Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'High Performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS)'

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A rapid, specific and highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to determine nimodipine in human plasma using dibucaine as the internal standard (IS) is described. The analyte (m/z 418,6 > 342,6) and IS (m/z 344,2 > 271,0) were extracted from plasma samples by liquid-liquid extraction using hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1v/v). Chromatography was performed on a Varian Polaris C18 analytical column (3 micrometer, 50 x 2,0 mm) and pre-column SecurityguardTM C18 (4,0 x 3,0 mm). The phase mobile consisted of Acetonitrile-Ammonium acetate 0.02 ml/L (80:20v/v). The method had a chromatographic run time of 4.5 min and linear calibration curve over the range 0.1- 40 ng/mL (r2 > 0.9938). The limit of quantification (LQ) was 0.1 ng/mL. The intra-day precision for the limit quantification was 0.00% (batch 01), 5.71% (batch 02) and 5.27% (batch 03); for the quality controls low (QCL), middle (QCM) and high (QCH) the results were respectively 8.57, 0.81 and 1.37%. The inter-day precision for LQ and QCL, QCM and QCH were respectively: 7% and 5.46, 4.12 and 3.37%. The intra-day accuracy for LQ was 110, 96 and 104%; for QCL, QCM and QCH the results were100.67, 109.09 and 109.72% respectively. The results of the inter-day accuracy for LQ, QCL, QCM and QCH were respectively and 110.0, 96.0, 104.0% for the limit of quantification and 8.57, 0.81, 1.37% and 100.67, 109.09, 109.72% respectively: 103% e 102.89, 106.60, 109.69%. This validated method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic profiles of nimodipine tablets administered to 24 healthy volunteerâs participant of bioavailability comparative study. Geometric mean of Test formulation/Refernce formulation individual percent ratio was 104,56% for AUC0-48h and 55,73% for Cmax. The 90% for the confidence intervals (CI) were 94,80-115,32% e 44,73-69,42%, respectively. The values of half-life and Cmax for test formulation and reference formulation were 27,83;32,78h and 9,48;18,76ng/mL, respectively. The values of Tmax were 2,34;0,98h for the formulations test and reference respectively. Since the 90% CI for Cmax and AUC0-48h, were within the 80-125% interval proposed by the âFood and Drug Administrationâ and ANVISA, it was concluded that the two formulations of nimodipine 30mg tablets were not bioequivalent, according to the rate of absorption after single dose administration.
Um mÃtodo rÃpido, sensÃvel e especÃfico de Cromatografia LÃquida de Alta EficiÃncia acoplada à Espectrometria de Massa (LC-MS-MS) foi desenvolvido para determinar nimodipino (analito) em plasma humano usando dibucaÃna como padrÃo interno (PI). O analito (m/z 418,6 > 342,6) e o PI (m/z 344,2 > 271,0) foram extraÃdos de amostras de plasma atravÃs de extraÃÃo lÃquido-lÃquido utilizando hexano-acetato de etila (1:1v/v). As corridas cromatogrÃficas foram executadas utilizando-se uma coluna analÃtica Varian Polaris C18 (3 micrÃmetros, 50 x 2,0 mm) e uma prÃ-coluna SecurityguardTM C18 (4,0 x 3,0 mm). A fase mÃvel consistiu de acetonitrila-soluÃÃo de acetato de amÃnio 0,02 mol/L (80:20v/v). O mÃtodo teve um tempo total de corrida de 4,5 min e uma curva de calibraÃÃo linear que variou de 0,1-40 ng/mL. O limite de quantificaÃÃo de 0,1 ng/mL. A precisÃo intra-ensaio para o limite de quantificaÃÃo (LQ) foi 0,00% (lote 01), 5,71% (lote 02) e 5,27% (lote 03); para os controles de qualidade baixo (CQB), mÃdio (CQM) e alto (CQA) os resultados foram respectivamente: 8,57, 0,81 e 1,37%. A precisÃo interensaio para o LQ e os CQB, CQM e CQA foram respectivamente de: 7% e 5,46, 4,12 e 3,37%. A exatidÃo intra-ensaio para o LQ foi 110, 96 e 104%; para CQB, CQM e CQA os resultados foram 100,67, 109,09 e 109,72% respectivamente. Os resultados da exatidÃo interensaio para o LQ, CQB, CQM e CQA foram respectivamente de: 103% e 102,89, 106,6, 109,69%. Este mÃtodo foi aplicado para a avaliaÃÃo do perfil farmacocinÃtico do nimodipino administrado em 24 voluntÃrios sadios participantes de um estudo de biodisponibilidade comparativa. A mÃdia geomÃtrica da FormulaÃÃo teste/FormulaÃÃo referÃncia para as porcentagens individuais foi 104,56% para ASC0-48h e 55,73% para Cmax. Os intervalos obtidos a partir do intervalo de confianÃa (IC) de 90% foram 94,80-115,32% e 44,73-69,42% respectivamente. Os valores de meia-vida e Cmax para as formulaÃÃes teste e referÃncia foram de 27,83;32,78h e 9,48;18,76ng/mL, respectivamente. Os valores de Tmax foram de 2,34;0,98h para as formulaÃÃes teste e referÃncia, respectivamente. Considerando o IC de 90% para Cmax e ASC0-48h dentro da variaÃÃo de 80-125% proposto pelo Food and Drug Administration e ANVISA, as duas formulaÃÃes de nimodipino 30mg nÃo sÃo bioequivalentes quanto à taxa de absorÃÃo (Cmax) apÃs uma Ãnica administraÃÃo.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Two robust, fast and sensitive methods for quantification of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) in plasma using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. The methods involved liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate using metoprolol and sulfamethoxazole as internal standards (PI). The chromatographic separations were performed using Genesis C18 column 100 x 2.1 mm, 4 microns (sulfadiazine) and Genesis C18 150 x 4.6 mm, 4 microns (SMX+TMP), with elution systems consisting of solutions of methanol/water (35/65, v/v) + 0.5% Formic Acid (sulfadiazine) and methanol/water (45/55, v/v) + 0.5% Formic Acid (SMX+TMP). Calibration curves were linear in the range from 0.05 to 25 mg/mL (sulfadiazine); 0.5 to 100 mg/mL (SMX) and 0.02 to 3.5 mg/mL (TMP). The recoveries corresponding to the analysis of quality controls were 66.8, 59 and 63.4% for sulfadiazine; 67.7, 63.3 and 74.4% for SMX; 74.5, 70.5 and 78.1% for TMP. The recovery values relating to internal standards sulfamethoxazole and metoprolol were 66.2% and 76.8% respectively. The validated bioanalytical methods included evaluation of precision and accuracy being the results within the required limits. The methods were successfully applied in studies of comparative bioavailability of formulations containing a combination of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (suspension containing 40mg of SMX and TMP 8mg per milliliter) and formulations containing sulfadiazine (tablets 500 mg) in healthy volunteers of both sexes
