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Journal articles on the topic 'High Granularity Timing Detector'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 November 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Pinol, Joaquim. "The High-Granularity Timing Detector for ATLAS at HL-LHC." Particles 8, no. 2 (2025): 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8020036.

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The increased particle flux expected at the HL-LHC poses a serious challenge for the ATLAS detector performance, especially in the forward region. The High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD), featuring novel Low-Gain Avalanche Detector silicon technology, will provide pile-up mitigation and luminosity measurement capabilities, and augment the new all-silicon Inner Tracker in the pseudo-rapidity range from 2.4 to 4.0. Two double-sided layers will provide a timing resolution better than 50 ps/track for MIPs throughout the HL-LHC running period, and provide a new timing-based handle to assign par

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Imam, H. "A High Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS Detector Phase-II Upgrade." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 69, no. 4 (2022): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2022.3146347.

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Missio, Marion. "Overview of the ATLAS High-Granularity Timing Detector: project status and results." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 04 (2024): C04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/04/c04008.

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Abstract The increase of the particle flux (pile-up) at the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with an instantaneous luminosity up to L ≈ 7.5 × 1034 cm-2 s-1 will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector reconstruction and trigger performance. A High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the forward region for pile-up mitigation and luminosity measurement. This detector, based on Low Gain Avalanche Detectors and custom ASICs, will provide a time resolution of 30 ps per track at the beginning of HL-LHC and 50 ps at the end. This proceeding paper will su

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4

Casado, M. P. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1032 (June 2022): 166628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166628.

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5

Perrin, Océane. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade." EPJ Web of Conferences 288 (2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328801001.

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The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will reach an integrated luminosity up to 4 000 fb-1 from 2029 to 2039. The number of collisions per bunch crossing will significantly increase, rising a challenge in terms of pileup mitigation that will have a severe impact on the ATLAS detector performance. Therefore, the HighGranularity Timing Dectector (HGTD) will be installed in front of the Liquid Argon Calorimeter (LAr) covering the forward region with a pseudo-rapity from 2.4 to 4.0. HGTD will provide a time measurement of the time for Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIP) with a 30 ps per

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Ge, Zhenwu, Jie Zhang, and Lei Zhang. "Evaluation of the prototype Peripheral Electronics Board for the High Granularity Timing Detector." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 12 (2024): C12012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/12/c12012.

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Abstract To mitigate the effects of pileup resulting from increased luminosity during the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade, the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) was proposed to accurately measure the timing of tracks. The Peripheral Electronics Board (PEB) serves as a critical component of the HGTD, functioning as an intermediary between the front-end modules and off-detector electronics. A prototype PEB, designated 1F, was designed and produced by the end of 2023. Extensive evaluations of PEB 1F were conducted in 2024, encompassing both single board tests and collaborative tests with the demonst

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Li, Weiyuan, James Freeman, Corrado Gatto, et al. "Excellent Timing Cherenkov Light Detection for Dual-readout High-granularity Calorimetry." EPJ Web of Conferences 320 (2025): 00038. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202532000038.

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We are developing a Cherenkov detector aiming for applications in the next-generation calorimetry. It is a calorimetry that combines dual-readout and high-granularity with excellent timing capability. This work is to prove the concept of the Cherenkov detector utilizing a resistive plate chamber (RPC) with Diamond-Like Carbon as resistive electrode. The first prototype was tested with β-rays and cosmic-rays. This paper discusses the behavior of the charge spectrum and the time resolution of the first prototype.

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8

Yang, Xiao, Kuo Ma, Xiangxuan Zheng, and Yanwen Liu. "Radiation hardness characterization of low gain avalanche detector prototypes for the high granularity timing detector." Journal of University of Science and Technology of China 52, no. 1 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.52396/justc-2021-0204.

