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1

Micro Photonics. "High speed cooled CCD cameras." NDT & E International 27, no. 3 (June 1994): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(94)90748-x.

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Yanyan Cao, Yanyan Cao, Chao Wang Chao Wang, Qinwei Ma Qinwei Ma, and Shaopeng Ma Shaopeng Ma. "Experimental investigation of the startup time difference between high-speed cameras." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 7 (2015): 070401–70405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.070401.

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3

ANDO, Koshi. "High Speed Cameras : Their Scientific Roles." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 109, no. 1054 (2006): 710–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.109.1054_710.

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4

TAKANO, Yasuhide, T. Goji ETOH, and Kohsei TAKEHARA. "Market Research for High-speed Video Cameras." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 21, no. 1Supplement (2001): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.21.1supplement_49.

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5

Kilkenny, J. D. "High speed proximity focused X-ray cameras." Laser and Particle Beams 9, no. 1 (March 1991): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600002330.

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Recent technological developments have resulted in sub 100 ps shutter times of X-ray cameras that are based on the gating of microchannel plates. Moreover, these cameras are reliable enough to be used on large experimental systems. A review is given of the development of gated proximity focused detectors and of the factors affecting their performance.
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6

Fuller, P. W. W. "Aspects of High Speed Photography 2. Cameras." Journal of Photographic Science 42, no. 2 (March 1994): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223638.1994.11738567.

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7

Connolly, Christine. "High‐speed cameras and laser Doppler vibrometers." Sensor Review 25, no. 2 (June 2005): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510585664.

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8

Vollmer, Michael, and Klaus-Peter Möllmann. "High speed and slow motion: the technology of modern high speed cameras." Physics Education 46, no. 2 (March 2011): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/46/2/007.

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9

Nikolov, Atanas, and Dimo Dimov. "2D Video Stabilization for Industrial High-Speed Cameras." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 15, no. 7 (December 1, 2015): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cait-2015-0086.

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Abstract The current research concerns the problem of video stabilization “in a point”, which aims to stabilize all video frames according to one chosen reference frame to produce a new video, as by a static camera. Similar task importance relates providing static background in the video sequence that can be usable for correct measurements in the frames when studying dynamic objects in the video. For this aim we propose an efficient combined approach, called “3×3OF9×9”. It fuses our the previous development for fast and rigid 2D video stabilization [2] with the well-known Optical Flow approach, applied by parts via Otsu segmentation, for eliminating the influence of moving objects in the video. The obtained results are compared with those, produced by the commercial software Warp Stabilizer of Adobe-After-Effects CS6.
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10

Peng, R. "High-speed flash exposure with compact digital cameras." Imaging Science Journal 60, no. 6 (December 2012): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743131x11y.0000000028.

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11

Feng, Yan, J. Goree, and Bin Liu. "Errors in particle tracking velocimetry with high-speed cameras." Review of Scientific Instruments 82, no. 5 (May 2011): 053707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3589267.

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12

Becker, J., L. Bianco, R. Dinapoli, P. Göttlicher, H. Graafsma, D. Greiffenberg, M. Gronewald, et al. "High speed cameras for X-rays: AGIPD and others." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 01 (January 25, 2013): C01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/01/c01042.

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13

Staforelli, Juan Pablo, Esteban Vera, José Manuel Brito, Pablo Solano, Sergio Torres, and Carlos Saavedra. "Superresolution imaging in optical tweezers using high-speed cameras." Optics Express 18, no. 4 (February 1, 2010): 3322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.003322.

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14

Etoh, G. T., K. Takehara, and Y. Takano. "Development of high-speed video cameras for Dynamic PIV." Journal of Visualization 5, no. 3 (September 2002): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03182329.

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15

Blaschitz, Bernhard, Simon Breuss, Lukas Traxler, Laurin Ginner, and Svorad Ŝtolc. "High-speed Inline Computational Imaging for Area Scan Cameras." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 6 (January 18, 2021): 301–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.6.iriacv-301.