Foram desenvolvidos e validados dois mÃtodos robustos, rÃpidos e sensÃveis para a quantificaÃÃo de sulfametoxazol (SMX), trimetoprima (TMP) e sulfadazina (SDZ) em plasma, utilizando cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia acoplada à espectrometria de massa (LC-MS/MS). Os mÃtodos envolveram extraÃÃo lÃquido-lÃquido, com acetato de etila utilizando metoprolol e sulfametoxazol como padrÃes internos (PI). As separaÃÃes cromatogrÃficas foram realizadas utilizando colunas Genesis C18 100 x 2.1 mm, 4 (sulfadiazina) e Genesis C18 150 x 4,6mm, 4 (SMX + TMP), com sistemas de eluiÃÃo constituÃdos por soluÃÃes de Metanol/Ãgua (35/65, v/v) + 0,5 % Ãcido FÃrmico (sulfadiazina) e Metanol/Ãgua (45/55; v/v) + 0,5% Ãcido FÃrmico (SMX + TMP). As curvas de calibraÃÃo foram lineares, nas faixas de 0,05 a 25 Âg/mL (sulfadiazina), 0,5 a 100 Âg/mL (SMX) e 0,02 a 3,5 Âg/mL (TMP). As recuperaÃÃes correspondentes Ãs anÃlises dos controles de qualidade foram de 66,8, 59 e 63,4 % para sulfadiazina; 67,7, 63,3 e 74,4% para SMX; 74,5, 70,5 e 78,1% para TMP. Os valores da recuperaÃÃo referentes aos padrÃes internos sulfametoxazol e metoprolol foram de 66,2% e 76,8% respectivamente. As metodologias bioanalÃticas validadas incluÃram avaliaÃÃo de precisÃo e exatidÃo intra e interlote, assegurando que estas estavam dentro de limites admissÃveis. Os mÃtodos foram aplicados com sucesso em estudos de biodisponibilidade comparativa de formulaÃÃes contendo a associaÃÃo de sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima (suspensÃo contendo 40 mg de SMX e 8 mg de TMP por mililitro) e de formulaÃÃes contendo sulfadiazina (comprimidos de 500 mg) em voluntÃrios sadios de ambos os sexos.

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Sales Fontes Jardim
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: Este trabalho envolve o desenvolvimento, a otimização e a validação de um método analítico para determinação de multirresíduos de agrotóxicos em amostras de morango, por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (LC-MS/MS). No preparo de amostra utilizou o método QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe), que foi testado nas três versões, Original, AOAC Official Method e European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Standard Method EN 15662, além da versão CEN 15662 modificada. Também foram otimizados os solventes de extração, massas do agente secante e, na etapa de clean-up por extração em fase sólida dispersiva (d-SPE), o sorvente comercial PSA (primary secondary amine), alguns preparados no laboratório à base de polímeros de siloxano, como octadecil, octil, amino, fenil, e a mistura PSA e octadecil. As avaliações dos métodos foram baseadas, principalmente, nos valores de recuperação e nos estudos sobre o uso de diferentes sorventes, outros parâmetros que estimam a eficiência do clean-up também foram utilizados, como aspecto físico do extrato final, quantidade de coextratos da matriz, obtida por medidas gravimétricas, e efeito matriz. O método desenvolvido foi validado por meio dos parâmetros analíticos de seletividade, limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), linearidade, exatidão e precisão, conforme o guia Sanco para análises de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos e, posteriormente, amostras comerciais de morango da região de Campinas foram analisadas. O método validado por LC-MS/MS apresentou-se seletivo, preciso, exato e atingiu concentrações abaixo dos respectivos limites máximos de resíduos (LMR) para determinação de agrotóxicos em morango. Este método foi transferido para cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (UHPLC), que mostrou redução no tempo de análise, na vazão da fase móvel (FM) e no volume de injeção de amostra e da FM, e similaridade na detectabilidade dos analitos
Abstract: This work involves the development, optimization and validation of an analytical method for multiresidue determination of pesticides in strawberry samples by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample preparation used the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method, which was tested in three versions, Original, AOAC Official Method and European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Standard Method EN 15662, and also CEN 15662 modified version. The factores optimized were extraction solvents, amount of drying agent and in the clean-up step by dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE), the commercial sorbent PSA (primary secondary amine), several prepared in the laboratory based on siloxane polymers, such as octadecyl, octyl, amine, phenyl, and the mixture PSA and octadecyl. The evaluation of the methods was based mainly on the recovery values and for the study of different sorbents, other parameters that estimate the efficiency of the clean-up were also used such as the physical aspect of the final extract, the amount of interference matrix obtained using gravimetric measurements, and the matrix effect. The developed method was validated by the analytical parameters of selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, accuracy and precision, as described in the Sanco guide for analysis of pesticide residues in foods. After, commercial strawberry samples from the Campinas region were analyzed. The validated method by LC-MS/MS was selective, precise, accurate and reached levels below the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs) for the determination of pesticides in strawberries. This method was transferred to ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), which showed a reduction in analysis time, the mobile phase (MP) flow rate and the injection volume of the sample and MP, and similarity in the detectability of the analytes
Doutorado
Quimica Analitica
Doutora em Ciências

