Books: 'High growth firms'

1

Schreyer, Paul. High-growth firms and employment. Paris: OECD, 2000.

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Schreyer, Paul. High-growth firms and employment. Paris: OECD, 2000.

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Schreyer, Paul. High-growth firms and employment. Paris: OECD, 2000.

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4

Brännback, Malin, Alan L. Carsrud, and Niklas Kiviluoto. Understanding the Myth of High Growth Firms. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9457-7.

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5

High-technology new firms: Variable barriers to growth. London: Paul Chapman Pub., Ltd., 1995.

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Science parks and the growth of high technology firms. London: Routledge, 1988.

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Bas, Tomas Gabriel. Comparing high technology firms in developed and developing countries: Cluster growth initiatives. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2012.

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8

Moore, Barry. Financial contraints to the growth and development of small high technology firms. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Dept. of Applied Economics, 1993.

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9

Comparing high technology firms in developed and developing countries: Cluster growth initiatives. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2012.

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10

Leigh, Roger. Adjustment processes in high growth small and medium size enterprises: A study of mature manufacturing firms in Londonduring the 1980's. Enfield: Middlesex Polytechnic, Planning Research Centre, 1991.

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11

Gambling on growth: How to manage the small high-tech firm. Chichester: Wiley, 1992.

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12

Symposium, F. on High Temperature Superconductor Thin Films: Growth Mechanisms-Interfaces-Multilayers (1996 Strasbourg France). High temperature superconductor thin films--growth mechanisms-interfaces-multilayers: Proceedings of Symposium F on High Temperature Superconductor Thin Films--Growth Mechanisms-Interfaces-Multilayers of the 1996 E-MRS Spring Conference, Strasbourg, France, June 4-7, 1996. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1997.

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Klette, Tor Jakob. Empirical patterns of firm growth and R&D investment: A quality ladder model interpretation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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14

Sengo fukkō kara kōdo seichō e: Minshu kyōiku, Tōkyō Orinpikku, genshiryoku hatsuden = Images of postwar Japan : from reconstruction to high growth. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 2014.

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15

Financing High-Growth Firms. OECD, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264118782-en.

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16

Mamburu, Mulalo. Defining high-growth firms in South Africa. UNU-WIDER, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2017/331-8.

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17

Grover, Arti. Firms Far Up! Productivity, Agglomeration, And High-Growth Firms In Ethiopia. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9099.

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18

de Nicola, Francesca, Balazs Murakozy, and Shawn W. Tan. High-Growth Firms: Rising Tide Lifts All Boats. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8642.

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19

P, Monck C. S., and Peat Marwick McLintock (Firm), eds. Science parks and the growth of high technology firms. Routledge ... in association with Peat Marwick McLintock, 1990.

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P, Monck C. S., ed. Science parks and the growth of high technology firms. London: Croom Helm, in association with Peat Marwick, McLintock, 1988.

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21

Reyes, Jose-Daniel. FDI Spillovers and High-Growth Firms in Developing Countries. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8243.

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22

Marcio, Cruz, Leila Baghdadi, and Hassen Arouri. The Dynamics of High-Growth Firms: Evidence from Tunisia. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9145.

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23

Goswami, Arti Grover, Denis Medvedev, and Ellen Olafsen. High-Growth Firms: Facts, Fiction, and Policy Options for Emerging Economies. World Bank Publications, 2019.

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24

Grover Goswami, Arti, Denis Medvedev, and Ellen Olafsen. High-Growth Firms: Facts, Fiction, and Policy Options for Emerging Economies. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1368-9.

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25

Carsrud, Alan L., Malin Brännback, and Niklas Kiviluoto. Understanding the Myth of High Growth Firms: The Theory of the Greater Fool. Springer, 2013.

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26

Capital, Emerging High-Growth Firms and Public Policy: The Case Against Federal Intervention. Praeger Publishers, 2001.

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27

Oakey, R. British university science parks and high technology small firms: A comment on the potential for sustained industrial growth. 1985.

