Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'High loading rate'

Continuum mechanics is used to model the mechanical behaviour of concrete structures subjected to high rates of loading in defence applications. Large deformation theory is used and an isotropic elastic-plastic constitutive equation with isotropic hardening, damage and strain rate dependent loading surface. The hydrostatic pressure is governed by an equation of state. Numerical analysis is performed using the finite element method and the central difference method for the time integration.

Projectile penetration is studied and it is concluded that it is not suitable to use material description of the motion of both the target and the projectile together with an erosion criterion. Instead, the material description should be used only for the projectile and the spatial description for the target. In this way the need for an erosion criterion is eliminated. Also, in the constitutive model used it is necessary to introduce a scaling of the softening phase in relation to the finite element size, in order to avoid strain localization.

Drop weight testing of reinforced concrete beams are analysed, where a regularisation is introduced that renders mesh objectivity regarding fracture energy release. The resulting model can accurately reproduce results from material testing but the regularisation is not sufficient to avoid strain localization when applied to an impact loaded structure. It is finally proposed that a non-local measure of deformation could be a solution to attain convergence.

The third study presents the behaviour of a concrete constitutive model in a splitting test and a simplified non-local theory applied in a tensile test. The splitting test model exhibits mesh dependency due to a singularity. In the tensile test the non-local theory is shown to give a convergent solution. The report https://www.diva-portal.org/liu/webform/form.jsp#paper0is concluded with a discussion on how to better model concrete materials.

Cement-based composite materials are widely used in engineering applications. The strength and damage patterns of such materials depend upon the properties of the constituent components as well as the microstructure. Three scale levels are generally recognized in the analysis of the mechanical behaviour of composites, namely, macro-scale, meso-scale, and nano- or atomistic scale. Modelling of the mechanical properties at the meso-level provides a powerful means for the understanding of the physical processes underlying the macroscopic strength and failure behaviour of the composite materials under various loading conditions. This thesis endeavours to develop effective and efficient mesoscale models for cement-based composites, especially concrete, with a focus on dynamic analysis applications and in a three-dimensional stress-strain environment. These models are subsequently applied to investigate the intrinsic microscopic mechanisms governing the behaviour of such material under complex and high rate loadings, such as those due to shock, impact and blast. To cater to the needs of dynamic analysis under complex stress conditions, a general 2-dimensinal (2D) mesoscale modelling framework is further developed with the incorporation of the 3-D effect. This framework integrates the capabilities of MATLAB programming for the generation of the mesoscale geometric structure, ANSYS-CAE for finite element mesh generation, and the hydrocode LS-DYNA for solving the dynamic response of the model. The 3D effect is incorporated via a novel pseudo-3D modelling scheme such that the crucial lateral confinement effect during the transient dynamic response can be realistically represented. With the above mesoscale model a comprehensive investigation is conducted on the dynamic increase factor (DIF) in the concrete strength under compression, with particular focus on the variation trend at different strain rate regimes, and the key influencing factors. The wave propagation effect under high strain rate is scrutinised from a strip-by-strip perspective, and the correlation between the externally measured stress-strain quantities and the actual processes within the specimen is examined. The contribution of the material heterogeneity, as well as the structural effect (inertia), in the dynamic strength enhancement is evaluated. The classical Brazilian (splitting) test for the dynamic tensile behaviour of concrete is also investigated with the aid of the mesoscale model. Of particular interest here is the validity of such an indirect setup in reproducing the tensile behaviour of the specimen under high strain rates, as well as the effect of the heterogeneity in the dynamic tensile strength. Complications are found to arise as the loading rate increases. The change of the damage patterns with increase of the loading rate and the implications on the interpretation of the results are discussed. As an ideal solution to modelling of the 3-D effects, a methodology for the creation of a complex real 3-dimensional mesoscale model is put forward in the last part of the thesis. A geometric concept, called convex hull, is adopted for the representation of aggregates, and this makes it possible to utilize the relevant algorithms in computational geometry for the present purpose of generation of random 3-D aggregates. A take-and-place procedure is employed to facilitate the generation of the complete 3-D meso-structure. Associated techniques are developed for fast detection of particle inclusion-intersection. An example 3D mesoscale model is presented and representative numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the 3-D mesoscale modelling scheme.

In this experiment, average calcaneal fracture force is measured across male and female groups. The purpose of this experiment is an analysis of alternatives exploring the importance of sex-based criteria in models representing injuries typical in underbody blast environments. Seventeen (17) right legs were harvested at the knee from cadavers representing three anthropometries: 50th percentile male (6), 75th percentile female (6), and 5th percentile female (5). Care was taken to preserve anatomically correct geometry as the legs were cut to equal lengths, the tibia and fibula were potted in Dyna-Cast®, flesh and ligaments were excised from the inferior surface of the calcaneus, and a small Dyna-Cast® pad was poured and sanded flat – interfacing with the exposed calcaneal surface. Each test specimen was mounted in a custom fixture and exposed once to high-rate axial loading characterized by a constant acceleration and 25.4mm intrusion, achieving an average speed of 4.7m/s (σ = 0.3m/s) in 10ms. Input acceleration was measured by an Endevco 7264c accelerometer and a Denton 2513 six-axis load cell measured reaction force proximal to the specimen. A VR Phantom v9.1 camera recorded x-ray imagery at 2k frames per second. Data were collected by a TDAS Pro data acquisition system at 20k samples per second and filtered in accordance with SAE J211. Time of fracture, established through x-ray imagery, was used to determined fracture force from the electronically synchronized load-cell data. 100% injury was recorded. Average calcaneus fracture forces were reported as follows: 5406N (σ = 780N) for 50th percentile males, 4130N (σ = 1061N) for 75th percentile females, and 2873N (σ = 1293N) for 5th percentile females. Statistical significance was established between the reported averages according to three ANOVA tests: One-way (p = 0.0054), Brown-Forsythe (p = 0.0091), and Welch's (p = 0.0156). Unpaired Student's t-test confirmed significant differences between 50th percentile male vs 75th percentile female (p = 0.0469) and 50th percentile male vs 5th percentile female (p = 0.0030); the t-test did not show significance between the two female groups (p = 0.1315). Average impulse-to-fracture was calculated for each group and found to be not statistically significant.
Master of Science
A marked shift can be found in combat wound epidemiology towards a predominance of extremity injuries sustained from explosives. The Warrior Injury Assessment Mannequin (WIAMan) Project sought to develop a baseline dataset of post-mortem human surrogate responses to realistic explosive loading and correlate it to a highly instrumented mannequin for the further development of combat vehicles and personal protective gear. The following experiment exists within the WIAMan paradigm as an analysis of alternatives exploring the adequacy of the above mentioned baseline dataset in directly representing both male and female injuries. More specifically, this experiment interrogates the differences in average fracture forces between male and female calcanei across three anthropometries: 50th percentile male, 75th percentile female, and 5th percentile female. Testing was carried out on 17 right cadaver legs cut to equal lengths, potted proximally in Dyna-Cast®, with the inferior surface of their calcanei exposed; a small Dyna-Cast® pad was poured for each calcaneus and sanded flat. Each test specimen was fixed to a Denton 2513 six-axis load cell proximally and exposed to a high-rate, constant acceleration, 25.4mm displacement aligned with the calcaneus along the long axis of the leg bones. Fracture time, established through x-ray images recorded at 2k frames per second with a VR Phantom V9.1 camera, was used to determine load cell force measurement at fracture. Average calcaneus fracture forces were reported as follows: 5406N (σ = 780N) for 50th percentile males, 4130N (σ = 1061N) for 75th percentile females, and 2873N (σ = 1293N) for 5th percentile females. Statistical significance was established between the reported averages according to three ANOVA tests: One-way (p = 0.0054), Brown-Forsythe (p = 0.0091), and Welch's (p = 0.0156). Unpaired Student's t-test confirmed significant differences between 50th percentile male vs 75th percentile female (p = 0.0469) and 50th percentile male vs 5th percentile female (p = 0.0030); the t-test did not show significance between the two female groups (p = 0.1315). Average impulse-to-fracture was calculated for each group and found to be not statistically significant.

This work presents a systematic study of the mechanochemical processes leading to chemical reactions occurring due to effects of high-strain-rate deformation associated with uniaxial strain and uniaxial stress impact loading in highly heterogeneous metal powder-based reactive materials, specifically compacted mixtures of Ti/Al/B powders. This system was selected because of the large exothermic heat of reaction in the Ti+2B reaction, which can support the subsequent Al-combustion reaction. The unique deformation state achievable by such high-pressure loading methods can drive chemical reactions, mediated by microstructure-dependent meso-scale phenomena. Design of the next generation of multifunctional energetic structural materials (MESMs) consisting of metal-metal mixtures requires an understanding of the mechanochemical processes leading to chemical reactions under dynamic loading to properly engineer the materials. The highly heterogeneous and hierarchical microstructures inherent in compacted powder mixtures further complicate understanding of the mechanochemical origins of shock-induced reaction events due to the disparate length and time scales involved. A two-pronged approach is taken where impact experiments in both the uniaxial stress (rod-on-anvil Taylor impact experiments) and uniaxial strain (instrumented parallel-plate gas-gun experiments) load configurations are performed in conjunction with highly-resolved microstructure-based simulations replicating the experimental setup. The simulations capture the bulk response of the powder to the loading, and provide a look at the meso-scale deformation features observed under conditions of uniaxial stress or strain. Experiments under uniaxial stress loading reveal an optimal stoichiometry for Ti+2B mixtures containing up to 50% Al by volume, based on a reduced impact velocity threshold required for impact-induced reaction initiation as evidenced by observation of light emission. Uniaxial strain experiments on the Ti+2B binary mixture show possible expanded states in the powder at pressures greater than 6 GPa, consistent with the Ballotechnic hypothesis for shock-induced chemical reactions. Rise-time dispersive signatures are consistently observed under uniaxial strain loading, indicating complex compaction phenomena, which are reproducible by the meso-scale simulations. The simulations show the prevalence of shear banding and particle agglomeration in the uniaxial stress case, providing a possible rationale for the lower observed reaction threshold. Bulk shock response is captured by the uniaxial strain meso-scale simulations and is compared with PVDF stress gauge and VISAR traces to validate the simulation scheme. The simulations also reveal the meso-mechanical origins of the wave dispersion experimentally recorded by PVDF stress gauges.