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<p>The high granularity timing detector (HGTD) is a crucial component of the ATLAS phase II upgrade to cope with the extremely high pile-up (the average number of interactions per bunch crossing can be as high as 200). With the precise timing information (<i>σ<sub>t</sub></i>～30 ps) of the tracks, the track-to-vertex association can be performed in the “4-D” space. The Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) technology is chosen for the sensors, which can provide the required timing resolution and good signal-to-noise ratio. Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK) has produced

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Mazza, S. M. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the Phase-II upgrade of the ATLAS detector." Journal of Instrumentation 14, no. 10 (2019): C10028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/10/c10028.

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Wang, C., Z. Xu, X. Huang, et al. "Radiation tolerance of the MUX64 for the High Granularity Timing Detector of ATLAS." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 03 (2024): C03044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/03/c03044.

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Abstract The MUX64 ASIC is a 64-to-1 analog multiplexer to accommodate 64 inputs, with one addressed to output for ADC readout. It is developed for monitoring of the Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) detector modules in the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) of the ATLAS Phase-II upgrade. The MUX64 chips will be used in the radiation field of high-luminosity pp collisions at LHC to an integrated luminosity of 4000 fb-1. This work presents the radiation tolerance study for the MUX64 being tested with 80 MeV protons and X-ray exposures for damages caused by Non-Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL)

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11

Allaire, Corentin. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector in ATLAS: Performance at the HL-LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 924 (April 2019): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.05.028.

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12

Hammoud, Salah El Dine. "Front-End Prototype ASIC with Low-Gain Avalanche Detector Sensors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector." Particles 8, no. 2 (2025): 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8020050.

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Timing measurements are critical for the detectors at the future HL-LHC, to resolve reconstruction ambiguity when the number of simultaneous interactions reaches up to 200 per bunch crossing. The ATLAS collaboration therefore builds a new High-Granularity Timing detector for the forward region. A customized ASIC, called ALTIROC, has been developed, to read out fast signals from low-gain avalanche detectors (LGADs), which has 50 ps time-resolution for signals from minimum-ionizing particles. To meet these requirements, a custom-designed pre-amplifier, a discriminator, and TDC circuits with mini

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Perego, Aurora, Wahid Redjeb, and Felice Pantaleo. "Use of time information in the High Granularity Calorimeter at the CMS experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 320 (2025): 00046. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202532000046.

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The High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) starting in 2029 poses unprecedented challenges in terms of data acquisition and event reconstruction. Significant upgrades are planned for both detectors and software to tackle these challenges. Among the strategies adopted by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment there is the incorporation of time-related information from sub-detectors, facilitated by advancements in technology and faster electronics. The forthcoming High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is set to replace the current electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters

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Akchurin, Nural, James Cash, Jordan Damgov, et al. "High-granularity Dual-readout Calorimeter: Evolution of a Classic Prototype." EPJ Web of Conferences 320 (2025): 00028. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202532000028.

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The original dual-readout calorimeter prototype (DREAM), constructed two decades ago, has proven instrumental in advancing our understanding of calorimetry. It has facilitated a multitude of breakthroughs by leveraging signals from complementary media (Cherenkov and scintillation) to capture fluctuations in electro-magnetic energy fraction within hadronic showers. Over the years, extensive studies have shed light on the performance characteristics of this module, rendering it exceptionally well-understood. Drawing on this wealth of experience, we have embarked on enhancing the detectors’ capab

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Mallios, S., P. Dauncey, A. David, and P. Vichoudis. "Firmware architecture of the back end DAQ system for the CMS high granularity endcap calorimeter detector." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 04 (2022): C04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/04/c04007.

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Abstract During the High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider, the endcap calorimeter detectors of the compact muon solenoid experiment will be replaced by the high-granularity calorimeter. For reading out the new calorimeter, field programmable gate array firmware was developed targeting the off-detector hardware. The firmware is responsible not only for the readout of the detector but also for its slow control and timing. To facilitate system maintenance, the firmware is optimized to handle all the different front-end electronics configurations and data rates using a single — highly

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16

Ge, Zhenwu, Jie Zhang, Lei Zhang, and Liangliang Han. "An FPGA-based front-end module emulator for the High Granularity Timing Detector." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 03 (2024): C03055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/03/c03055.

