Relevant bibliographies by topics / High-speed sintering / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: High-speed sintering.

Journal articles on the topic 'High-speed sintering'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'High-speed sintering.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

Ellis, Adam, Antonis Hadjiforados, Neil Hopkinson, and Ingo Reinhold. "Speed and Accuracy of High Speed Sintering." NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference 31, no. 1 (2015): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-4451.2015.31.1.art00067_1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Ellis, Adam, Christopher J. Noble, Liam Hartley, Charis Lestrange, Neil Hopkinson, and Candice Majewski. "Materials for high speed sintering." Journal of Materials Research 29, no. 17 (2014): 2080–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.156.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Araujo Filho, Oscar O., Maurício David Martins das Neves, João Franklin Liberati, Luís Carlos Elias da Silva, Lucio Salgado, and Francisco Ambrozio Filho. "Sintering of AISI M3:2 High Speed Steel – Part II." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.358.

Full text

Abstract:

Liquid phase sintering of high speed steels seems to be a cheaper processing route in the manufacturing of tool steels if compared to the well-known and expansive hot isostatic pressing high speed steels process. In a previous work a M3:2 high speed steel was vacuum sintered from irregular water atomized powders and had its sintering temperature determined. In this work the same powder was uniaxially cold compacted and vacuum sintered by adding some small quantity of graphite (0.3%C in weight) to prevent porosity and loss of carbon which result from the sintering cycle. The samples from all these experimental procedures were uniaxially cold compacted and vacuum sintered at five different temperatures and had its densities evaluated. The microstructure was evaluated using optical-electronic techniques in order to investigate the best range of sintering temperature. At least five parallel samples were tested to each condition of sintering.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Zhou, Rui, Xiao Gang Diao, Jun Chen, Xiao Nan Du, Guo Ding Yuan, and Gui Fang Sun. "Effect of Spark Plasma Sintering on the Microstructure Evolution and Properties of M3:2 High-Speed Steel." Materials Science Forum 788 (April 2014): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.788.329.

Full text

Abstract:

Effects of sintering temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical performance of SPS M3:2 high speed steel prepared by spark plasma sintering was studied. High speed steel sintering curve of continuous heating from ambient temperature to 1200°C was estimated to analyze the sintering processes and sintering temperature range. The sintering temperature within this range was divided into groups to investigate hardness, relative density and microstructure of M3:2 high-speed steel. Strip and quadrate carbides were observed inside the equiaxed grains. SPS sintering temperature at 900°C can lead to nearly full densification with grain size smaller than 20μm. The hardness and bending strength are higher than that of the conventionally powder metallurgy fabricated ones sintered at 1270°C. However, fracture toughness of the high speed steel is lower than that of the conventional powder metallurgy steels. This can be attributed to the shape and distribution of M6C carbides which reduce the impact toughness of high speed steels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Kulkarni, K. M. "Liquid Phase Sintering in High Speed Steels." Solid State Phenomena 8-9 (January 1991): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.8-9.223.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Bolton, J. D., A. J. Gant, and R. J. M. Hague. "Liquid-phase sintering of high-speed steels." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 19 (1991): 5203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01143214.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Kulkarni, K. M. "Liquid phase sintering in high speed steels." Metal Powder Report 45, no. 9 (1990): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0657(90)90594-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Nonaka, Kazumichi, Mitsuji Teramae, and Giuseppe Pezzotti. "Evaluation of the Effect of High-Speed Sintering and Specimen Thickness on the Properties of 5 mol% Yttria-Stabilized Dental Zirconia Sintered Bodies." Materials 15, no. 16 (2022): 5685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165685.