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this work a robust reversed phase ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the separation, characterization and quantification of all possible [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) and [PtCl4-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 4) complex anions using UV-Vis detection. High resolution 195Pt NMR of more concentrated PtII/IV solutions served to validate the relevant species assignments, particularly those of the stereoisomer species, cis- and trans- [PtCl4Br2]2-, [PtCl2Br4]2- and mer- and fac-[PtCl3Br3]2-. Quantification of the PtII/IV species was achieved by means of IP-RP-HPLC coupled to either ICP-MS or ICP-OES, and together with the UV-Vis absorption spectra obtained by photodiode array (PDA) recording of all eluted species, allowed for the determination of the photometric characteristics (λmax and ε) of all the PtII/IV species. This data enables practical speciation studies of such PtII/IV complex anions using standard analytical equipment. The hyphenation of ion-pairing RP-HPLC to ICP-OES allows for the successful determination of the Pt to halide mole ratios of individually separated species in order to characterize these species in a novel manner. The Pt to chloride and/or Pt to bromide mole ratio of the [PtCl4]2- and the series of [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) complexes were determined using HPLC-ICP-OES based on the 177.708 nm Pt, 134.724 nm Cl and 148.845 nm Br emission lines and served as a technique for the unambiguous chemical speciation of such complexes. An increase in sensitivity of the developed method was achieved by the use of an ion-pairing reversed phase ultra high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) method. This method proved capable of separating and characterizing the homoleptic and heteroleptic [PtIVCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) and mono-aquated [PtIVCl5-nBrn(H2O)]- (n = 0 – 5) complex anions in well defined acidic aqueous solutions. Ion-pairing ultra high performance liquid chromatography separation based on the volatile ion-pairing reagent, tributylamine, provided adequate chromatographic resolution as well as sufficiently low background noise for high resolution ESI-Q-TOF-MS detection. The wealth of structural information contained in the mass spectra obtained for each PtIV species simplified the identification of individual species. Moreover, the general fragmentation trends encompassing a constant incremental change of 44 Da (79/81Br - 35/37Cl) resulting from the successive substitution of Cl- by Br-, in combination with the observed elution order, facilitated the relevant species assignments. The developed method enabled the relative rapid (<13 min) characterization of all 22 [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) and mono-aquated [PtCl5-nBrn(H2O)]- (n = 0 – 5) species. Quantification of each individual [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) species by means of ion-paring HPLC-UV-Vis allowed for the determination of all 17 stability constants for the PtIV chloridobromido halide exchange reaction network. Determination of the associated Gibbs free energies for each ligand exchange reaction step, o rxnK ΔG n (n = 1 - 17), together with energy conservation relationships, served to validate the accuracy of the experimentally calculated stability constants. The experimentally determined overall formation constant, or ΔGo rxn, and those calculated using the standard reaction half cell reduction potentials of [PtCl6]2- and [PtBr6]2- were in good agreement, further confirming the experimentally obtained thermodynamic parameters. The thermodynamic driving force for the PtIV chloride-bromido exchange reactions is attributed to the hydration of the halide ligands, which drives the reaction towards the bromido PtIV species in aqueous solutions, even though the chlorido PtIV complexes are energetically favoured in this reaction network. Evaluation of other metal cation halido exchange reactions shows that all metal halido complexes exhibit the F- >> Cl- > Br- > I- order of thermodynamic stability and is only inverted due to the solvation of the relevant halide ligands. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) was used to predict the thermodynamic stabilities with respect to the isodesmic reactions involving chlorido-bromido PtIV stereoisomer pairs and chlorido-bromido PtIV ligand exchange reactions of the [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) species and confirm the F- >> Cl- > Br- > I- order of thermodynamic stability as well as determining the ΔΔGo rxn within the range of 8 - 20 kJ.mol-1 to the experimentally determined ΔΔGo rxn.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens hierdie studie is „n robuuste “reverse-phase” ioonparing hoë-verrigting vloeistof chromatografie, RP-IP-HPLC, metode ontwikkel vir die skeiding, karakterisering en kwantifisering van alle moontlike [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) en [PtCl4-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 4) kompleks anione waar UV-Vis as detektor gebruik word. Die relavante spesies toedelings wat gemaak is, veral ten opsigte van die cis- en trans-[PtCl4Br2]2-, [PtCl2Br4]2- en mer- en fac-[PtCl3Br3]2- stereo-isomeerpare, is deur middel van hoë-resolusie 195Pt KMR van meer gekonsentreerde PtII/IV oplossings bevestig. Die PtII/IV spesies was gekwantifiseer deur die IP-RP-HPLC aan of „n ICPMS of „n ICP-OES te koppel. Daarenbowe was dit moontlik om die fotometriese eienskappe (λmax en ε) van elke individuele PtII/IV komplex anion te bepaal deur die UV-Vis absorpsie spektrum van elke elueerende spesies met PDA op te neem. Die nuwe metode wat tydens hierdie studie ontwikkel is het dit dus moontlik gemaak om sulke PtII/IV komplek sanione met standaard analitiese toerusting prakties te skei. Verder is gevind dat deur IP-RP-HPLC aan ICP-OES te koppel dit moontlik is om die Pt tot halied mol verhoudings van elke individueel geskeide spesies te bepaal en dus hierdie spesies op „n oorspronklike, nuwe manier te karakteriseer. Die Pt tot chloried en/of Pt tot bromied mol verhoudings van die [PtCl4]2- en die reeks van [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) kompleks anione, soos bepaal deur gebruik te maak van HPLC-ICP-OES, is gebasseer op die 177.708 nm Pt, 134.724 nm Cl en 148.845 nm Br emissie lyne. Hierdie metode kan gebruik word vir die eenduidige chemiese skeiding van hierdie komplekse. Die sensitiwiteit van hierdie metode was