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Abstract This paper introduces an FPGA-based front-end module emulator developed for the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) within the ATLAS experiment at LHC. The emulator serves as a debugger for the HGTD readout system during the stage when the front-end module is not available. Using a Xilinx-Spartan 7 FPGA, the emulator mimics the behavior of the ASIC utilized in the front-end module. In addition, it shares the same dimensions and connectors as its successor, the real front-end module. This emulator has been effectively employed in the design and testing of the HGTD.

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Agapopoulou, C., S. Alderweireldt, S. Ali, et al. "Performance in beam tests of irradiated Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (2022): P09026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/p09026.

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Abstract The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS detector to mitigate pile-up effects during the High Luminosity (HL) upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The design of the HGTD is based on the use of Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs), with an active thickness of 50 μm, that allow to measure with high-precision the time of arrival of particles. The HGTD will improve the particle-vertex assignment by measuring the track time with a resolution ranging from approximately 30 ps at the beginning of the HL-LHC operations to 50 ps at the end. Perfo

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Brondolin, E. "CLUE: a clustering algorithm for current and future experiments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2438, no. 1 (2023): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2438/1/012074.

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Abstract CLUE (CLUstering of Energy) is a fast parallel clustering algorithm for High Granularity Calorimeters in High Energy Physics. In these types of detectors, the standard clustering algorithms using combinatorics are expected to fail due to large number of digitized energy deposits (hits) in the reconstruction stage bringing to a consequent memory/timing explosion. This innovative algorithm uses a grid spatial index for fast querying of neighbors and its timing scales linearly with the number of hits within the range considered. Initially CLUE was developed in a standalone repository tha

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19

Yang, X., S. Alderweireldt, N. Atanov, et al. "Layout and performance of HPK prototype LGAD sensors for the High-Granularity Timing Detector." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 980 (November 2020): 164379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164379.

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20

Shi, X., M. K. Ayoub, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, et al. "Radiation campaign of HPK prototype LGAD sensors for the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD)." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 979 (November 2020): 164382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164382.

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21

Weitzel, Q., A. Brogna, J. Ehrecke, et al. "Design and testing of long flexible printed circuits for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector demonstrator." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 02 (2023): C02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/c02015.

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Abstract The High Granularity Timing Detector for the ATLAS upgrade is under construction to meet the challenges of the HL-LHC. In order to connect a module, the basic detector element, to the surrounding peripheral electronic board, a flexible printed circuit (FPC) is used as an interconnection for data transmission and power distribution. An identical design for all FPCs is required except for their length, depending on the module position on the detector active area. The design and qualification of a preliminary FPC version, manufactured in 13 different lengths (from 28.5 to 73.2 cm), are p

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Ma, K. "Status of USTC-IME pre-production sensor for the ATLAS high granularity timing detector." Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings 346 (October 2024): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2024.08.004.

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23

Agapopoulou, C., L. A. Beresford, D. E. Boumediene, et al. "Performance of a front-end prototype ASIC for the ATLAS High Granularity timing detector." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 08 (2023): P08019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/08/p08019.

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Abstract This paper presents the design and characterisation of a front-end prototype ASIC for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector, which is planned for the High-Luminosity phase of the LHC. This prototype, called ALTIROC1, consists of a 5 × 5-pad matrix and contains the analog part of the single-channel readout (preamplifier, discriminator, two TDCs and SRAM). Two preamplifier architectures (transimpedance and voltage) were implemented and tested. The ASIC was characterised both alone and as a module when connected to a 5 × 5-pad array of LGAD sensors. In calibration measurements, the

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Davidson, A., A. Markfort, A. Baranov, et al. "Next generation microchannel plate detectors for high spatial and temporal resolution." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 06 (2025): C06018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/06/c06018.