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28

Bongini, Paola, Annalisa Ferrando, Emanuele Rossi, and Monica Rossolini. The Capital Markets Union and Firms’ Access to External Market-Based Finance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0013.

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Firms’ access to capital markets among Eurozone countries is a challenging issue for the EU Capital Markets Union (CMU) agenda. We contribute to the current debate on the CMU by identifying the characteristics of firms that can be deemed ‘suitable’ for market-based finance. Using survey-based research, we show which firm-specific attributes and country-specific features foster a firm’s likelihood of accessing non-bank sources of finance. Our results reveal that a few Eurozone countries appear to have achieved high access to capital market financing, but there is substantial unexploited potential among firms fit for market-based finance. Our research also indicates that the macro business environment and conditions—such as GDP growth, the degree of development of domestic financial markets, and the quality of the legal and judicial enforcement system—significantly impact firms’ market suitability. Our results therefore can be linked to a number of goals of the CMU Action Plan.

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29

W, Tansky Judith, and Heneman Robert L, eds. Human resource strategies for the high growth entrepreneurial firm. Greenwich, Conn: Information Age Pub., 2006.

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30

Ashton, David, Caroline Lloyd, and Chris Warhurst. Business Strategies and Skills. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.15.

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This chapter examines the link between business strategies and skill in the context of the the latter being regarded as key to economic growth and competitive advantage. A high-skilled workforce is viewed both as a driver of this approach and one of its outcomes. A number of countries have attempted to create more high-skilled jobs through raising the qualification levels of their workforces. The idea behind this supply-side intervention is that a high-skilled workforce will attract businesses that wish to or already do compete on quality and/or innovation or will encourage existing organisations to make better use of these skills and improve organisational performance. The problem is increasing evidence of growing levels of over-qualification amongst these workforces as too few high skilled jobs are created. Moreover many firms have remained successful operating with low skilled jobs competing on cost. Drawing on existing research, this chapter explores these developments and issues. It starts by making an important contextual distinction between skill levels and skill use, how they feature in firm business strategies, and their relevance to governments, employers and employees. It then presents the two key theories of skill and business strategies: the HRM Approach and the Institutional/Comparative Approaches. Questioning the determinism of these approaches, the chapter then seeks to move debate beyond assumptions of direct relationships between strategy and skill. The conclusion presents an alternative approach to developing the relationship between business strategies and skill that incorporates managerial agency.

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31

Habermeier, H. U., and M. L. Hitchman. High Temperature Superconductor Thin Films: Growth Mechanisms - Interfaces - Multilayers (European Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings). Elsevier Science, 1997.

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32

Boughzala, Mongi. Employment and the Functioning of the Labor Market. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799863.003.0003.

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The focus of this chapter is on Tunisia’s labor and education institutions and regulations, and their impact on market performance. The chapter examines how the regulations affect the cost of formal employment, including the ease of hiring and firing, and the mismatch between supply and demand of educated labor. In Tunisia, larger firms create most of the formal employment, but are not growing fast enough, while informal employment is widespread partly because of inappropriate regulations that increase the cost of formal employment. This chapter argues that the high cost of formality, and weak law enforcement, are the main factors that accelerate the growth of informal employment and that the greater the level of informal employment, the longer it takes to fight unemployment. The analysis comprises an important institutional component and relies on the data provided by the TLMPS 2014 and other sources, mainly the National Statistics Institute (INS).

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33

Jomo, K. S. Fucking Industrial Technology Development in Malaysia: Industry and Firm Studies (Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia). Routledge, 1999.

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34

Wen, Yun. The Huawei Model. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043437.001.0001.

