Academic literature on the topic 'High Parana river. eng'

In the natural world, plant species evolve and adapt to specific soil and climatic conditions. The productivity and stability of a natural soil-plant continuum or ecosystem are maintained through diversity, succession, and internal nutrient cycling. Hence, there are no rich soils or poor soils but different soils supporting different ecosystems. From an agricultural viewpoint, however, the term soil fertility may be defined as the capacity of a soil, under a given rainfall or water management regime, to support the growth of common food and fiber crops with minimum or no external inputs for a long period of time without adversely degrading the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil. Thus, a naturally fertile or productive soil usually possesses the following features: • good soil tilth or workability • adequate organic matter content in the surface layer • adequate permeability • adequate available water-holding capacity • slightly acidic to neutral pH • loamy-textured topsoil • moderate amounts of smectite and weatherable minerals Worldwide, the most fertile soils are prairie soils derived from glacial till, young alluvial soils in river valleys and deltas and high-base-status volcanic ash soils. These soils are also known as Mollisols, high-base-status Entisols and high-base- status Andisols, respectively, according to the Soil Taxonomy classification. At the other end of the scale are the so-called infertile soils. These are the highly weathered and strongly leached soils or “lateritic soils” of the tropics. Ultisols and Oxisols rich in kaolinite and Fe and Al oxides fall into this category. The soil fertility status of other types of soils falls in between these two groups. In general, parent material and stage of weathering are good indicators of soil fertility. Moderately weathered soils derived from basic parent rocks such as basalts and limestone and recent alluvial deposits are invariably more fertile than those derived from acidic parent rocks such as sandstone, quartzite, and coarse-grained granite. Strongly weathered soils generally have a low fertility because primary minerals containing plant nutrients such as Ca, Mg, and K have long disappeared through dissolution, acidification, and leaching. The dominant clay-size minerals in strongly weathered soils, kaolinite and Fe and Al oxides, possess little capacity to retain these cations.

The Bolivia-Brazil Natural Gas Pipeline has 2.600 kilometers since Rio Grande City in Bolivia until Canoas City, in south Brazil. The pipeline crosses a lot of types of geological field and difficult topography. The south spread of the pipeline is the most interesting because of its hard topography combined with the variety of geological materials, such as, colluvium deposits and debris flow areas. Curriola River is located at kilometer 408, north part of Parana State. In this area, the pipeline crosses slopes of 40 degrees of inclination. The mounting was only possible making high cuts to ass

Engineering critical assessments (ECA) have increasingly become a routine part of pipeline design to determine tolerable flaw sizes for weld defects. These assessments are now being applied to pipeline systems in deeper water with increased loadings arising from responses to thermal and pressure cycling. Often these are flowline systems in which fatigue damage is exacerbated by the presence of aggressive internal conditions. Deep water flowlines operating at high temperatures and pressures need to be designed to accommodate issues such as significant end expansion, walking and lateral buckling