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Abstract Multi-anode Microchannel Plate (MCP) detectors provide unique performance, especially with regards to sub 30 ps timing resolution, signal-photon sensitivity, and modular design. Developments for High-Energy Physics applications such as the TORCH project, require increasing the photon rate capability and higher spatial granularity of existing designs. These demands are being tackled in two ways, firstly by developing a higher granularity custom readout for the TORCH project [1] of 16 × 96 pixels (0.55 mm pitch), to enable their application in using Cerenkov radiation for particle ident

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Xu, Z., L. Zhang, X. Huang, et al. "MUX64, an analogue 64-to-1 multiplexer ASIC for the ATLAS high granularity timing detector." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 03 (2023): C03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/03/c03012.

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Abstract We present the design and the performance of MUX64, a 64-to-1 analogue multiplexer ASIC for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD). The MUX64 transmits one of its 64 inputs selected by six address lines for the voltages or temperatures being monitored to an lpGBT ADC channel. The prototype ASICs fabricated in TSMC 130 nm CMOS technology were prepared in wire-bonding and QFN88 packaging format. A total of 280 chips was examined for functionality and quality assurance. The accelerated aging test conducted at 85 °C shows negligible degradation over 16 days.

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Doblas, Albert, David Flores, Salvador Hidalgo, et al. "Inverse LGAD (iLGAD) Periphery Optimization for Surface Damage Irradiation." Sensors 23, no. 7 (2023): 3450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073450.

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Pixelated LGADs have been established as the baseline technology for timing detectors for the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) and the Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) of the ATLAS and CMS experiments, respectively. The drawback of segmenting an LGAD is the non-gain area present between pixels and the consequent reduction in the fill factor. To overcome this issue, the inverse LGAD (iLGAD) technology has been proposed by IMB-CNM to enhance the fill factor and provide excellent tracking capabilities. In this work, we explore the use of iLGAD sensors for surface damage irradiation by developing

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Muzalevsky, I., V. Chudoba, S. Belogurov, et al. "NeuRad detector prototype pulse shape study." EPJ Web of Conferences 177 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817703003.

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The EXPERT setup located at the Super-FRS facility, the part of the FAIR complex in Darmstadt, Germany, is intended for investigation of properties of light exotic nuclei. One of its modules, the high granularity neutron detector NeuRad assembled from a large number of the scintillating fiber is intended for registration of neutrons emitted by investigated nuclei in low-energy decays. Feasibility of the detector strongly depends on its timing properties defined by the spatial distribution of ionization, light propagation inside the fibers, light emission kinetics and transition time jitter in

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Allaire, C., J. Benitez, M. Bomben, et al. "Beam test measurements of Low Gain Avalanche Detector single pads and arrays for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector." Journal of Instrumentation 13, no. 06 (2018): P06017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/06/p06017.

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Ali, S., H. Arnold, S. L. Auwens, et al. "Performance in beam tests of carbon-enriched irradiated Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 05 (2023): P05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/05/p05005.

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Abstract The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment to mitigate pile-up effects during the High Luminosity (HL) phase of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) will provide high-precision measurements of the time of arrival of particles at the HGTD, improving the particle-vertex assignment. To cope with the high-radiation environment, LGADs have been optimized by adding carbon in the gain layer, thus reducing the acceptor removal rate after irradiation. Performances of several carbon-enriched LGAD sensors from di

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Morenas, M. "Performance of ALTIROC2 readout ASIC with LGADs for ATLAS HGTD picosecond MIP timing detector." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (2023): C01070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01070.

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Abstract ALTIROC2 is a 225-channel ASIC designed in CMOS 130 nm to read out a 15 × 15 matrix of 1.3 mm × 1.3 mm Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGAD) for the ATLAS HGTD (High Granularity Timing Detector). The targeted combined time resolution of the sensor and its readout electronics range from 35 ps/hit (initial) to 65 ps/hit (end of operational lifetime). Each ASIC channel integrates a high-speed preamplifier followed by a high speed discriminator and two TDCs for Time-of-Arrival and Time-Over-Threshold measurements as well as a local memory. This front-end must exhibit a small jitter while keepi

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Robles Manzano, M., P. Bernhard, A. Brogna, et al. "Design and testing results of a long flexible printed circuit for the ATLAS high granularity timing detector." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 06 (2022): C06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/06/c06001.