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For quality inspection in different industries, where objects may be transported at several m=s, acquisition and computation speed for 2d and 3d imaging even at resolutions in the micrometer (mm) scale is essential. AIT's well-established Inline Computational Imaging (ICI) system has until now used standard multilinescan cameras to build a linear light field stack. Unfortunately, this image readout mode is only supported by few camera manufacturers thus effectively limiting the application of ICI software. However, industrial grade area scan cameras now offer frame rates of several hundred FPS, so a novel method has been developed that can match previous speed requirements while upholding and eventually surpassing previous 3D reconstruction results even for challenging objects. AIT's new area scan ICI can be used with most standard industrial cameras and many different light sources. Nevertheless, AIT has also developed its own light source to illuminate a scene by high-frequency strobing tailored to this application. The new algorithms employ several consistency checks for a range of base lines and feature channels and give robust confidence values that ultimately improve subsequent 3D reconstruction results. Its lean output is well-suited for realtime applications while holding information from four different illumination direction. Qualitative comparisons with our previous method in terms of 3d reconstruction, speed and confidence are shown at a typical sampling of 22mm=pixel. In the future, this fast and robust inline inspection scheme will be extended to microscopic resolutions and to several orthogonal axes of transport.
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16

Reu, Phillip L. "High/Ultra-High Speed Imaging as a Diagnostic Tool." Applied Mechanics and Materials 70 (August 2011): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.70.69.

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The ability to see what is happening during an experiment is often critical to human understanding. High and ultra-high speed cameras have for decades allowed scientists to see these extremely short time-scale events; starting with film cameras and now with digital versions of these cameras. The move to digital cameras has invited the use of computer analysis of the images for obtaining quantitative information well beyond the qualitative usefulness of merely being able to see the event. Digital image correlation (DIC) is one of these powerful and popular quantitative techniques, but by no means the only possible image analysis method. All of these analysis techniques ask more of the camera technology than simply providing images. They require high-quality images that are amenable to analysis and do not introduce error sources that compromise the data. Possible error sources include image noise, image distortions, synchronization and spatial sampling issues. As a minimal starting point, the introduced errors must be well understood in order to put error bounds on the results. This is because in many experiments some result is better than no result; with the caveat that the error sources and the relative confidence of the data are understood. The concepts will be framed in relation to ongoing ultra-high speed work being done at Sandia. A call and challenge will be given to begin thinking in more detail about how to successfully turn these cameras into diagnostic instruments.
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17

NINOMIYA, Nao, Mitsunobu AKIYAMA, and Hitoshi SUGIYAMA. "Three-Dimensional Measurement of High-Speed Air Flow by High-Speed Cameras and DP Matching Method." Transaction of the Visualization Society of Japan 24, no. 12 (2004): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/tvsj.24.70.

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18

Kuroda, K., Y. Yamane, and N. Nakamura. "High-Accuracy and High-Speed Motion Capture System by Fusing Hetrogeneous Cameras." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2004 (2004): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2004.19_3.

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19

Honour, J. "A brief history of principles used in high speed cameras." Imaging Science Journal 57, no. 6 (December 2009): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136821909x12490307953035.

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20

Coppejans, R., A. A. S. Gulbis, M. M. Kotze, D. L. Coppejans, H. L. Worters, P. A. Woudt, H. Whittal, J. Cloete, and P. Fourie. "Characterizing and Commissioning the Sutherland High-Speed Optical Cameras (SHOC)." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 125, no. 930 (August 2013): 976–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/672156.

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21

McNesby, Kevin L., Barrie E. Homan, Richard A. Benjamin, Vincent M. Boyle, John M. Densmore, and Matthew M. Biss. "Invited Article: Quantitative imaging of explosions with high-speed cameras." Review of Scientific Instruments 87, no. 5 (May 2016): 051301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4949520.

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22

Sugiyama, K., and I. Ishii. "A High Speed Vision Network System Using Multiple MmVision Cameras." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2004 (2004): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2004.155_2.

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23

Li, Chunbo, Minqiu Liu, Shuangchen Ruan, Shoujun Chen, Xikui Ren, Chenlin Du, and Hongbin Huang. "Strength reliability of rotating mirrors for ultra-high-speed cameras." Optik 174 (December 2018): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.08.100.

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24

Li, Chunbo, Zhijian Zheng, Minqiu Liu, Xikui Ren, Chenlin Du, Hongbin Huang, and Shuangchen Ruan. "Modal analysis of rotating mirror for ultra-high-speed cameras." Optik 168 (September 2018): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.04.086.

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25

ISHIKAWA, Masaaki, Koji OKAMOTO, and Haruki MADARAME. "Development of the Multi-Scale PIV System Using High-Speed Cameras." Transaction of the Visualization Society of Japan 25, no. 10 (2005): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/tvsj.25.64.

