Journal articles: 'High density polyethylene (HDPE)'

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Tuan, Vu Manh, Da Woon Jeong, Ho Joon Yoon, SangYong Kang, Nguyen Vu Giang, Thai Hoang, Tran Ich Thinh, and Myung Yul Kim. "Using Rutile TiO2Nanoparticles Reinforcing High Density Polyethylene Resin." International Journal of Polymer Science 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/758351.

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The TiO2nanoparticles were used as a reinforcement to prepare nanocomposites with high density polyethylene (HDPE) by melt blending process. The original TiO2(ORT) was modified by 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPMS) to improve the dispersion into HDPE matrix. The FT-IR spectroscopy and FESEM micrographs of modified TiO2(GRT) demonstrated that GPMS successfully grafted with TiO2nanoparticles. The tensile test of HDPE/ORT and HDPE/GRT nanocomposites with various contents of dispersive particles indicated that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of HDPE/GRT nanocomposites are superior to the values of original HDPE and HDPE/ORT nanocomposites. At 1 wt.% of GRT, the mechanical properties of nanocomposites were optimal. In DSC and TGA analyses, with the presence of GRT in the nanocomposites, the thermal stability significantly increased in comparison with pure HDPE and HDPE/ORT nanocomposites. The better dispersion of GRT in polymer matrix as shown in FESEM images demonstrated the higher mechanical properties of HDPE/GRT nanocomposites to HDPE/ORT nanocomposites.

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Wang, Fei, Jiabin Yu, Lichao Liu, Ping Xue, and Ke Chen. "Influence of high-density polyethylene content on the rheology, crystal structure, and mechanical properties of melt spun ultra-high-molecular weight polyethylene/high-density polyethylene blend fibers." Journal of Industrial Textiles 53 (January 2023): 152808372211501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15280837221150198.

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High-density polyethylene (HDPE) content significantly influences the structure and mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/HDPE blend fibers. The molecular chain disentanglement and crystallization characteristics of as-spun filaments and fibers and how the structure affects the final mechanical properties of the fibers were thoroughly studied by adding different contents of HDPE. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and rheological analysis indicated that the molecular entanglement decreased with increasing HDPE content, improving the UHMWPE melt processability. Sound velocity orientation (SVO) studies indicated that the UHMWPE/HDPE as-spun filaments and fibers with an HDPE content of 40 wt% (U6H4) had a higher molecular chain orientation level. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analyses indicated that U6H4 had the highest crystallinity and the thinnest grains in the axial direction, respectively. The compact crystal structure and fully stretched molecular chains of U6H4 yielded the best mechanical properties. The present work disclosed the effect mechanism of HDPE contents on the preparation and properties of UHMWPE/HDPE fibers, which provided an effective and universal strategy for manufacturing high-strength UHMWPE/HDPE fibers with the melt spinning method.

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Ahmad, Mazatusziha, Mat Uzir Wahit, Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir, Khairul Zaman Mohd Dahlan, and Mohammad Jawaid. "Thermal and mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/high-density polyethylene/polyethylene glycol blends." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): 599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0142.

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Abstract Blends of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) provide adequate mechanical properties for biomedical application. In this study, the mechanical and thermal properties of UHMWPE/HDPE blends with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) prepared via single-screw extruder nanomixer were investigated. The UHMWPE/HDPE blends exhibit a gradual increase in strength, modulus, and impact strength over pure polymers, suggesting synergism in the polymer blends. The elastic and flexural modulus was increased at the expense of tensile, flexural, and impact strength for the blends containing PEG. The degradation temperature of UHMWPE was improved with the incorporation of HDPE due to good thermal stability of HDPE. HDPE improved the dispersibility of PEG in matrix, consequently reduced the surface area available for the kinetic effects, and reduced the degradation temperature. The morphology analysis confirmed the miscibility between UHMWPE and HDPE and the changes in polymer structure with the presence of PEG modify the thermal behavior of the blends. The mechanical properties of the blends that are underlying values for the design of implant material show the potential used as biomedical devices.

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Zhu, Lien, Di Wu, Baolong Wang, Jing Zhao, Zheng Jin, and Kai Zhao. "Reinforcing high-density polyethylene by polyacrylonitrile fibers." Pigment & Resin Technology 47, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2017-0030.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find a new method to reinforce high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with polyacrylonitrile fibers (PAN). Furthermore, the crystallinity, viscoelasticity and thermal properties of HDPE composites have also been investigated and compared. Design/methodology/approach For effective reinforcing, samples with different content fillers were prepared. HDPE composites were prepared by melt blending with double-screw extruder prior to cutting into particles and the samples for testing were made using an injection molding machine. Findings With the addition of 9 Wt.% PAN fibers, it was found that the tensile strength and flexural modulus got the maximum value in all HDPE composites and increased by 1.2 times than pure HDPE. The shore hardness, storage modulus and vicat softening point of the composites improved continuously with the increase in the proportion of the fibers. The thermal stability and processability of composites did not change rapidly with the addition of PAN fibers. The degree of crystallinity increased with the addition of PAN fibers. In general, the composites achieve the best comprehensive mechanical properties with the fiber content of 9 Wt.%. Practical implications The fibers improve the strength of the polyethylene and enhance its ability to resist deformation. Originality/value The modified HDPE by PAN fibers in this study have high tensile strength and resistance to deformation and can be used as an efficient material in engineering, packaging and automotive applications.

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Guo, Zhouchao, Xia Lan, and Ping Xue. "High-Precision Monitoring of Average Molecular Weight of Polyethylene Wax from Waste High-Density Polyethylene." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010188.

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High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is a major component of polyethylene waste, yet only under 29.9% of waste HDPE is recycled. As an important additive, polyethylene wax (PEW) is increasingly used in many industries such as plastics, dyes, and paints. The preparation of PEW has received considerable interest because recycling and precisely controllable production can bring huge economic benefits. In this study, to recycle waste HDPE, a single screw extruder was innovatively combined with a connecting pipe to prepare PEW from the pyrolysis of waste HDPE. Using a test platform, PEWs were prepared under different pyrolysis temperatures and screw speeds, and corresponding number-average molecular weights (NAMWs) of PEWs were measured. To precisely monitor NAMW of PEW, a program was developed in MATLAB. First, the relationship between NAMW and pyrolysis ratio was obtained, and a measure-point-independence verification was conducted. Then, modified Arrhenius equations and time-dependent pyrolysis temperature were for the first time introduced into the HDPE pyrolysis model. Furthermore, the screw-speed-dependent inverse method was proposed and validated for high-precision monitoring of NAMW of PEW from the pyrolysis of waste HDPE by extrusion. PEW of desired molecular weight was able to be precisely obtained from waste HDPE.

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Seghier, T., and F. Benabed. "Dielectric Proprieties Determination of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) by Dielectric Spectroscopy." International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 3, no. 2 (2015): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmmm.2015.v3.179.