Full text

Abstract:

High-speed sintering of zirconia has become essential to single-visit dental prosthetic treatments. This important prosthetic dentistry technique demands a translucent material tougher than porcelain. Previous studies on high-speed sintered zirconia did not take heat and material thickness into consideration. We evaluated pre-sintered specimen thickness and the effect of high-speed sintering on the properties of 5 mol% Y2O3-stabilized zirconia (5Y zirconia). High-speed sintered bodies of 5Y zirconia were evaluated by density measurements, translucency measurements, three-point flexural and fracture toughness tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). High-speed sintering reduced the translucency and mechanical properties of 5Y zirconia. XRD and SEM observation results clarified that these reductions were due to the change in crystal phase composition and to the increase in residual pores, respectively, both resulting from high-speed sintering. Moreover, in high-speed sintering, as the thickness of the specimen increased, the number and size of internal pores increased, and the translucency and strength decreased. The threshold value for avoiding a reduction in translucency and mechanical properties was found to lie at ~4.4 mm. From the above results, it was concluded that 5Y zirconia is not suitable for high-speed sintering applications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Nogueira, Romário Mauricio Urbanetto, and César Edil da Costa. "Sinterability of High-Speed Steels M2, M3/2 and T15." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.238.

Full text

Abstract:

Hardmetal is usually processed by the conventional powder technology techniques: mix of WC + Co powders compacted and liquid phase sintering. A new method to process hardmetal parts is hereby described. Parts of WC-15%wt Co were processed by using high pressure – high temperature sintering. It was used the pressure of 5GPa, temperatures of 780-1200-1350-1400oC, and times of 2-4 minutes of sintering. Results are shown as a function of micro-structural evolution, densification, and hardness measurements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Nazir, Aamer, and Jeng-Ywan Jeng. "A high-speed additive manufacturing approach for achieving high printing speed and accuracy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 14 (2019): 2741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219861664.

Full text

Abstract:

The primary concern of the Industry 4.0 is the direct digital manufacturing of customized products on demand at high production speed, high accuracy with functional material property. Although the unique capabilities of existing additive manufacturing technologies make it suitable for direct digital manufacturing, there are numerous limitations which include low printing speed, less accuracy and repeatability, and a limited selection of materials for a particular application. Therefore, a high-speed additive manufacturing approach is proposed in this paper, that is capable of achieving high speed of production, high accuracy, and surface finish, and functional material property. For better understanding, authors describe those additive manufacturing technologies that are capable of achieving the aforementioned characteristics. For validation, samples of various dimensions were 3D printed on a selective laser sintering and a high-speed multijet fusion 3D printer. The results were compared in the context of printing speed, surface roughness (Ra), and hardness of printed parts. Results revealed that the multijet fusion process is significantly faster than its counterpart while sacrificing Ra to some extent but the hardness of printed parts is not changed significantly. The selective laser sintering-printed samples had a 15% lower Ra compared with multijet fusion samples. The results also revealed that the multijet fusion process might be able to print composite/multi-materials; however, more research needs to be done.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Williams, Rhys J., Luke Fox, and Candice Majewski. "The effect of powder age in high speed sintering of poly(propylene)." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 4 (2021): 707–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2020-0090.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose This study aims to demonstrate for the first time that the cheap, commodity polymer, poly(propylene), can be successfully processed using high speed sintering, and that it can be recycled several times through the process, with little to no detriment to either the polymer itself or the parts obtained. This is significant as a step towards the realisation of high speed sintering as a technology for high-volume manufacturing. Design/methodology/approach A poly(propylene) powder designed for laser sintering was used to build parts on a high speed sintering machine. The unsintered powder was then collected and reused. Repeating this process allowed creation of seven generations of aged powder. A variety of characterisation techniques were then used to measure polymer, powder and part properties for each generation to discern any effects arising from ageing in the machine. Findings It was found that poly(propylene) could be used successfully in high speed sintering, albeit with a low build success rate. Increased powder age was found to correlate to an increase in the build success rate, changes in microscopic and bulk powder properties and improvement to the dimensional accuracy of the parts obtained. By contrast, no discernible correlations were seen between powder age and polymer molecular weight, or between powder age and the tensile properties of parts. Originality/value This is the first report of the use of poly(propylene) in high speed sintering. It is also first study regarding powder recyclability in high speed sintering, both in general and using poly(propylene) specifically.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Cho, Mi-Hyang, and Hyo-Joung Seol. "Effect of High-Speed Sintering on the Optical Properties, Microstructure, and Phase Distribution of Multilayered Zirconia Stabilized with 5 mol% Yttria." Materials 16, no. 16 (2023): 5570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16165570.