egter verder verbeter deur gebruik te maak van ioonparing “reverse-phase” ultra hoë-verrigting vloeistof chromatografie gekoppel met elektrosprei ionisasie quadropool “time-of-flight” massa spektrometrie (UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOFMS). Deur dit te doen is dit nou selfs moontlik om die homoleptiese en heteroleptiese [PtIVCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) spesies, asook die “mono-aqauted” [PtIVCl5-nBrnH2O]- (n = 0 – 5) spesies in „n goed gedefinieërde aangesuurde waterige oplossings te skei en te karakteriseer. Die vlugtige ioon-paringsreagent, tributielamien, is vir die skeidingsproses op die IP-UHPLC gebruik om te verseker dat voldoende chromatografiese resolusie, so wel as lae genoeg agtergrondgeraas, verkry word vir hoë-resolusie ESI-Q-TOF-MS deteksie. Die rykdom informasie vervat in die massaspektrum van elke PtIV spesies het die indentifikasie van elke spesies vergemaklik. Daarenbowe het die fragmentasie tendens, aanduidend van „n konstante inkrementele verandering van 44 amu (71/81Br – 35/37Cl) weens die opeenvolgende substitusie van Cl- met Br-, tesame met die elusie volgorde, die spesies-toedelings gefasiliteer. Met hierdie nuut ontwikkelde metode is dit nou moontlik om al 22 [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) en “mono-aquated” [PtCl5-nBrnH2O]- (n = 0 – 5) spesies in „n relatiewe kort tydperk (< 13 min) te karakteriseer. Deurdat elke [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) spesies nou individueel met IP-HPLC-UV-Vis gekwantifiseer kan word, is dit moontlik om al 17 stabiliteitskonstantes vir die PtIV chloridobromido halied uitruilingsreaksienetwerk te bepaal. Die geassosieerde Gibbs vrye energie, ΔG°rxnKn (n = 0 – 17), wat vir elke stap in die uitruilingsreaksienetwerk bepaal is, tesame met die energiebewaring verhoudings, was gebruik om die akkuraatheid van die eksperimenteel bepaalde stabiliteitskonstantes te bekragtig. Verdermeer was die waarde van die algehele formasie konstante wat eksperimenteel bepaal is, ΔG°rxn, in goeie ooreenstemming met dit wat bereken is deur die standaard reaksie halfsel reduksie potensiale van [PtCl6]2- en [PtBr6]2-. Dus is die eksperimenteel verkrygde termodinamiese parameters bevestig. Die termodinamiese dryfkrag vir die PtIV chloried-bromied uitruilingsreaksies is toegereken aan die hidrasie van die halied ligande, wat in waterige oplossings die reaksie na die bromied PtIV spesies dryf, al is die chloried PtIV spesies energeties bevoordeel in hierdie reaksienetwerk. Evaluering van ander metaalkatioon- halied-uitruilreaksies wys dat alle metaal-halied komplekse die F- >> Cl- > Br- > I- orde van termodinamiese stabiliteit volg en dat hierdie volgorde slegs omgekeer sal word weens solvasie van hierdie halied ligande. Darenbowe digtheids funksionele teorie (DFT) gebruik om die termodinamiese stabiliteit met betrekking tot isodesmiese reaksies wat chloried-bromied PtIV stereoisomeer pare behels te voorspel, sowel as van chloried-bromied PtIV liganduitruilingsreaksies van die [PtCl6-nBrn]2- (n = 0 – 6) spesies, en bevestig die F- >> Cl- > Br- > I- volgorde van termodinamiese stabiliteit. Verder was dit ook moontlik om met DFT die ΔΔG°rxn tot so naby as 8 – 20 kJ.mol-1 te bereken.

En raison de la diffusion incontrôlée sur le e-commerce, la sécurité et l’alternative légale aux stupéfiants habituels, les nouvelles substances psychoactives (NPS), d’apparition récente (2008), sont au cœur des phénomènes récents d’addiction et de décès mal expliqués. Au-delà des différents défis dans nos sociétés (prévention, législation), la capacité d’identifier les NPS dans des échantillons biologiques pour caractériser leur utilisation, présente de nombreux challenges analytiques. L’objectif principal de cette thèse a été de collecter des échantillons biologiques (sang, urine, cheveux) provenant de cas d’exposition à des NPS et d’y caractériser les substances présentes à l’aide de méthodes analytiques originales, dans le but d’enrichir les librairies de spectres de masse et d’améliorer, en conséquence, la détection de la consommation de NPS. En particulier, il s’agissait d’augmenter la fenêtre de détection de la prise de NPS en se focalisant sur les métabolites qui sont, le plus souvent, les produits majeurs d’élimination. Le développement analytique, par chromatographie liquide ultra haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (UHPLC-MS/MS), a demandé plusieurs mois d’optimisation afin d’obtenir une méthode robuste, exhaustive et sensible. Actuellement, la librairie de spectres MS comporte 114 NPS et est mise à jour régulièrement. A la suite de ce développement, ma thèse a porté sur l’étude de cas d’intoxication vus au service des urgences du CHU de Strasbourg, mais aussi en médecine légale, avec des situations de décès et d’identification de produits inconnus provenant de saisies (poudres et cristaux). Il a également été nécessaire de développer des outils analytiques complémentaires, tels que la caractérisation de métabolite(s) par étude sur microsomes hépatiques humains (HLMs), et l’utilisation de la spectroscopie par résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) afin d’identifier avec certitude certains composés et de déterminer leur degré de pureté. Les outils analytiques développés et la stratégie mise en place ont permis la rédaction de 18 publications, ainsi que l’agencement de nombreuses collaborations
