Academic literature on the topic 'High-protein diet – Physiological aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "High-protein diet – Physiological aspects"
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Konkina, Vera, Olga Lukyanova, Elena Pravdina, and Elena Kuvshinova. "Analytical aspects of effective stock-raising when applying high-protein fodder." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700013.
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The work provides a comprehensive analysis of efficient organization in the stock-raising industry when fed with high protein fodder. For that end, a dynamic analysis of volume and geographical indicators of soybean production, as well as ways to increase productivity, was initially conducted. The authors believe that biologically active preparations should be used for pre-treatment of seeds and foliar top dressing of plants. This will increase the yield by 2–3 dt/ha and the protein content by 3–4 %. The next step in the analytical procedures was conducting an experiment connected with introduction of soybean meal into the diet of young pigs. This will improve the physiological state of pigs and intensify their live weight gain.
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Dearden, Laura, and Nina Balthasar. "Sexual Dimorphism in Offspring Glucose-Sensitive Hypothalamic Gene Expression and Physiological Responses to Maternal High-Fat Diet Feeding." Endocrinology 155, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 2144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1131.
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A wealth of animal and human studies demonstrate that early life environment significantly influences adult metabolic balance, however the etiology for offspring metabolic misprogramming remains incompletely understood. Here, we determine the effect of maternal diet per se on offspring sex-specific outcomes in metabolic health and hypothalamic transcriptome regulation in mice. Furthermore, to define developmental periods of maternal diet misprogramming aspects of offspring metabolic balance, we investigated offspring physiological and transcriptomic consequences of maternal high-fat/high-sugar diet feeding during pregnancy and/or lactation. We demonstrate that female offspring of high-fat/high-sugar diet-fed dams are particularly vulnerable to metabolic perturbation with body weight increases due to postnatal processes, whereas in utero effects of the diet ultimately lead to glucose homeostasis dysregulation. Furthermore, glucose- and maternal-diet sensitive gene expression modulation in the paraventricular hypothalamus is strikingly sexually dimorphic. In summary, we uncover female-specific, maternal diet-mediated in utero misprogramming of offspring glucose homeostasis and a striking sexual dimorphism in glucose- and maternal diet-sensitive paraventricular hypothalamus gene expression adjustment. Notably, female offspring metabolic vulnerability to maternal high-fat/high-sugar diet propagates a vicious cycle of obesity and type 2 diabetes in subsequent generations.
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Zimmerman, Benjamin, Payel Kundu, William D. Rooney, and Jacob Raber. "The Effect of High Fat Diet on Cerebrovascular Health and Pathology: A Species Comparative Review." Molecules 26, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113406.
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In both humans and animal models, consumption of a high-saturated-fat diet has been linked to vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairments. Laboratory animals provide excellent models for more invasive high-fat-diet-related research. However, the physiological differences between humans and common animal models in terms of how they react metabolically to high-fat diets need to be considered. Here, we review the factors that may affect the translatability of mechanistic research in animal models, paying special attention to the effects of a high-fat diet on vascular outcomes. We draw attention to the dissociation between metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in rodents, unlike the state in humans, where the two commonly occur. We also discuss the differential vulnerability between species to the metabolic and vascular effects of macronutrients in the diet. Findings from animal studies are better interpreted as modeling specific aspects of dysfunction. We conclude that the differences between species provide an opportunity to explore why some species are protected from the detrimental aspects of high-fat-diet-induced dysfunction, and to translate these findings into benefits for human health.
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Li, Na, Xiaochuan Ma, Ting Ban, Shaohua Xu, Yingli Ma, Brandon Ason, and Liaoyuan A. Hu. "Loss of APJ mediated β-arrestin signalling improves high-fat diet induced metabolic dysfunction but does not alter cardiac function in mice." Biochemical Journal 477, no. 17 (September 10, 2020): 3313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200343.