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26

SAKITO, Tatsuya, Hideki ARIMOTO, Takaaki FUJITA, Tomohiro UEDA, Yuusuke SHIMOOKA, Hiromasa ITOU, and Kenji MURAOKA. "Measurement of Plasma Behavior with High Speed Cameras in TOKASTAR-2." Plasma and Fusion Research 10 (2015): 3402033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/pfr.10.3402033.

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27

Allahgholi, Aschkan, Julian Becker, Annette Delfs, Roberto Dinapoli, Peter Göttlicher, Heinz Graafsma, Dominic Greiffenberg, et al. "Megapixels @ Megahertz – The AGIPD high-speed cameras for the European XFEL." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 942 (October 2019): 162324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.06.065.

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28

Russell, Daniel A. "The problem of parallax when using high speed cameras for measurement." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5067482.

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29

Kostek, Bozena, Piotr Szczuko, Jozef Kotus, Maciej Szczodrak, and Andrzej Czyzewski. "Vibration analysis of acoustic guitar string employing high-speed video cameras." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 139, no. 4 (April 2016): 2204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4950573.

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30

Tanaka, Yutaka, Naoyuki Nakayama, and Jun Goto. "Development of High-Speed 3-D Range Finder Using Binocular Cameras." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 60, no. 573 (1994): 1619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.60.1619.

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31

Cheluszka, Piotr, and Rajmund Mann. "Vibration identification of the roadheader cutting head using high-speed cameras." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925203018.

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Vibrations of the roadheader cutting head were measured by means of two methods during the cutting performed on the test set-up created at the Faculty of Mining and Geology at the Silesian University of Technology. The first of them included installing accelerometers on the roadheader boom near the cutting heads. In the second one, a photogrammetric kit was used, major components of which were high-speed cameras connected with TEMA Motion 3D software used for movement analysis. Based on the motion recorded in videos, the cutting head movement trajectories were delineated, with their velocity and acceleration determined. This article presents a photogrammetric method, as well as selected results of the comparative analysis of cutting head vibrations using both methods when cutting simultaneously with two cutting heads, with the boom inclination perpendicular to the floor.
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32

Ma, Zheng, Min Han, Yaoming Li, Shuncheng Yu, and Farman Ali Chandio. "Comparing kernel damage of different threshing components using high-speed cameras." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 13, no. 6 (2020): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25165/j.ijabe.20201306.5395.

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33

Pierron, Fabrice, Rachid Cheriguene, Pascal Forquin, Raphael Moulart, Marco Rossi, and M. A. Sutton. "Performances and Limitations of Three Ultra High-Speed Imaging Cameras for Full-Field Deformation Measurements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 70 (August 2011): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.70.81.

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This paper compares the technology and the performances of three ultra high speed cameras for full-field deformation measurements with Digital image correlation or the grid method. The three cameras are based on multiple CCD sensors (Cordin 550-62, with rotating mirror or DRS IMACON 200 with gated intensified CCDs) or dedicated chip (Shimadzu HPV). The advantages and limitations of these cameras are critically reviewed.
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34

Etoh, Takeharu. "Special Edition. Special Image Pick up Technique. 1. High Speed Cameras. 1-1. High Speed Video Camera of 4500pps." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 46, no. 5 (1992): 543–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.46.543.

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35

Noguchi, Hiroshi. "Special Edition. Special Image Pick up Technique. 1. High Speed Cameras. 1-2. 500/1000F/s High Speed Camera." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 46, no. 5 (1992): 545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.46.545.

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36

Wee Chee, See, Abhik Datta, Utkarsh Anand, Duane Loh, and Utkur Mirsaidov. "Capturing Dynamics in Liquids with High-Speed CMOS Cameras - Opportunities and Challenges." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (July 2017): 860–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617004962.

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37

Pakzad, Anahita, Cory Czarnik, Roy Geiss, Everett Jackson, and David Mastronarde. "Application of High Speed Cameras for 4D Data Collection in S/TEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, S3 (July 2016): 254–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616002129.

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38

UCHIDA, Yusuke, Gen LI, Masashi NAKAMURA, Hiroto TANAKA, and Hao LIU. "J027022 Kinematic analysis of dolphin jumping by using high-speed video cameras." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2013 (2013): _J027022–1—_J027022–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2013._j027022-1.