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Abstract The high granularity timing detector for the ATLAS upgrade is under construction to meet the challenges of the HL-LHC. The silicon detectors along with the electronics are installed in two double-sided disks per end-cap and consist of basic units (called modules) connected to the peripheral electronics by flexible printed circuit cables. The complexity of the system impacts on the requirements of having high number of interconnections for the power delivery network, the data-links for the high-speed readout as well as the inputs for the system control. This and other constraints on th

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Castillo García, Lucía, Evangelos Leonidas Gkougkousis, Chiara Grieco, and Sebastian Grinstein. "Characterization of Irradiated Boron, Carbon-Enriched and Gallium Si-on-Si Wafer Low Gain Avalanche Detectors." Instruments 6, no. 1 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6010002.

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Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are n-on-p silicon sensors with an extra doped p-layer below the n-p junction which provides signal amplification. The moderate gain of these sensors, together with the relatively thin active region, provides excellent timing performance for Minimum Ionizing Particles (MIPs). To mitigate the effect of pile-up during the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) era, both ATLAS and CMS experiments will install new detectors, the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) and the End-Cap Timing Layer (ETL), that rely on the LGAD technology. A full character

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Imam, H. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector for the Phase-II upgrade of the ATLAS Calorimeter system: detector concept, description and R&D and beam test results." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 11012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125311012.

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The particle flux increase (pile-up) at the HL-LHC with luminosities of L = 7.5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1 will have a significant impact on the reconstruction of the ATLAS detector and on the performance of the trigger. The forward region and the end-cap where the internal tracker has poorer longitudinal track impact parameter resolution, and where the liquid argon calorimeter has coarser granularity, will be significantly affected. A High Granularity Time Detector (HGTD) is proposed to be installed in front of the LAr end-cap calorimeter for the mitigation of the pileup effect, as well as measurement o

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Kamiyama, Taiki, James Freeman, Corrado Gatto, et al. "Development of High-Granularity Dual-Readout Calorimetry with psec Timing." EPJ Web of Conferences 320 (2025): 00064. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202532000064.

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Dual-readout and particle flow algorithm (PFA) are technologies proposed for precise jet energy measurement in future colliders. While PFA requires highly granular calorimeters, dual-readout has mainly been used with fiber-based calorimeters that do not have highly segmented capabilities. It is still non-trivial to combine these two technologies in one calorimeter system because of the use of fibers in most of the dualreadout calorimeters, which is not compatible with the high granularity requirement of PFA technologies. The aim of this study is to develop a novel calorimetry that combines dua

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De Vita, Andrea, Abhishek Abhishek, Max Aehle, et al. "Hadron Identification Prospects with Granular Calorimeters." Particles 8, no. 2 (2025): 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8020058.

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In this work we consider the problem of determining the identity of hadrons at high energies based on the topology of their energy depositions in dense matter, along with the time of the interactions. Using GEANT4 simulations of a homogeneous lead tungstate calorimeter with high transverse and longitudinal segmentation, we investigated the discrimination of protons, positive pions, and positive kaons at 100 GeV. The analysis focuses on the impact of calorimeter granularity by progressively merging detector cells and extracting features like energy deposition patterns and timing information. Tw

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Lacour, D. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector for the Phase-II upgrade of the ATLAS calorimeter system: detector concept description and first beam test results." Journal of Instrumentation 13, no. 02 (2018): C02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/02/c02016.

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Gatto, Corrado, Gerald C. Blazey, Alexandre Dychkant, et al. "Preliminary Results from ADRIANO2 Test Beams." Instruments 6, no. 4 (2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040049.