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Apelin receptor (APJ) is a G protein-coupled receptor that contributes to many physiological processes and is emerging as a therapeutic target to treat a variety of diseases. For most disease indications the role of G protein vs β-arrestin signalling in mitigating disease pathophysiology remains poorly understood. This hinders the development of G protein biased APJ agonists, which have been proposed to have several advantages over balanced APJ signalling agonists. To elucidate the contribution of APJ β-arrestin signalling, we generated a transgenic mouse harbouring a point mutation (APJ I107A) that maintains full G protein activity but fails to recruit β-arrestin following receptor activation. APJ I107A mutant mice did not alter cardiac function at rest, following exercise challenge or in response to pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy. Additionally, APJ I107A mice have comparable body weights, plasma glucose and lipid levels relative to WT mice when fed a chow diet. However, APJ I107A mice showed significantly lower body weight, blood insulin levels, improved glucose tolerance and greater insulin sensitivity when fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, loss of APJ β-arrestin signalling also affected fat composition and the expression of lipid metabolism related genes in adipose tissue from high-fat fed mice. Taken together, our results suggest that G protein biased APJ activation may be more effective for certain disease indications given that loss of APJ mediated β-arrestin signalling appears to mitigate several aspects of diet induced metabolic dysfunction.
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Roura, E., and M. Navarro. "Physiological and metabolic control of diet selection." Animal Production Science 58, no. 4 (2018): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16775.
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The fact that most farm animals have no dietary choice under commercial practices translates the dietary decisions to the carers. Thus, a lack of understanding of the principles of dietary choices is likely to result in a high toll for the feed industry. In healthy animals, diet selection and, ultimately, feed intake is the result of factoring together the preference for the feed available with the motivation to eat. Both are dynamic states and integrate transient stimulus derived from the nutritional status, environmental and social determinants of the animal with hard-wired genetic mechanisms. Peripheral senses are the primary inputs that determine feed preferences. Some of the sensory aspects of feed, such as taste, are innate and genetically driven, keeping the hedonic value of feed strictly associated with a nutritional frame. Sweet, umami and fat tastes are all highly appetitive. They stimulate reward responses from the brain and reinforce dietary choices related to essential nutrients. In contrast, aroma (smell) recognition is a plastic trait and preferences are driven mostly by learned experience. Maternal transfer through perinatal conditioning and the individual’s own innate behaviour to try or to avoid novel feed (often termed as neophobia) are known mechanisms where the learning process strongly affects preferences. In addtition, the motivation to eat responds to episodic events fluctuating in harmony with the eating patterns. These signals are driven mainly by gastrointestinal hormones (such as cholecystokinin [CCK] and glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1]) and load. In addition, long-term events generate mechanisms for a sustainable nutritional homeostasis managed by tonic signals from tissue stores (i.e. leptin and insulin). Insulin and leptin are known to affect appetite by modulating peripheral sensory inputs. The study of chemosensory mechanisms related to the nutritional status of the animal offers novel tools to understand the dynamic states of feed choices so as to meet nutritional and hedonic needs. Finally, a significant body of literature exists regarding appetite driven by energy and amino acids in farm animals. However, it is surprising that there is scarcity of knowledge regarding what and how specific dietary nutrients may affect satiety. Thus, a better understanding on how bitter compounds and excess dietary nutrients (i.e. amino acids) play a role in no-choice animal feeding is an urgent topic to be addressed so that right choices can be made on the animal’s behalf.
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Gulec, Sukru, Gregory J. Anderson, and James F. Collins. "Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, no. 4 (August 15, 2014): G397—G409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2013.
