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Journal articles on the topic 'High loading rate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Kobayashi, A., S. Hashimoto, Li-lih Wang, and M. Toba. "HIGH STRAIN RATE LOADING OF ZIRCALOY." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 46, no. C5 (August 1985): C5–511—C5–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1985565.

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2

Chen, Tianyu, Christopher M. Harvey, Simon Wang, and Vadim V. Silberschmidt. "Delamination propagation under high loading rate." Composite Structures 253 (December 2020): 112734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112734.

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3

Yang, Xiuxuan, and Bi Zhang. "Material embrittlement in high strain-rate loading." International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 1, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 022003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/ab263f.

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4

Naik, N. K., Veerraju Ch, and Venkateswara Rao Kavala. "Hybrid composites under high strain rate compressive loading." Materials Science and Engineering: A 498, no. 1-2 (December 2008): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.10.124.

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5

Rajput, Abhishek, Mohammad Ashraf Iqbal, and Chengqing Wu. "Prestressed concrete targets under high rate of loading." International Journal of Protective Structures 9, no. 3 (March 27, 2018): 362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419618763933.

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Prestressed concrete is highly being preferred as material for construction in the case of strategic and relevant structures such as, for instance, nuclear containments, armor deposits, shelters, bridges, and military bunkers. It is highly durable, fire and corrosion resistant, and non-porous. In order to study the influence of prestressing on the mechanics of deformation, energy absorption capacity, and failure modes of concrete targets, finite element simulations have been carried out using hard steel bullets and compared with the experiments carried out by the authors earlier. Prestressed concrete targets of plan size 450 mm × 450 mm and thickness of 80 mm were impacted by 0.5-kg hard steel projectiles. The concrete was designed to obtain an unconfined compressive strength of 48 MPa. An initial stress of 10% magnitude of compressive strength was induced by 4-mm-diameter high-tensile-strength (1700 MPa) steel wires in prestressed concrete targets. A grid of 8-mm-diameter steel bars was inserted in the reinforced and prestressed concrete targets to enable the straight comparison between these concretes. The prestressing in concrete has been found to be effective in reducing the volume of scabbed material as well as the ballistic resistance of prestressed concrete targets. The ballistic limit of prestressed concrete with 10% induced stress was found to be, respectively, 14% higher than that of the plain concrete target and 10.2% higher than the reinforced concrete. Failure modes predicted through finite element simulations were found in agreement with that of the actual results.

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6

Drar, H. "Fractographic aspects of blunting at high loading rate." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 53, no. 1 (January 1996): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(95)00085-a.

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7

Omar, Mohd Firdaus, Haliza Jaya, Hazizan Md Akil, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, and N. Z. Noriman. "Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)/Sawdust Composites under Wide Range of Strain Rate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.83.

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An experimental approach based on the conventional universal testing machine (UTM) was employed to perform low strain rate loading (0.001/s, 0.01/s and 0.1/s) in this research, to examine the reliance of natural filler contents towards HDPE/sawdust composites. By following to the low strain rate loading, static compression properties of HDPE/sawdust composites with varies filler contents of 5 wt% SD, 10 wt% SD, 15 wt% SD, 20 wt% SD and 30 wt: % SD were successfully studied. The results show that the yields stress, ultimate compression strength and the rigidity properties of HDPE/sawdust composites were sturdily affected by both filler contents and strain rate loadings. Moreover, for the post damage analysis, the results clearly show that different static loading employed to the specimens gives significant effects towards deformation behavior of HDPE/sawdust composites. The increasing of static loading employed caused the specimens to experience severe deformation.

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8

Bansal, Suneev Anil, Amrinder Pal Singh, and Suresh Kumar. "High Strain Rate Behavior of Epoxy Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 10, no. 07 (August 2018): 1850072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825118500722.

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The present work investigates the novel impact loading response of two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) reinforced epoxy nanocomposites at high strain rate. The testing was performed up to 1000[Formula: see text]s[Formula: see text] of high strain rate, where maximum damage occurs during the impact loading conditions. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) was used for the impact loading of the composite specimen. The nanofiller material GO was synthesized by chemical oxidation of graphite flakes used as the precurser. Synthesized GO was characterized using FTIR, UV-visible, XRD, Raman Spectroscopy and FE-SEM. Solution mixing method was used to fabricate the nanocomposite samples having uniform dispersion of GO as confirmed from the SEM images. Strain gauges mounted on the SHPB showed regular signal of transmitted wave during high strain rate testing on SHPB, confirming the regular dispersion of both the phases. Results of the transmission signal showed that the solution mixing method was effective in the synthesis of almost defect-free nanocomposite samples. The strength of the nanocomposite improved significantly using 0.5[Formula: see text]wt.% reinforcement of GO in the epoxy matrix at high strain rate loading. The epoxy GO nanocomposite showed a 41% improvement in maximum stress at 815[Formula: see text]s[Formula: see text] strain rate loading.