A constitutive model has been developed to model the shock response of single crystal aluminum from peak pressures ranging from 2-110 GPa. This model couples a description of higher-order thermoelasticity with a dislocation-based viscoplastic formulation, both of which are formulated for single crystals. The constitutive model has been implemented using two numerical methods: a plane wave method that tracks the propagating wave front; and an extended one-dimensional, finite-difference method that can be used to model spatio-temporal evolution of wave propagation in anisotropic materials. The constitutive model, as well as these numerical methods, are used to simulate shock wave propagation in single crystals, polycrystals, and pre-textured polycrystals. Model predictions are compared with extensive existing experimental data and are then used to quantify the influence of the initial material state on the subsequent shock response. A coarse-grained model is then proposed to capture orientation-dependent deformation heterogeneity, and is shown to replicate salient features predicted by direct finite-difference simulation of polycrystals in the weak shock regime. The work in this thesis establishes a general framework that can be used to quantify the influence of initial material state on subsequent shock behavior not only for aluminum single crystals, but for other face-centered cubic and lower symmetry crystalline metals as well.

The effect of cold-rolling prior to shock loading was investigated in copper and tantalum. Annealed copper was shocked at a peak pressure of 5.08GPa; cold-rolled copper was shocked at peak pressures of 5.87GPa, 5.96GPa and 9.60GPa; as-received tantalum was shock loaded at a peak pressure of 7.20GPa, and cold-rolled tantalum was shocked at a peak pressure of 7.20GPa. The microstructures of the materials were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the mechanical responses were investigated using compression and hardness testing. The effect of varying temperature and strain rate on tantalum during compression was investigated. Tantalum was compressed at 20°C at 10⁻³s⁻¹, 10⁻¹s⁻¹ and 2x10³s⁻¹, and at 10⁻¹s⁻¹ at -40°C and 170°C. Quasi-static compression tests applied 70% strain to the samples and the higher strain rate sample, compressed by Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB), was compressed to 19% strain. The microstructures of the materials were investigated using (SEM) and (TEM), and the mechanical responses were investigated using hardness and compression testing. The microstructures of adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) produced by firing a shaped projectile from a single stage gas gun to cause the collapse of a thick-walled cylinder (TWC). The propagation of the ASBs along the cylindrical axis of the TWC was Also investigated. The microstructure was investigated using (SEM), (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM).

Friction stir welding (FSW) and aluminium alloy 2139-T8 are currently being considered for use in future military vehicles. However, stringent regulations on weld integrity under extreme loading conditions limit the adoption of new technologies. Moreover, current finite element (FE) based methods do not give reliable predictions of strain distribution in welds, which makes it difficult to assess the performance of structures. Therefore, an extensive research program was carried out to develop a generalised finite element (FE) based methodology to predict the response of welded structures under complex loading configurations. The methodology enables the complex distribution of mechanical properties arising from welding, which is linked to microstructural variation, to be incorporated into a macro scale structural model. The method is general, and is applicable for any heat treatable aluminium alloy under a range of joining processes. To achieve this, the microstructure of 2139-T8 alloy was characterised at a range of length scales, with particular emphasis on the size and distribution of strengthening Omega precipitates. 2139-T8 was subjected to bead on plate FSW to enable characterisation of the effects of processing on the local microstructure. In addition, kinetic data for 2139-T8 was generated, allowing a simple softening model to be developed; this allowed the post-weld strength distribution to be predicted. The model was also used to recreate bulk specimens of 2139-T8 with equivalent local weld microstructure, which was verified by transmission electron microscopy. Material with equivalent microstructure was used to estimate the local mechanical property distributions across the weld, including the initial yield stress and plastic response; the mechanical properties of 2139-T8 are known to be representative of 2139-T84. From observations of this combined data, a methodology was developed to enable the estimation of the complex mechanical property distributions arising during welding. Furthermore, an automated computer program was written to implement the property distributions into FE based models. The methodology was verified using data generated for 2139-T8 and was used to simulate the response of FSW 2139-T8 loaded in uniaxial tension. The simulations were verified experimentally using digital image correlation (DIC) and the methodology was shown to demonstrate increased accuracy and reliability over existing FE methods, with respect to strain predictions. In addition, the method eliminates the need to calibrate the structural model to a particular loading configuration. Theoretically, the models are insensitive to loading and this property was tested by extending the model to simulate the strain distribution of large scale welded panels subject to explosive blast loading. The simulations were verified against blast tests where FSW 2139-T84 panels were subjected to blast loading from the detonation of plastic explosive. The results indicate that the modelling methodology developed is capable of producing accurate and reliable predictions of strain distribution in welded structures under complex loading configurations.

During an under-body blast (UBB) event, an improvised explosive device (IED) delivers a high-energy blast beneath a military vehicle, exposing mounted Warfighters to considerable risk of severe lower extremity injuries. Loftis and Gillich (2014) determined that the lower leg and ankle region is the most common body region to sustain skeletal injury in military mounted combat events, comprising twenty-one percent of cases reported in the Joint Trauma Analysis and Prevention of Injuries in Combat (JTAPIC) database between 2010 and 2012. Injuries of the lower extremity are not always life-threatening. However, from a survivability standpoint, these injuries may affect the ability of the Warfighter to self-extricate and ambulate in the immediate aftermath of an UBB event. In addition, lower extremity injuries can lead to long term health complications and reduced quality of life (Dischinger et al., 2004). While some comparisons can be drawn from the study of civilian automotive crashes; the impact level, rate, location, and directions in UBB are fundamentally different for the lower extremity. Therefore, substantial research efforts to characterize and assess injuries unique to UBB are essential. The Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan), the Tech Demonstrator version of which was introduced by Pietsch et al. (2016), is the only anthropomorphic test device (ATD) designed to evaluate injury patterns in UBB conditions. However, there are no known injury assessment tools for the female Warfighter at this time. The overarching goal of this research effort is to determine the origin of potential differences in the response of females and males in UBB conditions. The results of this work contribute to the body of research concerning high-rate axial loading of the lower extremity and form the first detailed biomechanical account of UBB effects on female PMHS. This work will inform future decisions regarding the requirements for a valid injury assessment capability for female Warfighters in the UBB environment and the subsequent research needed to support those requirements. Ultimately, advancements can be made in modeling and simulation capabilities, injury assessment criteria, test methodologies, and design approaches for safer military ground vehicles and personal protective equipment (PPE). Improvements in these technologies will reduce morbidity and mortality rates among the U.S. Warfighter population, both male and female.
During an under-body blast (UBB) event, an improvised explosive device (IED) delivers a high-energy blast beneath a military vehicle. Energy from the explosive is imparted to the occupants primarily through the floor and seats of the vehicle, exposing the occupants to considerable risk of injuries to the lower extremity. Compared to civilian automotive crashes, the lower extremities of occupants in UBB scenarios are exposed to greater forces, applied at higher rates, and in different locations and directions. To improve current vehicle systems and personal protective equipment (PPE), it is crucial to develop tools to evaluate injuries in UBB scenarios. One such tool is a test dummy, which is designed to quantify loads, deflections, and accelerations experienced by occupants during a crash. These measured values are compared to accepted thresholds, above which injury is likely to occur. The Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan), which is representative of the 50th-percentile male, is the only test dummy designed to evaluate injuries in UBB conditions. However, there are no known injury assessment tools for the female Warfighter at this time. The overarching goal of this research effort is to determine the origin of potential differences in the response of females and males in UBB conditions. The results of this work contribute to the body of research concerning high-rate axial loading of the lower extremity and form the first detailed biomechanical account of UBB effects on female post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS). The results will inform the development of injury assessment tools for female Warfighters, which will ultimately lead to improvements in technologies to reduce morbidity and mortality rates among the U.S. Warfighter population, both male and female.

