Journal articles on the topic 'High school teachers Education and state China'

The Chinese province of Shanghai has gained international recognition as a high performing education system with strong teaching and learning outcomes. One accountability mechanism in Shanghai’s education reform strategy is statewide performance-based compensation (PBC), also known as performance- or merit pay. Providing a first time account of PBC in the Shanghai context, this study investigated variance in stated and perceived aims of this policy instrument. To explore this variance, the study drew on data from national, state, and school level policy documents, and data from interviews with 20 teachers and the principal in a high performing elementary school. The analysis revealed that PBC was intended to improve teaching quality. However, the teachers’ perceived merit pay was meant to increase teacher enthusiasm, job satisfaction, and participation in teacher and student development activities. Importantly, the teachers perceived these aims as tangential from instructional improvement goals. Based on these findings, I argue that this particular PBC policy, as a manifestation of the marriage of standardization and incentivism, is unable to fulfill the promises of this marriage – to link incentives with homogenous, uniform metrics associated with a generic and shared notion of teaching quality.

The time is ripe to consider what 21st-century digital citizens should know about artificial intelligence (AI). Efforts are under way in the USA, China, and many other countries to promote AI education in kindergarten through high school (K–12). The past year has seen the release of new curricula and online resources for the K–12 audience, and new professional development opportunities for K–12 teachers to learn the basics of AI. This column surveys the current state of K–12 AI education and introduces the work of the AI4K12 Initiative, which is developing national guidelines for AI education in the USA. A Note to the Reader This is the inaugural column on AI education. It aims to inform the AAAI community of current and future developments in AI education. We hope that the reader finds the columns to be informative and that they stimulate debate. It is our fond hope that this and subsequent columns inspire the reader to get involved in the broad field of AI education, by volunteering their expertise in their local school district, by providing level-headed input when discussing AI with family and friends or by lending their considerable expertise to various decision makers. We welcome your feedback, whether in the form of a response to an article or a suggestion for a future article. – Michael Wollowski, AI in Education Column Editor

Substantial gender imbalances in Chinese higher education and in the urban occupational structure are widely recognized.1 Women comprise only about one–third of students in colleges and universities, and they tend to be concentrated in particular types of institutions, such as teacher training colleges, and departments such as humanities, while men predominate in the scientific and engineering fields that have served as the primary avenues for upward occupational and political mobility. In the urban workforce, men are overrepresented in state–run factories and in positions of authority and expertise generally, while women are overrepresented in the collective sector, medium and light industry, and in the lower clerical and service sectors. These circumstances are the result of pervasive societal sorting processes which begin much earlier in life than sitting for the college entrance exams or entering the labour force, and which channel girls and boys towards different if partially overlapping futures. The research we report here on the determinants of educational attainment at the senior high school level helps to shed light on processes of gender differentiation and stratification in urban China.