Due to the uncontrolled spread on the Internet and their legal alternative to usual drugs, the new psychoactive substances (NPS), recently appeared (2008), are at the center of recent phenomena of addiction and badly explained deaths. Beyond different challenges in our societies (prevention, legislation), the ability to identify NPS in biological samples, in order to characterize their use, presents many analytical challenges. The main objective of this thesis was to collect biological samples (blood, urine, hair) from cases of exposure to NPS and to characterize the substances present using original analytical methods, in order to enlarge the libraries of mass spectra and improve, as a result, the detection of NPS consumption. In particular, it was intended to increase the detection sensitivity of NPS intake by focusing on the metabolites that are often the major products of elimination. This analytical development, by ultra-high liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), required several months of optimization in order to obtain a robust, exhaustive and sensitive method. At present, the mass spectra database has 114 NPS and is regularly updated. Thereafter, ma thesis focused on the study of cases of intoxication observed in the emergency department of Strasbourg, but also in legal medicine with situations of deaths and identification of unknown products collected from seizures (powders and crystals). It has also been necessary to implement complementary analytical tools, such as the characterization of metabolites by human liver microsomes (HLMs), and the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to accurately identify the compounds and establish their purity degrees. The analytical tools developed, and the strategy adopted, allowed the writing of 18 publications, as well as the setting up of numerous collaborations

Orientador: Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O resumo poserá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The abstract is available with the full eletronic digital document
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e validação de métodos analíticos para investigar a presença de fármacos e seus metabólitos, assim como disruptores endócrinos, em amostras de águas superficiais, utilizando estratégias de \"clean up\" e enriquecimento de amostra no modo \"on line\" (\"stacking\") e \"off line\" (extração em fase sólida, SPE), em junção com técnicas de separação avançadas em meio líquido (eletroforese capilar, CE, e cromatografia a líquido, LC, com detecção UV, e seus acoplamentos com espectrometria de massas). No primeiro Capítulo são discutidos aspectos gerais sobre os produtos farmacêuticos, produtos de higiene pessoal e disruptores endócrinos, bem como a origem e ocorrência destas substâncias no meio ambiente. O segundo Capítulo aborda o desenvolvimento de um método de separação capaz de determinar oito substâncias entre fármacos de caráter ácido e metabólitos (diclofenaco, bezafibrato, fenoprofeno, ibuprofeno, cetoprofeno, naproxeno e ácidos gentísico e salicílico) numa única corrida, utilizando eletroforese capilar com enriquecimento em linha da amostra (stacking do analito baseado em grande volume de injeção da amostra) utilizando eletrólito de corrida constituído por 30 mmol L-1 de tetraborato de sódio e 5 mmol L-1 de Brij 35, pH 9,3. O método proposto alcançou limites de detecção que variaram de 2 µg L-1 para o fármaco naproxeno até 80 µg L-1 para o ibuprofeno. No terceiro capítulo é explorado um método de separação por CE para nove substâncias entre fármacos e hormônios (fluoxetina, trimetoprima, diazepam, carbamazepina, propranolol, clofibrato, fenofibrato, etinilestradiol e estrona). Utilizou-se como estratégia de pré-concentração dos analitos, o modo \"stacking\" de micelas com grande volume de injeção de amostra. Este método chegou a limites de detecção na ordem de 9 µg L-1 com eletrólito de corrida composto por 30 mmol L-1 de ácido fosfórico, 40 mmol L-1 de dodecilsulfato de sódio, 20% (v,v) de acetonitrila e 0,1% (v,v) de trietilamina. No quarto capítulo, foi realizado o estudo de parâmetros físico-químicos que estão relacionados à técnica de extração em fase sólida, tais como tipo do sorvente, volume de capacidade, volume de eluição, lavagem do cartucho de extração, entre outros. As condições ótimas de \"clean up\" e pré-concentração \"off line\" da amostra obtidas foram combinadas com as condições ótimas de pré-concentração \"on line\" e separação descritas nos Capítulos 2 e 3, para todas as substâncias abordadas ali, com o intuito de analisar amostras reais de água superficial coletadas no reservatório Billings (Estado de São Paulo). O método combinado permitiu alcançar concentrações da ordem de 500 ng L-1, com valores de recuperação satisfatórios (58 - 88%), quando levada em consideração a origem complexa da matriz ambiental. No quinto capítulo, desenvolveu-se um método de análise de p-hidroxibenzoatos de alquila, substâncias utilizadas como conservantes em diversos produtos de uso diário, utilizando eletroforese capilar associada a estratégias de concentração \"on line\" (stacking com injeção de grande volume de amostra) e \"off line\" (SPE). O método proposto, utilizando eletrólito constituído por 40 mmol L-1 de glicina e 40 mmol L-1 de trietilamina, foi aplicado na análise destas substâncias em amostras de água superficial, alcançando níveis de concentração da ordem de 4 6 µg L-1. O sexto capítulo aborda o desenvolvimento de um método por eletroforese capilar destinada à análise de alquilbenzeno sulfonato linear (LAS) e homólogos, tensoativo comumente utilizado na composição de detergentes de uso doméstico e industrial. O eletrólito de separação era composto de 60 mmol L-1 TRIS, 30 mmol L-1 HIBA, 15 mmol L-1 Brij 35 e 40% (v,v) acetonitrila. Foi realizada uma etapa de extração em fase sólida (C18), e uma concentração total de LAS na ordem de 1,09 mg L-1 foi encontrada em uma amostra de efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto. No capítulo 7 foi desenvolvido um método utilizando eletroforese capilar acoplada a um espectrômetro de massas, com analisador \" ion trap\", para a análise dos fármacos cimetidina, propranolol, salbutamol, trimetoprima e metoclopramida. Amostras de água coletadas no reservatório Billings foi fortificada com os fármacos em estudo e submetida a procedimento de extração em fase sólida em cartuchos de poliestireno divinilbenzeno (PS-DVB). O método permitiu a análise das substâncias estudadas na concentração aproximada de 40 µg L-1. Finalmente, no oitavo capítulo foi explorado um método envolvendo cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, hifenada a dois tipos de espectrômetros de massas: um triplo quadrupolo e um triplo quadrupolo com \"ion trap\" linear. Foram investigados fármacos de diversas classes em amostras de água coletadas no reservatório Billings, sendo possível encontrar carbamazepina na concentração de 20 ng L-1, com apenas uma etapa de filtração da amostra antecedendo a análise, utilizando o triplo quadrupolo. Cabe destacar que o LOD para este analito foi de 400 fg L-1, sem nenhum tratamento da amostra visando préconcentração.