Deliberate and accidental explosions along with the heightened risk of loss of life and property damage during such events have highlighted the need for research in the behaviour of materials under high strain rates. Where an extensive body of research is available on steel and concrete structures, little to no details on how to address the design or retrofitting of wood structures subjected to a blast threat are available. Studies reported in the literature that focused on full scale light-frame wood structures did not quantify the increase in capacity due to the dynamic loading while the studies that did quantify the increase mostly stems from small clear specimens that are not representative of the behaviour of structural size members with defects. Tests on larger-scale specimens have mostly focused on the material properties and not the structural behaviour of subsystems. Advancements in design and construction techniques have greatly contributed to the emergence of taller and safer wood structures which increase potential for blast threat. This thesis presents results on the flexural behaviour of light-frame wood stud walls subjected to shock wave loading using the University of Ottawa shock tube. The emphasis is on the overall behaviour of the wall subsystem, especially the interaction between the sheathing and the studs through the nailed connection. The approach employed in this experimental program was holistic, where the specimens were investigated at the component and the subsystem levels. Twenty walls consisting of 38 mm x 140 mm machine stress-rated (MSR) studs spaced 406 mm on center and sheathed with two different types and sheathing thicknesses were tested to failure under static and dynamic loads. The experimental results were used to determine dynamic increase factors (DIFs) and a material predictive model was validated using experimental data. The implications of the code are also discussed and compared to the experimental data. Once validated, an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model incorporating partial composite action was used to evaluate current analysis and design assumptions. The results showed that a shock tube can effectively be used to generate high strain-rate flexural response in wood members and that the material predictive model was found suitable to effectively predict the displacement resulting from shock wave loading. Furthermore, it was found that current analysis and design approaches overestimated the wall displacements.

Ces dernières années, le développement des réseaux de communication indoor et outdoor et l'augmentation du nombre d'applications conduisent à un besoin toujours croissant de transmission de données à haut débit. Parmi les nombreuses technologies concurrentes, les communications par courant porteur en ligne (CPL) ont leur place en raison des infrastructures déjà disponibles. La motivation principale de cette thèse est d'augmenter le débit et la robustesse des systèmes CPL à porteuses multiples afin qu'ils puissent être utilisés efficacement dans les réseaux domestiques et pour la domotique. Le thème de ce travail de recherche est d'explorer différentes approches de modulation et de codage de canal en liaison avec plusieurs schémas d'allocation et d'optimisation des ressources. L'objectif est ici d'améliorer les capacités des CPL et d'être concurrent face aux autres solutions de communication à haut débit et de faire face efficacement aux inconvénients inhérents au réseau d'alimentation. Un certain nombre de stratégies d'allocation des ressources et d'optimisation sont étudiées pour améliorer les performances globales des systèmes CPL. La performance d'un système de communication est généralement mesurée en termes de débit, de marge de bruit et de taux d'erreur binaire (TEB) de la liaison. La maximisation de débit (RM) est étudiée pour les systèmes OFDM (en anglais orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) et LP-OFDM (en anglais linear precoded OFDM) sous la contrainte de densité spectrale de puissance (DSP). Deux contraintes différentes de taux d'erreur ont été appliquées au problème RM. La première contrainte est la contrainte de TEB crête où toutes les sous-porteuses ou séquences de précodage doivent respecter le TEB cible. Avec la deuxième contrainte, contrainte de TEB moyen, différentes sous-porteuses ou séquences de précodage sont affectées par des valeurs différentes de TEB et une contrainte de TEB moyen est imposée sur le symbole complet OFDM ou LP-OFDM. Les algorithmes d'allocation sont également proposés en prenant en compte les gains de codage de canal dans le processus d'allocation des ressources. En outre, un nouveau schéma de minimisation de TEB moyen est introduit qui minimise le TEB moyen de systèmes pour un débit donné et un masque imposé de DSP. Pour l'allocation des ressources dans un système à porteuses multiples, il est généralement supposé que l'état du canal (CSI) est parfaitement connu par l'émetteur. En réalité, les informations de CSI disponibles au point d'émission sont imparfaites. Aussi, nous avons également étudié des schémas d'allocation des ressources dans le cas de systèmes OFDM et LP-OFDM en prenant compte, et de manière efficace, les impacts des estimations bruitées. Plusieurs chaînes de communication sont aussi développées pour les systèmes OFDM et LP-OFDM.

Käppala wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has, during a few years, observed an increase in organic loading rate (OLR) in the mesophilic anaerobic digester R100, due to an increased load to the WWTP. The digestion of primary sludge at Käppala WWTP is today high loaded, with a high organic loading rate (OLR) and low hydraulic retention time (HRT). This study aims to evaluate the effect of the maximum OLR and the minimum HRT for the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and to investigate further actions that can be taken into consideration in case of process problems in the digestion. The study consists of (a) a practical laboratory experiment of 6 pilot-scale reactors to investigate how the process stability is affected when the OLR increases and the HRT decreases. (b) A mass balance calculation based on the energy potential in the feeding sludge and the digested sludge. (c) A study of the filterability of the digested sludge. (d) The construction of a forecasting model in Excel, to predict when digester R100 will reach its maximum OLR and minimum HRT. The result of the study shows that the maximum OLR for Käppala conditions is 4.9 g VS dm-3 d-1, meaning that R100 will reach its maximum organic load around the year 2031. An OLR of 4.5-4.9 and an HRT of 12 days is optimal for R100, according to the present study. Keeping the anaerobic digestion process in balance is vital when it comes to the outcome of energy in the anaerobic digestion process. Pushing the process to produce more gas can become counterproductive since a high OLR can lead to process imbalance, which in turn leads to low biogas production. Imbalance in the digestion process can occur fast; therefore, the margin for overload in the anaerobic digestion process must be significant. The methane concentration in the converted biogas and the pH level in the reactor are the best stability parameters for the conditions at Käppala. Ammonia is the less efficient stability parameter since it did not predict or detect any instability during the experimental process. Furthermore, the OLR and HRT have a significant impact on the needed quantity for dewatering polymer. The higher digestion of organic material in the sludge, the bigger the need for the polymer to take care of the rest material.

Käppala wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has, during a few years, observed an increase in organic loading rate (OLR) in the mesophilic anaerobic digester R100, due to an increased load to the WWTP. The digestion of primary sludge at Käppala WWTP is today high loaded, with a high organic loading rate (OLR) and low hydraulic retention time (HRT). This study aims to evaluate the effect of the maximum OLR and the minimum HRT for the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and to investigate further actions that can be taken into consideration in case of process problems in the digestion. The study consists of (a) a practical laboratory experiment of 6 pilot-scale reactors to investigate how the process stability is affected when the OLR increases and the HRT decreases. (b) A mass balance calculation based on the energy potential in the feeding sludge and the digested sludge. (c) A study of the filterability of the digested sludge. (d) The construction of a forecasting model in Excel, to predict when digester R100 will reach its maximum OLR and minimum HRT. The result of the study shows that the maximum OLR for Käppala conditions is 4.9 g VS dm-3 d-1, meaning that R100 will reach its maximum organic load around the year 2031. An OLR of 4.5-4.9 and an HRT of 12 days is optimal for R100, according to the present study. Keeping the anaerobic digestion process in balance is vital when it comes to the outcome of energy in the anaerobic digestion process. Pushing the process to produce more gas can become counterproductive since a high OLR can lead to process imbalance, which in turn leads to low biogas production. Imbalance in the digestion process can occur fast; therefore, the margin for overload in the anaerobic digestion process must be significant. The methane concentration in the converted biogas and the pH level in the reactor are the best stability parameters for the conditions at Käppala. Ammonia is the less efficient stability parameter since it did not predict or detect any instability during the experimental process. Furthermore, the OLR and HRT have a significant impact on the needed quantity for dewatering polymer. The higher digestion of organic material in the sludge, the bigger the need for the polymer to take care of the rest material.

The aim of this master thesis study was improvement of the required operational conditions for aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). In the first part of the study, membrane bioreactor sludge (MBS) and conventional activated sludge (CAS), were used to investigate the effect of suspended seed sludge type on granulation in SBRs. The MBS granules were found to be advantageous in terms of size, resistance to toxic effects, stability and recovery compared to CAS granules. During non-inhibitory conditions, sCOD removal efficiencies were 70±
13% and 67±
11% for MBS and CAS, and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies were 38±
8% and 26±
8%, respectively. In the second part of the study, the effects of period sequence (anoxic-aerobic and aerobic-anoxic) on aerobic granulation from MBS, and sCOD, N removal efficiencies were investigated. Granules developed in anoxic-aerobic period sequence were more stable and larger (1.8-3.5 mm) than granules developed in aerobic-anoxic sequence. Under steady conditions, almost 95% sCOD, 90% Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) and around 39-47 % of TN removal was achieved. Almost 100% denitrification in anoxic period was achieved in anoxic-aerobic period sequence and it was observed around 40% in aerobic-anoxic period sequence. The effects of influent sulfate (from 35.1 mg/L to 70.2 mg/L) on treatment efficiencies of aerobic granules were also investigated. The influent SO42- concentrations of 52.6 mg/L to 70.2 mg/L promoted sulfate reduction. The produced sulfide (0.24 mg/L to 0.62 mg/L) inhibited the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) performance by 10 to 50%.