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With the rise of China’s information and communications technology (ICT) sector, a number of Chinese high-tech firms are approaching transnational stages and shifting the center of gravity in global ICT markets. In the meantime, China’s digital economy has raised the debate with regard to the nature and direction of its developmental model. This book investigates Huawei Technologies—China’s most competitive high-tech company—as a microcosm of the rise of China’s corporate power and its evolving digital economy. Yun Wen first traces Huawei’s history against the backdrop of China’s ICT development and its outward expansion in global markets. Focusing on Huawei’s research and development strategies, she then delineates Huawei’s path to its cutting-edge technology and innovation leadership. Huawei’s distinct experience in the design of its ownership structure and labor practices is also examined in the book. By examining how Huawei’s growth intertwined with the trajectory of China’s ICT development and how it responded to various forces of corporate China’s globalization, this book sheds light on distinguishing features of the “Huawei model” and the geopolitical economic implications of China’s corporate globalization. It argues that the core of China’s pathbreaking model lies in local alternatives and indigenous agencies that have the ability to insist on a self-reliant, open-minded, and innovation-oriented developmental strategy.

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35

Majumdar, Sumit K. Lost Glory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641994.001.0001.

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Lost Glory: India’s Capitalism Story describes India’s industrialization experiences. Questions about long-term industry and productivity evolution, and their impact on economic growth, lie at the heart of discourses of capitalism. The book is based on detailed empirical analyses of India’s industrialization over a period of almost seven decades, and a case study of Maruti Suzuki, India’s largest automobile manufacturer. The deeply nuanced depiction of the historical political economy that has affected India’s industrialization is a unique feature. This history will enlighten everyone interested in India. The presentation takes readers on a definitive evidence-based survey of India’s industrial landscape. It includes a detailed historical description of the intellectual origins of India’s modern industrialization, anchored in a privileged view of economic policymaking. Grounded in historical and political analyses, the facts derived on India’s long-term economic performance are used to set the record straight. It is unsparing in its assessments where the evidence warrants such conclusions. Its findings will transform debate, and set the agenda for thoughtfully assessing the future course of India’s prosperity. The author overturns the assumptions that India’s much-vaunted private sector firms only engender positive outcomes, finding State-sector firms to have become efficient, and the molecular sector to be as effective overall, while also challenging the notion that privatization is necessary for progress. Conversely, it is found that competition policy innovations to have had positive impact. Practical suggestions are provided and three fundamental reforms, one administrative, one structural, and one behavioral, necessary to regenerate high output, are advocated.

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36

A, Madhukar, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., Society of Vacuum Coaters, and SPIE Symposium on Advances in Semiconductors and Superconductors: Physics Toward Device Applications (1990 : San Diego, Calif.), eds. Growth of semiconductor structures and high-Tc thin films on semiconductors: 20-21 March 1990, San Diego, Calfiornia. Bellingham, Wash., USA: The Society, 1990.

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37

Łaski, Kazimierz. Lectures in Macroeconomics. Edited by Jerzy Osiatyński and Jan Toporowski. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842118.001.0001.

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These lectures in macroeconomics explain the theory and policy implications of macroeconomics in a systematic and logically consistent way. Central to this analysis is the principle of aggregate demand as formulated by the Polish economist Michał Kalecki, who is best known as the originator, along with Keynes, of the Keynesian Revolution in macroeconomics. The lectures cover the main components of aggregate demand, showing the key importance of firms’ investment for total output, employment, and economic growth in both closed and open economies. The main influences on investment are explained and how, through the circular flow of income and expenditure, investment generates profits in the economy. However, investment is unstable and the government therefore has a central role in stabilizing such an economy at high rates of employment. Along with investment, the labor market and wages then determine the distribution of income. This leads on to an examination of the role of money and finance in the contemporary capitalist economy. The analysis is illustrated with statistics and a survey of the evolution of capitalist economies since World War II, along with critical observations on the neoclassical approach to economics.

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38

Evolution of expitaxial structure and morphology: Symposium held November 27-December 1, 1995, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa: Materials Research Society, 1996.

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39

Evolution of Expitaxial Structure and Morphology: Symposium Held November 27-December 1, 1995, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A (Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, V. 399.). Materials Research Society, 1996.

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40

(Editor), Judith W. Tansky, and Robert L. Heneman (Editor), eds. Human Resource Strategies for the High Growth Entrepreneurial Firm (Research in Human Resource Management) (Research in Human Resource Management). Information Age Publishing, 2006.