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Zhu, Lien, Di Wu, Baolong Wang, Jing Zhao, Meihua Liu, Zheng Jin, and Kai Zhao. "Reinforcing high-density polyethylene by phenolic spheres." MATEC Web of Conferences 238 (2018): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823805003.

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Phenolic spheres are synthesized through resorcinol and formaldehyde. The phenolic spheres were blended with HDPE to prepare binary composites. The rheological properties and mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The composite materials have higher tensile strength and impact strength than pure HDPE, which extends the application of the material.

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Zhang, Lin, Libin Wang, Yujiao Shi, and Zhaobo Wang. "Dynamically vulcanized high-density polyethylene/nitrile butadiene rubber blends compatibilized by chlorinated polyethylene." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 32, no. 4 (February 28, 2018): 454–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718761557.

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Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends were prepared by dynamic vulcanization where chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) was used as a compatibilizer. The effects of CPE on mechanical properties, Mullins effect, dynamic mechanical properties, and morphology of the blends were investigated systematically. Experimental results indicated that CPE had an excellent compatibilization on the HDPE/NBR blends. Dynamic mechanical analysis studies showed that the glass transition temperature of NBR phase was slightly shifted toward higher temperature with the CPE incorporation, leading to the increasing interface compatibility. Mullins effect results showed that the compatibilized HDPE/NBR blend had relatively lower residual deformation and internal friction than that of HDPE/NBR blend, indicating the improvement of elasticity. Morphology studies showed that the size of the NBR particles was decreased with the existence of CPE; moreover, the fracture surface of HDPE/CPE/NBR TPV was relatively smoother than that of HDPE/NBR blend.

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Karakuş, Kadir, Deniz Aydemir, Gokhan Gunduz, and Fatih Mengeloğlu. "Heat-Treated Wood Reinforced High Density Polyethylene Composites." Drvna industrija 72, no. 3 (July 22, 2021): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2021.1971.

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This study investigated the effect of untreated and heat-treated ash and black pine wood flour concentrations on the selected properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. HDPE and wood flour were used as thermoplastic matrix and filler, respectively. The blends of HDPE and wood fl our were compounded using single screw extruder and test samples were prepared through injection molding. Mechanical properties like tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), elongation at break (EatB), fl exural strength (FS), fl exural modulus (FM) and impact strength (IS) of manufactured composites were determined. Wood fl our concentrations have significantly increased density, FS, TM and FM and hardness of composites while reducing TS, EatB and IS. Heat-treated ash and black pine fl our reinforced HDPE composites had higher mechanical properties than untreated ones. Composites showed two main decomposition peaks; one coming from ash wood flour (353-370 °C) and black pine wood fl our (373-376 °C), the second one from HDPE degradation (469-490 °C). SEM images showed improved dispersion of heat-treated ash and black pine wood flour. The obtained results showed that both the untreated and heat-treated ash/black pine wood flour have an important potential in the manufacture of HDPE composites.

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Bataineh, Khaled M. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Recycling Postconsumer High-Density Polyethylene and Polyethylene Terephthalate." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (March 10, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8905431.

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This study aims to quantify the overall environmental performances of mechanical recycling of the postconsumer high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in Jordan. The life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology is used to assess the potential environmental impacts of recycling postconsumer PET and HDPE. It quantifies the total energy requirements, energy sources, atmospheric pollutants, waterborne pollutants, and solid waste resulting from the production of recycled PET and HDPE resin from the postconsumer plastic. System expansion and cut-off recycling allocation methods are applied. The analysis has been carried out according to the LCA standard, series UNI EN ISO 14040-14044:2006. A standard unit of output (functional unit) is defined as “one ton of PET flake” and “one ton of HDPE pellet.” The results of the production of virgin resin are compared with the “cut-off” and “system expansion” recycling results. Depending on the allocation methods applied, a nonrenewable energy saving of 40–85% and greenhouse gas emission saving of 25–75% can be achieved. Based on two allocation methods, PET and HDPE recycling offers important environmental benefits over single-use virgin PET and HDPE. LCA offers a powerful tool for assisting companies and policy-makers in the waste plastic industry. Furthermore, the “system expansion” recycling method is not easy to apply because it requires detailed data outside of the life cycle of the investigated product.

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Asriza, Ristika O., and Janiar Pitulima. "Fotodegradasi High Density Polyethylene Yang Mengandung Aditif Okso-Biodegradasi." Indo. J. Chem. Res. 4, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598//ijcr.2017.4-ris1.

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High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a type of plastic that widely used for packaging because it has good mechanical properties. HDPE is naturally non-biodegradable, and the consequence it will increase plastic waste that will damage the environment. To increase their biodegradability, it is necessary to add an oxo-biodegradation additive in the form of a stearate metal compound. This oxo-biodegradation additive is a chromophore that can absorb UV light. Polyethylene oxo-biodegradation films are prepared by mixing HDPE and cobalt stearate to homogeneous on various compositions. To know the effect of adding cobalt stearate into HDPE has done by photodegradation process. The polyethylene oxo-biodegradation film was given irradiation using UV light in the wavelength range 280-300 nm at room temperature for 10 days. After irradiation, in the ATR spectrum shows an absorption peak at 1712 cm-1 wavenumber indicatied the presence of a carbonyl group with a stronger intensity. The higher concentration of cobalt stearate added in HDPE, increases the peak intensity of carbonyl group. This is due to the increasing number of chromophores from cobalt stearate that can absorb UV light, the faster the breakdown of HDPE chains into small fragments so that HDPE is rapidly degraded in nature.

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Asriza, Ristika O., and Janiar Pitulima. "Fotodegradasi High Density Polyethylene Yang Mengandung Aditif Okso-Biodegradasi." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research 4, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/ijcr.2017.4-ris1.

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High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a type of plastic that widely used for packaging because it has good mechanical properties. HDPE is naturally non-biodegradable, and the consequence it will increase plastic waste that will damage the environment. To increase their biodegradability, it is necessary to add an oxo-biodegradation additive in the form of a stearate metal compound. This oxo-biodegradation additive is a chromophore that can absorb UV light. Polyethylene oxo-biodegradation films are prepared by mixing HDPE and cobalt stearate to homogeneous on various compositions. To know the effect of adding cobalt stearate into HDPE has done by photodegradation process. The polyethylene oxo-biodegradation film was given irradiation using UV light in the wavelength range 280-300 nm at room temperature for 10 days. After irradiation, in the ATR spectrum shows an absorption peak at 1712 cm-1 wavenumber indicatied the presence of a carbonyl group with a stronger intensity. The higher concentration of cobalt stearate added in HDPE, increases the peak intensity of carbonyl group. This is due to the increasing number of chromophores from cobalt stearate that can absorb UV light, the faster the breakdown of HDPE chains into small fragments so that HDPE is rapidly degraded in nature.

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KUMAWAT, V. S., J. P. BHATT, D. SHARMA, S. C. AMETA, and R. AMETA. "Photocatalytic Degradation of High Density Polyethylene using CaO Nanocatalyst." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 9 (2020): 2293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22762.