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Iron is an essential trace mineral that plays a number of important physiological roles in humans, including oxygen transport, energy metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis. Iron absorption by the proximal small bowel is a critical checkpoint in the maintenance of whole-body iron levels since, unlike most other essential nutrients, no regulated excretory systems exist for iron in humans. Maintaining proper iron levels is critical to avoid the adverse physiological consequences of either low or high tissue iron concentrations, as commonly occurs in iron-deficiency anemia and hereditary hemochromatosis, respectively. Exquisite regulatory mechanisms have thus evolved to modulate how much iron is acquired from the diet. Systemic sensing of iron levels is accomplished by a network of molecules that regulate transcription of the HAMP gene in hepatocytes, thus modulating levels of the serum-borne, iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin decreases intestinal iron absorption by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin 1 on the basolateral surface of duodenal enterocytes, causing its internalization and degradation. Mucosal regulation of iron transport also occurs during low-iron states, via transcriptional (by hypoxia-inducible factor 2α) and posttranscriptional (by the iron-sensing iron-regulatory protein/iron-responsive element system) mechanisms. Recent studies demonstrated that these regulatory loops function in tandem to control expression or activity of key modulators of iron homeostasis. In health, body iron levels are maintained at appropriate levels; however, in several inherited disorders and in other pathophysiological states, iron sensing is perturbed and intestinal iron absorption is dysregulated. The iron-related phenotypes of these diseases exemplify the necessity of precisely regulating iron absorption to meet body demands.
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Kassab, Atheer. "Effect of Supplimenting Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa Linn) in the Ration on the Immune Response of Newcastle Disease and Some Physiological Aspects of Broiler Chicken." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v29i2.847.
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The study was conducted to investigate the role of supplementing the diet ofbroiler chicken with Black seed (Nigella sativa Linn) broiler chicken in theimmune response of the bird .The study has also investigated the level of someserum proteins and the activity of amino group transmitting enzymes. The Blackseeds have been ground and supplemented in the diet of the chickens at 2%inclusion rate .A total of 80 Faobro broiler chicks were divided equally into 4groups.Group 1: given Black seed supplemented diet and vaccinated at 8 ,16 and 26 daysof age with one dose of live Newcastle (ND) vaccine in the crop and injected 0.2ml oil adjuvant ND vaccine subcutaneously.Group 2: given Black seed supplemented diet and vaccinated at 8 ,16 and 26 daysof age with one dose of live Newcastle (ND) vaccine in the crop but did notinjected with oil adjuvant ND vaccine.Group 3: A control to group 1, but not supplemented with Black seed in the diet.Group 4: A control to group 2, but not supplemented with Black seed in the diet.Results showed that the supplementation of Black seed with the diet causedsignificant increase in the total serum protein, the serum globuline, the NDantibody examined by Haemagglutination test and the body weight. Thedifferences were more obvious when the birds were vaccinated with oil adjuvantvaccine .The enzyme Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanineaminotransferase(ALT) have not been affected by the inclusion of 2% Black seedin the diet. It was concluded that the inclusion of 2% Black seed in the diet hasled to a better immune response and health conditions shown by the birds.
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Dobarganes, Carmen, and Gloria Márquez-Ruiz. "Possible adverse effects of frying with vegetable oils." British Journal of Nutrition 113, S2 (April 2015): S49—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002347.
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The question of whether heated fats in the diet may be detrimental to health is nowadays of the upmost concern, but finding an answer is not easy and requires careful consideration of different aspects of lipid oxidation. This review is divided into two sections. The first part deals with the nature of the new compounds formed at high temperature in the frying process as well as their occurrence in the diet while the second part focuses on their possible nutritional and physiological effects. Oxidation products present in abused frying fats and oils are the compounds most suspected of impairing the nutritional properties of the oils or involving adverse physiological effects. The recent studies on their health implications include those related to their fate and those focused on their effects in metabolic pathways and the most prevalent diseases.
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Martin-Conty, José Luis, Francisco Martin-Rodríguez, Juan José Criado-Álvarez, Carlos Alberto Castillo-Sarmiento, Clara Maestre-Miquel, Alicia Mohedano-Moriano, Begoña Polonio-López, Carlos Durantez-Fernández, Miguel Ángel Castro-Villamor, and Antonio Viñuela. "How Health Habits Influence the Physiological Response During a Physical Activity in Extreme Temperatures?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176374.