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9

Selyutina, N. S., and Yu V. Petrov. "Temporal effects of dynamic yielding under high-rate loading." Procedia Structural Integrity 13 (2018): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.116.

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10

Stemper, Brian D., Jamie Baisden, Narayan Yoganandan, Frank A. Pintar, Sergey Tarima, Qun Xiang, Glenn R. Paskoff, and Barry S. Shender. "Lumbar Spine Injury Tolerance During High-Rate Axial Loading." Spine Journal 13, no. 9 (September 2013): S13—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.061.

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11

Dick, Richard D., William L. Fourney, and John D. Williams. "Response of Paintbrush Tuff to high strain rate loading." Fragblast 1, no. 3 (January 1997): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13855149709408400.

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12

Ledford, Noah, and Michael May. "Modeling of multimaterial hybrid joints under high-rate loading." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 5 (April 15, 2020): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920919012.

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Joint failure plays a key role in determining structural stability and crash or impact response. Characterizing the joints at high loading rates is challenging as oscillations are often overlaid on the measured data, making interpretation of the results more difficult. This paper builds upon the experimental testing three different mixed-material joints using a split-Hopkinson tension bar. The correction proposed in this work is verified using a finite element model of the entire testing system. The modeling efforts also investigate the differences in a specimen only model and a model including the entire testing system. The failure mechanisms of bolted and bonded joints are investigated, where the substrate stress state is found to play a large role in determining the failure mode for bolted joints. This work lays the foundations needed to investigate the mixed-material bolted and bonded joints in detail.

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13

Wang, Ze-Ping. "Void-containing nonlinear materials subject to high-rate loading." Journal of Applied Physics 81, no. 11 (June 1997): 7213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365320.

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14

Gelu, Tamrat Abishu, S. S. Joshi, and N. K. Naik. "Shear properties of acrylic under high strain rate loading." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 121, no. 3 (March 4, 2011): 1631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.33719.

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15

Naik, Niranjan K., Ravikumar Gadipatri, Narasimha Moorthy Thoram, Venkateswara Rao Kavala, and Veerraju Ch. "Shear properties of epoxy under high strain rate loading." Polymer Engineering & Science 50, no. 4 (January 20, 2010): 780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21585.

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16

Worswick, M. J., J. A. Clarke, and R. J. Pick. "Dynamic fracture under impact and high-strain-rate loading." Canadian Journal of Physics 73, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1995): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p95-044.

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A constitutive model based on a pressure-dependent yield criterion is used to predict damage evolution and ductile fracture under dynamic loading conditions. The model predicts the influence of porosity on plastic flow in metals and the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of internal microvoids to cause ductile fracture. The constitutive equations have been implemented in the DYNA2D finite-element code and have been used to simulate three high-strain-rate experiments: (i) the symmetric Taylor cylinder impact, (ii) the plate impact, and (iii) the tensile split Hopkinson bar experiments. In each case, the model is shown to capture qualitatively the damage and fracture within the experiments modelled. Comparison with recent symmetric Taylor impact experiments on leaded brass suggests that the model over-predicts the rate of damage evolution under the high-strain rate, high-triaxiality conditions associated with impact.

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17

Krasnikov, V. S., A. Yu Kuksin, A. E. Mayer, and A. V. Yanilkin. "Plastic deformation under high-rate loading: The multiscale approach." Physics of the Solid State 52, no. 7 (July 2010): 1386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783410070115.

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18

Proud, W. G., T. T. N. Nguyen, C. Bo, B. J. Butler, R. L. Boddy, A. Williams, S. Masouros, and K. A. Brown. "The High-Strain Rate Loading of Structural Biological Materials." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 46, no. 10 (July 14, 2015): 4559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2975-4.

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19

Gaur, Piyush, Anoop Chawla, Khyati Verma, Sudipto Mukherjee, Sanjeev Lalvani, Rajesh Malhotra, and Christian Mayer. "Characterisation of human diaphragm at high strain rate loading." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 60 (July 2016): 603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.02.031.