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The photodegradation of high density polyethylene (HDPE) using CaO nanoparticles as a catalyst was carried out using 500 W lamp. After exposure, morphology as well as thermal properties of the HDPE was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). SEM results showed that the HDPE is more prone to crack into small fragments, which indicated a rise in crystallinity with different amounts of catalyst i.e. CaO nanoparticles. The DSC results confirmed the remarkable influence of photodegradation on degree of crystallinity (XC%), fusion enthalpy (ΔH J g-1) and melting temperature (Tm) of HDPE. Infrared spectrometry (FTIR) demonstrated all functional groups of HDPE, present before and after photodegradation. Overall results showed that HDPE was photodegraded into small fragments successfully by using CaO nanopartilces, where different functional groups such as carbonyl, esters and vinyl were obtained during chain scission.

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Fu, Xin, Hui Fang Gong, and Xi Mei Xiao. "Facile Method to Prepare Superhydrophobic High-Density Polyethylene Coating." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 2960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.2960.

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A superhydrophobic HDPE coating was obtained by a facile but yet effective way. The water contact angle and sliding angle of the superhydrophobic HDPE coating were 156±1.9ºand 3±1.6º, respectively. The HDPE coating was still superhydrophobic contacting with acid, alkali, salt aqueous solutions.

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Bekhta, Pavlo, and Ján Sedliačik. "Environmentally-Friendly High-Density Polyethylene-Bonded Plywood Panels." Polymers 11, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071166.

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Thermoplastic films exhibit good potential to be used as adhesives for the production of veneer-based composites. This work presents the first effort to develop and evaluate composites based on alder veneers and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film. The effects of hot-pressing temperature (140, 160, and 180 °C), hot-pressing pressure (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 MPa), hot-pressing time (1, 2, 3, and 5 min), and type of adhesives on the physical and mechanical properties of alder plywood panels were investigated. The effects of these variables on the core-layer temperature during the hot pressing of multiplywood panels using various adhesives were also studied. Three types of adhesives were used: urea–formaldehyde (UF), phenol–formaldehyde (PF), and HDPE film. UF and PF adhesives were used for the comparison. The findings of this work indicate that formaldehyde-free HDPE film adhesive gave values of mechanical properties of alder plywood panels that are comparable to those obtained with traditional UF and PF adhesives, even though the adhesive dosage and pressing pressure were lower than when UF and PF adhesives were used. The obtained bonding strength values of HDPE-bonded alder plywood panels ranged from 0.74 to 2.38 MPa and met the European Standard EN 314-2 for Class 1 plywood. The optimum conditions for the bonding of HDPE plywood were 160 °C, 0.8 MPa, and 3 min.

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Ma, Zheng Lu, Jui Chin Chen, Chi Hui Tsou, Yan Mei Wang, Xin Yuan Tian, and Chen Gao. "Mechanical Properties and Hydrophilicity of High-Density Polyethylene/Attapulgite Composites." Materials Science Forum 1047 (October 18, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1047.3.

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High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is used as the matrix and attapulgite (ATT) is used as the reinforcing phase. HDPE/ATT nanocomposites are prepared by melt blending. The effect of ATT content on the mechanical properties, water absorption and morphology of HDPE/ATT composites was studied. The results show that adding a small amount of ATT can improve the mechanical properties of HDPE, but excessive addition will reduce the mechanical properties of HDPE. The water absorption and contact angle test results show that as the ATT content increases, the composite material becomes more and more hydrophilic. After joining ATT, the performance of HDPE / ATT composite material has a significant improvement effect, and it is believed that it will have broad application prospects in the future.

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Yuan, Shi-Fang, Luyao Wang, Yi Yan, Tian Liu, Zygmunt Flisak, Yanping Ma, and Wen-Hua Sun. "4,4′-Dimethoxybenzhydryl substituent augments performance of bis(imino)pyridine cobalt-based catalysts in ethylene polymerization." RSC Advances 12, no. 25 (2022): 15741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01547a.

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Employing ligands with 4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydryl groups, the cobalt precatalysts display high activities toward ethylene polymerization and produce highly linear polyethylenes, the high density polyethylene (HDPE).

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Qi, Fang Juan, Li Xing Huo, You Feng Zhang, and Hong Yang Jing. "Study on Fracture Properties of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.153.

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Butt-fusion welding is the main technology to join high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic pipes, which are widely used in transport the water, gas and corrosive liquid. Investigation shows that one of the failure modes of HDPE pipe is the crack slowly grows across the thick direction and leads to failure at last, so that it is very important to study the resistance to crack initiation of HDPE pipe and its butt-fusion welded joint. In this study, the elastic-plastic fracture mechanics parameter, crack opening displacement (COD) is used to describe the fracture initiation behaviors for the HDPE materials and its butt-fusion welded joints. The resistance to initiation fracture of HDPE pipe materials and butt-fusion welded joints were investigated at different temperature by using multiple specimen resistance curve method and silicon-rubber replica method. The results show that saturation initial crack COD- δis of HDPE pipe materials and butt-fusion welded joints decreases with the decreasing temperature. The δis of butt-fusion welded joints is lower than that of HDPE pipe materials. Investigation also proved that the silicon-rubber replica method is more suitable for HDPE engineering material than the multiple specimen method. At the same time the statistic distribution of the δis of HDPE butt-fusion welded joint was conducted. The results show that the value of the δis has the statistic variance inherently. The optimum fitting distribution of COD is Weibull distribution with three parameters.

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Miller, Charles E. "Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Determine the Composition of High-Density/Low-Density Polyethylene Blend Films." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 2 (February 1993): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934048370.

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The ability of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, combined with principal component regression (PCR), to nondestructively determine the blend ratio of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in extruded films is demonstrated. Results indicate that the NIR spectrum in the region 2100 to 2500 nm can be used to determine the HDPE mass percentage of 60–80- μm-thick film samples to within 2.5%, over a range of 0 to 100%. NIR spectral effects from scattering are important for the determination of the HDPE % for HDPE contents above 50%, and spectral effects from changes in the methyl group concentration and perhaps the PE crystallinity are important for the determination of the HDPE % for HDPE contents below 50%. In addition, a large variation between the spectra of replicate samples, probably caused by variations in the degree or direction of molecular orientation in the samples, was observed.

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Sewda, Kamini, and S. N. Maiti. "Effect of bark flour on viscoelastic behavior of high density polyethylene." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 9 (October 27, 2010): 1007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998310383727.