Teacher's abilities to understand the benefits and use of media literacy play an important role in dealing with children as digital natives. Media literacy education can be an instrument through the use of blended-learning websites to address the challenges of education in the 21st century and learning solutions during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to figure the teacher's perspective in understanding media literacy as an instrument for implementing blended-learning in early-childhood classes. Using a qualitative approach, this study combines two types of data. Data collection involved kindergarten teachers, six people as informants who attended the interviews and twenty-six participants who filled out questionnaires. Typological data analysis was used for qualitative data as well as simple statistical analysis to calculate the percentage of teacher perspectives on questionnaires collected the pandemic. The findings show five categories from the teacher's perspective. First, about the ability to carry out website-based blended-learning and the use of technology in classrooms and distance learning is still low. It must be transformed into more creative and innovative one. Encouraging teacher awareness of the importance of media literacy education for teachers as a more effective integrated learning approach, especially in rural or remote areas, to be the second finding. Third, national action is needed to change from traditional to blended-learning culture. Fourth, the high need for strong environmental support, such as related-party policies and competency training is the most important finding in this study. Finally, the need for an increase in the ease of access to technology use from all related parties, because the biggest impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is on ECE, which is closely related to the perspective of teachers on technology. The research implication demands increase in technology systems and connections between educators, parents, institutional managers, and education policy holders, for ECE services in urban areas for disadvantaged children, and all children in rural or remote areas. Keywords: Blended Learning, Early Childhood Classroom, Media Literacy Education References Aktay, S. (2009). The ISTE national educational technology standards and prospective primary school teachers in Turkey. International Journal of Learning, 16(9), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v16i09/46607 Arke, E. T., & Primack, B. A. (2009). Quantifying media literacy: Development, reliability, and validity of a new measure. Educational Media International, 46(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980902780958 Briquet-Duhazé, S. (2019). Websites Consulted by Future Primary Level Schoolteachers in France: Differences between Students and Trainees. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(7), 471–481. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-7-7-6 Bryan, A., & Volchenkova, K. N. (2016). Blended Learning: Definition, Models, Implications for Higher Education. Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series “Education. Education Sciences,” 8(2), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.14529/ped160204 Cappello, G. (2019). Media Literacy in I taly . The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0155 Chan, E. Y. M. (2019). Blended learning dilemma: Teacher education in the confucian heritage culture. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v44n1.3 Cherner, T. S., & Curry, K. (2019). Preparing Pre-Service Teachers to Teach Media Literacy: A Response to “Fake News.” Journal of Media Literacy Education, 11(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-2019-11-1-1 Cheung, C. K., & Xu, W. (2016). Integrating Media Literacy Education into the School Curriculum in China: A Case Study of a Primary School. Media Literacy Education in China, 1–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0045-4 Chou, A. Y., & Chou, D. C. (2011). Course Management Systems and Blended Learning: An Innovative Learning Approach. Decision Sciences Journal OfInnovative Education, 9(3), 463–484. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4609.2011.00325.x Crawford, R. (2017). Rethinking teaching and learning pedagogy for education in the twenty-first century: blended learning in music education. Music Education Research, 19(2), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2016.1202223 de Abreu, B. (2010). Changing technology: empowering students through media literacy education. New Horizons in Education, 58(3), 26. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ966657.pdf Domine, V. (2011). Building 21st-Century Teachers: An Intentional Pedagogy of Media Literacy Education. Action in Teacher Education, 33(2), 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2011.569457 Friesem, E., & Friesem, Y. (2019). Media Literacy Education in the Era of Post-Truth: Paradigm Crisis. In Handbook of Research on Media Literacy Research and Applications Across Disciplines. IGI Global. Huguet, A., Kavanagh, J., Baker, G., & Blumenthal, M. (2019). Exploring Media Literacy Education as a Tool for Mitigating Truth Decay. In Exploring Media Literacy Education as a Tool for Mitigating Truth Decay. https://doi.org/10.7249/rr3050 Kalogiannakis, M., & Papadakis, S. (2019). Evaluating pre-service kindergarten teachers’ intention to adopt and use tablets into teaching practice for natural sciences. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 13(1), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2019.096479 Kennedy, A. B., Schenkelberg, M., Moyer, C., Pate, R., & Saunders, R. P. (2017). Process evaluation of a preschool physical activity intervention using web-based delivery. Evaluation and Program Planning, 60, 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.08.022 Kupiainen, R. (2019). Media Literacy in F inland . The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0147 Liene, V. (2016). Media Literacy as a Tool in the Agency Empowerment Process. Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia, 58–70. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ActPaed.2016.37 Livingstone, S. (2013). Media Literacy and the Challenge of New Information and Communication Technologies. The Communication Review, 7(March), 86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420490280152 Papadakis, S. (2018). Evaluating pre-service teachers’ acceptance of mobile devices with regards to their age and gender: A case study in Greece. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 12(4), 336–352. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2018.095130 Papadakis, S., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2017). Mobile educational applications for children. What educators and parents need to know. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 11(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmlo.2017.10003925 Papadakis, S., Kalogiannakis, M., & Zaranis, N. (2017). Designing and creating an educational app rubric for preschool teachers. Education and Information Technologies, 22(6), 3147–3165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9579-0 Papadakis, S., Vaiopoulou, J., Kalogiannakis, M., & Stamovlasis, D. (2020). Developing and exploring an evaluation tool for educational apps (E.T.E.A.) targeting kindergarten children. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(10), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104201 Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., & Abdullah, N. A. (2020). Challenges in the online component of blended learning: A systematic review. Computers and Education, 144(March 2019), 103701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103701 Rasi, P., Vuojärvi, H., & Ruokamo, H. (2019). Media Literacy for All Ages. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 11(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-2019-11-2-1 Redmond, T. (2015). Media Literacy Is Common Sense: Bridging Common Core Standards with the Media Experiences of Digital Learners: Findings from a Case Study Highlight the Benefits of an Integrated Model of Literacy, Thereby Illustrating the Relevance and Accessibility of Me. Middle School Journal, 46(3), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2015.11461910 Sabirova, E. G., Fedorova, T. V., & Sandalova, N. N. (2019). Features and advantages of using websites in teaching mathematics (Interactive educational platform UCHI.ru). Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/108367 Schmidt, H. C. (2019). Media Literacy in Communication Education. The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0126 Ustun, A. B., & Tracey, M. W. (2020). An effective way of designing blended learning: A three phase design-based research approach. Education and Information Technologies, 25(3), 1529–1552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09999-9 Valtonen, T., Tedre, M., Mäkitalo, Ka., & Vartiainen, H. (2019). Media Literacy Education in the Age of Machine Learning. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 11(2), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-2019-11-2-2 Wan, G., & Gut, D. M. (2008). Media use by Chinese and U.S. secondary students: Implications for media literacy education. Theory into Practice, 47(3), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405840802153783 Wu, J. H., Tennyson, R. D., & Hsia, T. L. (2010). A study of student satisfaction in a blended e-learning system environment. Computers and Education, 55(1), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.12.012 Yuen, A. H. K. (2011). Exploring Teaching Approaches in Blended Learning. 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The article discusses the problem of creating an innovative model of teaching Chinese pupils. It takes into consideration the new requirements for the modernization of the education system in China. The solution to this problem is to develop the independence and creativity of the student’s personality on the basis of the humanistic paradigm of education and the concept of lifelong learning. Currently, the main purpose of Chinese school students is to obtain high marks and scores in «gaokao» (analogue of the Russian unifed state exam). However, social surveys show that Chinese children rarely use the knowledge gained at school in everyday life. They feel lack of creative initiative, it is easier for them to perform their training tasks than to offer their own solutions. These are the consequences of the traditional system of education used in Chinese schools, called «Shiben». The main role in the educational process within this system belongs to the teacher. In the innovative training system «Shengben», proposed in the article, the curriculum is focused on the learning child, which is an important resource, the main subject and the end point in the educational process. In accordance with the system «Shengben», the main component of educational success is providing children with more freedom of choice and autonomy. The teacher gives students the opportunity to be active, to learn to ask questions and solve them, to gain new knowledge and to fnd different ways image/svg+xml128 to apply them. This approach creates a completely new way of thinking in children. Such kind of training makes the personal potential of students most evident. Students themselves become «masters of the process of obtaining knowledge.» As a result, children have a desire for self-education and self-development. Study under this model formes the fexibility of thinking, the ability to analyze and make decisions, critical thinking skills, creativity, develops emotional intelligence and the ability to interact with other people, that is, formes the key skills that one needs in the modern world. The result of our study is the theoretical and methodological justifcation of the training system by the method of «Shengben». It has received an international application, is constantly developing and improving.

The State School Teachers decision of 1929 was recently overturned in the High Court (June 1986) thereby opening up the possibility for federal teachers organizations to obtain registration in the federal arbitration system, and eventually obtain one or more federal awards. The 1929 decision by the High Court of Australia was a significant decision in education and industrial relations, because it prevented state teachers and other public employees obtaining access to federal awards for the next 54 years. The decision, however, was veiled in unsettled legal argument, because the High Court overturned much of its expansive thinking of the 1918–25 period. Later generations of academic lawyers described the decision as a ‘bad one’ or ‘an anomalous decision’, but they and the current High Court failed to give any satisfactory explanation of why the Court had reached its decision. This paper offers such an explanation, arguing that the decision was not based on law (or the educational situation) but on the High Court's perceptions of the politics of federal-state relations in the period. The state teachers who had asked for a High Court ruling on the application of the Commonwealth's industrial relations powers (section 51 XXXV of the Constitution) to their work and employment were thus dragged momentarily onto the centre stage of Australian politics and law. They found themselves denied access to a federal award because the High Court felt that the federal arbitration ‘experiment’ had caused too much embarrassment to the federal system of government.