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20

Popovič, Miloslav, Jaroslav Buchar, and Martina Drdlová. "High strain rate behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818302012.

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The results of dynamic compression and tensile-splitting tests of concrete reinforced by randomly distributed short non – metallic fibres are presented. A Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar combined with a high-speed photographic system, was used to conduct dynamic Brazilian tests. Quasi static test show that the reinforcement of concrete by the non-metallic fibres leads to the improvement of mechanical properties at quasi static loading. This phenomenon was not observed at the high strain rate loading .Some explanation of this result is briefly outlined.

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21

Weng, Fei, Yingying Fang, Mingfa Ren, Jing Sun, and Lina Feng. "High Strain Rate Effect on Tensile and Compressive Property of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3867.

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With high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios, Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite has been applied to the separation device of the rocket by shaped charge jet. But dynamic tensile and compressive properties of CFRP under high rate strain are still unclear. In the article, tensile testing along transverse direction are conducted. The quasi-static tests (10-3 s-1) use a universal testing machine and high dynamic loadings of 800 s-1 and 1600 s-1 tests adopt a high-speed tensile testing machine. Meanwhile, dynamic compressive tests of unidirectional and cross-ply laminated specimen under the thickness direction loading are implemented by a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) from dynamic loading 500 s-1 to 2500 s-1. Test results show that compared with static tests data, both transverse tensile modulus and strength of CFRP composites materials at dynamic loadings are sensitive to tensile tests. The compressive peak stress and stiffness of specimens also have an increasing tendency with the increases of the strain rate. Furthermore, for failure mode of tensile specimens, the crack propagation of the specimen fracture is along the interface of the fiber/matrix under all loading conditions. The failure modes of compressive specimens are different as the strain rate changes. The higher the strain rate, the more severe the crushing.

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22

Yokoyama, Takashi, Kenji Nakai, and Takafumi Odamura. "OS13-2-5 High strain-rate compressive characteristics of a unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite : Effect of loading directions." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _OS13–2–5——_OS13–2–5—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._os13-2-5-.

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23

Myszka, Dawid, Mostafa Ahmed, Adel Nofal, Emilia Skołek, and Abdelhamid Hussein. "High Strain Rate Dynamic Deformation of ADI." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.210.

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Engineering materials used in numerous applications, particularly in automotive crash loading and military ballistic purposes have to meet new demands, one of which is the resistance to dynamic loading. As the phenomena associated with such interaction is rather complex, non-static types of tests are applied to evaluate and compare between different potential materials. In this Work, different grades of ADI were produced under different austenitizing and austempering conditions different ausferrite morphologies. The effect of alloying elements such as Cu and Mo on the initial microstructure of the ductile iron was also studied. The initial amount of retained austenite was subjected to different dynamic strain rates. The hardness and strain induced martensitic transformation as a function of the microstructure and strain rate were evaluated. Extensive use of XRD and SEM was made to evaluate the high strain rate properties of the investigated grades.

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24

Wang, Qiang, Xiuli Lin, and Da-Ren Chen. "Effect of dust loading rate on the loading characteristics of high efficiency filter media." Powder Technology 287 (January 2016): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.09.032.

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25

Hao, Peng Fei, Xiao Bo Hou, Jia Zhi Gao, Yong Liu, and Xue Feng Shu. "The Dynamic Response of Q345 Steel at High Strain Rates and High Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.483.

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Mechanical properties of Q345 steel used for industrial structure under high strain rate and high temperature loading conditions such as rocket launching are required to provide appropriate safety assessment to these mechanical structures. The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique with a special experimental apparatus can be used to obtain the material behavior under high strain rate loading conditions. In this paper, dynamic deformation behaviors of Q345 steel under both high strain rate compressive and high temperature loading are determined using the SHPB technique.

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26

Ananoria, A., and Bryan B. Pajarito. "Effect of Ingredient Loading on Water Transport Properties of a Vulcanized Natural Rubber Compound." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.55.

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Water transport properties of a vulcanized natural rubber compound are studied as function of ingredient loading using gravimetric method at 800C. Rubber sheets are compounded according to a fractional factorial design of experiment, where ingredients are treated as factors varied at two levels of loading. Weight change during immersion in water is monitored. The maximum uptakes are determined from the sorption curves which showed two distinct slopes of which two uptake rates are estimated. Analysis of variance shows that high loadings of sulfur, asphalt, and used oil significantly increase the maximum uptake and first uptake rate while only sulfur and asphalt significantly increase the second uptake rate. On the other hand, high loadings of reclaimed rubber, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) significantly decrease the maximum amount of water uptake. Similarly, high loading of mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS) significantly decrease the initial uptake rate while high loadings of reclaimed rubber, CaCO3, kaolin clay, and MBT decrease the final uptake rate of rubber compounds.