In this dissertation, theoretical, computational, and experimental methodologies are introduced to determine the rate-dependent material properties of the brain tissue. Experiments have shown that the brain tissue is significantly rate-dependent. To examine the range of strain rates at which trauma might happen, a validated finite element (FE) human head model was initially employed to examine the biomechanics and dynamic behavior of the head and brain under impact and blast loads. The strain rates to cause traumatic brain injury (TBI) were found to be in the range of 36 to 241 1/s, under these types of loadings. These findings provided a good estimation prior to exploring the required experiments for characterizing the brain tissue. The brain samples were tested by employing unconfined compression tests at three different deformation rates of 10 (n= 10 brain samples), 100 (n=8), and 1000 mm/sec (n=12). It was found that the tissue exhibited a significant rate-dependent behavior with various compression rates. Two different material characterization approaches were proposed to evaluate the rate-dependent mechanical responses of the brain. In the first approach, based on the parallel rheological framework, a single-phase viscoelastic model which captures the key aspects of the rate-dependency in large strain behavior was introduced. The extracted material parameters showed an excellent constitutive representation of tissue response in comparison with the experimental test results (R^2=0.999). The obtained material parameters were employed in the FE simulations of the brain tissue and successfully verified by the experimental results. In the second approach, the brain tissue is modeled as a biphasic continuum, consisting of a compressible solid matrix fully saturated with an incompressible interstitial fluid. The governing equations based on conservation of mass and momentum are used to describe the solid-fluid interactions. This viscoelastic biphasic model can effectively estimate the rate-dependent tissue deformations, the hydrostatic pressure as well as fluid diffusion through the tissue. Although both single-phasic, as well as bi-phasic models, can successfully capture the key aspects of the rate-dependency in large strain deformation, it was shown the biphasic model can demystify more phenomenological behavior of this tissue that could not be perceived with yet established, single-phasic approaches.

The majority of research on high strain-rate effects in timber structures has been limited to the study of the load-bearing members in isolation. Limited work has been conducted on timber connections and full-scale timber assemblies under blast loading, and these have generally been constrained to qualitative observations. In North America, the increasing prevalence of mid- and high-rise timber structures makes them susceptible to blast effects. In addition, questions remain on how to design and optimize these timber assemblies, including the connections, against blast loads, due in part to the limitations on comprehensive design provisions. The effects of far-field blast explosions were simulated using the University of Ottawa shock tube. A total of fifty-eight dynamic tests were conducted on connection-level and full-scale specimens. The research program aimed to investigate the behaviour of heavy-timber connections when subjected to simulated blast loads. The experimental results showed that connections with a main failure mechanism consisting of wood crushing experienced significant increases in dynamic peak load when compared to the static peak load. In contrast, connections where steel yielding and rupturing occurred experienced no statistically significant increase in dynamic peak load. Full-scale glulam specimens with bolted connections designed to yield via wood crushing and bolt bending performed better than those with overdesigned connections. Bolted connections which failed in splitting led to premature failure of the glulam assembly. Reinforcement with self-tapping screws allowed these bolted joints to fail in a combination of bolt yielding and wood crushing, and provided more ductility when compared to unreinforced specimens. Specially designed energy-absorbing connections significantly increased the energy dissipation capabilities of the timber assemblies. The basis of these connections was to allow for connection yielding while delaying failure of the wood member. This was achieved via elastoplastic connection behaviour, which effectively limited the load imparted onto the wood member. Based on the experimental results, limitations in the current Canadian blast provisions were highlighted and discussed. A two-degree-of-freedom blast analysis software was developed and validated using full-scale and connection-level experimental results and was found to adequately capture the system response with reasonable accuracy. Sensitivity analyses regarding the applicability of using single-degree-of-freedom analysis were presented and discussed.

Bien que le PMMA possède des bonnes propriétés mécanique et optique, sa fragilité devient un des problèmes à prendre en compte quand on l’utilise. Une méthode consistant à mélanger des nanoparticules de caoutchouc au PMMA a été montrée comme améliorant la résistance àla rupture et aux impacts du matériau composite obtenu. Ce mélange est nommé RT-PPMA(pour rubber toughened PMMA). Lors de cette étude, une classe de RT-PMMA commercial,appelée PMMA Resist est considérée. De manière plus spécifique, la réponse de trois nuances de RT-PMMA différant par leur concentration en particules de caoutchouc est étudiée.La caractérisation thermomécanique consistant en des tests de traction, compression et du cisaillement -compression a été menée sur les trois nuances de RT-PMMA à différentes vitesses de déformation et températures. Les vitesses de déformation s’étalaient entre 10-5s-1et 1200s-1, et les températures étaient comprises entre -50°C et 70°C. Comme attendu,la réponse des nuances de RT-PMMA montre la forte dépendance à la vitesse de déformation,la température et la concentration en particule de caoutchouc. En outre, la sensibilité au blanchiment sous contrainte (stress-whitening) induit par micro-craquelure (crazing) vs.décohésion particule/matrice dépend également des trois paramètres cités précédemment. De plus, une structure complexe de bande de cisaillement est observée sur les nuances de RTPMMA lors de la compression dynamique et du chargement en cisaillement-compression.La capacité d’arrêt de fissures de la classe de RT-PMMA à l’étude a été menée en réalisant des essais d'impact de type Kalthoff and Winkler (KW)-. La vitesse de projectile est comprise entre 50 m/s et 100 m/s. Des plaques avec deux entailles qui servent comme pré-fissures ont été utilisés lors des essais de choc. L’interaction du projectile avec l’échantillon a été enregistré avec une caméra ultra rapide de 105 à 106 images par seconde. L'examen postmortem de la microstructure a été observé en utilisant la microscopie électronique à balayage(SEM). La résistance aux chocs de RT-PMMA dépend fortement de la concentration de particules de caoutchouc. En particulier, une concentration plus élevée de particules en caoutchouc aide à ralentir la fissure et ainsi augmenter la capacité d’arrêt de fissures du matériau structural. Les particules de caoutchouc gênent la propagation de fissures et le blanchiment sous contrainte apparaît le long du chemin de propagation de fissures.Une première tentative de modélisation constitutive pour les trois nuances de RT-PMMA a été réalisée en se basant sur le travail fait par Arruda et Boyce (1995). Les modèles dépendant de la vitesse et de la température ont été calibres en considérant les résultats expérimentaux et la dépendance de quelques paramètres a la concentration de particules en caoutchouc et au trajet de chargement est mise en évidence. Les modèles doivent encore être unifies
While PMMA possesses good mechanical and optical properties, its brittleness is one of the issues to be accounted for when using it. An approach consisting in blending small rubber nanoparticles in PMMA has been shown to improve the resistance and impact toughness of the resulting composite material. This mixture is called rubber toughened PMMA or shortly RT-PMMA. In the present study, a class of commercial RT-PMMA, namely PMMA Resist,is considered. More specifically, the response of three grades of RT-PMMA differing by their rubber particle concentration is investigated. A thermomechanical characterization consisting of tension, compression and shearcompression tests has been first carried out on the three grades of RT-PMMA at various strain rates and temperatures. The strain rate range was 10-5s-1 to 1200s-1, and the temperature range was from -50°C to 70°C. As expected, the RT-PMMA grades response exhibits a strong dependence on strain rate, temperature and rubber particle concentration. Moreover,the sensitivity of RT-PMMA to crazing vs particle-matrix debonding induced stress whitening under tension loading also depends on the three above mentioned parameters. Additionally, a complex pattern of shear bands is observed on the RT-PMMA grades under dynamic compression and shear-compression loading. Next, the crack arrest capability of the class of RT-PMMA under consideration has been investigated by carrying out Kalthoff and Winkler (KW)-like impact test. The projectile impact velocity range was 50 m/s to 100 m/s. Double-notched plates representing the precracked structures were used for the impact tests. The interaction between the projectile and the plate was recorded by using a high-speed camera at 105 to 106 frames per second. Post mortem microstructure was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Impact resistance of RT-PMMA is seen to strongly depend on the rubber particle concentration. In particular, a higher rubber particle concentration aids to slow down the crack tip velocity and thus to increase the crack arrest capability of the structural material. Crack propagation is hindered by the rubber particles and particle-matrix debonding induced stress whitening appears at the crack propagation path. A first attempt of constitutive modelling for the three grades of RT-PMMA has been donebased on the work by Arruda and Boyce (1995). The rate and temperature dependent models are calibrated by considering experimental results and the dependence of some parameters on the rubber particle concentration and loading path is evidenced. The models have still to be unified

The advancement in manufacturing technologies to produce high-performing engineered wood products (EWP) has allowed wood to be utilized beyond the traditional low-rise light-frame structures and to become a viable material option for much larger structures. Although glued-laminated timber (glulam) is included as a material option in the current blast code (CSA, 2012), its response to blast loading is not yet well documented. An experimental program investigating the behaviour of seventy glulam beams and columns was developed with focus on establishing the dynamic characteristics of glulam beams and columns with and without the effect of FRP reinforcement. A shock tube capable of simulating high strain rates similar to those experienced during blast was used. Thirty-eight beams with three different cross-sections were tested statically and dynamically to establish the high strain rate effects (dynamic increase factor). Six columns were also tested dynamically with axial load levels ranging from 15 to 75 % of the columns’ compression design capacity. Different retrofit configurations varying from simple tension reinforcement to U-shaped tension reinforcement with confinement using both unidirectional and bi-directional FRP were investigated on a total of twenty-six beams. A procedure capturing the strain-rate effects, variable axial load and FRP, was developed and found to be capable of predicting the flexural behaviour of the beams up to maximum resistance with reasonable accuracy when compared to experimentally obtained static and dynamic resistance curves. Implications on the design of both retrofitted and unretrofitted specimens are also discussed.