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the scientific works of Sang Tong in the field of the national theory of harmony. His studies has a leading role in the development theoretical thought in the area of Chinese musicology and composition. Sang Tong’s contribution to national music education is determined by clarity of presentation of his teaching materials supported by numerous examples that is motivation for students to comprehend the science of composition. Being an outstanding composer, Sang Tong talentedly integrated the dissonant and pentatonic writing, emphasizing in his writings the national specifics due to atonal organization of music. The works of Sang Tong sounds abroad, they are performed on a concert stage, occupies a worthy place in the educational process of students of conservatories from different countries. In this connection, seems to be relevant the purpose of this article is to identify the main provisions of the theoretical works of the outstanding Chinese composer in the field of the national science of harmony and their role in the development of Chinese musical art in the second half of the 20th century. The mastering of this information is extremely necessary for the performers of San Tong music, as well as for teachers who are studying this musical repertoire in a class with students. Finally, the information presented will provide an opportunity to comprehend the artistic value of the musical heritage of Sang Tong, as well as allow attract more wide circles of professional musicians and audiences to his works. The results of the study. The first theoretical work of Sang Tong was the article “Theory of chord application and their subordination” (1957), where the musician analyzes the views of various authors on the problem of harmonization in composer’s work, systematizes them, giving a personal assessment. He gives many examples of the use of one or another composition tool. The composer considers methods of textural complexity in the study “Parallels to historical evolution and its application in Chinese and foreign musical works combined with pentatonic melody” (1963). In searching for his own composer’s writing, Sang Tong wanted to find the perfect textural balance: on the one hand, not reaching the difficult to perceive linear polyphony, on the other – not simplifying the texture into primitive forms of contrasting polyphony (as a variation of heterophony). The research experience of the 1960s and the 70s Sang Tong summarized in the monograph “Discussion on the horizontal and acoustic structure of pentatonic” (1980), which became a quality-teaching tool in the field of secondary music education. University vocalists also study at lectures on harmony, which helps them to expand the horizons of knowledge about national music. In 1982, Sang Tong published the first comprehensive study of contemporary music in China entitled “Introduction to harmonic processing techniques” in the journal Musical Art. Since 1994, Sang Tong planned to write a fundamental work that sums up his research – the ontology of Chinese music, but from year to year, because of illness, postponed it. Finally, in 2004, the Shanghai Music Publishing House published a series of Sang Tong articles in the form of a monograph “The Historical Evolution of Semitones”. This work is a fundamental study of the history of the development of harmony in China, which provides answers to the questions of the evolution of Chinese semantics and, related to it, the theory of the acoustics of Chinese instruments. Thinking about the quality of secondary music education, Sang Tong decided to prepare a textbook for an initial five-year program of study. In 2001, he published the Harmony Course, submitting it to the state commission for consideration as a school textbook. The San Tong’s Course of Harmony has become a basic national textbook in China. To date, the level of this theoretical work is considered unsurpassed and attributed to masterpieces in the field of music education. It is distinguished by a solid theoretical foundation that allows the students to find any answers to questions concerning the principles of voce-leading, transport, rules of resolution of various intervals. Conclusions. The composer and theorist Sang Tong entered the history of Chinese music of the twentieth century as the founder in the field of the modern national theory of harmony. For more than fifty years of academic research, Sang Tong has made an outstanding contribution to the development of theory of harmony in China, was creating a number of musicological studies of harmony that demonstrate the highest theoretical level. He laid a solid foundation for the future development of the national school of harmony theory, bringing the younger generation of Chinese composers to a high professional level.

Science teachers play a key role in successfully implementing science education reforms and providing all students with meaningful science learning opportunities. Therefore, what core teaching competencies do science teachers need to have in their practice? This study uses fuzzy Delphi technique and Analytic Hierarchy Process to approach the above problems. Experts from Chinese universities, secondary schools and educational research institutions were invited to participate in two rounds of Delphi process. The research results show that the four domains of core teaching competencies of science teachers and their 21 competencies have high content validity. Additionally, it can be concluded that the weights of core competencies of making learning objectives, raising pedagogical questions, stimulating learning motivation and analyzing course content ranked high, while the weights of core competencies of using information technology and multimedia, evaluating practical work, and presenting research results have received less attention. It is believed that the results of this study can enlighten the education reform of science teachers and promote the professional development of pre-service/in-service science teachers. Keywords: teaching competence, science teacher, fuzzy Delphi, Analytic Hierarchy Process

High school physical education programs in South Carolina have undergone a major reform effort which was implemented through extensive staff development called the Physical Education Institute (PEI). How to teach toward student performance indicators became the focus of the in-services. This study identified factors that facilitated or hindered implementing the performance indicators, and examined the extent to which key players from three selected programs of secondary physical education were able to achieve the goals of the reform effort. Data were collected through interviews, document analysis, and videotaping lessons. Results reveal that “lead teachers” facilitated the extent to which programs met the goals of reform. The teaching/coaching role conflict was a main hindrance. Each school and teacher met each of the student performance indicators to varying degrees. Implications include the need for a shared reform, holding teachers and students accountable, and the need for administrators and university faculty to be involved.

This study investigated the influence of state-mandated tests on the thoughts and actions of three middle school-junior high school literature teachers. Case studies revealed that the changes the tests caused in their teaching were a function of two factors: (a) the fit between the teacher’s preferred approach to teaching literature and the conception of literature embodied in the state tests, and (b) the amount of “curricular power” the teacher held—that is, the teacher’s place in the curricular decision-making structure of the school. The conclusions suggest that a subject such as literature, for which several competing conceptions currently exist, presents special problems during a time when tests are being used to influence classroom practice.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how Robbins ES has sustained high academic performance over almost 20 years despite several changes in principals. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyzed longitudinal data based on: state-level academic and demographic data; two earlier studies of the school; and recent interviews with teachers, the principal, and parent leaders. Findings The analyses of these longitudinal data revealed four ongoing factors were responsible for sustained academic performance: high expectations, distributed leadership, collective responsibility for student performance, and data-based decision making. However, challenges that persistently confront Robbins staff include limited resources (e.g. technology and library materials), high mobility rate, and some cases of unsupportive parents. Originality/value This study adds to understanding how high-need urban schools can sustain high academic performance in spite of changes in principals, shifting community demographics, and high student mobility.

Purpose: From the perspective of performance standards-based teacher education, this article aimed to address progress and challenges of China’s teacher preparation quality assurance system. Design/Approach/Methods: This review is based on policy review and case studies. Retrieving to the existing research literature, this research sorted out the policies related to the quality assurance system for university-based teacher preparation in China. Furthermore, this research selected teacher preparation programs from five cases of teacher education colleges of varied levels and used interviews to analyze their attitudes and measures. Findings: The analysis reveals that the quality system for university-based teacher preparation in China’s educational institutions has gone through two main stages: the building stage and the improvement stage. The internal policy tension in China’s teacher preparation quality assurance system is primarily centralized in the dissociation among and segmentation between the relevant standards for teacher education. There is a distinction between “soft” and “hard” policy standards, and reforming the teacher certification testing system also brings a test-oriented bias and a separation of evaluation from education. Institutions of higher education are expected to follow the path of potential-oriented development and concentrate on cooperative partnerships between local communities and schools so as to nurture innovative, professional future educators with high quality. Originality/Value: This article provides a comprehensive and detailed policy analysis as well as empirical evidence for the quality assurance system for university-based teacher preparation in China.