Full text

Abstract:

As dental 5 mol% yttria-stabilized (5Y-) zirconia demand high esthetics, it is necessary to clarify how the optical properties are affected by high-speed sintering, which is not yet fully understood. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of high-speed sintering on the translucency and opalescence parameters (TP and OP, respectively), as well as their related microstructure and phase distribution, using two types of multilayered 5Y-zirconia. Multilayered 5Y-zirconia (Cercon xt ML, Lava Esthetic) were cut layer-by-layer, followed by conventional and high-speed sintering. The TP and OP values were subsequently obtained using a spectrophotometer, and field emission scanning electron microscopy images were used to analyze the average grain size. The phase fractions were analyzed using X-ray diffraction. Regardless of the zirconia type, the TP was slightly lowered by high-speed sintering in all the layers except the dentin layer (DL) for Lava Esthetic (p < 0.05). The OP decreased by high-speed sintering in the DL for Cercon xt ML and in all the layers for Lava Esthetic (p < 0.05). The decrease in translucency after high-speed sintering was attributed to a decrease in the yttria-rich t’-phase with low tetragonality, along with an increase in the yttria-lean t-phase with high tetragonality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Madej, Marcin, Beata Leszczyńska-Madej, and Dariusz Garbiec. "High Speed Steel with Iron Addition Materials Sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering." Metals 10, no. 11 (2020): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10111549.

Full text

Abstract:

Attempts were made to describe the effect of the sintering temperature and pure iron powder addition on the properties of high speed steel based materials produced by the spark plasma sintering technique. After sintering, their density, hardness, flexural strength, and tribological properties were determined. The sintered materials were also subjected to microstructural analysis in order to determine the phenomena occurring at the particle contact boundaries during sintering. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, it was found that the mechanical properties and microstructure were mainly influenced by the sintering temperature. Using the temperature of 1000 °C allowed materials with a density close to the theoretical density to be obtained, characterized by a high hardness of about 360 HB and a low wear rate of about 1E-07 g/s.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Nenasheva, E. A., M. V. Bykova, N. O. Guk, R. G. Nazaryan, and I. Y. Lebedenko. "Comparison of transparency indicators of domestic samples of dental multilayer ceramics based on zirconium dioxide with indicators of a foreign analogue under different sintering modes." Medical alphabet, no. 28 (January 12, 2025): 98–101. https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2024-28-98-101.

Full text

Abstract:

