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Books on the topic 'Hierarchy of knowledge'
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1
Henn, William. The hierarchy of truths according to Yves Congar, O.P. Roma: Editrice Pontificia Università gregoriana, 1987.
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2
Hajnicz, Elżbieta. Reprezentowanie w hierarchii dziedzin informacji zmieniającej się w czasie. Warszawa: Instytut Podstaw Informatyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1989.
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3
Eberspächer, J. Enterprise 2.0: Unternehmen zwischen Hierarchie und Selbstorganisation. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.
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4
Odincov, Boris. Models and intelligent systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1060845.
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The monograph consists of three chapters, the first of which outlines the theoretical foundations of intelligent information systems. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the term "model" as the intended meaning depends on the understanding of the material. Introduces and examines the new concepts such as the associative and intuitive knowledge while in the creation of intellectual information systems are not used.
The second Chapter contains the analysis of problems of development of artificial intelligence (AI), developed in two directions: classical and statistical. Discusses difficulties in the development of the classical approach, associated with identifying the meaning of words, phrases, text, and formulating thoughts. The analysis of problems arising in the play of imagination and insight, machine understanding of natural language texts, play, verbalization and reflection.
The third Chapter contains examples of the development of intelligent information systems and technologies in practice of management of economic objects. Theoretical bases of construction of information robots designed to support the task hierarchy of the knowledge base and generating control regulations. The technology of their creation and application in the management of the business efficiency of enterprise business processes and its investment activities.
Focused on researchers and developers, AI and intelligent information systems, as well as graduate students and faculty in related academic disciplines.
5
Way, Eileen Cornell. Dynamic type hierarchies: An approach to knowledge representation through metaphor. 1987.
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6
Wimbush, Vincent L. “Pacification of the Primitive Tribes”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190664701.003.0003.
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This chapter opens a window onto the colonial project as it was played out in Umuofia, with a focus on the savage politics of knowledge, of the Book. It is the latter around which turns the politics of power and knowledge and communication. Also reflected and developed as a part of such politics is a radical Manichean worldview in which reality is either black or white. This reality represents a hierarchy of structured relations that determines what is known and how knowing is experienced. Those persons and traditions on the other side are crushed. Those within this world are managed or manipulated by politics of the discursive.
7
Sosa, Ernest. Epistemic Explanations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856467.001.0001.
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This book develops an improved virtue epistemology and uses it to explain several epistemic phenomena. Part I lays out a telic virtue epistemology that accommodates varieties of knowledge and understanding particularly pertinent to the humanities. Part II develops an epistemology of suspension of judgment, by relating it to degrees of confidence and to inquiry. Part III develops a substantially improved telic virtue epistemology by appeal to default assumptions important in domains of human performance generally, and in our intellectual lives as a special case. This reconfigures earlier virtue epistemology, which now seems a first approximation. This part also introduces a metaphysical hierarchy of epistemic categories and defends in particular a category of secure knowledge.
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Monaghan, Nicola. 1. Introduction to criminal law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0001.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter begins by addressing the question: What is a crime? It then discusses the difference between criminal law, the law of tort, and contract law; the function of criminal law; sources of criminal law; the classification of offences; the criminal justice process; the hierarchy of the criminal courts; the burden and standard of proof; and the elements of an offence.
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Nagasawa, Yujin. Perfect Being Theism and the Great Chain of Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758686.003.0003.
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This chapter explores exactly what perfect being theism means when it says that God is the being than which no greater is metaphysically possible. It considers the greatness of God in the light of the ‘great chain of being’, a hierarchy of all possible beings. It analyses God’s great-making properties, including knowledge, power, and benevolence, and considers various rigorous models of God’s relations to other possible beings, such as the ‘linear model’ and the ‘radial model’. It defends the radial model but also raises a potential problem it faces. The chapter concludes by arguing that the linear model should be taken seriously as a backup option for perfect being theists.
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Godreau, Isar P. Unfolkloric Slavery. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038907.003.0004.
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This chapter traces the history of plantation slavery and sugar cane in Ponce. Before emancipation, libertos performed tasks related to the processing of sugar in the mills. From the point of view of hacendados, libertos were the most knowledgeable labor force and the most familiar with daily routines of sugar production. That placed them at a high position in the hierarchy of labor. As the sugarcane industry became more mechanized, the knowledge and skills of libertos became more indispensable. Consequently, after the abolition of slavery in 1873, hacendados adopted various methods to try to keep libertos working for them. One strategy consisted of offering libertos small plots of land on the grounds of the hacienda. Libertos could farm and grow animals for their family's subsistence in these plots. The ownership of land, albeit small, also gave libertos some degree of autonomy.
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Irvine, Craig, and Danielle Spencer. Dualism and Its Discontents I: Philosophy, Literature, and Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360192.003.0004.