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The dynamic mechanical behavior of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in HDPE/bark flour (BF) composites on varying the volume fraction (Φf) of BF (filler) from 0 to 0.26 has been studied. The storage modulus decreases with increase in BF content up to Φf = 0.07, which is attributed to a pseudolubricating effect by the filler. The storage modulus for the composites at Φ f = 0.20 is higher than HDPE in all other temperature zones due to enhanced mechanical restraint by the dispersed phase. At Φf = 0.07, the loss moduli were either marginally lower or similar to that of HDPE, which is due to the ball-bearing effect of the filler as well as decrease in the crystallinity of HDPE. Above Φf = 0.07, the loss moduli were higher than HDPE. The α-relaxation region of the damping peak shifted toward the higher temperature side with increase in BF content. In the presence of the coupling agent, maleic anhydride-grafted HDPE (HDPE-g-MAH), the storage modulus values were marginally lower than those of the HDPE/BF systems. In the HDPE/BF/HDPE—g—MAH composites, the variations of the loss moduli were similar but values lower than those of the HDPE/BF systems. Damping peak shift in the α-region toward higher temperature was more than those of the HDPE/BF systems, which may be due to the hindrance to the relaxation due to an enhanced phase interaction. The values of tan δ were higher than the rule of mixture for both the composites.

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Chipara, Mircea, Brian Jones, Dorina M. Chipara, Jianhua Li, Karen Lozano, Shah Valloppilly, and David Sellmyer. "On orientation memory in high density polyethylene – carbon nanofibers composites." e-Polymers 17, no. 4 (June 27, 2017): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2016-0286.

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AbstractAn orientation memory effect in high density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNF) is reported. Two-dimensional X-ray (2DXR) confirmed the reorientation of HDPE crystallites upon the uniaxial stretching of HDPE and HDPE filled by VGCNFs. This anisotropy of 2DXR spectra was decreased by heating all stretched samples (loaded or not loaded by VGCNFs) from room to the melting temperature of HDPE. Upon cooling these samples to room temperature, it was noticed that only the nanocomposite retained a weak partial (uniaxial) order, while HDPE showed a completely isotropic 2DXR spectrum. It was concluded that during the stretching of nanocomposites the crystallites and VGCNFs were aligned along the uniaxial stress. Upon heating, the crystalline phase was melted, while the orientation of the VGCNFs was not significantly disturbed. The recrystallization of the polymer started preferentially from the VGCNF – polymer interphase, resulting into an anisotropic crystalline structure.

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Jensen, Michael D. "Catalysis in high density polyethylene (HDPE) manufacturing." Applied Catalysis A: General 542 (July 2017): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2016.12.013.

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Dusunceli, Necmi, and Ozgen U. Colak. "High density polyethylene (HDPE): Experiments and modeling." Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 10, no. 4 (May 22, 2007): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11043-007-9026-5.

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Miao, Weijun, Hao Zhu, Tianchen Duan, Hongbing Chen, Feng Wu, Libin Jiang, and Zongbao Wang. "High-density polyethylene crystals with double melting peaks induced by ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibre." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 7 (July 2018): 180394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180394.

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High-density polyethylene (HDPE)/ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibre composites were prepared via solution crystallization to investigate the components of epitaxial crystal growth on a highly oriented substrate. Scanning electron microscopy morphologies of HDPE crystals on UHMWPE fibres revealed that the edge-on ribbon pattern crystals that were formed initially on UHMWPE fibres converted afterwards to a sheet shape as crystallization progressed. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction confirmed that the polymer chain oriented along the fibre axis and the orthorhombic crystal form of HDPE remained unchanged in HDPE/UHMWPE fibre composite systems. The thermal behaviour of the fibre composites measured by differential scanning calorimetry showed double melting peaks, the nature of which, as disclosed by partial melting experiments, is ascribed to bilayer components existing in the induced crystals: the inner layer is composed of more regularly folded chain crystals induced by UHMWPE fibres, and the outer layer formed on the inner one with a thinner and lower ordered crystal structure.

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Salakhov, Ildar I., Nadim M. Shaidullin, Anatoly E. Chalykh, Mikhail A. Matsko, Alexey V. Shapagin, Ayrat Z. Batyrshin, Georgiy A. Shandryuk, and Ilya E. Nifant’ev. "Low-Temperature Mechanical Properties of High-Density and Low-Density Polyethylene and Their Blends." Polymers 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111821.

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Low-temperature properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and their blends were studied. The analyzed low-temperature mechanical properties involve the deformation resistance and impact strength characteristics. HDPE is a bimodal ethylene/1-hexene copolymer; LDPE is a branched ethylene homopolymer containing short-chain branches of different length; LLDPE is a binary ethylene/1-butene copolymer and an ethylene/1-butene/1-hexene terpolymer. The samples of copolymers and their blends were studied by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 13C NMR spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) using testing machines equipped with a cryochamber. It is proposed that such parameters as “relative elongation at break at −45 °C” and “Izod impact strength at −40 °C” are used instead of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature to assess frost resistance properties because these parameters are more sensitive to deformation and impact at subzero temperatures for HDPE. LLDPE is shown to exhibit higher relative elongation at break at −45 °C and Izod impact strength at −20 ÷ 60 °C compared to those of LDPE. LLDPE terpolymer added to HDPE (at a content ≥ 25 wt.%) simultaneously increases flow properties and improves tensile properties of the blend at −45 °C. Changes in low-temperature properties as a function of molecular weight, MWD, crystallinity, and branch content were determined for HDPE, LLDPE, and their blends. The DMA data prove the resulting dependences. The reported findings allow one to understand and predict mechanical properties in the HDPE–LLDPE systems at subzero temperatures.

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Sadeghi, Peyman, Ahmad Goli, and Elham Fini. "Carbon Sequestration via Bituminous Composites Containing Recycled High-Density Polyethylene." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 3 (March 11, 2024): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030100.

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This paper presents an innovative bituminous composite containing recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as a means of carbon sequestration. To prepare the composite, rejuvenators and recycled HDPE were introduced to reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), separately and in combination. To evaluate efficacy of rejuvenators, this study used the following three rejuvenators: waste engine oil (WEO), oleic acid (OA), and vacuum bottom (VB). The performance of the bituminous composite containing HDPE and rejuvenators was evaluated using the indirect tensile fatigue test, the rutting resistance test, the resilient modulus test, and the semi-circular bending test. Results showed that applying a combination of rejuvenators and recycled HDPE improved the resistance to fatigue, rutting, and cracking. Particularly, in terms of improving resistance to cracking, OA proved to be the most effective rejuvenator, followed by WEO and VB. In all bituminous composites studied here, the hybrid application of HDPE and rejuvenator proved to be more effective than the rejuvenator or HDPE alone.

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Dany, Ho, Wong Whui Dhong, Koh Weng Jiata, Tan Kiant Leong, Nor Yuliana Yuhana, and Gilbert Tan. "Deodorizing Methods for Recycled High-density Polyethylene Plastic Wastes." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.3.5511.