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27

Zhou, Mao, Yongqiang Li, Wu Jiankui, Yin Yu, and Hongliang He. "The characteristics of high speed crack propagation at ultra high loading rate." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 108 (August 2020): 102650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102650.

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28

Liu, Jun, Gang Yi Zhou, Xin Long Dong, and Guo Fu Li. "System Design for High Energy Rate Electromagnetic Powder Compaction Devices." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 1146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.1146.

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In this paper, the main element is constructed high energy electromagnetic compaction system on the high-energy flat coil. Physical model for analyzing dynamic response of high pulse current was reviewed. Design loading device using high energy electromagnetic technology to suppress powder, consider the exhaust, stripping, loading, positioning and other issues,propose a more reasonable program.The device includes various components of the installation. such as coil, the coil plate, driver, amplifiers, punching first, die, upper and lower fixing plate. The model of device based on Pro/E to facilitate manufacturing.Pressure embryo along the suppression direction has more uniform density distribution.The technology possesses advantagesof the single side forming and directional loading.

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29

Hannoun-Lévi, J. M., and D. Peiffert. "Dose rate in brachytherapy using after-loading machine: Pulsed or high-dose rate?" Cancer/Radiothérapie 18, no. 5-6 (October 2014): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canrad.2014.07.156.

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30

Adlafi, Morwan, Bertrand Galpin, Laurent Mahéo, Christian C. Roth, Dirk Mohr, and Vincent Grolleau. "Plane strain tension fracture at high strain rate." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125001020.

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Under plane stress conditions, most micromechanical and phenomenological models predict a minimum in ductility for plane strain tension stress state. Therefore, the stress state of plane strain tension plays a crucial role in many forming and crash applications and the reliable measurement of the strain to fracture for plane strain tension is particularly crucial when calibrating modern fracture initiation models. Recently, a new experimental technique has been proposed for measuring the strain to fracture for sheet metal after proportional loading under plane strain conditions. The basic configuration of the new setup includes a dihedral punch which applies out-of-plane loading onto a Nakazima-type of discshaped specimen with two symmetric holes and an outer diameter of 60 mm. In the present work, the applicability of the test is extended to high strain rates. High strain rates of about 100/s to 200/s are obtained using a drop weight tower device with an original sensor for load measurements. Quasi static tests are also performed for comparison, keeping the same specimen geometry, image recording parameters and set-up. The effective strains at fracture are compared from quasi-static to high strain rate loading for three different materials, i.e one aluminium alloy and two steels.

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31

Wang, B., and Guo Xing Lu. "Dynamic Strength of Steel Welds under High Strain Rate Loading." Advanced Materials Research 9 (September 2005): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.9.87.

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An experimental study was conducted to investigate the dynamic strength of steel welds under high strain rate loadings. Flow stresses of both the base steel material and the weld filament were obtained under strain rate loadings of up to 9 × 102 s-1. The data was then fitted to the Cowper-Simmons [1] relation with the D and q values given. The finding helps to understand the strain rate sensitivity of the base and welded materials.

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32

Xi Tao, Fan Wei, Chu Gen-Bai, Shui Min, He Wei-Hua, Zhao Yong-Qiang, Xin Jian-Ting, and Gu Yu-Qiu. "Spall behavior of copper under ultra-high strain rate loading." Acta Physica Sinica 66, no. 4 (2017): 040202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.66.040202.

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33

Hu, Wen Jun, Xi Cheng Huang, Fang Ju Zhang, and Li Ming Wei. "Mechanical Properties of 35CrMoA Steel at High Strain Rate Loading." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.338.

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The tensile properties of alloy steel 35CrMoA were measured by dynamic tension experimental apparatus, and the stress-strain curves of the material at strain rate range from 10-2/s to 103/s were obtained. The fracture appearance and metallurgical structure were observed for the recovered specimens. The influence of strain rates on mechanical properties and microstructure of the 35CrMoA steel was analyzed. Based on the experimental data of mechanical properties, the JC constitutive parameters were fitted for 35CrMoA.