Understanding the behavior of geomaterials under explosive loading is essential for several applications in the mining and oil industry. To date, the design of these applications is based almost solely on empirical equations and tabulated data. Optimal designs require accurate and complete knowledge of rock behavior under various loading conditions. The vast majority of the properties available in the literature have been gathered by deforming the specimen slowly. These properties have been used to establish constitutive models which describe the behavior of rocks under static and quasi-static loading conditions. However, the dynamic properties and material constitutive models describing the behavior of geomaterials under high strain-rate loading conditions are essential for a better understanding and enhanced designs of dynamic applications. Some attempts have been made to measure dynamic properties of rocks. Also, some trials have been made to devise material models which describe the behavior of rocks and the evolution of damage in the rock under dynamic loading. Published models were successful in predicting tensile damage and spalling in rocks. However, there are no established models capable of predicting compressional damage in rocks due to dynamic loading. A recently-developed model, the RHT model, was formulated to describe the behavior of concrete over the static and dynamic ranges. The model was also formulated to predict compressional damage based on the strain rate at which the material is subjected to. The RHT model has been used successfully in several applications. The purpose of this research was to characterize one rock type as an example of a hard brittle rock. The physical properties of the rock as well as the static and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. These properties were used to calibrate the RHT model and investigate its potentials to predict compressional damage in brittle materials. The calibrated model showed good precision reproducing the amplitude of the strain signals generated by explosive loading. It was also capable of predicting compressional damage with acceptable accuracy. Unfortunately, due to implementation restrictions, tensile and spall damage could not be captured by the model. The duration and shape of the strain pulse were also poorly modeled.
Thesis (Ph.D, Mining Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-12-22 17:54:05.887

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
87
Taiwan regional reservoir has water quality that contents dirt, mass nutrient (phosphorus and nitrogen) that is brought along with the sand, most (probably around eighty percent) was brought during rainstorm condition. Those mass nutrient causes eutrophication of the water quality in the reservoir and effect the normal operation in the dam. Nowadays, the hydrology and environmental association take water sample about every month or every few months, and most of taking sample was done during normal weather condition, since during bad weather condition taking sample will be very dangerous. This research concentrate on the Te-Chi reservoir, which takes high flow rate duration of hydrology, sand and water quality analysis, the phosphorous loading estimation uses linear isotherm, non-linear Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm, the result shows using non-linear Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm modifies the high flow rate duration reservoir water quality inflow loading. This research reservoir inflow water quality (phophorous) concentration is used for modeling, and those research result is useful for related association as reference.

Doctoral Thesis Civil Engineering
The work presented here was accomplished at the Department of Civil Engineering of University of Minho. This work involves detailed numerical studies intended to better understand the blast response of masonry structures, develops strain dependent constitutive material plasticity model for masonry, and addresses iso-damage curves for typical masonry infill walls in Portugal under blast with different loading conditions, which can be adopted for practical use in the case of enclosures. A bomb explosion near a building, in addition to a great deal of casualties and losses, can cause serious effects on the building itself, such as noticeable damage on internal and external frames, collapsing walls or shutting down of critical life safety systems. Until Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, studies dealing with the blast behavior of structures were a field of limited interest in the civil engineering community. After this terrorist attack, a great deal of effort has been done to better understand the blast response of the structures and devise solutions to reduce destructive damages and casualties due to such devastative loads. Moreover, the studies on the influence of the high strain rate on mechanical characteristics of construction materials such as steel and concrete have been carried out intensively. Unfortunately, despite the high vulnerability of masonry structures against high strain rates, such investigations on masonry structures and material properties are still scarce. In this regard, conducting experiments and validating numerical models with field test data leads to a better understanding of the blast response of masonry walls and the relevance of the different masonry material properties, which, consequently, results in innovation of strengthening techniques and of assessment and design methods. The framework of blast loading and its effect on structures is briefly revised and different expressions for prediction of blast pressure parameters are illustrated. A brief review of the recent characterization of the dynamic masonry properties, which resulted in derivation of dynamic increase factors (DIF) is presented. Performance of masonry walls against blast loading regarding experimental activities are addressed subsequently. Moreover, a series of numerical simulation of masonry structures subjected to blast loads were performed along with parametric studies to evaluate the effectiveness of most relevant parameters on the global blast response of the structures. The prominent parameters involved in parametric studies were distinguished and their effectiveness on the blast response of masonry walls is put forward. Different failure criteria have been proposed to estimate the damage level of masonry walls subjected to blast loading. The damage criteria utilized in both numerical and experimental studies are also introduced in detail. The present study proposes a dynamic 3D interface model that includes non-associated flow rule and high strain rate effects, implemented in the finite element (FE) code ABAQUS as a user subroutine. The model capability is validated with numerical simulation of unreinforced block work masonry walls subjected to low velocity impact. The results obtained are compared with field test data and good agreement is found. Subsequently, a comprehensive parametric analysis is accomplished with different joint tensile strengths and cohesion, and wall thickness to evaluate the effect of the parameter variations on the impact response of masonry walls. Furthermore, a new strain rate dependent anisotropic constitutive material continuum model is developed for impact and blast applications in masonry, with validation using the high strain rate response of masonry walls. The present model, implemented in FE code ABAQUS as a user subroutine, adopted the usual approach of considering different yield criteria in tension and compression, given the different failure mechanisms. These criteria are plasticity based, obey a non-associated flow rule, are numerically stable and inexpensive, and are characterized by a few material input parameters. The analysis of two unreinforced block work masonry parapets and a masonry brick work infill wall subjected to high strain rate loads is carried out to validate the capability of the model. A comparison is done between the numerical predictions and test data, and good agreement is noticed. Next, a parametric study is conducted to evaluate the influence of the most likely dominant parameters along the three orthogonal directions and of the wall thickness on the global behavior of masonry walls. Iso-damage curves are given for tested masonry infill walls according to three different types of typical Portuguese masonry infill walls, also with three different thicknesses. By performing multiple analyses, the pressure-impulse (P-I) diagrams are obtained under different loading conditions, which can be used for design purposes. Finally, the new continuum plasticity model is taken into engineering applications to solve real problems. The full-scale numerical simulation of the blast response of Al-Askari holy shrine is considered to practice and validate the model capability. The numerical results including the failure of the dome, roof, minarets and side facades are well predicted compared with the reference data. Besides the real explosion, two different scenarios are also defined to estimate the most likely high strain rate response of the shrine under different explosions producing different pressure profiles.
O trabalho aqui apresentado foi realizado no Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade do Minho. Este trabalho envolve estudos numéricos detalhados que pretendem entender melhor a resposta às explosões das estruturas de alvenaria, desenvolver modelos constitutivos para a alvenaria no âmbito da teoria da plasticidade, e abordar curvas de iso-dano para paredes típicas de alvenaria de enchimento em Portugal sob explosão com diferentes condições de carga, que possam ser usadas no projeto das ensolventes. A explosão de uma bomba perto de um edifício, além de uma grande quantidade de vítimas e perdas materiais, pode causar efeitos graves sobre o edifício em si, tais como danos visíveis nos pórticos internos e externos, colapso de paredes ou encerramento de sistemas críticos de apoio à vida. Até ao atentado de Oklahoma City, em 1995, os estudos sobre o comportamento á explosão de estruturas eram um tema de interesse limitado na comunidade de engenharia civil. Após este ataque terrorista, um grande esforço tem sido feito para entender melhor a resposta das estruturas a explosões e para criar soluções para reduzir os danos e perdas humanas devido a essas ações devastadoras. Além disso, estudos sobre a influência da velocidade de deformação sobre as características mecânicas dos materiais de construção tais como aço e betão foram levados a cabo com grande desenvolvimento. Infelizmente, apesar da alta vulnerabilidade das estruturas de alvenaria contra as elevadas velocidades de deformação, a investigação sobre as estruturas de alvenaria e as propriedades dos seus materiais são ainda escassos. Neste sentido, a realização de experiências e a validação de modelos numéricos com os resultados de ensaios levam a uma melhor compreensão da resposta de paredes de alvenaria a explosões e premitem identificar a relevância das diferentes propriedades dos materiais de alvenaria, o que, consequentemente, resulta em inovação de técnicas de reforço e de avaliação de segurança e ferramentas de projeto. O estado da arte sobre ações de explosão e o seu efeito sobre as estruturas é brevemente revisto, incluindo diferentes expressões para definição dos parâmetros de pressão de explosão. Uma breve revisão da recente caracterização das propriedades dinâmicas de alvenaria resultou na caracterização do fator de aumento dinâmico (DIF). Em seguida, aborda-se o desempenho de paredes de alvenaria contra ações de explosão de um ponto de vista da atividade experimental. Além disso, foi realizada uma série de simulações numéricad de estruturas de alvenaria sujeitas a ações de explosão, juntamente com estudos paramétricos, para avaliar a eficácia dos principais parâmetros sobre a resposta da explosão global das estruturas. Os parâmetros mais relevantes envolvidos em estudos paramétricos foram distinguidos e o seu efeito na resposta de paredes de alvenaria a explosões é apresentada. Vários critérios de rotura têm sido propostos para estimar o nível de dano de paredes de alvenaria sujeitas a carregamento de explosões. Os critérios utilizados nos estudos de danos, tanto numéricos quanto experimentais, são apresentados em detalhe. O presente estudo propõe um modelo de interface 3D dinâmica que inclui regra de escoamento não-associado e efeitos da velocidade de deformação, implementado no código de elementos finitos (FE) ABAQUS como uma sub-rotina do utilizador. A capacidade do modelo é validado com simulações numéricas de paredes de alvenaria não armada submetidos a impacto a baixa velocidade. Os resultados obtidos são comparados com os dados de ensaios e boa concordância é encontrada. Subsequentemente, uma análise paramétrica abrangente é realizado com diferentes resistências à tração comum e coesão, e espessura da parede, para avaliar o efeito das variações de parâmetros em resposta a impactos nas paredes de alvenaria. Além disso, um modelo constitutiva contínuo do material dependendo da velocidade de deformação é desenvolvido para aplicações de impacto e explosão em alvenaria, com validação usando a resposta de paredes de alvenaria a velocidades elevadas de deformação. No presente modelo, implementado no código FE ABAQUS como uma sub-rotina do utilizador, foi adotado o método habitual de considerar diferentes critérios de rotura em tração e compressão, tendo em conta os diferentes mecanismos de falha. Estes critérios são baseados na teoria da plasticidade, obedecem a uma regra de escoamento não-associado, são numericamente estáveis e de baixo custo, e são caracterizados por pouco parâmetros de entrada do material. A análise de dois parapeitos não armados de alvenaria e uma pareder de enchimento de alvenaria de tijolo submetidos a cargas de alta velocidade de deformação é realizado para validar a capacidade do modelo. A comparação é feita entre as previsões numéricas e ensaios, com bons resultados. Em seguida, é realizado um estudo paramétrico para avaliar a influência dos parâmetros dominantes mais suscetíveis ao longo das três direções ortogonais, e da espessura da parede sobre o comportamento global das paredes de alvenaria. As curvas de iso-danos são obtidas para três tipos típicos de parede de alvenaria de enchimento em Portugal, com três espessuras diferentes. Com recurso a várias análises, os diagramas pressão-impulso (PI) são obtidos para diferentes paredes de enchimentos de alvenaria sob diferentes condições de carga, o que permite o dimensionamento em projeto corrente. Finalmente, o novo modelo de plasticidade contínuo é utilizado em aplicações de engenharia para resolver problemas reais. A simulação numérica em escala real da resposta à explosão do santuário sagrado de Al- Askari é considerado para a prática e validação da capacidade do modelo. Os resultados numéricos, incluindo o colapso da cúpula, telhado, minaretes e fachadas laterais estão a prever bem em comparação com os dados de referência. Para além da explosão real, dois diferentes cenários são também definidos para estimar a resposta mais provável da alta taxa de deformação do santuário sob diferentes explosões, a produzir perfis de pressão diferentes.
Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT) - project CH-SECURE