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Background: The purpose of the study was to determine to what degree the health habits of university students influence their physiological response during a 10-min high-intensity exercise. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional cohort study with 59 health science students, in which we analyzed their adherence to a Mediterranean and low-fat diet, as well as their activity levels. We correlated these factors with the physiological response (lactic acid and heart rate) and a series of anthropometric parameters in intense physical activity (cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for 10 min) in three scenarios: extreme cold, extreme heat and a control situation at room temperature. Results: The results of this study demonstrate that in university students, a greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a better response to physical exercise, in this case, 10-min CPR, in hostile environments. Conclusions: Following healthy eating guidelines improves physical performance and delays the appearance of fatigue; both are important aspects for a better performance of CPR.
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Tajchman, K. "Selected haematological indices in farmed male fallow deer (Dama dama) depending on the different conditions during the wintering period." Veterinární Medicína 64, No. 9 (September 27, 2019): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2019-vetmed.
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Fallow deer (Dama dama) are the most common breeding species among farmed cervids in Poland. Monitoring the animals’ health, nutritional status, and welfare are highly important aspects in their breeding. Haematological variables are important indicators for comparing the physiological status of the animals and for monitoring the changes in the organism related to the adaptation to the breeding conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the day’s length and the total protein content in the diet for the farmed fallow deer on the selected haematological variables. The study demonstrated a significant decline in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and an increase of the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (P < 0.05) in all the animals after the winter period. However, the animal group exposed to prolonged daylight exhibited a significant increase in the platelet distribution width (PDW) and platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR) (P < 0.05). In turn, the group receiving a lower amount of protein in the diet was characterised by a significant reduction in the platelet count (PLT) (P < 0.05). Thus, the length of daylight and the protein content of the diet for fallow deer exert a significant impact on several haematological characteristics, which may serve as indicators of an animal’s nutritional status and welfare.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "High-protein diet – Physiological aspects"
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Cattet, Marc. "Biochemical and physiological aspects of obesity, high fat diet, and prolonged fasting in free-ranging polar bears." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0032/NQ63852.pdf.
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Bester, Dirk Jacobus. "The effect of red palm oil supplementation of an oxidative risk induced diet and a high saturated fat diet on ischaemia/perfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat heart." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1470.
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Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006Research has shown that the activation of the NO-cGMP pathway leads to myocardial protection from oxidative stress conditions, such as ischaemia and reperfusion. Few of these studies have however combined diet induced oxidative stress with ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Although little is known about the effects of supplements such as red palm oil (RPO) on the NO-cGMP pathway, research has shown that dietary RPO-supplementation improved reperfusion aortic output recovery through mechanisms that may include activation of the NO-cGMP- and inhibition of the cAMP pathway. RPO is an antioxidant-rich oil containing ~carotene and Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols). The aims of this study were to determine: 1) whether RPO-supplementation of an oxidative risk induced diet (ORD) and a high saturated fat diet (HFD) offers protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat heart and 2) the possible mechanisms for this protection. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups for a period of 14 weeks according to the dietary supplementation they received. The control groups received either an oxidative risk induced diet (ORD) or a high saturated fat diet (HFD), while the experimental groups received an ORD supplemented with RPO (ORD+RPO) or a HFD supplemented with RPO (HFD+RPO).
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Pilolla, Kari D. "Changes in body composition and metabolic syndrome risk factors : response to energy-restriction, protein intake, and high intensity interval training." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37898.