The Covid-19 pandemic had a dangerous impact on early-childhood education, lost learning in almost all aspects of child development. The house-to-house learning, with the name Moving Home Learning Program (MHLP), is an attractive offer as an emergency remote teaching solution. This study aims to describe the application of MHLP designed by early-childhood education institutions during the learning process at home. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection using interviews, observation, and documentation. The respondents involved in the interview were a kindergarten principal and four teachers. The research data were analyzed using the data content analysis. The Findings show that the MHLP has proven to be sufficiently in line with the learning needs of early childhood during the Covid-19 pandemic. 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Purpose:To examine the relationship between the South Carolina middle school physical education assessment results and the school characteristics. In addition, the relationship between teacher training attendance and student achievement were determined.Method:Student performance on four physical education indicators in 63 middle schools (and 116 teachers) were reported to the South Carolina Physical Education Assessment Program. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationships between school characteristics as predictors of the performance indicator. ANOVAs were conducted to determine the relationship to teacher training and the performance indicators.Results:Statewide averages of student performance indicated that slightly over 50% of middle school students were rated as competent in all physical education indicators except health-related fitness (31.2%). The variability was high among all indicators. The correlations between the poverty index and the physical education indicators were significant and low. Teachers who attended data collection training sessions scored higher on all performance indicators, particularly health-related fitness knowledge. Teachers who attended professional development had significantly higher scores on motor skills, health-related fitness knowledge, and the overall weighted scores and approached significance on the health-related fitness performance.Discussion/Conclusion:This study suggests that teachers and the programs they deliver have a greater impact on student learning than do school characteristics. Teacher training and professional development is warranted. Most compelling is that the results of this study provide a strong argument against the practice of using student scores from other academic content areas to evaluate teacher effectiveness in physical education.

This research aimed to examine the impact of different factors on high school chemistry teachers’ use of curriculum materials in China. The examination was conducted on a theoretical framework in which three aspects of curriculum materials and three ways of curriculum use are involved and nine factors are suggested. Through a questionnaire survey of 212 chemistry teachers, the findings included the following aspects. Firstly, the nine factors more induced teachers to supplement the teaching elements, but less affected teachers to delete the original contents in the curriculum materials. Secondly, among the nine factors, ‘knowledge about students’ was recognized as the core factor in the three dimensions of teaching objectives, teaching strategies, and teaching activities, whereas ‘class size’ was regarded as the peripheral factor in all three dimensions. ‘Teaching resources’ was another peripheral factor for the dimensions of teaching strategies and teaching activities. Thirdly, two factors were found to be significantly different among teachers who are in different areas of economic development: ‘knowledge about students’ and ‘class size’. Fourthly, ‘knowledge about curriculum’ and ‘knowledge about instructional strategies’ were two factors that made significant differences in the comparison among teachers who have different years of teaching experience. Keywords: curriculum materials, curriculum use, chemistry teachers, influencing factors

The school field is the main field of teachers' study and work, which creates the field space for teachers' professional development. In order to explore the situation of teacher professional development in school field,based on the general condition of the research, from the research scope, the research perspective, the fit between "teaching" and "learning" in the study and the discussion that the theoretical research focuses on the value of practice, we have sorted out the hot spots and trends of the research on the professional development of Primary and high school teachers in China from the perspective of school standard.In the subsequent analysis, we need to make further thinking or exploration in the five aspects of the origin and fulcrum of the research, the positioning of the study, the establishment of the research thinking, the consideration of the influential factors in the research and the enlightenment of the research methodology.

State policies affect the qualifications of beginning teachers in numerous ways, including regulating entry requirements, providing incentives for graduate degrees, and subsidizing preparation programs at public universities. In this paper we assess how these policy choices affect student achievement, specifically comparing traditionally prepared with alternative-entry teachers; in-state traditionally prepared with out-of-state traditionally prepared teachers; teachers beginning with undergraduate degrees with those beginning with graduate degrees; and teachers prepared at in-state public universities with those prepared at in-state private universities. Using school fixed effects to analyze data from North Carolina, we find that: Teach For America corps members are more effective than traditionally prepared teachers; other alternative-entry teachers are less effective than traditionally prepared instructors in high school mathematics and science courses; and out-of-state traditionally prepared teachers are less effective than in-state traditionally prepared teachers, especially in elementary subjects where they constitute nearly 40 percent of the workforce.

This study is titled: Teacher's Efforts to Implement Cultural Education and National Character Values Through Learning West Kalimantan State High School Bengkayang PPKn. The problem in this study is "How Teachers' Efforts to Implement Cultural Education and Nation Character Values Through Learning PPKn in Bengkayang State High School, West Kalimantan Province. This study aims to" obtain objective information and clarity regarding the Implementation of Character Education through learning PPKn in the Learning Process in Bengkayang State High School. This research is reviewed from two benefits, namely theoretical and practical benefits. The population in this study were students and teachers of Bengkayang State High School PPKn. Data collection was carried out using direct communication techniques using a questionnaire as a data collection tool, indirect communication techniques using interview guides to school principals, teachers, and students who were designated as informants. Besides these two tools, observation techniques and documentation techniques are also used. Data processing uses non-metric descriptive statistical techniques with 1) the formula "Percentage" to find out the percentage of success of the PPKn teacher Applying cultural education and national character values. 2) the "Mean" formula to find the average number of school success rates. Implement cultural education and national character values from the School Indicators, Class Indicators, and Student Behavior Indicators. 3) Standard Deviation (SD) formula to find out the highest and lowest levels of each school applying cultural education and national character values. 4) Absorption formula to determine the level of absorption of each school using each School Indicator effect, Class Indicator, and Student Behavior Indicator. The results of this study show that Teachers' Efforts to Implement Cultural Education and Nation Character Values Through Learning PPKn in Bengkayang State High School are in the "Fair" position. The actual score is 90,139, and the ideal score is 182,532, with a percentage level of 49.38%. It is recommended that the Bengkayang State High School Authority instruct the School Principals and PPKn teachers so that in providing learning material they are not in a hurry to get into the subject matter, but instead start the lesson first by instilling Character Education. The Regional Government, through the Office of Education and Culture, needs to collaborate with the School authorities to improve the implementation of Cultural Education and National Character Values in PPKn learning.