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Part I of II: Beginning with several literary and nonfiction patient accounts elaborating alienating healthcare experiences, this chapter offers a brief overview of 20th-century attitudes and movements informing medical pedagogy and practice in the U.S., citing such figures as Abraham Flexner, Francis Peabody, Eric Cassell and others. Seeking an understanding of the dissociative underpinnings of medical practice, the chapter turns to the Western philosophical lineage, with particular emphasis on mind–body dualism. Beginning with Plato, key passages in The Republic and The Symposium are examined, exploring Plato’s influential conception of the hierarchy between the physical and intelligible realms. Descartes’ Enlightenment philosophy and his approach to knowledge—with thought abstracted from the physical realm—is discussed in detail, alongside the connections between such thought and medical practice. The chapter closes with a question, to be addressed in Part II: Might philosophy offer more salutary approaches to understanding healthcare?
12
Wade, Robert H. Great Escapes and Great Divergences. Edited by David Brady and Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.23.
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This article highlights ambiguities and indeterminacies in our knowledge about growth, inequality, and poverty, stemming in particular from measurement difficulties and from differences in measures of what is ostensibly the same thing (“poverty,” “inequality”). It examines global income distribution, patterns of economic growth, the movement of countries in the global income hierarchy, trends in income distribution between countries and between individuals or households, and trends in the incidence of “extreme” and “ordinary” poverty. The article begins with a snapshop of world income and population distribution, followed by a discussion on growth and geographical distribution. It then considers income inequality within countries, along with income inequality between countries and all people. It shows that the global income distribution is still highly polarized and that the proportion of the world’s population living in the degree of poverty which kills—“extreme poverty”—has probably fallen over the past several decades.
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Labrador, Roderick N. “What’s so p/funny?”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038808.003.0003.
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This chapter critiques the idea of Hawaiʻi as a “multicultural paradise” and the production of Local by examining the popular practice of ethnic humor. It argues that Hawaiʻi ethnic humor is a space for the production of “Local knowledge(s)” and ideologies where identities are constructed and social order and racial hierarchy are enacted. It draws attention to the production of Local as a nonimmigrant identity, especially the ways in which Local comedians appropriate the voice of immigrant Filipinos through the use of Mock Filipino (or speaking English with a “Filipino accent”). Although understood as “innocent” and “harmless” joking in which “we can laugh at ourselves,” Hawaiʻi ethnic humor in general, and Mock Filipino in particular, simultaneously produce racially demeaning or “racially interested” discourses that uphold the positive self-image of Locals, especially their membership in Hawaiʻi's “racial paradise,” while lowering that of immigrant Filipinos.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0009.
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While bottom-up visual processing is important, the brain integrates this information with top-down, generative expectations from very early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Indeed, our brain should not be viewed as a classification system, but rather as a generative system, which perceives something by integrating sensory evidence with the available, learned, predictive knowledge about that thing. The involved generative models continuously produce expectations over time, across space, and from abstracted encodings to more concrete encodings. Bayesian information processing is the key to understand how information integration must work computationally – at least in approximation – also in the brain. Bayesian networks in the form of graphical models allow the modularization of information and the factorization of interactions, which can strongly improve the efficiency of generative models. The resulting generative models essentially produce state estimations in the form of probability densities, which are very well-suited to integrate multiple sources of information, including top-down and bottom-up ones. A hierarchical neural visual processing architecture illustrates this point even further. Finally, some well-known visual illusions are shown and the perceptions are explained by means of generative, information integrating, perceptual processes, which in all cases combine top-down prior knowledge and expectations about objects and environments with the available, bottom-up visual information.
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Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus. What is Theory? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.361.
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The concept of theory takes part in a conceptual network occupied by some of the most common subjects of European Enlightenment, such as “science” and “reason.” Generally speaking, a theory is a rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking. Theories drive the exercise of finding facts rather than of reaching goals. To formulate a theory, or to “theorize,” is to assert something of a privileged epistemic status, manifested in the traditional scholarly hierarchy between theorists and those who merely labor among the empirical weeds. In so doing, a theory provides a fixed point upon which analysis can be founded and action can be performed. Scholar and author Kenneth W. Thompson describes a nexus of relations between and among three different senses of the word “theory:” normative theory, a “general theory of politics,” and the set of assumptions on the basis of which a given actor is acting. These three types of theory are somehow paralleled by Marysia Zalewski’s triad of theory as “tool,” theory as “critique,” and theory as “everyday practice.” While Thompson’s and Zalewski’s interpretations of theory are each inherently consistent, both signal a different philosophical ontology. Thompson’s viewpoint is dualist, presuming the existence of a mind-independent world to which knowledge refers; while Zalewski’s is more of a monist, rejecting the mind/world dichotomy in favor of a more complex interrelationship between observers and their objects of study.