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A novel high-granularity, dual-readout calorimetric technique (ADRIANO2) is under development as part of the research program of T1604 Collaboration. (Talk Presented at the 19th International Conference on Calorimetry in Particle Physics (CALOR 2022), University of Sussex, Sussex, UK, 16–20 May 2022). The building block of such a calorimeter consists of a pair of optically isolated, small size tiles made of scintillating plastic and lead glass. The prompt Čerenkov light from the glass can be exploited to perform high resolution timing measurements, while the high granularity provides good reso

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Mastrolorenzo, L. "The CMS High Granularity Calorimeter for HL-LHC." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (January 2018): 1860075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600753.

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The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will integrate 10 times more luminosity than the LHC, posing significant challenges for radiation tolerance and event pileup on detectors, especially for forward calorimetry, and hallmarks the issue for future colliders. As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS Collaboration is designing a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. It features unprecedented transverse and longitudinal segmentation for both electromagnetic (CE-E) and hadronic (CE-H) compartments. This will facilitate particle-flow (PF) calorimetry, wh

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Zhang, X., M. Zhao, L. Zhang, et al. "Design of AC-coupled low gain avalanche diodes (AC-LGADs): a 2D TCAD simulation study." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (2022): C09014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/c09014.

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Abstract AC-Coupled Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (AC-LGADs) are a new type of silicon sensors which conceived for experiments at future colliders. As an evolution of the standard Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs), AC-LGADs have similar fast timing performance. The innovation is that AC-LGADs are available to provide fine temporal and spatial resolution simultaneously, thanks to two key features: AC-coupled readout through the dielectric layer and a continuous resistive n+ implant. The Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) High-Granularity Timing Detector group is developing its first version of

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Alviggi, M., M. Biglietti, M. T. Camerlingo, et al. "Resistive fine granularity Micromegas: characterization and performance for different spark protection resistive schemes." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 01 (2025): P01012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/01/p01012.

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Abstract The aim of the presented work is the development of single-stage amplification resistive Micro Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGD) based on Micromegas technology with the following characteristics: ability to efficiently operate up to 10 MHz/cm2 counting rate; scalability to large areas; fine granularity readout with small pads of the order of mm2; good spatial and time resolutions (below 100 um and 10 ns, respectively). The miniaturization of the readout elements and the optimization of the spark protection system, as well as the stability and robustness under operation, are the primary cha

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Zhai, Mingjie, Jie Zhang, Da Xu, Zhenwu Ge, Joao Guimaraes da Costa, and Xuai Zhuang. "HGTD DC/DC converter in low temperature and magnetic field operation." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 02 (2024): C02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/02/c02006.

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Abstract The BPOL12V is a DC/DC converter designed to supply power to the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) as part of the ATLAS Phase II upgrade project. The HGTD operates in an environment characterized by low temperatures and a magnetic field. Ensuring the reliable functionality of the BPOL12V under such conditions is of utmost importance. This paper outlines a series of functionality tests for the BPOL12V, including efficiency, ripple, and rise/fall edge assessments across various operational scenarios. The performance of the BPOL12V consistently meets the requirements of the HGTD, w

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Akchurin, N., C. Cowden, J. Damgov, A. Hussain, and S. Kunori. "On the use of neural networks for energy reconstruction in high-granularity calorimeters." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (2021): P12036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/p12036.

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Abstract We contrasted the performance of deep neural networks — Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Graph Neural Network (GNN) — to current state of the art energy regression methods in a finely 3D-segmented calorimeter simulated by GEANT4. This comparative benchmark gives us some insight to assess the particular latent signals neural network methods exploit to achieve superior resolution. A CNN trained solely on a pure sample of pions achieved substantial improvement in the energy resolution for both single pions and jets over the conventional approaches. It maintained good performance fo

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García, L. Castillo. "A High-Granularity Timing Detector for the Phase-II upgrade of the ATLAS Calorimeter system: detector concept, description, R&D and beam test results." Journal of Instrumentation 15, no. 09 (2020): C09047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/09/c09047.

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Helbig, Markus. "Development of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeter off-detector readout electronics for the HL-LHC." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 03 (2025): C03055. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/03/c03055.