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of high school counselors across the state of Texas toward agricultural education. This study was descriptive in nature. High school counselors had an overall positive attitude toward agricultural education. They did not believe agricultural education courses were intended for lower-performing students. High school counselors agreed their local agricultural education program was valuable for college bound and non-college bound students. An overwhelming majority (85%) of high school counselors reported that student interest was their top priority when advising students to enroll in an agricultural education course. They had low to very low awareness of many opportunities available for agricultural education students. It is recommended that agricultural education teachers continue to develop strong, positive relationships with school counselors to provide education and awareness of the agricultural education program opportunities.

formulate the learning plan, method comprehension and approach, curriculum, learning motivation as well as learning evaluation instrument. This research was aimed to discover the skill difference of pedagogical knowledge of biology teachers compared to different educational backgrounds. The method of this research was a quantitative-descriptive through proportional random sampling technique for sample collection. The population of this research was the entire biology teachers in State High School of Lebak Banten. The collected samples were 18 biology teachers with different educational backgrounds. This research was performed in State High Schools spread among the area of Lebak-Banten. The analysis results of the data of pedagogical knowledge question items have indicated that the average teachers with biology education background has higher score (73.33) and 0.033<0.05 value has acquired based on t-test result. It means that there is a significant difference between teachers who have biology education background compared to teachers with non-education backgrounds

In this study, we investigated the use of digital technology for aural skills instruction in Advanced Placement Music Theory (APMT) classes in the United States. Our research questions focused on which technologies teachers use for aural skills, how they incorporate them, and what influences their decisions to use them. We created, piloted, and distributed a survey electronically to a stratified sample by state of 866 instructors. Participants who completed the survey ( N = 317, response rate = 36%) were current APMT teachers representing 48 states. Of the 91% of respondents who used digital technologies for teaching aural skills, 93% used websites, 47% used software programs, and 38% used mobile apps. Participants incorporated technology for student practice outside class (93%) and during class (78%), and to present new material during class (55%). Of those who did not use technologies ( n = 29), 41% cited lack of funds and 34% cited lack of class time. Participants noted that technology can provide extra practice for students and customization for their needs, but that students’ lack of access and limitations of the programs may temper these benefits. Implications for pedagogical practice and music teacher training are discussed.

This study aims to survey the state of psychological health, specifically the psychological difficulties of 231 junior high school and high school students in Ho Chi Minh City (111 high school pupils & 120 junior high school pupils) through a self-report survey on those areas: (1) Study; (2) Psychophysiological development; (3) Communication with friends; (4) Communication with parents; (5) Communication with teachers. 111 high schoolersalso completed one more area, which is vocational orientation. Research results showed that junior high schoolersface the most difficulties in the field of study, high school students have the most difficulties in the field of study, vocational orientation and psychological development. The level of psychological difficulty in pupils are different in terms of grade level, gender, education, family's economic situation, and mother's educational level. The study also showed that junior and high school students often choose to solve their psychological difficulties by sharing with friends, confiding with their parents, relatives and participating in collective activities. About half of the students were satisfied with the schoolpsychological support givento them. Most teachers believed that students should be assisted by psychologists, not teachers and school facilities regarding this problem.

Abstract Questionnaires are used to examine Chinese rural primary school English teachers’ needs and challenges and perceptions in the implementation of Standards for Teachers of English in Primary Schools as professional development in rural school contexts in China. A total of 300 teachers participated in the research. Their feedback illustrates that there are serious problems with the current training model and that teachers have a very high expectation of being involved in the Professional Graduate Certificate in Education.

The aim of this study was to explore the role of teachers’ Pancasila and Civic Education (PPKn) as motivator in political education. The research was conducted at State of Senior High School 1 (SMAN 1) and State of Senior of High School 10 (SMAN 10) at Padang City. This research had employed a qualitative research with comparative studies. The data were analyzed using data analysis techniques, data presentation, and concluding. The validity of the data was tested by source triangulation. The result showed that the role of Teachers’ Pancasila and Civic Education not only educating the character of the nation's generation but emphasize the role of Teachers’ Pancasila and Civic Education as motivators in political education. Where the teacher as a motivator plays a role to give encouragement, enthusiasm, and intelligence to students in understanding political education. Keywords: Pancasila and Civic Education, PPkn, Political Education

<p><strong>Teacher Performance of the State Vocational High School Teachers in Surabaya</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Dr. Amiartuti Kusumaningtyas, MM</p> <p>Faculty of Economics, 17 Agustus 1945 University, Surabaya, Indonesia</p> <p>Email: amiartuti.k@gmail.com</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>State Vocational High School Teacher is a professional educator with major duties to educate, teach, build, direct, coach, assess and evaluate learners on the vocational high school education. Teacher as a professional educator should has the academic qualification. Academic qualification required for a teacher is he or she at least should be educated of bachelor degree or diploma four.</p> <p>Fundamentaly, teacher performance is determined by the expertise and ability of teacher concerned. These achievement factor is so thick and so critical in its relation to competence, compensation, and also job satisfaction that may become the obstacle in the enhancement of teacher performance.</p> <p>Population in this research was the teachers of the State Vocational High School Teachers in Surabaya, amounted to 317, educated in bachelor degree or diploma four, had have service of minimal 5 years. Data analysis used the simple random sampling, structural equation model (SEM) analysis, by the assistance of PLS 2 software, conducted on 92 respondents and able to explain the effect of competence and compensation on the job satisfaction and the performance of the State Vocational High School Teachers in Surabaya.</p> <p>The results of research indicated that: Competence and compensation significantly influential on teacher job satisfaction; Competence and compensation significantly influential on teacher performance; Teacher Job satisfaction signifiacntly influential on the performance of the State Vocational High School Teachers in Surabaya.</p> <p>The largest effect of the three variables hipothesized on teacher performance in this research was the direct relatedness between compensation and teacher performance.</p> <p> </p> Key Words: competence, compensation, teacher job satisfaction, teacher performance

The process of transmitting Islamic values to the younger generation remains an appealing study as Indonesia is a country with the largest Muslim population in the world. Unfortunately, previous studies on this topic focused more on the process of transmitting these values through formal and informal religious based educational institutions. This research took a unique position to study the Islamic values transmission within non-religious based public school. This qualitative research employed the case study approach to examine the process of instilling Islamic values in public schools. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and study of relevant documentation. The collected data were analyzed using the inductive interactive techniques of the Miles and Huberman models. This study showed that 1) the values of iman-taqwa (faith-piety) and akhlaq mulia (good morals) were an important embodiment of affection-based educational programs in schools. 2) These values were instilled by the school through a habituation process, supported by the function of the principal and teachers as role models and the important role of Rohis (Islamic organization). The inculcation of Islamic values was not only carried out by religious education teachers, but also transmitted by secular subject teachers as well as extracurricular activities. The findings of this study confirmed that public schools in Indonesia were now transformed as important instruments for the transmission of Islamic values to young Muslims. This research suggests important recommendations on the need to develop the capacity of teachers in schools to make them agents of moderation of Islamic values.