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The recycling of high-density polyethylene plastic (HDPE) plays a crucial role in sustainable development. However, obstacles to the use of recycled HDPE remain because of the material and processing properties and odors of recycled HDPE. The odor of recycled detergent bottle plastic leads to rejection by most detergent manufacturers. Recently, some recycling enterprises have adapted recycling with odor reduction processes involving the use of solvents, antimicrobial additives, and odor extraction units in feeders and extruders. However, these processes may affect the quality and cost of recycled plastic. Most small and medium businesses (SMBs) may not favor these effects due to their limited models and resources. In addition, most SMBs are unwilling to replace their current recycling operation units. Hence, this study aimed to find alternative and economical ways for odor reduction in the recycling process. A modification of the recycling process was introduced in the pretreatment of plastic flakes before entry into the feeder of an extrusion unit. The effect of selected washing temperatures, i.e., 65℃, 75℃, 85℃, and 95℃, on the removal of odor from recycled HDPE was further studied. The addition of sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, and citric acid into a heated water bath enhanced the deodorizing effect. The relationship of these three chemicals with the deodorization of HDPE plastics was investigated through sensory evaluation. Lastly, the potential of the deodorized recycled HDPE for resin pellet production and commercialization were investigated.

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Dany, Ho, Wong Whui Dhong, Koh Weng Jiata, Tan Kiant Leong, Nor Yuliana Yuhana, and Gilbert Tan. "Deodorizing Methods for Recycled High-density Polyethylene Plastic Wastes." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 3 (October 5, 2021): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.3.5511.

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The recycling of high-density polyethylene plastic (HDPE) plays a crucial role in sustainable development. However, obstacles to the use of recycled HDPE remain because of the material and processing properties and odors of recycled HDPE. The odor of recycled detergent bottle plastic leads to rejection by most detergent manufacturers. Recently, some recycling enterprises have adapted recycling with odor reduction processes involving the use of solvents, antimicrobial additives, and odor extraction units in feeders and extruders. However, these processes may affect the quality and cost of recycled plastic. Most small and medium businesses (SMBs) may not favor these effects due to their limited models and resources. In addition, most SMBs are unwilling to replace their current recycling operation units. Hence, this study aimed to find alternative and economical ways for odor reduction in the recycling process. A modification of the recycling process was introduced in the pretreatment of plastic flakes before entry into the feeder of an extrusion unit. The effect of selected washing temperatures, i.e., 65℃, 75℃, 85℃, and 95℃, on the removal of odor from recycled HDPE was further studied. The addition of sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, and citric acid into a heated water bath enhanced the deodorizing effect. The relationship of these three chemicals with the deodorization of HDPE plastics was investigated through sensory evaluation. Lastly, the potential of the deodorized recycled HDPE for resin pellet production and commercialization were investigated.

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Basir, Muhammad, Lukas Kano Mangalla, and Raden Rinova Sisworo. "Potensi Pemanfaatan Serbuk Plastik Dan Biomassa Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif." Enthalpy : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Teknik Mesin 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55679/enthalpy.v8i1.29820.

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Every year the use of fossil fuels has increased, which requires finding alternative energy sources to replace fossil fuels. The existence of plastic waste, especially HDPE plastic and rice husks, is a potential to be used as renewable energy in the form of briquettes. This research was conducted to determine the potential use of plastic powder and biomass as an alternative fuel. The biomass used in this research is rice husk and HDPE plastic. To determine the quality of briquettes, several variations of the mixture of rice husks were used, namely: sample 1 = 90% rice husk + 10% High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, sample 2 = 80% rice husk + 20% High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, sample 3 = 70% rice husk + High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic 30%, sample 4 = 100% rice husk. The test parameters used are proximate test (calorific value), flame length test, briquette resistance test. The test results obtained briquettes in sample 3 have a calorific value of 7586,853 cal/g and have a combustion rate value of 0,83 grams/minute.Keywords: Briquettes, Rice Husk, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Plastic, Calorific Value

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Eze, Innocent Ochiagha, Isaac O. Igwe, Okoro Ogbobe, Emmanuel Enyioma Anyanwu, and Ikenna Nwachukwu. "Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Powder Filled High Density Polyethylene." International Journal of Engineering and Technologies 9 (December 2016): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijet.9.13.

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The effects of pineapple leaf powder (PALP) on the mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were studied. HDPE and PALP composites were prepared by injection moulding technique. The filler (PALP) contents investigated were 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt% for each formulation. Results of the mechanical tests carried out on the HDPE/PALP composites showed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and hardness of the composites increased with increases in filler content for all the filler contents investigated while the elongation at break (EB) for PALP/HDPE composites was found to decrease with increases in filler content for all the filler contents investigated. The tensile strength of PALP/HDPE composites was increased by 6.49% at 2 wt% filler content, and 30.39% at 10 wt% filler content. It was also observed, from the results, that the elongation at break of PALP/HDPE composites was decreased by 2.40% at 2 wt% filler content, and 10.24% at 10 wt% filler content. The present study has highlighted the utility of pineapple leaf powder (PALP) as reinforcing filler in HDPE compounding. Pineapple leave which is an agricultural waste has been shown to have potential as a cheap, more readily available and more environmentally friendly filler.

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Eze, Innocent Ochiagha, Isaac O. Igwe, Okoro Ogbobe, Emmanuel Enyioma Anyanwu, and Ikenna Nwachukwu. "Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Powder Filled High Density Polyethylene." International Journal of Engineering and Technologies 9 (December 23, 2016): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-28h979.

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The effects of pineapple leaf powder (PALP) on the mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were studied. HDPE and PALP composites were prepared by injection moulding technique. The filler (PALP) contents investigated were 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt% for each formulation. Results of the mechanical tests carried out on the HDPE/PALP composites showed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and hardness of the composites increased with increases in filler content for all the filler contents investigated while the elongation at break (EB) for PALP/HDPE composites was found to decrease with increases in filler content for all the filler contents investigated. The tensile strength of PALP/HDPE composites was increased by 6.49% at 2 wt% filler content, and 30.39% at 10 wt% filler content. It was also observed, from the results, that the elongation at break of PALP/HDPE composites was decreased by 2.40% at 2 wt% filler content, and 10.24% at 10 wt% filler content. The present study has highlighted the utility of pineapple leaf powder (PALP) as reinforcing filler in HDPE compounding. Pineapple leave which is an agricultural waste has been shown to have potential as a cheap, more readily available and more environmentally friendly filler.

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Ito, Asae, Akid Ropandi, Koichi Kono, Yusuke Hiejima, and Koh-hei Nitta. "Additive Effects of Solid Paraffins on Mechanical Properties of High-Density Polyethylene." Polymers 15, no. 5 (March 6, 2023): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051320.

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In this work, two types of solid paraffins (i.e., linear and branched) were added to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to investigate their effects on the dynamic viscoelasticity and tensile properties of HDPE. The linear and branched paraffins exhibited high and low crystallizability, respectively. The spherulitic structure and crystalline lattice of HDPE are almost independent of the addition of these solid paraffins. The linear paraffin in the HDPE blends exhibited a melting point at 70 °C in addition to the melting point of HDPE, whereas the branched paraffins showed no melting point in the HDPE blend. Furthermore, the dynamic mechanical spectra of the HDPE/paraffin blends exhibited a novel relaxation between −50 °C and 0 °C, which was absent in HDPE. Adding linear paraffin toughened the stress–strain behavior of HDPE by forming crystallized domains in the HDPE matrix. In contrast, branched paraffins with lower crystallizability compared to linear paraffin softened the stress–strain behavior of HDPE by incorporating them into its amorphous layer. The mechanical properties of polyethylene-based polymeric materials were found to be controlled by selectively adding solid paraffins with different structural architectures and crystallinities.