The bond between concrete and reinforcing steel is fundamental to the load bearing capacity of reinforced concrete structures. Several experimental studies indicate strength or rather resistance enhancements coming with increasingly dynamic loading. The phenomenon is known as strain or loading rate effect and its causes are still not fully clarified. The work presented herein provides a numerical view of the bond of reinforcement in concrete and investigates its loading rate dependent behaviour. Finite element analyses focusing on structural and inertia effects are carried out. Modelling is conducted at the rib scale, where bond is predominately controlled by mechanical interaction. In the first step, the model is developed and calibrated. Its quality, credibility, and limitations are assessed by a series of numerical case studies and the results are compared with available experimental data. Numerical parametric studies follow. The loading rate dependence of bond is featured, loading rate dependent characteristics are identified, and conclusions on causes of the phenomenon drawn. It is shown that structural effects are strongly involved and the same holds for hydrostatic pressure stress states and inertia effects. The thesis concludes in reviewing currently available methods for incorporating the results into large-scale simulations and highlighting further investigations and developments that are necessary in order to design dynamic loading-resistant structures in the future.

碩士
輔仁大學
科技管理學程碩士在職專班
96
The traffic status of Taiwan’s western aera had been made a big change after THSRC launched commercial service. With the operation of the THSRC, one-day living circle in Taiwan’s western area is beginning to take place. Due to the speed ascendancy of THSRC, the domestic flight, Taiwan Railway and coach had been impacted and the passenger load factor went down obviously. The purposes of this project are to propose the factors impact the passenger load of THSRC and the key success factors of THSRC. The related literature will be reviewed first in order to find the basic elements of high speed railway development. Then from the point of other high speed railway companies development experiences to induce the key success factor. And then the project focuses on THSRC’s SWOT analysis and STP analysis. Base on the results of survey and the internal data of THSRC and the research about THSRC’s customer satisfaction survey by the Department of Statistics in MOTC, the project will explore the key success factors of THSRC. The completion of this project can provide some suggestions for THSRC’s development through the conclusion of the key success factor analysis. And this project can be the basis for the following researchers who are interested in the research of THSRC’s passenger load factors.

博士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
94
In this study, a compressive type split-Hopkinson pressure bar is utilized to compare the high-speed impact plastic behaviour and extreme high-speed shearing plastic behaviour of S15C low carbon steel, S50C medium alloy heat treatable steel (abbreviated hereafter to medium carbon steel) and SKS93 tool steel with a high carbon and low alloy content (abbreviated hereafter to high carbon steel). In the first phase of this study, the impact plastic behaviour of the specimens is tested at strain rates ranging from 1.1×103s-1 to 5.5×103s-1 and temperatures ranging from 25℃ to 800℃. The effects of the carbon content, strain rate and temperature on the mechanical responses of the three steels are evaluated. The microstructures of the impacted specimens are studied using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is found that an increased carbon content enhances the dynamic flow resistance of the specimens. Additionally, the flow stress increases with strain and strain rate in every case. A thermal softening effect is identified in the plastic behaviour of the three steels. The activation energy, ∆G*, varies as a function of the strain rate and temperature. The maximum ∆G* values of the three steels are found to be 58KJ/mol for the S15C low carbon steel, 54.9KJ/mol for the S50C medium carbon steel, and 56.4 KJ/mol for the SKS93 high carbon steel. A Zerilli-Armstrong BCC constitutive model with appropriate coefficients is applied to describe the high strain rate plastic behaviour of the current specimens. The error between the calculated stress and the measured stress is found to be less than 5%. The microstructural observations reveal that the dislocation density and the degree of dislocation tangling both increase with increasing strain rate in all three steels. Additionally, the TEM observations indicate that a higher strain rate reduces the size of the dislocation cells. The annihilation of dislocations occurs more readily at elevated temperatures. The square root of the dislocation density increases linearly with the work hardening stress. In the high-speed shearing tests, hat-shaped specimens of the three carbon steels are deformed at strain rates ranging from 5.0×104s-1 to 2.0×105s-1. It is found that the low carbon steel specimens have only a deformed shear band, while the medium and high carbon steel specimens have both deformed and transformed shear bands. In all specimens, the local shear strain decreases with increasing distance from the centre of the shear band. Furthermore, the shear flow stress increases with increasing carbon content and strain rate. The average temperature rise within the shear bands of the three steels is found to vary as an increasing function of the strain, carbon content and strain rate. Conversely, the width of the shear band decreases with increasing carbon content and strain rate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show that the fracture surfaces of the S50C and SKS93 steel specimens contain knobbly features and dimples. However, the fracture surface of the S15C low carbon steel specimen has only dimples. In all cases, the area of the knobbly region increases with increasing strain rate and carbon content, while the size of the dimple area reduces. The current results provide a valuable reference for the application of S15C low carbon steel, S50C medium carbon steel, and SKS93 high carbon steel in high-speed plastic forming processes.

High strength-to-weight ratio, directional strength and stiffness are the significant factors, forcing polymer composites into the aerospace, marine and automotive industries. Due to these major factors fuel efficiency and crashworthiness properties are the significant outcomes from use of these advanced materials. This present thesis work deals with experimental study of the in-plane tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high modulus fibers under Quasi-Static and Hiagh Strain Rate tensile tests. Behavior of Glass fiber-reinforced (GFRP) and Carbon fiber reinforced (CFRP) composite materials is studied. The test coupons are balanced and symmetric in fiber orientation with respect to the test direction. The related experiments are performed with a MTS 810 high rate test machine to determine the mechanical properties of tension test coupons. The specimens were tested separately under quasistatic and high-speed conditions with stroke rates of up to 500 in/s. All specimens were tested to failure in order to characterize the effect of high strain rate on failure strength of the material. In this work, a new method to obtain stress-strain curves for the tensile tests is proposed. The strain rate nature of composite laminates in tensile loadings clearly show that unlike in metals these materials do not exhibit the constant strain rate behavior in case of high strain rate tests. Throughout the test, the strain rate values change due to the dynamics of the system and directional stiffness of the composite laminates. In case of 0° fiber oriented specimens, the fiber properties dominate the matrix properties as fiber strength is much higher than that of matrix materials. For different fiber orientations of the laminates the strain rate varies for the same stroke rate tests as the matrix material starts playing role in case of higher fiber angles. The results show that high strain rates have a significant effect on the properties of the composites coupons. The increment of the ultimate strength with high strain rate is proportional to the strain rate. In the future developments the stress-strain curves obtained from these various tensile tests can be used to insert in a finite element code to develop a material model for computational simulations.
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Includes bibliographic references (leaves 52-56)

碩士
國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系碩博士班
100
The main goal of this work is to design a material tester of Split Hopkinson Tension Bar (SHTB) to acquire the dynamic stress-strain relationships for the relative and relevant specimens that are composed of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 and 6061-O. SHIMAZDU AG-X is used to measure stress-strain relationships for Al specimens at a strain rate of 1.3×10-4s-1 at the room temperature. Besides, Split Hopkinson Tension Bar is also to perform the dynamic stress-strain property with strain rate ranging from 500s-1 to 1200 s-1. In order to check and ensure the adequacy and accuracy of our test, the specific stress-strain curves for 6061-O and 6061-T were compared with Ref (4) ＆ (8), respectively. It shows the consistent and reasonable results for prescribed specimens and the deviation error of the test result is under 6.6%. Subsequently, we take the experimental stress-strain curve into the piecewise-plasticity constitute material model for Al specimen in commercial FEM code - LS-DYNA. Upon examining the simulation and experiment, it shows a good agreement for the transmission and incident waves on the elastic Ti-alloy bar. The strain rate effect is also observed for the specimens of 6061-T6 and 6061-O under high strain rate tension test at room temperature. All of the complete results are presented and reported clearly on this study.