The present study has been conducted to find out the patterns of cognitive styles among high school teachers working in tribal schools. The sample for the investigation was drawn from the high school teachers to working in tribal schools located in thiruppathur district, Tamilnadu state by using simple random sampling technique. It comprises 120 high school teachers. Cognitive Style Inventory (CSI) developed by Praveen Kumar Jha in this Standardized tool was used in the present study. The study revealed that there is a significant difference in the patterns of cognitive styles among high school teachers working in tribal schools with respect to their gender. The study also revealed that there is no significant difference in the patterns of cognitive style among school teachers working in tribal schools with respect to their locality and academic streams.

The present study investigated to what degree teachers’ personality traits, cognitive abilities, and academic abilities (high school GPA), which were assessed at the end of high school as well as grades from the first and second state examinations of teacher education, predict later instructional quality. The study combined ratings of instructional quality from 3,768 German secondary school students and their 113 teachers with up to 10 years between assessment of teachers’ personality traits, cognitive abilities, as well as academic abilities at the end of high school and student ratings of instructional quality. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that agreeableness, high school GPA, and the second state examination grade predicted teachers’ instructional quality.

In Georgia, horticulture is now the number two commodity in the state. The labor needs of the industry is increasing, however, enrollment in horticulture classes at UGA has been dropping. Most entry-level employees joining horticulture firms are completely without training or understanding of the industry, the type of work or the basic skills necessary to be functional. If horticulture was taught, it was by persons with Vo-Ag training in small engines, or animal husbandry etc. Students reported teachers had very little enthusiasm for the subject, no school facilities and that the school principle/administration had no vision for, or understanding of, horticulture. We are addressing this situation through an innovative partnership between Georgia High Schools, The Georgia Department of Education, and the University of Georgia. We can reverse the trend by training new and existing high school teachers by providing them a standardized floriculture curriculum and comprehensive training in greenhouse management, classroom teaching methods, industry awareness and a provide a long-term link to UGA. Our objective is to increase the number of students who are trained, motivated and willing to work in the field of horticulture as entry level workers. To do this we set about to standardize the course curriculum statewide, certify the high-school, faculty and administration for commitment and program continuity, Set up a model training greenhouse system at UGA, and conduct new teacher training at UGA through ALEC, and conduct postcertification training for teachers at UGA during the summer to upgrade skills, enthusiasm. The venture, including a model greenhouse at UGA, has been funded for over $100,000. The program currently has 218 Schools, 64 w/labs and greenhouses, 215 teachers and 25,049 students participating.

This research aimed to examine the contributions of different sources in developing high school chemistry teachers’ practical knowledge of teaching with practical work in China. The examination was conducted on a theoretical framework in which the conceptualization of PCK and nine sources of teachers’ PCK were involved. Through a questionnaire survey of 323 chemistry teachers, the findings included the following aspects. Firstly, among the nine sources, overall, ‘teaching practices’, ‘curriculum materials’, ‘classroom observations’, and ‘peer coaching’ were recognized as the core sources, whereas ‘learning experience’ was regarded as the peripheral source. Secondly, for the five components of PCK of teaching with practical work, the contributions of the nine sources are different. Thirdly, three sources were found to be significantly different among teachers who have different years of teaching experience: ‘pre-service training experience’, ‘classroom observations’, and ‘peer coaching’. In the last part of this paper, the implications of the findings and the suggestions for the further studies were discussed.

Using qualitative data collected from three high schools in Shanghai, this study explored the barriers to the development of professional learning communities (PLCs) in Chinese schools from the perspectives of school leaders and teachers. Results indicate that the barriers identified by teachers in the development of PLCs include insufficient collaborative time, ineffective school leadership, unfavourable accountability policy, and lack of collaborative professional culture. By contrast, school leaders regard the absence of financial power, passive teachers, an unfavourable accountability system, and shortage of external resources as the major impediments to PLCs. Moreover, both similarities and differences are observed in the perceptions of teachers and school leaders regarding the barriers to PLC development. Practical implications for the effective implementation of PLCs and suggestions for future research are also presented.

In the education system in our country, religious education is one of the subjects taught. The emphasis of learning on intellectual intelligence will create an imbalance in instilling character values ​​in students. The most substantial development is moral, character, and moral development. Religious education in its implementation has not been maximized; there are still some problems such as the lack of spiritual teachers. This study aims to describe the state of the morality of junior high school students, the role of Islamic religion teachers in junior high schools and the supporting factors and inhibitors of PAI teachers in junior high schools in fostering student character. This study uses an interpretive paradigm through a qualitative approach, a type of case study. The results of the study (1) the state of students' character at SMPN 3 Slahung, Ponorogo, East Java, Indonesia in general is good, (2) The role of PAI teachers in fostering student character by giving an example, habituation (habituation), advice, punishment, rewards or rewards, and (3) the supporting factors of PAI teachers in fostering the character of students of SMPN 3 Slahung are family, school and community environment, while the factors that inhibit the limited supervision of the school, awareness of the students themselves, the background of students' families, the influence of television shows and mobile phones.

Purpose of educational is not only form intelligent and competent students but to create energies of students with strong character. This study aims to apply character education to students, supporting factors, and in hibiting factors. Research is qualitative descriptive. Data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation data. The technique of checking the validity of the data uses source and technique triangulation. The result showed that (1) The application of character integration in the learning process, habituation activities, exemplary, education in extracurricular activities such as pramuka, and creates character books for low class and high class. The character values instilled are religius, nationalist, independent, mutual cooperation, and integrated. (2) supporting factors namely the desire of students who want to change, collaborate with parents/committees schools, collaboration between teachers, collaboration between teachers and principals, as well as collaboration with SD N 09 Ulakan Tapakis with PT. TRAKINDO BUILDING THE NATION CHARACTERS took place since the aftermath of the 30 Septmber 2009 earthquake untill now. (3) Inhibiting factors namely students, environmental condition that do not support, the teachers supervision oversight, and lack of supervision from parents.

This article examines the impact of federal, state, and local policies on the roles that elementary school teachers are asked to assume inside and outside the classroom. Through a detailed analysis of changes in teacher tasks over a 4-year period, the authors determined that role expectations increased, intensified, and expanded in four areas: instructional, institutional, collaborative, and learning. These changes had unanticipated, and often negative, consequences for teachers’ relationships with students, pedagogy, and sense of professional well-being. The authors use one policy directive, differentiated instruction, to illustrate the complexity of role demands currently made of teachers, and they draw implications for policy and research.