This work presents the development and validation of analytical methods to investigate the presence of pharmaceutical compounds, their metabolites and endocrine disruptors in surface water using on line (stacking) and off line (solid phase extraction) sample clean up and enrichment strategies coupled to advanced separation techniques in liquid medium (capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography with UV detection and their hyphenation with mass spectrometry). In the first Chapter, general aspects on pharmaceuticals, products of personal care and endocrine disruptors are discussed as well as their origin and means of entry to the environment. Chapter 2 describes the development of a separation method for the determination of eight pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors substances with acidic character (diclofenac, bezafibrate, fenoprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, gentisic and salicylic acids) in a single run using capillary electrophoresis with on line sample enrichment (analyte stacking with large sample volume injection) in electrolytes composed of 30 mmol L-1 sodium tetraborate at pH 9.3 and 5 mmol L-1 Brij 35. The proposed method reached limits of detection between 2 µg L-1 (naproxen) and 80 µg mL-1 (ibuprofen). In Chapter 3, a CE separation method for the determination of nine pharmaceuticals and hormones with neutral and basic character (fluoxetin, trimethoprim, diazepam, carbamazepine, propranolol, clofibrate, fenofibrate, ethynylestradiol and estrone) was exploited. As preconcentration strategy, micelle stacking with large sample volume injection was performed. Limits of detection in the order of 9 µg L-1 were reached with electrolytes composed of 30 mmol L-1 phosphoric acid, 40 mmol L-1 sodium dodecylsulfate, 20% (v,v) acetonitrile and 0.1% (v,v) triethylamine. In Chapter 4, the physicochemical parameters associated with the solid phase extraction technique, such as sorbent type, breakthrough volume, elution volume, extraction cartridge rinse, among others, were evaluated. Optimum sample clean up and off line preconcentration conditions combined with the optimum on line preconcentration and separation conditions described in Chapters 2 and 3, for all substances under consideration, were applied to the analysis of real surface water samples collected at the Reservoir Billings (Sao Paulo state, Brazil). The combined method reached concentrations in the order of 500 ng L-1, with satisfactory recoveries (58 88%) for complex environmental matrices. In Chapter 5, a method for the analysis of alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates, substances used as preservatives in several products of personal care, was developed using capillary electrophoresis associated with on line (stacking with large volume injection) and off line (SPE) preconcentration strategies. The proposed method, which used 40 mmol L-1 glycine and 40 mmol L-1 triethylamine as electrolyte, was applied to the analysis of alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates in surface water, reaching 4 - 6 µg L-1 concentrations. Chapter 6 describes the development of a CE method for de analysis of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and homologues, surfactants commonly used in the composition of detergents of industrial and domestic use. As separation electrolyte, 60 mmol L-1 TRIS, 30 mmol L-1 HIBA, 15 mmol L-1 Brij 35 and 40% (v,v) acetonitrile was used. A solid phase preconcentration extraction step in C18 was employed and a total LAS concentration of 1.09 mg L-1 was found in a sample obtained from the effluent of a sewage treatment plant. In Chapter 7, a CE-MS (ion trap) method was developed for the analysis of cimetidine, propranolol, salbutamol, trimethoprim and methoclopramide in fortified surface water samples collected in the Reservoir Billings (Sao Paulo state, Brazil) and previously enriched by SPE (PS-DVB). The method reached concentrations of c.a. 40 µg L-1. Finally, in Chapter 8, a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with two different mass spectrometers: a triple quadrupole and a triple quadrupole with linear ion trap). Several pharmaceuticals were investigated in surface water samples collected from the Reservoir Billings (Sao Paulo state, Brazil). With the LC-MS/MS (triple quadrupole) system, carbamazepine was found in a non treated sample (just a filtration step prior to injection was performed) in a concentration level of 20 ng L-1. It is worth mentioning that for carbamazepine, a LOD of 400 fg L-1 was found, without any preconcentration sample treatment

>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Subsistence farmers may contribute significantly to food production, food security, and employment in South Africa. However poor storage practices and contamination with mycotoxins, particularly fumonisins and aflatoxins impacts adversely on production, food safety and food security. Mycotoxins are toxic natural food-borne compounds which frequently contaminate agricultural produce worldwide. They are hazardous to humans and animals and result in significant production losses for farmers. This study focused on former Bantustans in Northern South Africa, namely Vhembe District Municipality (Limpopo) and Gert Sibande District Municipality (Mpumalanga). The aim was to assess mycological and mycotoxin contamination of crops grown by subsistence farmers. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to randomly thirty-nine households. Data on demographics, storage practices and production during period of 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons were collected. One hundred and fifteen (115) crop samples (maize, beans and peanuts) were collected for analysis. Standard mycological methods and validated mycotoxin analysis methods (HPLC and LC- MS/MS) were used. It was found that maize was the staple food in both provinces, with a significant difference (p = 0.0184) in its production between the two districts; Vhembe produced 0.6 tonnes compared to 2.4 tonnes in Gert Sibande. The majority of the farmers for storage used traditional open wooden cribs (15/20) and steel tanks (5/20) while VDM farmers used sealed store houses 5/19 and 15/19 used polystyrene sacks. Aflatoxin occurrence was low with <1% of GSDM samples contaminated compared to 11% of VDM samples. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the aflatoxin contamination in VDM samples between the year 2011 and 2012. Samples from VDM households had higher Aspergillus fungal infection (maximum incidence 69%) compared to GSDM (27%) over both seasons. The most frequently isolated Fusarium species in VDM samples was F. verticillioides (92%; 93%), and F. subglutinans (97%; 80%) in GSDM samples over seasons 2011 and 2012, respectively. Highest levels of fumonisins (FB1+ FB2) ranged between 1010 μg/kg and 12168 μg/kg with less than 30% extremely contaminated above the regulated limit in 91% of samples from Limpopo over both seasons (2011 and 2012). Fumonisin levels between the two seasons in VDM showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Only three (less than 5%) from 68% GSDM contaminated maize samples were above the FB1 and FB2 limit. In 2011, there were two highly contaminated maize samples (1762 μg/kg and 4598 μg/kg) with the other samples less than 600 μg/kg, whereas in season two (2012) all samples were below 200 μg/kg, except one highly contaminated sample (26115 μg/kg). None of the beans and peanuts from Mpumalanga was contaminated with mycotoxins above the recommended limit, but from Limpopo 1/5 peanuts was found contaminated with aflatoxin G1 (41 μg/kg). Natural occurrence and contamination of both fumonisin and aflatoxin in stored home-grown maize from VDM was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher than GSDM over both seasons. In general, Limpopo farmers’ experience lower harvests and greater mycotoxin contamination of agricultural produce. This may be attributed in part to poor storage practices and environmental and climatic conditions in that agro-ecological zone.