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41

Nattrass, Nicoli, and Jeremy Seekings. Inclusive Dualism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841463.001.0001.

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W. Arthur Lewis, the founding father of development economics, saw developing economies as dualist, that is, characterised by differences in earnings and productivity between and within economic sectors. His famous model of development, in which ‘surplus’ (unemployed and underemployed) labour was drawn out of subsistence activities and into manufacturing, was reflected in the subsequent East Asian development trajectory in which labour was drawn into low-wage, labour-intensive manufacturing, including in clothing production, before shifting into higher-wage work once the supply of surplus labour had dried up. This development strategy has become unfashionable, the concern being that in a globalized world, labour-intensive industry promises little more than an impoverishing ‘race to the bottom’. A strong strand in contemporary development discourse favours the promotion of decent work irrespective of whether surplus labour exists or not. We argue that ‘better work’ policies to ensure health and safety, minimum wages and worker representation are important. Decent work fundamentalism—that is, the promotion of higher wages and labour productivity at the cost of lower-wage job destruction—is a utopian vision with dystopic consequences for countries with high open unemployment, including most of Southern Africa. We show, using the South African clothing industry as a case study, that decent work fundamentalism ignores the benefits of dualism (the co-existence of high- and low-wage firms), resulting in the unnecessary destruction of labour-intensive jobs and the bifurcation of society into highly-paid, high-productivity insiders and unemployed outsiders. The South African case has broader relevance because of the growth in surplus labour—including in its extreme form, open unemployment—across a growing number of African countries. Inclusive dualism, as a development strategy, takes the trade-off between wages and employment seriously, prioritizes labour-intensive job creation and facilitates increased productivity where appropriate, so that jobs are created, not destroyed.

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42

(Editor), Judith W. Tansky, and Robert L. Heneman (Editor), eds. Human Resource Strategies for the High Growth Entrepreneurial Firm (HC) (Research in Human Resource Management) (Research in Human Resource Management). Information Age Publishing, 2006.

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43

Sands, David. Growth and characterisation of thin films of zinc sulphide on silicon: A comparative study of the electrical and structural properties of films prepared in ultra high vacuum conditions---. Bradford, 1987.

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44

L, Regelʹ L., Wilcox William R, and International Workshop on Materials Processing at High Gravity (3rd : 1996 : Clarkson University), eds. Centrifugal materials processing. New York: Plenum Press, 1997.

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45

Halpin, Darren R., and Anthony J. Nownes. The New Entrepreneurial Advocacy. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190883003.001.0001.

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The role of business in the American political system has always stirred emotions. Contemporary evidence of the clear and growing disparities in wealth between ordinary citizens and business elites has drawn new attention to this topic. Recently, the canon on the activities of business elites in politics has grown, as we have learned a great deal about how business firms and their ultra-wealthy leaders and investors seek to exert political influence. This book examines one form of business elite activity that has thus far received surprisingly little scholarly attention despite the high-profile political efforts of billionaire businesspeople such as Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg. Specifically, the book examines what we call the new entrepreneurial advocacy. Where previous work focuses on a cross section of either the wealthiest Americans or the largest firms in the United States, this book takes a deep dive into the political activities of a single yet pivotal cohort: the founders and CEOs of Silicon Valley firms. Leveraging a vast range of unique data sets—spanning the political donations of firms and their leaders; the local, state, and Washington lobbying of Silicon Valley firms; the social media and media commentary of Silicon Valley CEOs and founders; and the role of elites in supporting and founding new political organizations—this book shines a light on the role of this important set of elites in contemporary American political life.

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46

Halvorsen, Sandra Kristine. Labour turnover and workers' well-being in the Ethiopian manufacturing industry. 36th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/974-7.