Relevance. New dental materials made of zirconium dioxide include 3Y-TSP and 5Y-TSP, suitable for various clinical cases, including multilayer systems that create a transparency gradient. After milling, the pre-sintered Y-TZP frames must be subjected to final sintering in 8–10 hours, although modern technologies can reduce it to 17 minutes. However, high-speed sintering can degrade the color and transparency of finished prostheses. The new monolithic ceramic systems have increased the Y3+ content to about 4 and 5 ml. %, but the indicators of layered transparency of multilayer samples after high-speed sintering remain insufficiently studied. The purpose of the work. The study of layered transparency after traditional and high-speed sintering of domestic multilayer ceramics made of zirconium dioxide and its imported analog using a laboratoryspectrophotometer. Materials and methods. Groups of 12 samples were studied: the main one (domestic production of «Ziceram ML ET») and the control one (Chinese production of «Aidite 3D Pro»), divided into subgroups «a» (traditional sintering) and «b» (high-speed sintering). The size of all samples is 15×15×1 mm, colors A1–A3, milled by removing plates from a single layer. Subgroups «a» were fired according to traditional modes with an exposure time of 30–120 minutes. Subgroup «b» was baked in a high-speed furnace in 25 minutes. Transparency was assessed using an X-Rite Ci4200 spectrophotometer using the CIE Lab* system, calculating the ratio of the «L» luminance indicators on a white and black background. Conclusions. The lightness of the layers of multilayer ceramic blanks «Ziceram ML ET» and «Aidite 3D Pro» is significantly reduced after high-speed sintering compared to traditional firing. The transparency gradients of Russian and Chinese multilayer ceramics differ, with significant changes after high-speed sintering.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Al-Haj Husain, Nadin, Mutlu Özcan, Nataliya Dydyk, and Tim Joda. "Conventional, Speed Sintering and High-Speed Sintering of Zirconia: A Systematic Review of the Current Status of Applications in Dentistry with a Focus on Precision, Mechanical and Optical Parameters." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 16 (2022): 4892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164892.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the technical and clinical outcomes of conventional, speed sintering and high-speed sintering protocols of zirconia in the dental field. Data on precision, mechanical and optical parameters were evaluated and related to the clinical performance of zirconia ceramic. The PICOS search strategy was applied using MEDLINE to search for in vitro and in vivo studies using MeSH Terms by two reviewers. Of 66 potentially relevant studies, 5 full text articles were selected and 10 were further retrieved through a manual search. All 15 studies included in the systematic review were in vitro studies. Mechanical, precision and optical properties (marginal and internal fit, fracture strength and modulus, wear, translucency and opalescence, aging resistance/hydrothermal aging) were evaluated regarding 3-, 4- and 5-YTZP zirconia material and conventional, high- and high-speed sintering protocols. Mechanical and precision results were similar or better when speed or high-speed sintering methods were used for 3-, 4- and 5-YTZP zirconia. Translucency is usually reduced when 3 Y-TZP is used with speed sintering methods. All types of zirconia using the sintering procedures performed mechanically better compared to lithium disilicate glass ceramics but glass ceramics showed better results regarding translucency.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Kemnitzer, Jan, Anna Tarasova, and Daniel Pezold. "Fertigung funktional gradierter Bauteile im High Speed Sintering." maschinenbau 1, no. 4 (2021): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s44029-021-0066-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Liu, Z. Y., N. H. Loh, K. A. Khor, and S. B. Tor. "Sintering of injection molded M2 high-speed steel." Materials Letters 45, no. 1 (2000): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(00)00070-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Güntekin, Neslihan, Burcu Kızılırmak, and Ali Rıza Tunçdemir. "Comparison of Mechanical and Optical Properties of Multilayer Zirconia After High-Speed and Repeated Sintering." Materials 18, no. 7 (2025): 1493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071493.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aims to investigate the mechanical and optical properties of two different multilayer monolithic zirconia materials after the high-speed and repeated sintering process recommended by the manufacturers. In this study, specimens with a diameter of 12 mm and a thickness of 1 mm were fabricated using KATANA Zirconia YML (Kuraray Noritake) and IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime (Ivoclar Vivadent) multilayer zirconia. These specimens were processed with two different protocols to be used in the sintering process: high-speed and conventional sintering. Both protocols were repeated three times, after which the changes in the mechanical, microstructural and optical properties of the specimens were compared and analyzed. According to the biaxial flexural strength result, KATANA Zirconia YML (840.84 MPa) showed higher biaxial flexural strength compared to IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime (627.64 MPa) after repeated high-speed sintering. When the optical properties were analyzed, the translucency parameters of the IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime block were reliable in certain protocols. A comparison of mechanical and optical properties after repeated and high-speed sintering reveals that both materials offer advantages for different application requirements. The high biaxial flexural strength of KATANA Zirconia YML is more suitable for applications requiring strength. The homogeneous translucency of IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime is esthetically and optically safer for high-speed and repeated sintering processes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Bharaj, Karan, Sourabh Paul, Kamran Aamir Mumtaz, Michael Chisholm, and Neil Hopkinson. "Fabricating poly(methyl methacrylate) parts using high-speed sintering." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 1-2 (2019): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405419851690.