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39

Ijiri, Takashi, Atsushi Nakamura, Akira Hirabayashi, Wataru Sakai, Takeshi Miyazaki, and Ryutaro Himeno. "Automatic spin measurements for pitched Baseballs via consumer-grade high-speed cameras." Signal, Image and Video Processing 11, no. 7 (February 22, 2017): 1197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11760-017-1075-x.

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40

Beczek, M., M. Ryżak, A. Sochan, R. Mazur, C. Polakowski, D. Hess, and A. Bieganowski. "Methodological aspects of using high-speed cameras to quantify soil splash phenomenon." Geoderma 378 (November 2020): 114592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114592.

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41

Ni, Yubo, Feng Liu, Yi Wu, and Xiangjun Wang. "Continuous-Time Fast Motion of Explosion Fragments Estimated by Bundle Adjustment and Spline Representation Using HFR Cameras." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062676.

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This paper introduces a continuous-time fast motion estimation framework using high frame-rate cameras. To recover the high-speed motions trajectory, we inherent the bundle adjustment using a different frame-rate strategy. Based on the optimized trajectory, a cubic B-spline representation was proposed to parameter the continuous-time position, velocity and acceleration during this fast motion. We designed a high-speed visual system consisting of the high frame-rate cameras and infrared cameras, which can capture the fast scattered motion of explosion fragments and evaluate our method. The experiments show that bundle adjustment can greatly improve the accuracy and stability of the trajectory estimation, and the B-spline representation of the high frame-rate can estimate the velocity, acceleration, momentum and force of each fragments at any given time during its motion. The related estimated result can achieve under 1% error.
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42

Lian, Ping Ping. "A Novel USB3.0 High Definition 3D Video Camera Based on ARM." Advanced Materials Research 1037 (October 2014): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1037.474.

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This paper focuses on researches of the design and implementation of an innovative 3D video camera. Traditional 3D cameras use USB2.0 bus or similar buses. Those cameras are not capable of transferring high definition (HD) videos due to bus speed limitation. Utilizing the newest USB3.0 bus and high definition image sensors, this thesis designs one HD 3D camera and solves above problem. To maximize data transfer speed, it employs one 200MHz operating frequency ARM controller which guarantees real-time system responses at the same time. The field trial has demonstrated HD 3D camera in the article is feasible and rich in value of research.
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43

Lopez-Alba, Elias, Christopher M. Sebastian, William JR Christian, and Eann A. Patterson. "The use of charge-coupled device cameras for characterizing the mean deflected shape of an aerospace panel during broadband excitation." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 54, no. 1 (November 28, 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324718812542.

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In vibration experiments demanding long-duration measurements, traditional point-wise techniques are often employed, despite the availability of high-speed digital image correlation. This is due to the high volume of images generated by the latter technique, which limit acquisition times and lengthen post-processing times. In this experimental investigation, it is demonstrated that standard frame rate charge-coupled device cameras yield results for the mean deflected shape of a reinforced aerospace panel subject to a random broadband excitation between 0 and 800 Hz that are not statistically different to those from high-speed cameras. The images from both types of camera were processed using digital image correlation to generate out-of-plane displacement maps, which were then decomposed using Chebyshev descriptors for ease of comparison and to determine the mean deflected shape. The results indicate that, with appropriate sampling rates and durations, standard frame rate charge-coupled device cameras can be used to study broadband random excitation behavior of structures when mean behavior needs to be characterized over long time scales compared to the excitation wavelengths. This is contrary to accepted procedures, but offers comparable accuracy with substantially reduced computational resources compared to using high-speed cameras, as well as effectively unlimited data acquisition periods, which is useful in condition monitoring, for example.
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44

Shiraga, Hiroyuki. "OS5-4 High-speed 2D X-ray Imaging by Image Sampling Technique Applied to Streak Cameras for Laser Fusion Research(Plasma and X-ray imaging,OS5 High-speed imaging and photonics,MEASUREMENT METHODS)." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2015.14 (2015): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2015.14.65.

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45

Hylton, Kathy W., Parker Mitchell, Blake Van Hoy, and Thomas P. Karnowski. "Experiments and Analysis for Measuring Mechanical Motion with Event Cameras." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 6 (January 18, 2021): 333–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.6.iriacv-333.