En raison de leur diffusion sauvage sur le e-commerce, leur soi-disant sécurité d’usage et l’alternative légale aux stupéfiants habituels qu’ils constituent, les nouvelles substances psychoactives (NPS) sont un phénomène mondial émergeant. Au-delà de différents défis dans nos sociétés (législation, prévention,... ), la capacité d'identifier les NPS dans des échantillons biologiques présente de nombreux challenges analytiques : ces nouvelles substances ne sont pas référencées dans les bibliothèques habituelles de spectrométrie de masse commerciales, leur métabolisme est inconnu (avec parfois des métabolites actifs), les doses actives sont parfois très faibles et par conséquent, les concentrations dans le sang ou l'urine sont également faibles. Dans ce contexte, notre laboratoire effectue régulièrement des analyses toxicologiques dans un contexte clinique, et pour les forces de l’ordre, dans des échantillons biologiques à l'aide de deux principaux types d’analyseurs : la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse tandem (CL-SM/SM) pour le criblage ciblé et la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution (CL-SMHR) pour le criblage non ciblé. Cette dernière technique est basée sur la masse exacte (mais également, le profil isotopique et le temps de rétention) des composés de l’échantillon à partir de laquelle la formule chimique est déterminée et recherchée dans une base de données spectrales en utilisant un logiciel dédié. L’objectif de ma thèse est de caractériser des NPS et leurs métabolites (afin d’alimenter cette base de données) en utilisant une stratégie combinant des approches in vitro, in silico et in vivo. Il s’agit, en particulier, d’augmenter la sensibilité de détection de la prise de NPS en se focalisant sur les métabolites qui sont le plus souvent les produits majeurs d’élimination des NPS.A cet effet, une méthode in vitro destinée à produire les métabolites des NPS et utilisant des microsomes hépatiques humains a été mise en oeuvre. Les métabolites obtenus, comparés aux prédictions in silico, ont été enregistrés dans la base de données. Cette approche a été confrontée à l’analyses de comprimés et d’autres produits non biologiques contenant des NPS, mais également, à des données in vivo d’exposition aux NPS : cas d’intoxications, études expérimentales et études épidémiologiques prospectives et rétrospectives dans des populations ciblées, ou non…Au total, ce travail basé sur cette stratégie in vitro, in silico, in vivo m’a permis d’enrichir notre base de données de spectres de masse haute résolution (SMHR) pour le criblage non ciblé et également notre base de données de criblage ciblé (SM/SM). Notre méthode en haute résolution, qui s’est enrichie au cours de ces 3 années de thèse de 83 nouveaux NPS et 281 métabolites, constitue aujourd’hui un outil analytique efficient pour la détection d’une exposition aux NPS
Owing to wild e-commerce diffusion, alleging safety and legal alternative to usual drugs of abuse arguments, the new psychoactive substances (NPS) are emerging phenomenon in the world. In our societies, through various consecutive challenges (legislation, prevention, …), the ability to identify NPS in biological samples exhibits numerous analytical pitfalls: new substances which are not referenced in the usual commercial mass spectrometric libraries, unknown metabolism (with sometimes active metabolites), sometimes very low active dosages and consecutively low concentrations in blood or urine. In this context, clinical and forensic toxicological analyses in biological samples are routinely performed in our laboratory using two main analytical devices: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for targeted screening and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for non-targeted screening. This last technique is based on the accurate mass (together with isotopic pattern and retention time) of sample components, from which the chemical formula is calculated and searched against a database of mass spectra using dedicated software. The aim of my thesis is to characterize NPS and metabolites (in order to increase the spectral database) using a strategy combining in vitro, in silico, and in vivo approaches. Therefore, the main goal is to increase the detection sensitivity of the NPS use by focusing on the metabolites that are most often the major products of NPS elimination. For this purpose, an in vitro method designed to produce NPS metabolites using human liver microsomes incubations was applied. Obtained metabolites, after confrontation with metabolites in silico predicted, were saved in database. This approach was subsequently confronted with analysis of tablets or other non-biological product containing NPS, but also, with in vivo observed data from NPS exposure: intoxication cases, experimental studies and prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies in targeted population or not … All in all, this work based on this in vitro, in silico and in vivo strategy allowed me to enhance our high resolution spectra database (HRMS) for non-targeted screening and also our spectra database for targeted screening (MS/MS). Today, our HRMS device, with a database that was increased with 83 new NPS and 281 metabolites for the duration of my thesis, is an efficient analytical tool for NPS use detection

La phosphorylation des protéines constitue l’une des plus importantes modifications post-traductionnelles (PTMs) et intervient dans de multiples processus physiologiques tels, la croissance, la différenciation cellulaire, l’apoptose, etc. En dépit de son importance, l’analyse des phosphoprotéines demeure une tâche difficile en raison de leur nature dynamique (car la phosphorylation des protéines est un processus réversible) et de leur faible abondance relative. En effet, la détermination des sites de phosphorylation est souvent difficile car les phosphopeptides sont souvent difficiles à détecter par des méthodes d’analyse chromatographique classique et par spectrométrie de masse (MS). De récentes études ont démontré que les nombreuses méthodes d’enrichissement de phosphopeptides existantes ne sont pas complètes, et que le nombre total de phosphopeptides détectés ne chevauchent pas complètement ces méthodes. C’est pour cela qu’il existe une nécessité de combler les lacunes des méthodes d’enrichissement existantes afin d’avoir des analyses phosphoprotéomiques plus complètes. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé les liquides ioniques (LI), plus particulièrement les sels d’imidazolium, comme une technique d’enrichissement alternative, dans le but de favoriser une extraction sélective de phosphopeptides présents en solution. Les sels d’imidazolium ont donc été utilisés en raison de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques "facilement" ajustables selon la nature des substituants sur le noyau imidazolium et la nature de l’anion. Les sels de monoimidazolium et de bis-imidazolium possédant respectivement des chaînes linéaires à 4, 12 et 16 atomes de carbone et ayant différents anions ont été synthétisés et utilisés pour effectuer des extractions liquide-liquide et solide-liquide des phosphopeptides en solution. Dans un premier temps, des extractions liquide-liquide ont été réalisées en utilisant un liquide ionique (LI) ayant une chaine linéaire de 4 atomes de carbone. Ces extractions réalisées avec le bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide de 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-NTf2) et l’hexafluorophosphate de 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-PF6) n’ont pas montré une extraction notable du PPS comparativement au PN. Dans un deuxième temps, des extractions solide-liquide ont été réalisées en fonctionnalisant des particules solides avec des sels d’imidazolium possédant des chaines linéaires de 12 ou 16 atomes de carbone. Ces extractions ont été faites en utilisant un phosphopentapeptide Ac-Ile-pTyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2 (PPS) en présence de 2 analogues acides non-phosphorylés. Il a été démontré que les sels d’imidazolium à chaine C12 étaient meilleurs pour extraire le PPS que les deux autres peptides PN (Ac-Ile-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2) et PE (Ac-Glu-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2) L’électrophorèse capillaire (CE) et la chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (LC-MS) ont été utilisées pour quantifier le mélange des trois peptides avant et après extraction ; dans le but de mesurer la sélectivité et l’efficacité d’extraction de ces peptides par rapport à la composition chimique du liquide ionique utilisé.