Full text

Abstract:

The ability of high-speed sintering to fabricate fully functional polymer parts at higher production rates as compared to other alternative additive manufacturing processes makes it prudent to further investigate its capability in processing different materials. The preferential deposition of a radiation absorbing material, which is often presented in the form of a liquid ink, on the powder bed can be considered the highlight of this technology. The effect of ‘print density’, that is, the amount of ink which is deposited, on the mechanical properties of parts made of an amorphous polymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), was investigated along with its potential role in controlling the porosity and partial melting. The ultimate tensile strength was measured and compared to other additive manufacturing technologies such as laser sintering and was found to be comparable, possibly due to the gradual supply of heat from the infrared lamp which allowed the amorphous poly(methyl methacrylate) particles to melt and have proper bonding with neighbouring particles as compared to the fast lasing action in laser sintering, where the sudden introduction and the withdrawal of the heat source (laser) led to poor inter-particle bonding.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

You, Hang, Xian Rui Wang, Cui Liang, Xiao Qin Ding, Xiao Yun Han, and Jin Fu Xu. "Investigation on the Bonding Mechanism of M42 Powder High-Speed Steel and 45 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.243.

Full text

Abstract:

The sintering of M42 P/M high speed steel followed by jointing to 45 steel had been accomplished at one step by using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. Based on the traditional diffusion theory and the designed structure of M42/45 steel joint, the bonding mechanism and models with the interface forming process of the bimetal have been proposed systematcally. The jointing and valuation of M42/45 steel interface are a comprehensive synergy process between fusion and diffusion mechanism. The former one takes priority at the early sintering process, while the later one becomes dominant over the followed sintering process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Wright, C. Steven. "Supersolidus Sintering of High Speed Steels - Comparison of Sintering Theory with Experimental Observations." Solid State Phenomena 25-26 (January 1992): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.25-26.463.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Wright, c. S., and B. Ogel. "Supersolidus Sintering of High Speed Steels: Part 1: Sintering of Molybdenum Based Alloys." Powder Metallurgy 36, no. 3 (1993): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pom.1993.36.3.213.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Wright, C. S., B. Ogel, F. Lemoisson, and Y. Bienvenu. "Supersolidus Sintering of High Speed Steels: Part 2: Sintering of Tungsten Based Alloys." Powder Metallurgy 38, no. 3 (1995): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pom.1995.38.3.221.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Niu, H. J., and I. T. H. Chang. "Liquid phase sintering of M3/2 high speed steel by selective laser sintering." Scripta Materialia 39, no. 1 (1998): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(98)00126-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Nonaka, Kazumichi, Mitsuji Teramae, and Giuseppe Pezzotti. "Effect of Ga2O3 Dopant on High Speed Sintered 5 mol% Y2O3 Stabilized Dental Zirconia." Materials 16, no. 2 (2023): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020714.

Full text

Abstract:

The high-speed sintering of zirconia has become essential for ceramic dental prosthesis treatment in a single visit. Previous studies have shown that 5 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (5Y zirconia), with the exception of some types, loses strength and translucency with high-speed sintering. In this study, 0.15–0.92 wt% Ga2O3, which is expected to promote the sintering of zirconia, was added to improve the properties of 5Y zirconia high-speed sintered bodies, and the effect of its addition was evaluated. The specimens were characterized by density and translucency measurements, a three-point bending test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and shrinkage measurement. The addition of Ga2O3 improved both translucency and flexural strength of 5Y zirconia high-speed sintered bodies. XRD and SEM observations revealed that this improvement in properties was due to the change in the crystal phase composition and the decrease in the amount and size of pores due to the addition of Ga2O3. Shrinkage measurements also revealed that the addition of Ga2O3 changed the sintering behavior of 5Y zirconia, suggesting that this change led to a reduction in porosity. From the above results, it was concluded that Ga2O3 addition is effective in improving the properties of 5Y zirconia high-speed sintered bodies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Qiang, Liang Sheng, Dong Yan Tang, Xing Hong Zhang, and L. Jin. "High-Speed Synthesis and Electric Properties of Magnesium Doped Lead Titanate Ceramics." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.149.

Full text

Abstract:

By adding methyl alcohol/water solution with certain concentration into sol to hydrolysis directly and sintering the fresh sol directly, lead titanate(PbTiO3) ceramics doped with magnesium are prepared by using magnesium acetate as doper to prohibit the disadvantages contained in conventional sol-gel method, such as low hydrolytic rate, high sintering temperature, long preparation period. The changes of structure, microstructure, synthesis process and electric properties of modified ceramics are studied in detail. The sizes and morphology of high purely and high density magnesium doped lead titanate nanocrystals thus obtained are observed by TEM photographs and the structures and affection of sintering temperature of to lattice constant and sizes of nanocrystals are detected by XRD. Electric properties detection results show that doped lead titanate ceramics exhibite excellent dielectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties compare with pure lead titanate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Pezold, Daniel, Marco Wimmer, Fayez Alfayez, Zahir Bashir, and Frank Döpper. "Evaluation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Powder in High Speed Sintering." Polymers 14, no. 10 (2022): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102095.