Aerospace Engineering
The aim of this thesis is to explore the high strain rate behavior of metallic specimens using electromagnetic inductive loading as the means to inflict the required high strain rate deformation on laboratory scale specimens, allowing for controlled, repeatable experiments to be performed. Three separate experiments were designed and performed, using helical and spiral coils as the sources of radial and unidirectional loading. The first experiment evaluated the effect of applying a polymer coating on 30.5 mm diameter, Al 6061- O tube samples, in two lengths, 18 and 36 mm. The expanding tube experiment was used to apply a radial loading on the specimens and record the event. Several optical techniques were then used to evaluate the behavior of the samples. Coatings of polyurea and polycarbonate were used. It was observed that the polycarbonate coating seemed to have a more profound effect on the behavior of the metal, by applying a larger restraining pressure on the tube surface during the expansion process, and thereby modifying the stress state of the specimen. The second experiment looked to design an experimental arrangement to test the plane strain, high strain rate behavior of Al 6061-O tubes of different lengths. A 112 mm long solenoid was designed and manufactured, and testing was performed on 30.5 mm diameter Al 6061-O tubes in lengths of 50, 70 and 90 mm. It was observed that the coil behaved similar to shorter ones at low voltages and that the longer the specimen used, the more its deformation path approached a plane strain condition. Finally, a third experiment was performed to develop an experiment to accelerate a plate to high linear velocities, as a means to evaluate the use of a flat spiral coil as the driver for future experiments based upon electromagnetic inductive loading. A prototype coil was manufactured and installed into a converted expanding tube experimental setup. Three samples were tested in several sizes, and materials: aluminum and steel. Speeds in the range of 45 to 251 m/s were obtained, validating the apparatus as a viable method to provide a unidirectional loading.
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In dieser Arbeit wird das Verhalten von Normal- und Stahlfaserbeton (engl. steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)) unter quasi-statischer und dynamischer Belastung untersucht. Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt dabei auf den Untersuchungen unter dynamischer Belastung. Frühere Forschungen haben gezeigt, dass die Zugabe von Stahlfasern viele der gewünschten technischen Eigenschaften des erhärteten Betons, wie Bruchzähigkeit, Biegefestigkeit, Ermüdungsfestigkeit, Temperaturwechselbeständigkeit sowie Rissbildung, erheblich verbessern kann. In diesem Zusammenhang weisen viele experimentelle und numerische Studien darauf hin, dass die Festigkeit solcher Verbundwerkstoffe ratenabhängig ist, d.h. sie wird durch die Erhöhung der dynamischen Belastung stark beeinflusst. Dieser Effekt gilt sowohl für die Verbundwerkstoffkomponenten Beton und Stahlfasern als auch für die Verbundwechselwirkung zwischen ihnen. Das Phänomen ist allgemein als Dehnraten-Effekt bekannt. Im Rahmen dieser Forschungsarbeit wurden numerische Untersuchungen durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der Zugabe von Stahlfasern in die Betonmatrix systematisch zu analysieren und die Abhängigkeit dieses Materials von der Belastungsrate zu untersuchen. Es wurden drei numerische Studien durchgeführt. In der ersten Studie wurde das Verbundverhalten zwischen Stahlfaser und der angrenzenden Betonmatrix mit verschiedenen Ansätzen mit der Finite-Elemente-Software LS-DYNA untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit zur Verfügung stehenden experimentellen Daten verglichen. In der zweiten Studie wurde das Verhalten von unverstärktem und stahlfaserverstärkten Betonplatten unter Impakt-Belastung untersucht. Die Modelle wurden entwickelt und kalibriert. Die Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit der Modelle wurden in einer Reihe von numerischen Fallstudien bewertet. Die berechneten Ergebnisse wurden durch Vergleich mit den zur Verfügung stehenden experimentellen Daten verifiziert. Das dynamische Verhalten von unverstärktem Beton und faserverstärktem Beton wurde in der dritten Studie untersucht, wobei sowohl das Druck- als auch das Zugverhalten untersucht wurden. Diese Untersuchungen zielten darauf ab, den Beitrag der Stahlfasern zur globalen Festigkeit bzw. zum Widerstandsverhalten von unverstärktem und faserverstärktem Material unter dynamischer Belastung zu untersuchen, wobei dem Einfluss der Stahlfasern auf die Rissentwicklung des faserverstärkten Betons wenig Beachtung geschenkt wurde. Darüber hinaus sind der Beitrag des Materialeffekts und seine Fähigkeit, das dynamische Verhalten von glattem und faserverstärktem Beton zu erfassen, von Interesse. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hier auf dem vorgeschlagenen Materialmodell für den Beton. Es wird gezeigt, dass das vorgeschlagene Betonmodell das druck- und zugdynamische Verhalten des unverstärkten und des faserverstärkten Betons gut abbilden und die experimentellen Ergebnisse realistisch vorhersagen kann. Schließlich folgten numerische Fallstudien zur Abhängigkeit der Ergebnisse von der Netzgröße, dem Fasergehalt, dem Verhältnis von Faserlänge zu -durchmesser, der Betonfestigkeit und der Belastungsrate. Die Parameter mit dem größten Einfluss wurden identifiziert und analysiert, und eine Schlussfolgerung wurde gezogen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die zuvor genannten Parameter aktiv am Gesamtverhalten der Materialien beteiligt sind und eine wesentliche Rolle dabei spielen können.

The effects of high loading rates (HLR), and nano reinforcement on the mechanical response of adhesively-bonded SLJs with composite adherends, subjected to different loading (strain) rates are systematically investigated. The results are then compared to those of neat thermoset resin and thermo-plastic adhesive. More specifically, nano-reinforced and neat resin bonded joints mating carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy adherends were subjected to tensile loadings under 1.5 and 3 mm/min and tensile impacts at a loading rate of 2.04E+5 mm/min. In some cases, additional tests were conducted under 15, 150, and 1500 mm/min to obtain additional properties gained using the nano-reinforcements for use in the further numerical investigations. The HLR tests were conducted, using a modified instrumented pendulum equipped with a specially designed impact load transfer apparatus. The dispersion of nanoparticles was facilitated using a mechanical stirrer and a three-roll mill machine. The failure mechanisms were studied with a scanning electron microscope.

Materials with three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical architectures exhibit attractive mechanical, energy conversion and thermal radiative cooling properties not found in their bulk counterparts. However, implementation of hierarchically structured 3D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is widely deemed not possible, by the lack of manufacturing solutions that overcome the hierarchy, quality, and scalability dilemma. Here we report dewetting-driven destabilization (DDD) process that enables simple, template-free, high throughput printing of 3D architected MoS2 Foam with hierarchy spanning seven orders of magnitude — from angstroms to centimeters. Although extremely simple, our manufacturing process combines electrohydrodynamic printing with dewetting-induced-patterning. This technique can be applied to a range of dissimilar twodimensional (2D) layered materials, including Ti3C2Tx MXene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The deposited MoS2 Foam achieves amplification of resilience and conductivity. It constructs hierarchically porous and spatially interconnected networks for both ions and electrons transfer. We further demonstrate the 3D MoS2 architected foam as high-performance anodes with an otherwise unachievable combination of a 99% battery yield, a dynamic recovery (up to 85%) to withstand excessive volume expansion, a strain-induced reduction in diffusion barrier (0.2 eV), and improved electron transport abilities across the entire structure. The result is the high Li-ion charge storage capacity with robust cycling stability at a bulk scale (~3.5 mg/cm2) and under a high current density (10,000 mA/g). The outstanding electrochemical performance arises from the architected structure-induced pseudocapacitive energy storage mechanism based on the redox reaction of Mo, rather than the traditional conversion reaction. Notably, the performance achieved is on par with or surpasses state-of-the-art anodes made of black phosphorus composites, Si-graphene and mesoporous graphene particle anodes, while the technique offers an evaporation-like simplicity for industrial scalability. This work is foundational, and the developed DDD process opens a new sight to manufacture structurally robust, multifunctional hierarchical structures from 2D materials. Given the high adjustability of synthesis conditions and a wide variety of 2D materials, we anticipate previously unattainable possibilities in the energy storage, flexible electronics, catalysis, separation and drug delivery.