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Manufacturing industry expansion is a central part of Ethiopia’s growth and transformation agenda due to its potential for accelerated economic development and large-scale job creation, in particular for women. However, the industry is experiencing extremely high labour turnover rates, which is hampering the prospects of a successful industrialization of the country. Understanding the reasons for the high turnover may give important insights into the industry workings and how factory employment affects women's economic empowerment and well-being. Using a combination of survey data and qualitative interviews, the study highlights three main reasons for the high turnover: unrealistic expectations about wages and work efforts, poor working conditions, and difficulties combining domestic responsibilities with factory employment. In order to achieve social and economic development through industrial development, the Ethiopian government and firm managers need to take action to handle the turnover problem, making factory jobs safe, profitable, and a place for competence development.

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47

Ibata-Arens, Kathryn C. Beyond Technonationalism. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503605473.001.0001.

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What explains the rapid and sustained economic rise of Asian countries in high-technology industries, including biomedicals? The biomedical industry, comprised mainly of biopharmaceuticals and medical devices, is among the fastest growing globally and has been an economic-development target of national governments around the world. The book presents a conceptual framework to assess national government management of innovation and entrepreneurship in the fast-growing biomedical industry in Asia, which at current growth rates is on track to become the center of the world economy. Four Asian countries—China, India, Japan, and Singapore—are compared in terms of innovation capacities, government policy, and firm-level strategies underlying competitive advantages in high technology. The book argues that countries that pursue networked technonationalism have been effective in upgrading innovation capacity and also encouraging entrepreneurial activity in targeted industries. The study begins with a global-level analysis of biomedical innovation and entrepreneurship, identifying emerging concentrations of scientific citation, patenting, and firm creation—paying close attention to trends in Asian economies and future prospects. Findings indicate a gradual shift to Asian economies of many biomedical-innovation and new-business-creation activities. The book concludes with implications for innovation policy and entrepreneurship strategy in Asia and elsewhere.

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48

Browning, Birch P. Coda. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928200.003.0013.

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This chapter is a retrospective view of some of the key topics from the text. The concept of deliberate practice introduced earlier is extended to deliberate learning. Steps to assure deliberate learning, including setting high goals and making a plan to reach them, focusing on the fundamentals, sharing one’s work for input from colleagues, managing time and staying on task, and developing a firm work ethic, are outlined. Transforming the myth of talent into the habit of hard work is reviewed and encouraged. The reader-student is asked to carefully consider how he or she will build and project the desired identity and roles as a musician and a pedagogue in a suitable community of practice. Probing questions are asked about the reader-student’s growth process and advances in understanding many key concepts and processes that inform the work of becoming a musician-pedagogue.

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49

Szewczyk, Janusz. Rola zaburzeń w kształtowaniu struktury i dynamiki naturalnych lasów bukowo-jodłowo-świerkowych w Karpatach Zachodnich. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-35-9.