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Abstract The High-Luminosity LHC will start operations for physics in 2030. The expansion of the dataset will be achieved by increasing the instantaneous luminosity of the LHC to 5–7.5 times its design value. For the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeter system, this poses new technical and operational challenges due to the higher radiation doses for the front-end electronics and increased pile-up caused by coincident and consecutive collisions. Additionally, the trigger rate of the first-level hardware trigger is projected to be increased to close to ten times its current value. At the same time, tw

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Smallwood, J. C., S. Bhasin, T. Blake, et al. "Test-beam demonstration of a TORCH prototype module." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012004.

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The TORCH time-of-flight detector is designed to provide a 15 ps timing resolution for charged particles, resulting in π/K particle identification up to 10 GeV/c momentum over a 10 m flight path. Cherenkov photons, produced in a quartz plate of 10 mm thickness, are focused onto an array of micro-channel plate photomultipliers (MCP-PMTs) which measure the photon arrival times and spatial positions. A half-scale (660 × 1250 × 10 mm3) TORCH demonstrator module has been tested in an 8 GeV/c mixed proton-pion beam at CERN. Customised square MCP-PMTs of active area 53 × 53 mm2 and granularity 64 × 6

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Sun, Weiyi, Yunyun Fan, Mei Zhao, et al. "Characterization of the response of IHEP-IME LGAD with shallow carbon to Gamma Irradiation." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 06 (2023): P06031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/p06031.

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Abstract Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) for the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) are crucial in reducing pileups in the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. Numerous studies have been conducted on the bulk irradiation damage of LGADs. However, few studies have been carried out on the surface irradiation damage of LGAD sensors with shallow carbon implantation. In this paper, the IHEP-IME LGADs with shallow carbon implantation were irradiated up to 2 MGy using gamma irradiation to investigate surface damage. Important characteristic parameters, including leakage currents, breakdown

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Currás, Esteban, Marcos Fernández, Christian Gallrapp, et al. "Radiation hardness and precision timing study of silicon detectors for the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGC)." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 845 (February 2017): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.05.008.

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Grieco, C., L. Castillo García, A. Doblas Moreno, et al. "Overview of CNM LGAD results: boron Si-on-Si and epitaxial wafers." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 09 (2022): C09021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/09/c09021.

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Abstract Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are n-on-p silicon sensors with an extra p-layer below the collection electrode which provides signal amplification. When the primary electrons reach the amplification region new electron-hole pairs are created that enhance the generated signal. The moderate gain of these sensors, together with the relatively thin active region, provide precise time information for minimum ionizing particles. To mitigate the effect of pile-up at the HL-LHC the ATLAS and CMS experiments have chosen the LGAD technology for the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD)

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Beresford, L. A., D. E. Boumediene, L. Castillo García, et al. "Destructive breakdown studies of irradiated LGADs at beam tests for the ATLAS HGTD." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 07 (2023): P07030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/p07030.

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Abstract In the past years, it has been observed at several beam test campaigns that irradiated LGAD sensors break with a typical star shaped burn mark when operated at voltages much lower than those at which they were safely operated during laboratory tests. The study presented in this paper was designed to determine the safe operating voltage that these sensors can withstand. Many irradiated sensors from various producers were tested in two test beam facilities, DESY (Hamburg) and CERN-SPS (Geneva), as part of ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) beam tests. The samples were placed

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Brau, James E., Martin Breidenbach, Alexandre Habib, Lorenzo Rota, and Caterina Vernieri. "The SiD Digital ECal Based on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors." Instruments 6, no. 4 (2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040051.

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The SiD detector concept capitalizes on high granularity in its tracker and calorimeter to achieve the momentum resolution and particle flow calorimetry physics goals in a compact design. The collaboration has had a long interest in the potential for improved granularity in both the tracker and ECal with an application of monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) and a study of MAPS in the SiD ECal was described in the ILC TDR. Work is progressing on the MAPS application in an upgraded SiD design with a prototyping design effort for a common SiD tracker/ECal design based on stitched reticules to

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