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33

Suksiripattanapong, Cherdsak, Khanet Uraikhot, Sermsak Tiyasangthong, Nattiya Wonglakorn, Wisitsak Tabyang, Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao, and Chayakrit Phetchuay. "Performance of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Reinforced with High-Density Polyethylene Plastic Waste." Infrastructures 7, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7050072.

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This research investigates the possibility of using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste to improve the properties of asphalt concrete pavement. HDPE plastic waste contents of 1, 3, 5, and 7% by aggregate weight were used. HDPE plastic waste=stabilized asphalt concrete pavement (HDPE-ACP) was evaluated by performance testing for stability, indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus (MR), and indirect tensile fatigue (ITF). In addition, microstructure, pavement age, and CO2 emissions savings analyses were conducted. The performance test results of the HDPE-ACP were better than those without HDPE plastic waste. The optimum HDPE plastic waste content was 5%, offering the maximum MR, ITF, and pavement age. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the excessive HDPE plastic waste content of 7% caused a surface rupture of the sample. Improvements in the pavement age of the HDPE-ACP samples were observed compared with the samples with no HDPE plastic waste. The highest pavement age of the HDPE-ACP sample was found at an HDPE plastic waste content of 5% by aggregate weight. The CO2 emissions savings of the sample was 67.85 kg CO2-e/m3 at the optimum HDPE plastic waste content.

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Sharma, Sakshi, Nupur Mathur, Anuradha Singh, and Maithili Agarwal. "Biodegradation of Low- and High-Density Polyethylene Films by Microbacterium Barkeri Sh20." Current World Environment 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.1.22.

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Polyethylene waste contamination is one of the most concerning environmental issues not only in India but also in world. Microbial degradation is one of the safest and environment friendly process to degrade polyethylene among other major types degradation methods such as thermo-oxidative degradation and photo-degradation. The present research focused on the isolation, enrichment, and characterization of polyethylene-utilizing bacteria, not screen as far for biodegradation, and evaluation of its degrading capacity on polyethylene. A bacterial strain (TN2) was isolated from a motor-oil contaminated soil. The biochemical characterization of the strain was based on an automated microbial identification system. Strain TN2 was identified through 16SrRNA gene sequencing, which shows strain was closely related to Microbacterium genus and identified as Microbacterium barkeri SH20 (Accession No. KY887791.1). To examine the degradation capacity of isolated strain, it was used for biodegradation studies on two types of polyethylene films i.e. LDPE as well as HDPE (low and high density polyethylene respectively) HDPE (high-density polyethylene) for 30 days. The film samples were analyzed after bacterial strain incubation based on the weight loss percentage and the Keto & Ester Carbonyl Index (via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy- FTIR). The highest decrease in weight loss percentage was calculated of PE-S1 HDPE film samples i.e 0.985±0.23%, as weight loss represents a qualitative evaluation of biodegradation. FTIR studies shows changes IR peaks of C=O regions and Keto & Ester Carbonyl Index was found to decrease in HDPE films (PE-S1) compared to other two LDPE (PE-S2) and HDPE films (PE-S3) shows degradation of polyethylene. The research established that Microbacterium barkeri SH20 (TN2) is a novel bacterial strain that can degrade polyethylene films. Hence, it can be used in future biodegradation studies and field trails.

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Kumar, Sachin, and R. K. Singh. "Thermolysis of High-Density Polyethylene to Petroleum Products." Journal of Petroleum Engineering 2013 (May 30, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/987568.

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Thermal degradation of plastic polymers is becoming an increasingly important method for the conversion of plastic materials into valuable chemicals and oil products. In this work, virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was chosen as a material for pyrolysis. A simple pyrolysis reactor system has been used to pyrolyse virgin HDPE with an objective to optimize the liquid product yield at a temperature range of 400°C to 550°C. The chemical analysis of the HDPE pyrolytic oil showed the presence of functional groups such as alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, and phenyl ring substitution bands. The composition of the pyrolytic oil was analyzed using GC-MS, and it was found that the main constituents were n-Octadecane, n-Heptadecane, 1-Pentadecene, Octadecane, Pentadecane, and 1-Nonadecene. The physical properties of the obtained pyrolytic oil were close to those of mixture of petroleum products.

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36

Ritter de Souza Barnasky, Ricardo, Alexsandro Bayestorff da Cunha, Amanda Dantas de Oliveira, Martha Andreia Brand, Gabriela Escobar Hochmuller da Silva, Luana Muller de Souza, and Rodrigo Buss. "High density polyethylene matrix composite as reinforcing agent in medium density fiberboards." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 28 (June 17, 2020): 4369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320931913.

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This work provides a study about the incorporation of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix composite in medium density fiberboards (MDF). A composite was processed in a single screw extruder with 5% of Pinus spp fibers in a HDPE matrix and applied as reinforcing agent in MDFs, as well as pure HDPE, in 11 different variations, using 12% of urea-formaldehyde resin and nominal density of 750 kg.m−3. The composite and the pure HDPE were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DSC results showed that both polymeric matrix and composite presented the same melting temperature but the composite had a reduced melting enthalpy and crystallinity due to thermal history. SEM analysis showed a well distribution of fibers on the composite. The results of technological properties of MDFs were compared to commercial MDF standards. The MDF reinforced with 40% of polymeric composite reached all minimum standard requirements, being the most recommended to be used as an alternative to conventional MDF, in terms of physical and mechanical performance.

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Mizera, Ales, Lovre Krstulovic-Opara, Nina Krempl, Michaela Karhankova, Miroslav Manas, Lubomir Sanek, Pavel Stoklasek, and Alen Grebo. "Dynamic Behavior of Thermally Affected Injection-Molded High-Density Polyethylene Parts Modified by Accelerated Electrons." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 4970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224970.

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Polyethylenes are the most widely used polymers and are gaining more and more interest due to their easy processability, relatively good mechanical properties and excellent chemical resistance. The disadvantage is their low temperature stability, which excludes particular high-density polyethylenes (HDPEs) for use in engineering applications where the temperature exceeds 100 °C for a long time. One of the possibilities of improving the temperature stability of HDPE is a modification by accelerated electrons when HDPE is cross-linked by this process and it is no longer possible to process it like a classic thermoplastic, e.g., by injection technology. The HDPE modified in this way was thermally stressed five times at temperatures of 110 and 160 °C, and then the dynamic tensile behavior was determined. The deformation and surface temperature of the specimens were recorded by a high-speed infrared camera. Furthermore, two thermal methods of specimen evaluation were used: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The result of the measurement is that the modification of HDPE by accelerated electrons had a positive effect on the dynamic tensile behavior of these materials.