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34

Ahmed, Lenda T., and Abass Braimah. "Behaviour of undercut anchors subjected to high strain rate loading." Procedia Engineering 210 (2017): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.11.084.

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35

Kong, Jing, Huachao Yang, Xinzheng Guo, Shiling Yang, Zhesong Huang, Xinchao Lu, Zheng Bo, Jianhua Yan, Kefa Cen, and Kostya Ken Ostrikov. "High-Mass-Loading Porous Ti3C2Tx Films for Ultrahigh-Rate Pseudocapacitors." ACS Energy Letters 5, no. 7 (June 15, 2020): 2266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00704.

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36

Johnson, WS, JE Masters, TK O'Brien, and AMA El-Habak. "Compressive Resistance of Unidirectional GFRP Under High Rate of Loading." Journal of Composites Technology and Research 15, no. 4 (1993): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/ctr10384j.

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37

Belyaev, S., A. Petrov, A. Razov, and A. Volkov. "Mechanical properties of titanium nickelide at high strain rate loading." Materials Science and Engineering: A 378, no. 1-2 (July 2004): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.11.059.

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38

Naik, N. K., and Yernamma Perla. "Mechanical behaviour of acrylic under high strain rate tensile loading." Polymer Testing 27, no. 4 (June 2008): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.02.005.

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39

Gao, X., R. H. Dodds Jr, R. L. Tregoning, and J. A. Joyce. "Weibull stress model for cleavage fracture under high-rate loading." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 24, no. 8 (August 2001): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.2001.00421.x.

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40

Dixit, Neha, Kelvin Y. Xie, Kevin J. Hemker, and K. T. Ramesh. "Microstructural evolution of pure magnesium under high strain rate loading." Acta Materialia 87 (April 2015): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.030.

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41

Bragov, A. M., A. K. Lomunov, A. V. Abramov, A. Yu Konstantinov, I. V. Sergeichev, C. Braithwaite, W. G. Proud, P. D. Church, I. G. Cullis, and P. Gould. "The dynamic response of Copper 101 under high-rate loading." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 134 (July 26, 2006): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2006134048.

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42

Tong, Xiaoli, and Christopher Y. Tuan. "Viscoplastic Cap Model for Soils under High Strain Rate Loading." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133, no. 2 (February 2007): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:2(206).

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43

Ngo, Tri Thuong, and Van Hai Hoang. "Flexural behaviour of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete at high strain rates." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(3).40-45.

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In this study, the flexural resistance of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRCs) containing different fiber volume content, under static and dynamic flexural loading was investigated. Thirty-six specimens of UHPFRCs, size 0.5x0.5x210 (mm), reinforced with 0.5%, and 1.5% volume of smooth steel fiber (d=0.2 mm, l=19 mm) were cast and tested by three-point bending test, under the static load (strain rate 1.67x10-5 s-1) and high acceleration load (strain rate up to 210 s-1). Experimental results show that the flexural strength of UHPFRCs increases significantly when the fiber reinforcement content increases. In addition, as the loading speed increases, the flexural resistance of the material also increases. The flexural strength of UHPFRC material reinforced with 0.5 and 1.5% of fiber volume content was 17.7 and 30.0 MPa at static loads, increased to 23.6 and 51.92 MPa at a loading rates of 110 s-1 and 28.86 and 61.04 MPa at loading rate of 210 s-1.

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44

Kong, Xiangzhen, Qin Fang, Hao Wu, and Jian Hong. "A comparison of strain-rate enhancement approaches for concrete material subjected to high strain-rate." International Journal of Protective Structures 8, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419617698320.

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High strain-rate induced from intense dynamic loadings will cause an obvious enhancement of concrete material frequently used in civil and defense engineering, which plays an important role in correct numerical simulations of concrete members subjected to intense dynamic loadings. In this article, the existing three strain-rate enhancement approaches for concrete material are compared by three aspects, that is, flexibility of fitting data, consistency condition, and time-dependent behavior. The so-called “overstress approach” is found to be not flexible for fitting high strain-rate data and unable to well predict the strain-softening behavior but can capture the inherent viscidity of concrete material. The “consistency approach” can describe the strain-softening behavior and the inherent viscidity but may be inconvenient and time-consuming when fitting high strain-rate data. The “simplified approach” widely used in commercial concrete material models can describe the strain-softening behavior and fit high strain-rate data by a more convenient and direct way but cannot capture the inherent viscidity of concrete material. Examples of uniaxial stress including loading and unloading under constant and varying strain-rates are presented to demonstrate the above-mentioned findings, in which the updating algorithm of dynamic stress is presented in detail.

