interactions (moderation), indirect effects (mediation), latent conditional indirect effects (moderated mediation), and latent instrumental variable methods in an SEM framework (IV-SEM). An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar. For European PhD students, the seminar offers 2 ECTS Equivalent point.
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Zyphur, Michael. From CFA to SEM with Moderated Mediation in R (Free On-Demand Seminar). Instats Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/xria1if8u3nip469.
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This seminar introduces the Lavaan latent variable modeling framework and explores measurement models including bi-factor and hierarchical factor models and scale reliability in CFA, as well as SEMs with latent variable interactions (moderation), indirect effects (mediation), latent conditional indirect effects (moderated mediation), and latent instrumental variable methods in an SEM framework (IV-SEM). An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar. For European PhD students, the seminar offers 2 ECTS Equivalent point.
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Zyphur, Michael. Intermediate SEM in Stata: From CFA to SEM. Instats Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/9qo0ssbbzp4nl469.
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This seminar introduces the Stata ‘sem’ latent variable modeling framework and explores measurement models including bi-factor and hierarchical factor models and scale reliability in CFA, as well as SEMs with latent variable interactions (moderation), indirect effects (mediation), latent conditional indirect effects (moderated mediation), and latent instrumental variable methods in an SEM framework (IV-SEM). An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar. For European PhD students, each seminar offers 2 ECTS Equivalent points.
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Swan, Megan, and Christopher Calvo. Site characterization and change over time in semi-arid grassland and shrublands at three parks?Chaco Culture National Historic Park, Petrified Forest National Park, and Wupatki National Monument: Upland vegetation and soils monitoring 2007?2021. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301582.
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This report presents results of upland vegetation and soil monitoring of semi-arid grasslands at three Parks by the Southern Colorado Plateau Inventory and Monitoring Network (SCPN) from 2007?2021. The purpose is to compare and contrast five grassland ecological sites and examine how they have changed during the first 15 years of monitoring. Crews collected data on composition and abundance of vegetation, both at the species level and by lifeform (e.g., perennial grass, shrub, forb) and soil aggregate stability and soil texture at 150 plots within five target grassland/shrubland communities delineated using NRCS ecological site (ecosite) classification (30 plots per ecosite). Soils in plots at Petrified Forest NP and Chaco Culture NHP were deeper than those at Wupatki NM. Undifferentiated soil crust comprised the largest component of the soil surface, except at Wupatki where surface gravel dominated. Cover of biological soil crust (cyanobacteria, lichen, and moss) was low. Soil aggregate stability was moderate. From 2007?2021, SCPN crews identified 283 unique plant species. Overall live foliar cover ranged from 12-24%. Four of five ecological sites were dominated by C4 grass species (>70% of total live foliar cover). Shrubs co-dominated at one site (WUPA L) and forbs were an overall small component of total vegetation cover but contributed most of the diversity in these sites. Less than 4% of species detected were nonnative. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) was the most frequently sampled nonnative, occurring in > 50% of plots at Wupatki in the volcanic upland ecological site. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) was the second most common invasive species but occurred in < 10% of the plots at all ecological sites. Vegetation cover was modeled using Bayesian hierarchical models and included seasonal climatic water deficits, year effects and topographic variables as covariates. Models revealed significant negative time trends (i.e., changes over time that were not explained by changes in seasonal deficit covariates included) in some modeled responses, particularly in the cover of perennial grass at all five ecological sites. Time trends in shrub and forb responses were mixed. Species richness showed variable effects by ecosite, decreasing at CHCU S, and increasing at PEFO S and WUPA V. Modeled responses were influenced by climate covariates, but direction of these effects varied. The most consistent effects were that greater July water stress and higher accumulated growing degree days (i.e., warmer spring temperatures) increased cover of perennial grasses and shrubs during the same year. However, greater water stress in the spring had a negative effect on many responses as expected. Decreasing cover of perennial grass and increasing cover of shrubs and weedy forbs has been predicted for southwestern grasslands in response to increasing aridification due to anthropogenic climate change. Perennial grass trends reported here correspond with these predictions with mixed results on shrub and forb community trends. Continued drought conditions will likely exacerbate negative changes in these systems.
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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, et al. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.
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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.
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Searcy, Stephen W., and Kalman Peleg. Adaptive Sorting of Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568747.bard.
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This project includes two main parts: Development of a “Selective Wavelength Imaging Sensor” and an “Adaptive Classifiery System” for adaptive imaging and sorting of agricultural products respectively. Three different technologies were investigated for building a selectable wavelength imaging sensor: diffraction gratings, tunable filters and linear variable filters. Each technology was analyzed and evaluated as the basis for implementing the adaptive sensor. Acousto optic tunable filters were found to be most suitable for the selective wavelength imaging sensor. Consequently, a selectable wavelength imaging sensor was constructed and tested using the selected technology. The sensor was tested and algorithms for multispectral image acquisition were developed. A high speed inspection system for fresh-market carrots was built and tested. It was shown that a combination of efficient parallel processing of a DSP and a PC based host CPU in conjunction with a hierarchical classification system, yielded an inspection system capable of handling 2 carrots per second with a classification accuracy of more than 90%. The adaptive sorting technique was extensively investigated and conclusively demonstrated to reduce misclassification rates in comparison to conventional non-adaptive sorting. The adaptive classifier algorithm was modeled and reduced to a series of modules that can be added to any existing produce sorting machine. A simulation of the entire process was created in Matlab using a graphical user interface technique to promote the accessibility of the difficult theoretical subjects. Typical Grade classifiers based on k-Nearest Neighbor techniques and linear discriminants were implemented. The sample histogram, estimating the cumulative distribution function (CDF), was chosen as a characterizing feature of prototype populations, whereby the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic was employed as a population classifier. Simulations were run on artificial data with two-dimensions, four populations and three classes. A quantitative analysis of the adaptive classifier's dependence on population separation, training set size, and stack length determined optimal values for the different parameters involved. The technique was also applied to a real produce sorting problem, e.g. an automatic machine for sorting dates by machine vision in an Israeli date packinghouse. Extensive simulations were run on actual sorting data of dates collected over a 4 month period. In all cases, the results showed a clear reduction in classification error by using the adaptive technique versus non-adaptive sorting.