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Madhu, Gaurav, Haripada Bhunia, Pramod K. Bajpai, and Veena Chaudhary. "Mechanical and morphological properties of high density polyethylene and polylactide blends." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 9 (December 1, 2014): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0174.

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Abstract Polyblend films were prepared from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) up to 20% PLLA by the melt blending method in an extrusion mixer with post-extrusion blown film attachment. The 80/20 (HDPE/PLLA) blend was compatibilized with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MA) in varying ratios [up to 8 parts per hundred of resin (phr)]. Tensile properties of the films were evaluated to obtain optimized composition for packaging applications of both non-compatibilized and compatibilized blends. The compositions HDPE80 (80% HDPE and 20% PLLA) and HD80C4 (80% HDPE, 20% PLLA and 4 phr compatibilizer) were found to be optimum for packaging applications. However, better tensile strength (at yield) and elongation (at break) of 80/20 (HDPE/PLLA) blend were noticed in the presence of PE-g-MA. Further, thermal properties and morphologies of these blends were evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study revealed that blending does not much affect the crystalline melting point of HDPE and PLLA, but heat of fusion of 80/20 (HDPE/PLLA) blend was decreased as compared to that of neat HDPE. Spectroscopy studies showed evidence of the introduction of some new groups in the blends and gaining compatibility in the presence of PE-g-MA. The compatibilizer influenced the morphology of the blends, as apparent from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and supported by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).

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Pham, Nga Thi-Hong, and Van-Thuc Nguyen. "Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Poly (Butylene Terephthalate)/High-Density Polyethylene Blends." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (December 14, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8890551.

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Poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is a popular thermoplastic polyester resin but has low strength and low melting point. To improve its properties, PBT is often mixed with other resins, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE). In this study, PBT/HDPE samples with 100% PBT, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 100% HDPE are generated and tested. The samples are analyzed by tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and SEM tests. Adding HDPE will reduce tensile strength compared to pure PBT, in which 5%, 10%, and 15% PBT/HDPE samples obtain the values 40.23, 38.11, and 27.77 MPa, respectively. These values are lower than that of pure PBT but still higher than that of HDPE. Improving the HDPE portion mostly results in decreasing flexural strength. The flexural strengths of these samples are 87.79, 70.47, 55.3, 58.98, and 19.14 MPa corresponding to 100% PBT, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 100% HDPE samples, respectively. Moreover, the SEM microstructure of PBT and HDPE indicates a two-phase heterogeneous mixture with little or no adhesion between these phases.

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Albano, C., G. Sanchez, A. Ismayel, and P. Hernández. "Recovery of Plastic Low-Density Polyethylene/High-Density Polyethylene (LDPE/HDPE) Wastes." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 5, no. 2 (April 1999): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236669908014178.

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Navratil, Jan, Miroslav Manas, Michal Stanek, David Manas, Martin Bednarik, and Ales Mizera. "Hardness/Microhardness Properties of HDPE Blends." Key Engineering Materials 662 (September 2015): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.662.181.

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This paper deals with utilization of recycled irradiated high-density polyethylene (rHDPEx) as a filler which was blended with non-modified high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Two blends were tested regarding the original state of the mixing components – HDPE granules/rHDPExgrit and HDPE granules/rHDPExpowder. Results show that the increasing amount of the rHDPEx, regardless its form, results in worsening both observed parameters – hardness and micro-indentation hardness.

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Tyubaeva, Polina M., Mikhail A. Tyubaev, Vyacheslav V. Podmasterev, Anastasia V. Bolshakova, and Olga V. Arzhakova. "Hydrophilization of Hydrophobic Mesoporous High-Density Polyethylene Membranes via Ozonation." Membranes 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080733.

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This work addresses hydrophilization of hydrophobic mesoporous membranes based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) via ozonation. Mesoporous HDPE membranes were prepared by intercrystallite environmental crazing. Porosity was 50%, and pore dimensions were below 10 nm. Contact angle of mesoporous membranes increases from 96° (pristine HDPE) to 120° due to the formation of nano/microscale surface relief and enhanced surface roughness. The membranes are impermeable to water (water entry threshold is 250 bar). The prepared membranes were exposed to ozonation and showed a high ozone uptake. After ozonation, the membranes were studied by different physicochemical methods, including DSC, AFM, FTIR spectroscopy, etc. Due to ozonation, wettability of the membranes was improved: their contact angle decreased from 120° down to 60°, and they became permeable to water. AFM micrographs revealed a marked smoothening of the surface relief, and the FTIR spectra indicated the development of new functionalities due to ozonolysis. Both factors contribute to hydrophilization and water permeability of the ozonated HDPE membranes. Hence, ozonation was proved to be a facile and efficient instrument for surface modification of hydrophobic mesoporous HDPE membranes and can also provide their efficient sterilization for biomedical purposes and water treatment.

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Habeeb, Majeed Ali, and Ahmed Hamza Abbas. "Effect of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) on Structural and Optical Properties of (PP/PMMA) Blends." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 60 (September 2015): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.60.94.

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In the present work, Polypropylene (PP) was blended with poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) to form (PP/PMMA) polymer blends. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) was mixed into these blends at different weight fractions (2,4,6,8) % wt to form (PP/PMMA/HDPE) blends were prepared using an one screw extruder. results obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that there was a reduction in surface roughness any decrease in clusters, drilling and bends, as for Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry showed no change in the wave numbers of the functional groups. The optical properties of samples are investigated by measuring optical absorption spectra in the wavelength range from 260 to 1100 nm. this results show that Eg of the blends increases with increasing high density polyethylene contents, the indirect optical band gaps for (PP/PMMA) and (PP/PMMA/HDPE) blends were estimated to be about 2.83,2.9,2.95,3and 3.1 eV for indirect allowed transitions, whereas the indirect forbidden band gaps were determined as 2,2.1,2.15,2.2 and 2.3 eV with increase high density Polyethylene contents, respectively. The absorbance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient and the imaginary dielectric constant of (PP/PMMA/HDPE) decreases with increasing of HDPE percentages except the transmittance, refraction index and real part of the dielectric constant increase with increasing of high density polyethylene.

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Habeeb, Majeed Ali, and Ahmed Hamza Abbas. "Effect of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) on Structural and Optical Properties of (PP/PMMA) Blends." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 60 (September 30, 2015): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-j50ceu.

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In the present work, Polypropylene (PP) was blended with poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) to form (PP/PMMA) polymer blends. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) was mixed into these blends at different weight fractions (2,4,6,8) % wt to form (PP/PMMA/HDPE) blends were prepared using an one screw extruder. results obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that there was a reduction in surface roughness any decrease in clusters, drilling and bends, as for Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry showed no change in the wave numbers of the functional groups. The optical properties of samples are investigated by measuring optical absorption spectra in the wavelength range from 260 to 1100 nm. this results show that Eg of the blends increases with increasing high density polyethylene contents, the indirect optical band gaps for (PP/PMMA) and (PP/PMMA/HDPE) blends were estimated to be about 2.83,2.9,2.95,3and 3.1 eV for indirect allowed transitions, whereas the indirect forbidden band gaps were determined as 2,2.1,2.15,2.2 and 2.3 eV with increase high density Polyethylene contents, respectively. The absorbance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient and the imaginary dielectric constant of (PP/PMMA/HDPE) decreases with increasing of HDPE percentages except the transmittance, refraction index and real part of the dielectric constant increase with increasing of high density polyethylene.