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications because it is involved in multiple physiological processes such as growth, differentiation, apoptosis, etc. Despite its importance, the analysis of phosphoproteins remains a difficult task due to their dynamic nature (phosphorylation of proteins is a reversible process) and their low abundance. Indeed, the determination of phosphorylation sites is difficult because phosphopeptides are often difficult to detect by conventional chromatographic analysis and by mass spectrometric (MS) methods. Recent studies have shown that the existing methods of enrichment of phosphopeptides are not complete, and the total number of phosphopeptides detected does not overlap completely with those detected by these methods. The gaps in existing enrichment methods need to be filled in order to have more complete phosphoproteomic analyses. In the current study, ionic liquids (IL), specifically imidazolium salts, have been used in an alternative enrichment technique with potential for selective extraction of phosphopeptides from solution. Imidazolium salts were chosen because their physicochemical properties are readily adjustable depending on the nature of the substituent attached to the imidazolium core and the counter-anion. Monoimidazolium and bis-imidazolium salts with linear chains having respectively 4, 12, and 16 carbon atoms and with different anions were synthesized and used to carry out liquid-liquid and solid-liquid extractions of a phosphorylated peptide from a solution. At first, liquid-liquid extractions were carried out using an ionic liquid (IL) with a linear chain of 4 carbon atoms. These extractions performed with bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-NTf2) and hexafluorophosphate 3-butyl-1-methylimidazolium (BMIM-PF6) did not show a considerable extraction of PPS comparatively to the PN. Secondly, solid-liquid extractions were done by first functionalizing solid-phase particles with the imidazolium salts. The extractions were carried out using the phosphopentapeptide Ac-pTyr-Ile-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2 (PPS) and its acidic non-phosphorylated analogues. It has been shown that the C12 chain imidazolium salts were better to extract PPS than the other two peptides PN (Ac-Ile-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2) and PE (Ac-Glu-Tyr-Gly-Glu-Phe-NH2). The extraction efficiency of these peptides was estimated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Analytical Chemistry Candidate: Ivo Vrobel Supervisors: Prof. RNDr. Petr Solich, CSc; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague Prof. Seppo Auriola, MSc.(Chem.) Marko Lehtonen; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio Title of master's thesis: LC-MS/MS analysis of acetylcholine in brain microdialysis samples Novel fast and simple LC-MS/MS method of ACh quantification in brain microdialysis samples utilizing stable-isotope-labeled IS was developed. The chromatographic step is based on revered-phase mode of pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFPP) column. The satisfactory retention of ACh is achieved with highly aqueous mobile phase containing 0.05% of the ion-pairing agent TFA and 4% of ACN in 4 min analytical run. Ionization of ACh and IS with low background noise and tolerant towards use of TFA was performed with atmospheric pressure thermospray ionization (APTSI). The selectivity of ACh and IS detection was obtained by SRM modes of MS/MS in the linear ion trap mass analyzer. The performance of developed method was cross validated to the validated method used in the laboratory for ACh measurements. The set of microdialysis...

Lipidomics as a part of metabolomics is a fast-growing area of research due to the improvement in analytical techniques. This master thesis is focused on lipid extraction techniques optimization, using liquid liquid extraction and solid phase extraction as pre-separation methods and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for extraction and subsequent identification of branched-chain fatty acid esters (FAHFA - branched-chain Fatty Acid esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids). This newly discovered class of lipid molecules is associated with insulin secretion, which could improve whole body and local glucose metabolism, providing potential for diabetes 2 type treatment. Solid phase extraction of biological samples was optimized on columns regarding to sorbent composition using reversed phase columns with modified styrene divinylbenzene polymer or octadecyl-bonded polymer and normal phase columns packed with silica gel. Column Strata SI-1 Silica was the most effective for FAHFA separation from biological samples. Chromatographic separation of FAHFA was performed on UPLC Ultimate 3000 RSLC equipped with Kinetex C18 1,7 µm, 2,1 x 150 mm column using gradient program. UPLC was coupled to QTRAP 5500/SelexION, a hybrid, triple quadrupole, linear ion trap mass spectrometer equipped...

LC-MS of protein drugs requires new ideas in bonded phase design rather than adapting bonded phases from the realm of small-molecule drugs. The polymer-shell bonded phase is designed to interact with larger molecules and to shield proteins from the silica substrate. The particles consist of a core of solid silica and a shell of dense polymer brush. The polymer layer is thick enough to protect the protein from interactions with silanols to reduce peak tailing. The polymer contains multiple functional groups that introduce more selectivity. This design gives unprecedented LC resolution and MS sensitivity. Our group has developed polymer shell bonded phases for hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC-MS) of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC-MS) of glycoproteins, and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC-MS) of monoclonal antibodies. Since HIC is not in-line compatible with MS due to the high salt levels, it is laborious to identify the constituents of HIC peaks. An MS-compatible alternative to HIC is reported here: native reversed phase liquid chromatography (nRPLC). This employs a mobile phase 50 mM ammonium acetate for high sensitivity in MS, and elution with a gradient of water/isopropanol. The nRPLC-MS data show that all ADC species, ranging from drug-to-antibody ratios of 1 to 8, remained intact and native on the column. As we adapt this concept to intact proteins, we find that lysozyme and α-chymotrypsinogen A are both eluted in their native conformations. We also use the polymer-shell concept to resolve IgG1 free thiol variants by RPLC-MS with 0.5% formic acid. Since there are always other variants besides the intended ones, the need for high MS sensitivity is desired to distinguish subtle mass change between disulfide bond and free thiols. Overall, MS sensitivity increases 10X relative while all of the thiol variants are well resolved by the polymethylmethacrylate bonded phase.