As a measure for anxiety of teachers, scales and questionnaires already available are not suitable because they do not identify an individual's susceptibility to a specific context according to his/her emotional status. In this research our aim was to develop and validate a Content-Based State Anxiety Questionnaire for Primary and Middle School Teachers (CSAQ-PMT) in China. We carried out the study by first reviewing theories on state anxiety and then by conducting interviews and surveys using relevant available inventories. Our results showed that the CSAQ-PMT had good criterion validity and internal consistency in reliability, and the structural validity was high. We expect our research results to contribute to the development and application of such scales in domain-specific areas.

Investigations carried out in late 2001 in primary and secondary schools of Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis comprised students, teachers and associates. The aim of investigations was to get insight into the state-of-the-arts problems and needs of our primary and secondary schools. The paper is a part of investigations, related to the results obtained for students' opinions of their interrelations with teachers as well as opinions of teachers themselves. The sample comprised 727 students of 4th grade of secondary vocational and high schools, 562 students of 8th grade of primary schools 168 secondary school and 107 primary school teachers. We investigated their interrelationships and within this framework the level of potential or current aggressive behavior. The majority of teachers (51%) estimated student-teacher relationships mediocre - neither good nor bad. The most frequent problem in students' behavior is, according to the teachers instruction disturbance. One-quarter of teachers find that students offend them, ridicule them, or mock at them in front of others, and 5 per cent complain of physical injury intimidation on the part of students. When a problem comes up, 18 per cent of teachers talk with a student, and nearly 10 per cent of teachers give lower grades in their subject, so as to punish a student for undisciplined behaviors. In teachers' opinion, society, school the least, is to be blamed for the situation.

Kentucky is a poor, relatively rural state that contrasts greatly with the relatively urban and wealthy states typically the subject of education studies employing large-scale administrative data. For this reason, Kentucky's experience of major school finance and curricular reform is highly salient for understanding teacher labor market dynamics. This study examines the time path of teacher salaries in Appalachian and non-Appalachian Kentucky using a novel teacher-level administrative data set. Our results suggest that the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA) provided a salary boost for all Appalachian teachers, resulting in a wage premium for teachers of low and medium experience and equalizing pay across Appalachian and non-Appalachian districts for teachers of high experience. However, we find that Appalachian salaries fell back to the level of non-Appalachian teachers roughly a decade following reform, at which point the pre-KERA remuneration patterns re-emerge.

In today’s era of increased accountability and standards-based reforms within the United States educational system, Community Partner Organizations (CPOs) can offer essential support to teachers, schools, and districts. CPOs have the potential to have a positive impact in urban schools in particular, where high-stakes testing and accountability policies are often more demanding and the threat of school closure or turnaround is the everyday reality for teachers who are under enormous pressure to improve student outcomes. Collaborative social relationships between schools and community organizations can facilitate school improvement, combat social and economic barriers, and meet the increasing demands of local, state, and federal accountability policies.

Three-hundred and ninety-six teachers of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in Wisconsin provided information about 1,300 students in their classes who were receiving medication for treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Results of the survey revealed that 40% of elementary school, 32% of middle/junior high school, and 15% of high school students with EBD were identified as having ADHD and were being treated for it with medication. The teachers reported that the most common types of medication were Ritalin (66%), Dexedrine (11 %), Cylert (7%), and Imipramine (5%). The most frequent morning dosage for Ritalin and Dexedrine was 10 mgs. Teachers of students with EBD did not believe that ADHD was under-diagnosed, and they did believe that medication effectively reduced maladaptive behavior.

As almost every state attempts to reform mathematics instruction by implementing new teaching standards, state testing practices remain largely unchanged. Do these new standards undermine student performance on old tests? This question is investigated by examining whether middle and high school algebra students taught in a manner consistent with the National Council for Teachers of Mathematics Professional Standards performed differently on three standardized algebra assessments than students taught in traditional classrooms. The data come from 94 teachers, 2,369 students, and 40 schools in one of the nation’s largest school districts. Results indicate that the Standards do not undermine performance on the old tests. In fact, middle school algebra students whose teachers spent more time using the NCTM teaching approach had higher growth rates than students whose teachers spent less time using the approach. However, students with higher ability levels benefited more. The growth rates of the lowest achieving students, the high school students (who are disproportionately Black and poor), were not helped or hindered by the NCTM teaching approach. If, as other studies indicate, the new standards help students on more novel tests, the finding that students benefit or at least are not hurt on traditional tests strengthens the case for implementing the NCTM reforms.

This study aims to examine and describe the school's efforts to function the role of students parents in the education process at school. Descriptive research methods are used to achieve the research objectives. The study sample was parents and teachers who were purposively determined on the basis of considering the status of school accreditation. The schools selected as samples were Santun Untan Senior High School (accredited B) and Gembala Baik Senior High School (accreditation A). The research data was collected by interview instruments, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out by descriptive statistical studies to describe the optimal functioning of parents by schools. From the research data obtained the fact that the perceptions of parents of students and teachers in Santun Untan Senior High School and Gembala Baik Senior High School toward the relationship between parents and teachers are "good." In playing the functions of parents in school, both parents and teachers state "no difficulties." Aspects that are considered "important" to "very important" in fostering parent and teacher relationships include not giving up children's affairs to schools, assuming parents as school partners, parents controlling children's education, parents always following the development of the school , and care about children's education. With this perception, it is possible to "ideal conditions" in building optimal cooperation in student education in the two sample schools.

<p><em>Value is such a code of conduct or the incorporation of virtue following which, man develops his personality and springs up being powerful and trustworthy in society. Values are guiding principles or standards of behaviour which are regarded desirable, important and held in high esteem by a particular society in which a person lives. Values are important for bringing desirable changes in an individual. The national policy on education (1986) calls for an emphasis on development of science and technology and the “cultivation of personal and social values” so that “the educational system produces young men and women of character and ability committed to national services”. Transmission of human values is to be made feasible by the pivotal role played by the teacher in the arena. Teacher is the right person to develop awareness and sensitivity of duties and values amongst the children. A teacher must succeed in conveying the larger ideals of service to the community, virtues of tolerance and respect for all faiths, the importance of character and the value of our heritage and culture. An efficient teacher aims at enlightening the minds and illumining the hearts of individual. Holistic development of a student is incomplete if moral values are neglected. As it is observed in the present times that immoral and antisocial behaviour is increasing among the students, it turns out to be a matter of great concern because decrease in moral values among school children greatly hamper the social fabrication and society as well. Education is knowledge based but values are not implemented now a days. So education should fulfill aims and at the same time inculcate values. Students are influenced by peer groups, parents, teachers and they learn certain values in an informal way. But the single largest influence on the student is the educational curriculum. The curricular requirements of the school should aim at not only imparting knowledge and language information but also a judicious combination of values that have a bearing on the future life of the students.</em></p><p><br /><em>The present study is an attempt to understand the role played by the high school teachers in developing values among students, at Narayankhed mandal, Medak district, Telangana state. 100 teachers randomly selected from 15 Government and private schools constitute the sample. An opinionnaire, with items divided under 5 major areas, is the tool used for administration. Scoring is done based on a two point scale. Percentages, mean, standard deviation and critical ratio are used for analysing the data.</em></p>