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Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and abdominal obesity (AbOb) increase the risk of
developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Energy restriction (ER), highprotein
(PRO) intake and high-intensity interval training (HIT) can independently
improve MetS and AbOb. However, ER reduces metabolically active lean body
mass (LBM) in addition to body fat (BF). Purpose: To determine the effects of a
16-wk ER diet with 2 levels of PRO (15% or 25% of energy), plus HIT, on MetS
risk factors, AbOb, and body composition in women. Methods: Sedentary,
premenopausal women (age=35±10y) with AbOb (waist circumference [WC]
≥80cm) were randomized to a 16-wk ER diet (-300kcals/d) with 15% (15PRO;
n=17) or 25% (25PRO; n=18) of energy from PRO, plus 45min/d, 3d/wk HIT and
45min/d, 2d/wk continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME) (-200kcals/d). Diet
and physical activity (PA) were assessed using 4-d weighed food and PA
records, respectively; diet and exercise compliance were assessed monthly with
multiple-pass 24-h recalls and weekly tracking logs. Body weight (BW), WC,
DXA-assessed body composition (BF [%], BF [kg], trunk fat [kg], and LBM [kg]),
blood lipids (total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C],
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], triglycerides [TG]), glycemic markers
(fasting plasma glucose [FPG], insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for
insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], beta cell function [HOMA-%β] and insulin
sensitivity [HOMA-%S]) and resting blood pressure (BP) (systolic BP [SBP];
diastolic BP [DBP]) were assessed pre/post-intervention. Repeated measures
analysis of variance and two sample t-tests were used at analyze the date.
Results are reported as means±standard deviations. Results: There were
significant time, but not group, differences in BW (-5.1±2.6kg, p=0.0141), WC (-
7.3±3.6cm, p<0.0001), TC (-18.1±17.4mg/dL, p<0.0001), LDL-C (12.2±
16.2mg/dL, p<0.0001), TG (-25.3±56.2mg/dL, p=0.0064), insulin (-2.1±4.2mg/dL,
p=0.0048), HOMA-IR (-0.2±0.5, p=0.0062), HOMA-%β (-12.1±35.2%, p=0.0497),
HOMA-%S (28.5±78.4%, p=0.0357), and SBP (-3±9mmHg, p=0.214). There
were significant group x time differences in DBP (15PRO=-5±8mmHg, 25PRO=-
2±8mmHg; p=0.0024). There were no time or group differences in FPG or HDLC.
There were significant time, but not group, effects on changes in BW (-5.1kg±
2.6, p<0.0001), BF (-3.3±1.6%, p<0.0001), and LBM (-0.6kg±1.5, p=0.0283). The
15PRO group lost more absolute whole BF (-5.2kg vs. -3.9kg, p=0.0355) and
trunk fat (-3.1kg vs. -2.2kg) vs. the 25PRO group. Conclusion: Both diets
significantly improved BW, AbOb, MetS risk factors, glycemic control, and BF
(%); LBM (kg) loss was similar in both groups. Compared to the 15PRO diet had
significantly greater absolute BF-kg and trunk fat-kg losses. Increased PRO
intake did not improve AbOb or MetS risk beyond ER and HIT/CME. The impact
of HIT/CME and the greater (-1.3kg) changes in BW in the 15PRO group may
have contributed significantly to the changes in absolute BF and trunk fat. More
research is needed to separate the impact of HIT/CME and weight loss from the
impact of PRO during ER.Graduation date: 2013
Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from March 28, 2013 - March 28, 2014
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Hoffman, Nolan John. "The Effects of Chromium on Skeletal Muscle Membrane/Cytoskeletal Parameters and Insulin Sensitivity." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2840.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)A recent review of randomized controlled trials found that trivalent chromium (Cr3+) supplementation significantly improved glycemia among patients with diabetes, consistent with a long-standing appreciation that this micronutrient optimizes carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, a clear limitation in the current evidence is a lack of understanding of Cr3+ action. We tested if increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, previously observed in Cr3+-treated cells or tissues from Cr3+-supplemented animals, mediates improved glucose transport regulation under insulin-resistant hyperinsulinemic conditions. In L6 myotubes stably expressing the glucose transporter GLUT4 carrying an exofacial myc-epitope tag, acute insulin stimulation increased GLUT4myc translocation by 69% and glucose uptake by 97%. In contrast, the hyperinsulinemic state impaired insulin stimulation of these processes. Consistent with Cr3+’s beneficial effect on glycemic status, chromium picolinate (CrPic) restored insulin’s ability to fully regulate GLUT4myc translocation and glucose transport. Insulin-resistant myotubes did not display impaired insulin signaling, nor did CrPic amplify insulin signaling. However, CrPic normalized elevated membrane cholesterol that impaired cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) structure. Mechanistically, data support that CrPic lowered membrane cholesterol via AMPK. Consistent with this data, siRNA-mediated AMPK silencing blocked CrPic’s beneficial effects on GLUT4 and glucose transport regulation. Furthermore, the AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ß-D-ribonucleoside (AICAR) protected against hyperinsulinemia-induced membrane/cytoskeletal defects and GLUT4 dysregulation. To next test Cr3+ action in vivo, we utilized obesity-prone C57Bl/6J mice fed a low fat (LF) or high fat (HF) diet for eight weeks without or with CrPic supplementation administered in the drinking water (8 µg/kg/day). HF feeding increased body weight beginning four weeks after diet intervention regardless of CrPic supplementation and was independent of changes in food consumption. Early CrPic supplementation during a five week acclimation period protected against glucose intolerance induced by the subsequent eight weeks of HF feeding. As observed in other insulin-resistant animal models, skeletal muscle from HF-fed mice displayed membrane cholesterol accrual and loss of F-actin. Skeletal muscle from CrPic-supplemented HF-fed mice showed increased AMPK activity and protection against membrane cholesterol accrual and F-actin loss. Together these data suggest a mechanism by which Cr3+ may positively impact glycemic status, thereby stressing a plausible beneficial action of Cr3+ in glucose homeostasis.
Books on the topic "High-protein diet – Physiological aspects"
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Dietary Fibre Conference (2006 Helsinki, Finland). Dietary fibre components and functions. [Wageningen]: Wageningen Academic Pub., 2007.
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Ezrin, Calvin. The endocrine control diet: How to beat the metabolic trap and lose weight permanently. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.
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Ratz, Steven G. Effect of an exercise diet manipulation on a high intensity performance test. 1985.
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Antonio, Jose, and Lonnie Michael Lowery. Dietary Protein and Resistance Exercise. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.
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Body fat and exercise endurance in trained rats adapted to a high fat and/or high carbohydrate diet. 1994.
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The effects of chromium supplementation and a low carbohydrate diet on high-intensity endurance performance. 1994.
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The effects of chromium supplementation and a low carbohydrate diet on high-intensity endurance performance. 1994.
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The effects of chromium supplementation and a low carbohydrate diet on high-intensity endurance performance. 1994.
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Effect of a protein-sparing modified fast on weight loss and resting metabolic rate in men and women. 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "High-protein diet – Physiological aspects"
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Oyindasola Kayode, Olariike. "Diet and Obesity." In Psychology and Patho-physiological Outcomes of Eating [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98326.
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Obesity is a complex disease that involves an excessive amount of body fat. It is a medical problem that increases the risk of other diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain cancers. Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through exercise and daily activities that is when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Diet plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity; fatty foods are energy dense and gives 9calories per gram compared to carbohydrate and protein that gives 4calories per gram. Also, if physical activity is inadequate, excess consumption of fat can results into weight gain. It does not take as much energy (about 3%), to convert and store dietary fat as it does to convert and store glucose. Fats are easily stored by the body. The aim of this chapter is to provide an understanding of physiological causes and effects of obesity as this will help to promote positive food choices. It is probable that an understanding of dietary patterns and how it relates to obesity will go a long way in the treatment of this complex problem.
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Sugimoto, Toshio, Naoki Yamamoto, and Takehiro Masumura. "Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Nodules Affects Seed Protein and Oil Contents: The Suggested Mechanism from the Coordinated Changes of Seed Chemical Compositions and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Activity Caused by Different Types of Nitrogen Fertilizer." In Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96795.