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45

Lyu, Zhiyang, Dan Xu, Lijun Yang, Renchao Che, Rui Feng, Jin Zhao, Yi Li, Qiang Wu, Xizhang Wang, and Zheng Hu. "Hierarchical carbon nanocages confining high-loading sulfur for high-rate lithium–sulfur batteries." Nano Energy 12 (March 2015): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.01.033.

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Major, Zoltan, and Martin Reiter. "Characterization of the Loading Rate Dependent Fracture Behavior over a Wide Loading Rate Range Using Charpy Specimens." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.286.

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The fracture behavior of engineering polymers is usually characterized at high loading rates using Charpy specimens. However, due to the presence of dynamic effects the conventional force based analysis for determining fracture toughness values is applicable only up to 1 m/s using tree point bending test configurations. This difficulty can be overcome in principle, by applying dynamic analysis methods (e.g. dynamic key curve (DKC) analysis) or by applying tensile loading fracture configurations. The applicability of pre-cracked Charpy specimens for determining fracture toughness values for polymeric materials over a wide loading rate range is investigated in this study.

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Sadeghi, Hamed, Keith Davey, Rooholamin Darvizeh, and Abolfazl Darvizeh. "A scaled framework for strain rate sensitive structures subjected to high rate impact loading." International Journal of Impact Engineering 125 (March 2019): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2018.11.008.

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McDonald, Brodie, Huon Bornstein, Ali Ameri, Juan P. Escobedo-Diaz, and Adrian C. Orifici. "High strain rate and high temperature response of two armour steels: Experimental testing and constitutive modelling." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818301022.

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Under ballistic impact or blast loading, the high strain rate and high temperature behaviour of armour steels is key to their response to a given threat. This experimental and numerical investigation examines the tensile response of a class 4a improved rolled homogenous armour steel (IRHA) and a high hardness armour steel (HHA). Cylindrical tensile specimens were tested at a range of strain rates from 0.001 s-1 to 2700 s-1. Quasi-static, elevated temperature tests were performed from room temperature up to 300° C. While the HHA is strain rate insensitive, the IRHA displays a significant increase in strength across the range of loading rates reducing the ultimate strength difference between the materials from 19% at 0.001s-1 to 4.6% at 2700s-1. An inverse numerical modelling approach for constitutive model calibration is presented, which accurately captured the dynamic material behaviour. The modified Johnson-Cook strength and Cockcroft-Latham (C-L) fracture models were capable of predicting the ballistic limit of each material to within 5% of the experimental result and to within 10% for deformation under blast loading. The blast rupture threshold of both materials was significantly over-estimated by the C-L model suggesting stress state or strain rate effects may be reducing the ductility of armour steel under localised blast loading.

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Venkert, A., P. R. Guduru, and G. Ravichandran. "Effect of Loading Rate on Fracture Morphology in a High Strength Ductile Steel." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 123, no. 3 (November 17, 2000): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1371231.

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Fracture experiments in a high-strength ductile steel (2.3Ni-1.3Cr-0.17C) were conducted under static and dynamic loading conditions in a three-point bend and a one-point bend configurations. A qualitative description of the influence of loading rate on the microscopic features of the fracture surfaces and their role in the fracture initiation process was considered. The fracture surfaces consist of tunneled region and shear lips. The size of the shear lips increases with increasing loading rate and is characterized by micro-voids and cell structures. The tunneled region consists of large voids and micro-voids that coalesce by impingement. At high loading rates, localized molten zones are observed at the tunnel-shear lip interface.

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McCarron, W. O., J. C. Lawrence, R. J. Werner, J. T. Germaine, and D. F. Cauble. "Cyclic direct simple shear testing of a Beaufort Sea clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 584–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-061.

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Results are presented for undrained direct simple shear tests on a Beaufort Sea cohesive soil. Monotonic and one-way cyclic loading response characteristics are identified for a number of loading scenarios. The critical level of repeated loadings (CLRL) is determined for two overconsolidation ratios from tests having 30 000 cycles of loading. Postcyclic strength tests indicate that one-way cyclic loadings not causing failure have a strain-hardening effect on the material. High strain-rate testing is found to increase soil strength by as much as 40% compared with typical testing strain rates. Key words : strength, cyclic testing, clay, simple shear, strain rate.

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