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Obasi, Henry C. "Properties of Raphia Palm Interspersed Fibre Filled High Density Polyethylene." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/932143.

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Blends of nonbiodegradable and biodegradable polymers can promote a reduction in the volume of plastic waste when they undergo partial degradation. In this study, properties of raphia palm interspersed fibre (RPIF) filled high density polyethylene (HDPE) have been investigated at different levels of filler loadings, 0 to 60 wt.%. Maleic anhydride-graft polyethylene was used as a compatibilizer. Raphia palm interspersed fibre was prepared by grinding and sieved to a particle size of 150 µm. HDPE blends were prepared in a corotating twin screw extruder. Results showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the blends decreased with increase in RPI loadings and addition of MA-g-PE was found to improve these properties. However, the Young’s modulus increased with increase in the amount of RPI into HDPE and compatibilization further increased the Young’s modulus. The water absorption indices and weight loss for RPI/HDPE composites were found to increase with RPI loadings but were decreased on addition of MA-g-PE.

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Abeysinghe, Sonali, Chamila Gunasekara, Chaminda Bandara, Kate Nguyen, Ranjith Dissanayake, and Priyan Mendis. "Engineering Performance of Concrete Incorporated with Recycled High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)—A Systematic Review." Polymers 13, no. 11 (June 6, 2021): 1885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111885.

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Incorporating recycled plastic waste in concrete manufacturing is one of the most ecologically and economically sustainable solutions for the rapid trends of annual plastic disposal and natural resource depletion worldwide. This paper comprehensively reviews the literature on engineering performance of recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) incorporated in concrete in the forms of aggregates or fiber or cementitious material. Optimum 28-days’ compressive and flexural strength of HDPE fine aggregate concrete is observed at HDPE-10 and splitting tensile strength at HDPE-5 whereas for HDPE coarse aggregate concrete, within the range of 10% to 15% of HDPE incorporation and at HDPE-15, respectively. Similarly, 28-days’ flexural and splitting tensile strength of HDPE fiber reinforced concrete is increased to an optimum of 4.9 MPa at HDPE-3 and 4.4 MPa at HDPE-3.5, respectively, and higher than the standard/plain concrete matrix (HDPE-0) in all HDPE inclusion levels. Hydrophobicity, smooth surface texture and non-reactivity of HDPE has resulted in weaker bonds between concrete matrix and HDPE and thereby reducing both mechanical and durability performances of HDPE concrete with the increase of HDPE. Overall, this is the first ever review to present and analyze the current state of the mechanical and durability performance of recycled HDPE as a sustainable construction material, hence, advancing the research into better performance and successful applications of HDPE concrete.

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Cao, X. A., G. Q. Shao, and K. H. Hu. "Tribological modification of high-density polyethylene by using carbon soot from diesel combustion." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 5 (August 8, 2016): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2015-0095.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the tribological properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) modified by carbon soot from the combustion of No. 0 diesel. Design/methodology/approach Carbon soot is characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy. The tribological properties of HDPE samples with carbon soot are investigated on a materials surface tester with a ball-on-disk friction pair. Findings The collected carbon soot mainly comprises amorphous carbon nanoparticles of 50-100 nm in diameter. The main wear behaviours of pure HDPE include abrasive wear and plastic deformation. After adding carbon soot nanoparticles to HDPE, HDPE wear decreases. The appropriate carbon soot content is 8 per cent in HDPE under the selected testing conditions. Compared with other HDPE samples, HDPE with 8 per cent carbon soot has higher melting temperature, lower abrasive wear and better wear resistance. The lubrication of HDPE with carbon soot is due to the formation of a transferring film composed of HDPE, amorphous carbon and graphite carbon. Originality/value The paper reveals the HDPE modification and lubrication mechanisms by using carbon soot from the combustion of diesel. Related research can perhaps provide a potential approach for the treatment of carbon soot exhaust emission.

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Abbas, Ammar S., and Marwa G. Saber. "Kinetics of Thermal Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene." Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 19, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2018.1.2.

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Thermal pyrolysis kinetics of virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated. Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE was performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer in nitrogen atmosphere under non-isothermal conditions at different heating rates 4, 7, 10 °C/min. First-order decomposition reaction was assumed, and for the kinetic analysis Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO) and Coats and Redfern(CR) method were used. The obtained values of average activation energy by the KAS and FWO methods were equal to137.43 and 141.52 kJ/mol respectively, these values were considered in good agreement, where the average activation energy value obtained by CR equation methods was slightly different which equal to 153.16 kJ/mol.

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Xuen, Fu Yee, Kwan Wai Hoe, and Yamuna Munusamy. "Mechanical Performance of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Composites Containing Quarry Dust Filler." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 945, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/945/1/012075.

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Abstract An innovative thermoplastic composite was produced using quarry dust which is an industrial waste from quarry industries. The quarry dust was added into high-density polyethylene (HDPE) using melt blending technique in an internal mixer at different mixing loading ratios. The quarry dust filled HDPE (QD-HDPE) composites were then characterized in terms of morphological and mechanical properties. Analysis on processing torque to produce QD-HDPE composites was conducted and the results showed that the optimum quarry dust loading in HDPE composites is at 30wt%. The results from mechanical test such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS), E-modulus, elongation at break, and flexural strength justify this. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that quarry dust had a rough surface with sharp edges and it can be successfully added into HDPE matrix as a filler. In conclusion, performance of the HDPE composites is enhanced by the incorporation of quarry dust. This indicates that quarry dust is a potential filler to be used in thermoplastic composite industries in order to reduce the production cost and relax the pollution problems.

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Alghamdi, A. S. "Synthesis and Mechanical Characterization of High Density Polyethylene/Graphene Nanocomposites." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 2 (April 19, 2018): 2814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1961.

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The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) addition on the mechanical and thermal properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE). The HDPE/Graphene nanocomposites were synthesized using solution blending approach. HDPE was incorporated with graphene nanosheets in a solvent at various weights of fractions (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.5 wt%), and then the micro-hardness, elastic modulus, tensile strength, strain at break and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were measured and compared. The results showed that the use of Xylene solvent at high temperature combined with mechanical stirring can fully dissolve HDPE pellets. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that GNSs were homogenously dispersed in the polyethylene matrix at low weights of fractions. The addition of just 0.2 wt% GNSs resulted in 100% increase in the micro-hardness value. The elastic modulus and tensile strength properties are proportionally increased with increasing GNSs content up to 0.4 wt%. However, at higher weight of fraction, a reduction in these properties is observed. The crystallinity and strain at break properties are reduced with the addition of GNSs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'High density polyethylene (HDPE)'

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