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The contents of seed storage compounds, protein and oil, determine the best use of soybean seeds, namely materials for food processing and oil production. Genetic and environmental factors could affect the chemical compositions of soybean seeds. However, the mechanisms of how the accumulation of these primary seed compounds is regulated are mostly unclear. In this chapter, we describe the different effects of nodulation on the protein and oil contents in soybean seeds and the crucial role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in the protein accumulation of soybean seeds. Based on our previous studies on soybean seeds, we introduce five manners deduced; (1) protein accumulation is independent of oil accumulation, (2) nitrogen fixation results in decreasing oil amount per seed and decreased seed oil content, (3) a high pseudo negative correlation between protein and oil contents in seeds is likely to be observed under less nitrogen supply from the soil, (4) nitrogen absorbed from soil during the late growth stage promote seed production, (5) plant-type PEPC, ex. Gmppc2 in soybean could play a role in amino acid biosynthesis for storage protein accumulation in seeds during the late maturation period.
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Broom, Donald M. "Dairy cattle welfare and other aspects of sustainability." In Understanding the behaviour and improving the welfare of dairy cattle, 1–14. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0084.01.
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Welfare and other aspects of sustainability are becoming increasingly important in consumer purchasing decisions. This chapter introduces a number of key welfare issues affecting the dairy industry that need system change, including lameness, mastitis and aspects of calf management. Other major topics concerning the sustainability of dairy production are: minimising grain use, feeding high protein leaves of shrubs and trees, reducing greenhouse gas emissions such as by changing diet to reduce methane output, and improving labelling and traceability.
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Chew, Shern L. "Molecular aspects of hormonal regulation." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 29–33. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1024.
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The wide molecular effects of hormones have complicated the understanding of how hormones work on a cell. The old view was of a linear signalling pathway from the receptor to the nucleus, thereby stimulating gene transcription. This view is probably an oversimplification. Hormones can not only regulate most of the molecular machines of the cell, certainly the transcription machinery, but also others. These machines perform and coordinate functions such as RNA and protein biosynthesis, macromolecular transport, cell division or death, and intracellular signalling. Physiological studies have shown that hormonal regulation is specific, yet flexible, and has the ability to generate feedback loops. Advances in genetics, cellular, and molecular biology, and biochemistry have allowed much new, and sometimes confusing, data on the mechanisms underlying hormonal regulation. Many advances have been due to methods of identifying and verifying networks of interactions between proteins. One example is the yeast two-hybrid system, an in vivo genetic screening method for such interactions. Another example is the use of protein tagging (e.g. with histidine residues) which can allow rapid and high-yield protein purification for biochemical studies. This chapter will briefly review some of the mechanisms of hormonal regulation.
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Cox, Timothy M., and Richard W. E. Watts. "The inborn errors of metabolism: General aspects." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Timothy M. Cox, 1929–41. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0225.
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The inborn errors of metabolism are those inherited diseases in which the phenotype includes a characteristic constellation of biochemical abnormalities related to an alteration in the catalytic activity of a single specific enzyme, activator, or transport protein. Mechanism of diseases—mutations in the proteins giving rise to the inborn errors of metabolism affect primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure. This can lead to an enormous variety of consequences. Clinical presentation—the manifestations of metabolic disease are protean and may seem nondescript, especially in adults, hence a high level of suspicion may be required to make a correct diagnosis. Prevention and screening—there is a strong case for mass population screening for some inborn errors of metabolism at the presymptomatic stage to allow early detection and introduction of proven treatment before irreversible damage occurs. Management—definitive cure of the underlying abnormality is available for a few disorders, but precise characterization of the biochemical disturbance often permits rational treatment to be organized and provides the basis for further therapeutic endeavours. General approaches include (1) restriction of a substrate that cannot be metabolized including molecules derived from the diet; (2) replacement of a missing metabolic product; (3) removal of poisonous metabolites or rebalancing overproduction of toxic intermediates; (4) administering pharmacological doses of a cofactor, sometimes a vitamin, that may also stabilize a mutant enzyme; (5) replacement of a missing gene product, usually by enzymatic augmentation therapy or pharmacological chaperones, to prevent premature aggregation and denaturation; (6) repression of an overproduced protein or metabolite by stable RNA inhibition; (7) transplantation of cells or organs as a ‘gene replacement therapy’; and (8) activation of a poorly functioning protein.