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學研究所
85
The purpose of this study is to investigate the plastic deformation behaviour of Tungsten-Nickel-Iron (W 92.5 wt%＋Ni 5.25 wt%＋Fe 2.25 wt%) composite subjected to high temperature and high strain rate loading conditions. The mechanical testing is performed under strain rate ranging from 800 s-1 to 4000 s-1 andconstant temperatures in range of 25℃ to 1100℃ by means of a split-Hopkinson bar which is developed based on one dimensional elastic wave propagation theory. The tested temperatures are obtained by enclosing the specimen in a clam shell radiant-heating furnace. The O.M. and S.E.M. techniques are also used to analyze the fracture and microstructure characteristics of the deformed specimens. With the macroscopic and microscopic results, a constitutive equation is used to describe the plastic deformation behaviour of the material. 　The experimental results indicate that the temperature and strain rate are influences on the mechanical properties of material. Flow stress increases with strain rate, but decreases with temperature. At the highest strain rate of 4000 s-1, flow stress increases firstly up to strain of 20%, then decreases rapidly with the augmentation of strain. The strain rate andtemperature sensitivities and work hardening coefficient change with the variety of strain, strain rate and temperature. From the microscopic analyzing, it is found that the microcrack densities and grain deformation parameter increase with the augmentation of strain rate and temperature. The material fracture includes four kinds of model: tungsten cleavage, matrix failure, tungsten-matrix separation and tungsten-tungsten grain boundary failure. Finally, by comparing the results of mechanical testing with those of Zerilli-Armstrong equation for BCC structure, the agreement between the experimental and simulated data was excellent.

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
96
This study investigates the mechanical properties and microstructure of predeformed 304L stainless steel under strain rate range from 2000s-1 to 6000s-1 and temperature range from 300℃to 800℃ by using split Hopkinson pressure bar tester. The relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure of the deformed specimen are discussed in terms of the amount of prestrain and loading conditions. The experimental results reveal that the mechanical properties of 304L stainless steel vary with temperature, strain rate and the amount of prestrain. Flow stress, strain rate sensitivity, and temperature sensitivity increase with the increase of amount of prestrain. However the work hardening rate, activation volume, and activation energy are found to decrease with increasing prestrain. For the constant temperature, the flow stress and work hardening rate increase, but the activation volume and activation energy decrease with increasing strain rate. For a given strain rate, the activation volume and activation energy increase with increasing temperature. However, a decrease of the flow stress, work hardening rate and strain rate sensitivity is observed with the increase of temperature. At 800℃, recrystalization occurs, resulting a higher work hardening rate than that of 500℃. Optical microscopy observations show that the formation of adiabatic shear band depends strongly on the prestrain, strain rate and temperature. In the current loading condition, the shear bands appear only for the 0.5 prestrain. The width of shear bands increases with increasing temperature and strain rate. Scanning electron microscopy observation shows that the fracture surfaces are characterized by the dimple-like structures, which are indicative of ductile fracture. Transmission electron microscopy structural observation shows that the amount of martensite decreases with the increase of strain rate and temperature. Furthermore, an increase of strain rate or a decrease of temperature leads to an increase of dislocation and twin densities.

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
91
A split-Hopkinson bar is used to investigate the plastic deformation behaviour of Inconel 690 super alloy subjected to high temperature and high strain rate loading conditions. Mechanical testing is performed under strain rates ranging from 2300s-1 to 8300s-1 and temperatures ranging from 25℃ to 900℃. OM, SEM and TEM microscopy techniques are used to analyze the fracture and microstructure characteristics of the deformed specimens to determine the relation between mechanical and microstructural properties. Experimental results indicate that temperature, strain and strain rate influence material mechanical properties. At constant temperature, flow stress and strain rate sensitivity increase with increasing strain rate, but activation volume and work hardening coefficient decrease. Under constant strain rate, flow stress, strain rate sensitivity and work hardening coefficient decrease with increasing temperature, but activation volume and temperature sensitivity increase. From fractographic analysis, we find fracture occurs after shear band formation. We also find dimple characteristics on fracture surfaces. Microscopy shows dislocation and twinning, with dislocation and twinning density increasing with increasing strain rate and work hardening stress, but decreasing with increasing temperature. The Zerilli-Armstrong constitutive equation with the experimentally determined specific material parameters successfully describes the flow behaviour of Inconel 690 super alloy for the tested conditions.

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
100
This study uses a split-Hopkinson bar and cryogenic devices to investigate the impact deformation behavior, fracture response and dislocation substructure of Inconel 690 super alloy at different temperatures of 25℃, 0℃and -150℃ under strain rates of 2000 /s, 4000 /s and 6000 /s, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the mechanical properties are related to temperatureandstrain rate. At a constant temperature, plastic stress, work hardening, strain rate sensitivity all increase with the increasing strain rate, while the thermal activation volume decreases. However, at a constant strain rate, plastic stress, work hardening rate and strain rate sensitivity decrease with increasing temperature, while the thermal activation volume increases. In addation, the observed impact deformation behavior of this alloy under current testing conditions can be described by the Zerilli-Armstrong equation. Optical microstructural observations reveal that the formation of adiabatic shear band and morphology of deformed grain of Inconel 690 super alloy both affected by temperature and strain rate. The SEM fracture analysis results indicate that the Inconel 690 specimens fail predominantly as the result of intensive localized shearing. The fracture surfaces of the deformed specimens are characterised by a dimple structure. The density of dimples increases with increasing strain rate and temperature.Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations show that the dislocation density increases with increasing strain rate, but decreases with increasing temperature.The relationship between the dislocation density and flow stress can be described by the Bailey-Hirsch type relation. Finally, the flow stress, strain rate sensitivity and thermal activation volume are related to the observeddislocation substructure.

Injury from blast is significant in both military and civilian environments. Although injuries from blast are well-documented, the mechanisms of injury are not well understood. Developing better protection requires knowledge of injury mechanisms and material response to blast loading. The importance of understanding how soft materials such as foams and fabrics behave under blast loading is further apparent when one realizes the capacity for some of these materials, frequently used in protective ensembles, to increase the potential for injury under some conditions. The ability for material configurations to amplify blast pressure and injury has been shown experimentally by other researches, and numerically in this study. Initially, 1-D finite element and mathematical models were developed to investigate a variety of soft materials commonly utilized in ballistic and blast protection. Foams, which have excellent characteristics in terms of energy absorption and density, can be used in conjunction with other materials to drastically reduce the amplitude of the transmitted pressure wave and corresponding injury. Additionally, a more fundamental examination of single layers of fabric was undertaken to investigate to the effects of parameters such as fabric porosity and density. Shock tube models were developed and validated against experimental results from the literature. After the models were validated, individual fabric properties were varied independently to isolate the influence of parameters in ways not possible experimentally. Fabric permeability was found to have the greatest influence on pressure amplification. Kevlar, a ballistic fabric, was modelled due to its frequent use for fragmentation protection (either stand-alone or in conjunction with a hard ballistic plate). The developed fabric and foam material models were then utilized in conjunction with a detailed torso model for the estimation of lung injury resulting from air blast. It was found that the torso model predicted both amplification and attenuation of injury, and all materials investigated as a part of the study had the capacity for both blast amplification and attenuation. The benefit of the models developed is that they allow for the evaluation of specific protection concepts.

abstract: The study of response of various materials to intense dynamic loading events, such as shock loading due to high-velocity impacts, is extremely important in a wide variety of military and industrial applications. Shock loading triggers extreme states, leading to high pressures and strain rates, and neglecting strength is a typical approximation under such conditions. However, recent results have shown that strength effects are larger than expected, so they must be taken into account. Recently, hydrodynamic instabilities, the most common being the Rayleigh-Taylor (RTI) and Richtmyer-Meshkov (RMI) instabilities, have been used to infer the dynamic strength of materials at high pressure conditions. In our experiments and simulations, a novel RMI approach is used, in which periodic surface perturbations are made on high purity aluminium target, which was laser ablated to create a rippled shock front. Due to the slow linear growth rate of RMI, the evolution of the perturbations on the back surface of the sample as a result of the rippled shock can be measured via Transient Imaging Displacement Interferometry (TIDI). The velocity history at the free surface was recorded by spatially resolved laser velocimetry. These measurements were compared with the results from the simulations, which were implemented using rate independent and rate dependent material models, to characterize the dynamic strength of the material. Simulations using the elastic-perfectly plastic model, which is rate independent, failed to provide a value of dynamic yield strength that would match experimental measurements of perturbation amplitudes. The Preston-Tonks-Wallace (PTW) model, which is rate dependent model, worked well for aluminium. This model was, in turn, used as a reference for calibrating the rate dependent Steinberg-Lund model and the results from simulations using the calibration models were also compared to experimental measurements.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2017

Die Wirkung nichtmetallischer Einschlüsse auf das temperatur- und beanspruchungsratenabhängige Festigkeits-, Verformungs- und Zähigkeitsverhalten des Stahls G42CrMo4 wird erforscht. Die im Rahmen des SFB 920 entwickelten Filter mit funktionalisierter Oberfläche dienten der Reinigung einer vorher bewusst verunreinigten Stahlschmelze. Diese Stähle werden mit kommerziell verfügbaren Stählen verglichen. Das Festigkeits- und Verformungsverhalten wird durch bekannte Modelle beschrieben, um das Zähigkeitsverhalten zu analysieren. Die Messung der bei schlagartiger Beanspruchung und tiefer Temperatur geringeren Zähigkeit erfolgt durch methodisch weiter- und neuentwickelte Versuchsaufbauten. Die geringere Zähigkeit der Stähle, die im Rahmen des SFB 920 hergestellt wurden, wird auf den höheren Einschlussanteil zurückgeführt. Das Zähigkeitsverhalten wird durch ein neues Modell beschrieben, das die fraktographisch ermittelte Einschlussverteilung einbezieht.