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Event cameras—which detect pixelized, spatiotemporal changes asynchronously as opposed to frame-based triggered cameras—are commercially available and the topic of considerable research recently for computer vision and robotics applications. We hypothesize that these novel devices can be of utility in understanding mechanical motion by performing functions similar to high speed cameras, but with reduced bandwidth and simpler processing. To test this hypothesis, we applied multiple measurement modalities to a simple high-speed mechanical tool, including accelerometer, acoustic, and event-camera images. We also explore the utility of onboard inertial measurement units which are often integrated into these devices. Our analysis shows that these measurements are possible and consistent across modalities, possibly leading to novel new architectures for image and sensor based measurements.
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46

Takeuchi, Satoshi, Hiroshi Imagawa, Kenichi Sakakibara, Niro Tayama, and Seiji Niimi. "New High-speed Digital Cameras for Research and Clinical Use of the Larynx." Nihon Kikan Shokudoka Gakkai Kaiho 55, no. 4 (2004): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2468/jbes.55.357.

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47

Hoshino, Kiyoshi. "Vision-Controlled Robot Using Hand Pose Estimation without Marker Loading Requirement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 162 (March 2012): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.162.358.

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The author proposes a visual-servoing and vision-controlled robot. It claims no sensors installed or special control means used, instead of that a high-precision and high-speed 3D hand pose estimation permits real time operation with two cameras installed at positions of loosely orthogonal relationship, using one PC of the normal specifications. Two cameras have their own database. Once sequential hand images are recorded with these two high-speed cameras, the system first selects one database with bigger size of hand region in each recorded image. Second, a coarse screening is carried out according to the proportional information on the hand image which roughly correspond to wrist rotation, or thumb or finger extension. Third, a detailed search is performed for similarity among the selected candidates. The estimated results are transmitted to a robot so that the same motions of an operator is reconstructed in the robot without time delay.
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48

Owolabi, Gbadebo, Daniel Odoh, Alex Peterson, Akindele Odeshi, and Horace Whitworth. "Measurement of the Deformation of Aluminum Alloys under High Strain Rates Using High Speed Digital Cameras." World Journal of Mechanics 03, no. 02 (2013): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjm.2013.32009.

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49

Ali, S. Y., O. Al-Saleh, and P. A. Koushki. "Effectiveness of Automated Speed-Monitoring Cameras in Kuwait." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1595, no. 1 (January 1997): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1595-04.

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In 1994 the General Traffic Department installed automatic radar cameras to monitor traffic speed at a number of strategic roadway locations in Kuwait. The aim was to lower the number of high-speed violations and thus reduce road accidents. Recent traffic safety records point to an increase in both the number of violations and the occurrence of road accidents. It is argued in this paper that without live enforcement support and active follow-up of camera-recorded violations, the effectiveness of these cameras in improving road safety is insignificant at best, particularly in the undisciplined driving environment of the oil-rich nations in the Middle East. The speed of traffic was simultaneously measured via radar instruments both at the automatic camera site and at sections approximately 1 km before or after or before and after the cameras at eight camera locations. Measurements were recorded for six 1/2-hr periods at each site for a total of 72 hr over a period of 3 months, so that morning, afternoon, and after-dark hours, as well as different days of the week and roadway types, were covered. Analysis of the speed data showed that for the three daily periods and various roadway types, traffic speeds were consistently higher in sections before or after or before and after the automatic camera at the camera site. Statistical tests indicated that the difference in speed measured at and away from the cameras was at the 99 percent level. The findings demonstrate that in a traffic environment characterized by poor driving behavior, inconsistent and piecemeal driver education programs, and insufficient presence of law enforcement officials, reliance on automatic cameras alone to reduce traffic violations is doomed to fail.
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50

Qi, Xing Guang, and Yi Zhen. "Research of the Paper Defect On-Line Inspection System Based on Distributed Machine Vision." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 1805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.1805.

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This paper presents a distributed machine vision inspection system, which has a large field of view (FOV) and can perform high precision, high speed real-time inspection for wide paper sheet detection. The system consists of multiple GigE Vision linescan cameras which connected though Gigabit Ethernet. The cameras are arranged into a linear array so that every camera’s FOV is merged into one large FOV in the meantime the resolution keeps unchanged. In order to acquire high processing speed, the captured images from each camera are sent into one dedicate computer for distributed and parallel image processing. Experimental results show that the system with fine detection capability can satisfy the requirements of real time detection and find out the defects on the production line effectively.
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