Conference papers on the topic "High-protein diet – Physiological aspects"
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Badimon, J., L. Bodimon, and V. Fuster. "HIGH AND VERY HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS ADMINISTRATION INHIBITS PROGRESSION OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RABBIT." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643748.
Full textAbstract:
Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse relationship between HDL and coronary artery disease. We have previously demonstrated that in vivo administration of HDL-VHDL inhibits thedevelopment of atherosclerosis in cholesterol (cho)-fed rabbits. In the present study we have analyzed whether high levels of the physiological cholesterol acceptor, homologous HDL-VHDL,could inhibit the progression of established atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding rabbits a 0.5% cho-rich diet for 2 months (140g/day). At that moment, a subgroup of animal (N=4) was sacrificed and their aortas showed 30 ± 8% of aortic atherosclerotic involvement. The remaining animals, kept on the same atherogenic diet, were randomly divided in two identical groups (N=7): a control and a treated group administered with 50 mg of HDL-VHDL a week for 4 weeks. HDL-VHDL fraction wasisolated from normal rabbit plasma byultracentrifugation at a density range of 1.063-1.25g/ml. The amount of HDL-VHDL administered was determined byits protein content according to Lowry"s technique. The 50mg of HDL-VHDL, measured as protein, contained1.4mg of total cholesterol, 1.43mg oftriglycerides and 0.6mg of phospholipids. At sacrifice, the treated group showed a marked decrease on the extent of aortic by fatty streaks (20 ± 6%X ± 1SE) as compared to(36% + 6) inthe control group (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained in aortic wall lipid accumulation (See table, results expressed as X±1SEM; rag/gr dry aorta.)In conclusion, administration of HDL-VHDL induced a marked inhibition on the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits.
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Bordegoni, Monica, Marina Carulli, and Yuan Shi. "Investigating the Use of Smell in Vehicle-Driver Interaction." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60541.
Full textAbstract:
Every year approximately more than one million people die on world’s road. Human factors are the largest contributing factors to the traffic crashes and fatality, and recent researches have identified drivers’ cognitive aspect as the major cause of human errors in 80% of crash events. Thus, the development of countermeasures to manage drivers’ cognitive aspect is an important challenge to address. Driver-Assistance Systems have been developed and integrated into vehicles to acquire data about the environment and the driver, and to communicate information to the driver, usually via the senses of vision and hearing. Unfortunately, these senses are already subjected to high demands, and the visual and auditory stimuli can be underestimate or considered as annoying. However, other sensory channels could be used to elicit the drivers’ cognitive aspect. In particular, smell can impact on various aspects of humans’ psychological state, such as people’s attention level, and can induce activation states in people. The research presented in this paper aims at investigating whether olfactory stimuli, instead of auditory ones, can be used to influence the cognitive aspect of the drivers. For this purpose, an experimental framework has been set up and experimental testing sessions have been performed. The experimental framework is a multisensory environment consisting of an active stereo-projector and a screen used for displaying a video that reproduces a very monotonous car trip, a seating-buck for simulating the car environment, a wearable Olfactory Display, in-ear earphones and the BioGraph Infiniti system for acquiring the subjects’ physiological data. The analysis of the data collected in the testing sessions shows that, in comparison to the relaxation state, olfactory stimuli are effective in increasing subjects’ attention level more than the auditory ones.