The diversity of Indonesian society, from ethnicity, religion, race, and class, is a social asset that harmony must be maintained. Multicultural education has an important role in maintaining this harmony. Prospective social science education teachers must have an attractive learning design in increasing understanding related to multicultural education. This study aims to see the effect of digital book learning design on multicultural education for prospective teachers. Researchers collaborated with students of the 2017 social science education study program, faculty of social science, Jakarta State University. Analysis of learning outcomes with two-way MANCOVA analysis with one covariate. The results show the interest in learning multicultural education, a significance value of 0.955 which is greater than 0.05, then H0 is accepted. The significance value obtained from all outputs is 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05, so H0 is rejected. So, it can be concluded that there is an effect of using digital book learning media on students' multicultural education

Abstract The study is an attempt to present the latest developments in legislation for implementation of the reform in geographic education in secondary school. Through conducted survey has been taken into account the views and expectations of teachers of Geography and Economics in terms of the new law, a framework curriculum, State educational standards and curricula. Expectations of educational reform are formulated as positive and negative sides. Referred to a recommendation for overcoming some of the problems were identified.

This study aims to find the ability of science teachers in integrating Population and Environmental Education (Pendidikan Kependudukan dan Lingkungan Hidup/PKLH) with science subjects based on the 2013 Revised Curriculum (K13 Revision) in State Junior High Schools in Mamasa Regency. The study population was 106 junior high schools in Mamasa district with an average of one science teacher per school. Sampling was done randomly, 20% of the population (21 teachers). This study used a single variable, namely the ability of science teachers to integrate PKLH material with science learning in junior high schools. Furthermore, it is translated into five sub-variables, including 1) readiness for teaching, 2) knowledge of K13 Revision, 3) ability to identify PKLH material in junior high school science subjects based on K13 Revision, 4) knowledge of PKLH material, and 5) ability to plan, carry out, and evaluate PKLH learning integrated with junior high school science subjects. The research data results from structured interviews with respondents, and the data analysis technique was carried out in a descriptive qualitative way. The results showed that junior high school science teachers in Mamasa Regency in terms of readiness for teaching, understanding of the K13 Revision, and knowledge of PKLH materials were good. However, the ability to integrate PKLH with science subjects was not good or weak in terms of 1) the ability to identify PKLH material in junior high school science subjects based on K13 Revision, and 2) the ability to plan, carry out, and evaluate PKLH learning integrated with science subjects of Junior High School.

Recently, there has been an increase in research on becoming teacher educators, yet little is known about becoming physical education teacher educators (PETE). Responding to concerns about the current state of doctoral PETE programs and inadequate preparation of novice teacher educators, this paper explores our transition from high school teaching to university-based PETE. Employing self-study methodologies we used ourselves as data gathering tools to improve our understandings of self and practice. Our analysis showed that we struggled with the transition from teacher to teacher educator, primarily in navigating the different pedagogies required in teacher education. Based on our high school and PETE experiences, we drew on different sources to shape our respective pedagogies of teacher education. Future PETEs may benefit from structured learning about teaching teachers where they can discover and explore teacher education theory and practice, or be provided with opportunities to observe experienced colleagues and engage in discussion about PETE programming and practice with mentors.

This study investigated public school principals’ reports of professional development implementation at the school level while working in different state- and local-level contexts (state accountability level, geographic locations, socioeconomic status, demographics, and grade levels). I attempted to measure principals’ reported changes in levels of teacher involvement and alignment of professional development with standards, student learning outcomes, school goals, resources, and district goals during No Child Left Behind (NCLB). Using two-level, Hierarchical Generalized Linear Proportional Odds modeling (HGLM-PO), and three pooled waves of a national sample from the Schools and Staffing Survey (National Center for Education Statistics, 2000, 2004, 2007), I implemented a quantitative, repeated cross-sectional, self-report, extant secondary survey analysis design. Principals reported a decrease in teachers’ planning and presentation of professional development during NCLB implementation across all settings, indicating a potential reduction in teachers’ participation in the professional development process. Principals who worked in urban, elementary, low-SES, and high minority school contexts were more likely to report teachers’ participation in the planning and presentation of professional development, but were also more likely to report an increase in the direction and alignment of professional development with school and district goals, standards, student achievement outcomes, and resources. There is evidence that a school community’s location, socioeconomic status, and school demographics plays a role in how schools may interpret accountability environments and implement teachers’ professional development. In all settings, school leaders need to purposefully focus on and retain collaborative professional development practices with teachers in the context of continued accountability pressures.

Using a comparative analysis of two rural school districts with similar demographic profiles in Mississippi, the impact on special education programming of disparate school district wealth was studied. The study revealed that the wealthy school district had far greater local revenues supporting special education that was not offset by either state or federal dollars. This revenue difference was most obvious in differences in the quality of special education personnel, with the wealthier district employing teachers with higher academic degrees and with more teaching experience. Implications for resource equalization are also discussed.

Following international trends to reform school management, the Chinese government has proposed school-based decisionmaking as a measure to raise the “quality” of education, but at the same time it has imposed new institutions of accountability for teachers and school administrators. In order to understand how this interplay between accountability and discretion affects Chinese educational reforms, this paper analyses policy implementation through the lens of decision-making by principals and teachers as street-level bureaucrats. In the case of minority-language education in Xishuangbanna, a subject where institutions provide comparatively large spaces for discretionary decisions, I argue that the current institutions on accountability in minority-language education in China trigger processes by which implementers must interpret vague institutions in order to make decisions for their classroom. These purposefully wide spaces of “interpretational discretion” enable the party-state to make good on its promise to support local diversity, without threatening its own authority to prescribe educational goals.

Most public elementary and high school teachers are covered by health insurance provided by their employer while they are employed. In most cases, these health plans are managed at the state level. At retirement, teachers with sufficient years of service are allowed to remain in the health plan. Retiree health plans for teachers vary widely across the country, with some states paying the full premium for the retired teacher while other states require that the retiree pay 100 percent of the premium. Recent changes in the accounting rules now mandate that public sector employers report the accrued liabilities associated with these plans. This article documents the unfunded liabilities of teacher retiree health plans in the various states, examines the reasons for differences in these liabilities, and considers how these plans might evolve in the future.