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The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different disturbances (both natural and anthropogenic) on species composition and stand structure of old-growth mixed mountain forests in the Western Carpathians. These stands are usually dominated by beech, fir and spruce, mixed in different proportions. The tree main species represent different growth strategies, and they compete against each other. The longevity of trees makes the factors influencing the stand structure difficult to identify, even during longitudinal studies conducted on permanent research plots. That is why dendroecological techniques, based upon the annual variability of tree rings, are commonly used to analyze the disturbance histories of old-growth stands. Dendroecological methods make it possible to reconstruct the stand history over several centuries in the past by analyzing the frequency, intensity, duration and spatial scale of disturbances causing the death of trees. Combining the dendroecological techniques with the detailed measurements of stand structure, snag volume, CWD volume, and the analyses of regeneration species composition and structure allows us to identify the factors responsible for the changes in dynamics of mixed mountain forests. Various disturbance agents affect some species selectively, while some disturbances promote the establishment of tree seedlings of specific species by modifying environmental conditions. Describing the disturbance regime requires a broad scope of data on stand structure, on dead wood and tree regeneration, while various factors affecting all the stages of tree growth should be taken into consideration. On the basis of the already published data from permanent sample plots, combined with the available disturbance history analyses from the Western Carpathians, three research hypotheses were formulated. 1. The species composition of mixed mountain forests has been changing for at least several decades. These directional changes are the consequence of simultaneous conifer species decline and expansion of beech. 2. The observed changes in species composition of mixed mountain forests are the effect of indirect anthropogenic influences, significantly changing tree growth conditions also in the forests that are usually considered natural or near-natural. Cumulative impact of these indirect influences leads to the decrease of fir share in the tree layer (spruce decline has also been observed recently),and it limits the representation of this species among seedlings and saplings. The final effect is the decrease of fir and spruce share in the forest stands. 3. Small disturbances, killing single trees or small groups of trees, and infrequent disturbances of medium size and intensity dominate the disturbance regime in mixed mountain forests. The present structure of beech-fir-spruce forests is shaped both by complex disturbance regime and indirect anthropogenic influences. The data were gathered in permanent sample plots in strictly protected areas of Babia Góra, Gorce, and Tatra National Parks, situated in the Western Carpathians. All plots were located in the old-growth forest stands representing Carpathian beech forest community. The results of the measurements of trees, snags, coarse woody debris (CWD) and tree regeneration were used for detailed description of changes in the species composition and structure of tree stands. Tree ring widths derived from increment cores were used to reconstruct the historical changes in tree growth trends of all main tree species, as well as the stand disturbance history within the past two to three hundred years. The analyses revealed complex disturbance history in all of the three forest stands. Intermediate disturbances of variable intensity occurred, frequently separated by the periods of low tree mortality lasting from several decades up to over one hundred years. The intervals between the disturbances were significantly shorter than the expected length of forest developmental cycle, in commonly used theories describing the dynamics of old-growth stands. During intermediate disturbances up to several dozen percent of canopy trees were killed. There were no signs of stand-replacing disturbances, killing all or nearly all of canopy trees. The periods of intense tree mortality were followed by subsequent periods of increased sapling recruitment. Variability in disturbance intensity is one of the mechanisms promoting the coexistence of beech and conifer species in mixed forests. The recruitment of conifer saplings depended on the presence of larger gaps, resulting from intermediate disturbances, while beech was more successful in the periods of low mortality. However, in the last few decades, beech seems to benefit from the period of intense fir mortality. This change results from the influence of long-term anthropogenic disturbances, affecting natural mechanisms that maintain the coexistence of different tree species and change natural disturbance regimes. Indirect anthropogenic influence on tree growth was clearly visible in the gradual decrease of fir increments in the twentieth century, resulting from the high level of air pollution in Europe. Synchronous decreases of fir tree rings’ widths were observed in all three of the sample plots, but the final outcomes depended on the fir age. In most cases, the damage to the foliage limited the competitive abilities of fir, but it did not cause a widespread increase in tree mortality, except for the oldest firs in the BGNP (Babia Góra National Park) plot. BGNP is located in the proximity of industrial agglomeration of Upper Silesia, and it could be exposed to higher level of air pollution than the other two plots. High level of fir regeneration browsing due to the deer overabundance and insufficient number of predators is the second clear indication of the indirect anthropogenic influence on mixed mountain forests. Game impact on fir regeneration is the most pronounced in Babia Góra forests, where fir was almost completely eliminated from the saplings. Deer browsing seems to be the main factor responsible for limiting the number of fir saplings and young fir trees, while the representation of fir among seedlings is high. The experiments conducted in fenced plots located in the mixed forests in BGNP proved that fir and sycamore were the most preferred by deer species among seedlings and saplings. In GNP (Gorce National Park) and TNP (Tatra National Park), the changes in species composition of tree regeneration are similar, but single firs or even small groups of firs are present among saplings. It seems that all of the analysed mixed beech-fir-spruce forests undergo directional changes, causing a systematic decrease in fir representation, and the expansion of beech. This tendency results from the indirect anthropogenic impact, past and present. Fir regeneration decline, alongside with the high level of spruce trees’ mortality in recent years, may lead to a significant decrease in conifers representation in the near future, and to the expansion of beech forests at the cost of mixed ones.

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Books on the topic 'High growth firms'

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