Full text

Abstract:

Laser Sintering (LS) was the first Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) method for polymers and it is now quite an established process for rapid prototyping and even for the production of functional parts. High Speed Sintering (HSS) is a variant of PBF which was later developed and it has the potential to be more scalable than LS. Most of the work for HSS and LS has been conducted with polyamide-12 (PA 12). This work reports the first effort to use polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in HSS. Well defined, simple and complex parts could be printed without any build failures. However, limitations were induced by current HSS machines which led to some curvature (warpage) in tensile bars after manufacturing. The reason for this was that all currently available machines for HSS are built for polymers such as polyamide 12, which means their maximum bed temperature is limited to 190 °C. This corresponds to the lower limit of processability of PET in PBF processes. The slightly curved tensile bars were straightened by heating them to 230 °C with a weight on top, and afterwards the mechanical properties were measured. The tensile modulus was similar to what was obtained with PET via LS but the strength and elongation-at-break (EAB) was lower. Microscopy showed that the reason for the lower strength and EAB was the incomplete melting of particles. This arose from the temperature limitation of the current generation of HSS machines. The porosity was established as 2.23% by helium pycnometry which is the same as for LS. The results of the thermal analysis indicated that the PET parts manufactured with HSS were semi-crystalline like the PET parts manufactured via LS.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Lawson, Nathaniel C., and Anvita Maharishi. "Strength and translucency of zirconia after high‐speed sintering." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 32, no. 2 (2019): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12524.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Alkarr, Saleh, Zahir Bashir, Marco Wimmer, Johann Schorzmanm, and Frank Döpper. "Anti-microbial plastic parts fabricated by high-speed sintering." Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing 3, no. 4 (2024): 4970. https://doi.org/10.36922/msam.4970.

Full text

Abstract:

&nbsp;This study utilizes Mg(OH)2 nanocrystals (a non-leaching biocide) to develop plastic articles with anti-microbial activity. The standard method for manufacturing plastic nanocomposites involves melt compounding Mg(OH)2 nanocrystals into a polymer melt, followed by injection molding; however, this approach did not produce a part with anti-microbial activity because there were no Mg(OH)2 nanocrystals on the surface of the parts. Anti-microbial polyamide 12 (PA 12) parts could be produced using a specific 3D printing method called high-speed sintering (HSS). The HSS-printed parts were subsequently dip-coated with an anti-microbial suspension of Mg(OH)2 nanoplatelets (NPs). The Mg(OH)2 NPs embedded on the surface of the HSS-printed part exhibited a log10 4 reduction (effective killing) of the bacterium Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 (E. coli). The Mg(OH)2 NPs adhered well to the HSS-printed parts and could be used repeatedly with no loss of anti-microbial activity. In contrast, the dip-coated injection-molded PA 12 part was ineffective because the Mg(OH)2 NPs did not adhere to it. The surface of the HSS-printed part naturally allows the binding of the Mg(OH)2 nanocrystals. The anti-microbial activity of Mg(OH)2 NPs depends on direct contact between them and the microbe, which is feasible with the dip-coated HSS-printed part but not with the injection-molded nanocomposite. The work illustrates some of the unique possibilities arising from 3D printing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Baglyuk, G. A., and L. A. Poznyak. "Structure formation during activated sintering of high-speed steel." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 43, no. 11-12 (2004): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-005-0023-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Smirnov, K. L. "Sintering of SiAlON ceramics under high-speed thermal treatment." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 51, no. 1-2 (2012): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-012-9399-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Madej, M. "Copper infiltrated high speed steel skeletons." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 98 (2019): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3391.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: This article is a monographic summary of the most important research results from the last 10 years regarding HSS based materials. This materias were produced with powder metallurgy technology using spontaneous infiltration. The presented results answer the question of how iron, tungsten carbide and copper additives influence the final properties of these materials and present additional microstructural phenomena revealed during their manufacture. Design/methodology/approach: Materials were produced by spontaneous infiltration. Porous skeletons for infiltration were produced by pressing and pressing and sintering of mixed powders. Copper was used as the infiltrant. Findings: The molten copper was drawn into the porous skeletons, through a capillary action, and filled virtually the entire pore volume to get the final densities exceeding 97% of the theoretical value. Research limitations/implications: As part of further research, microstructures of M30WC composites obtained by direct infiltration of copper into as-sintered porous skeletons using TEM are planned. Practical implications: Efficiant mechanical strength, high hardness, adequate heat resistance and good wear resistance of M3 type 2 HSS powder produced by woter atomisation make it an attractive material for manufacture of valve train components, for example valve seat inserts. Originality/value: The novelty in the article are the results of research on the microstructure made using TEM, the results of testing materials after heat treatment, untypical for high- speed steels. The article attempts to explain the influence of iron addition on properties - such a slight loss of mass as a result of its addition. The second aim of this work is to analyse the microstructural changes during sintering porous skeletons made from HSS with WC additions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Xing, Zhenxing, Gongjin Cheng, He Yang, and Xiangxin Xue. "Resource utilization of High-Ti vanadium titanomagnetite: Preparation and properties of sinter." Metallurgical Research & Technology 120, no. 6 (2023): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023074.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to achieve the goal of resource utilization of High-Ti vanadium titanomagnetite (High-Ti VTM), the high-temperature sintering characteristics of High-Ti VTM were investigated by micro-sintering experiments, while the effects of different ordinary iron ore dosage and basicity on the sintering process parameters and sinter quality were investigated by sintering pot experiments. The results showed that the TiO2 and SiO2 contents increased gradually with increasing dosage of High-Ti VTM, and the liquid phase fluidity index and binder phase strength increased gradually, while the assimilation temperature and intergranular consolidation strength showed a decreasing trend. With the increase of the dosage of ordinary iron ore, the vertical sintering speed was reduced, while the sinter yield and tumble index gradually increased. As the basicity of the sinter gradually increased, the sintering time and the pulverization degree of the sinter gradually increased and the sinter yield gradually decreased, while the vertical sintering speed and the tumble index both showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The results of the study provide data to support the preparation of sinter with High-Ti VTM.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Katkade, Akanksha Sanjay, Nida Mustabshira, Kishor M. Mahale, et al. "Effect of different sintering cycles on the flexural strength and translucency of CAD-CAM milled monolithic zirconia with different thicknesses." Journal of Dental Panacea 6, no. 3 (2024): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jdp.2024.029.

Full text

Abstract:

Zirconia is the preferred material for posterior teeth subjected to high occlusal forces & its fabrication involves the use of CAD/CAM technology. Sintering conditions play a crucial role in determining the grain size, final product stabilization, and mechanical properties of the material. Limited studies are available to determine effect of sintering cycles on mechanical and optical properties of zirconia. To investigate flexural strength and translucency produced by two different sintering cycles (conventional and high-speed sintering) on three different thicknesses of CAD-CAM milled monolithic zirconia crowns. In vitro study. Zirconia blanks (Dentsply Sirona, Cercon ht diameter 98mm x 12 mm height, Germany) were used to fabricate 30 premolar crowns (N = 30, divided into 2 groups of 15 each) which were constructed in three different occlusal thicknesses (1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mm) using two different sintering cycles: conventional sintering (at 1,450°C for 9 hours 50 minutes) and high-speed sintering (at 1,550°C for 2 hours 55 minutes). Flexural strength and translucency parameter (TP) tested after all crowns were underwent 5,000 times thermocycling test (between 5°C and 55°C). Intergroup comparison done using unpaired ‘t’ test. Intra-group comparison done using Tukey’s post hoc test. The effect of sintering procedure on TP was not statistically significant but effect of thickness on TP was statistically significant. As thickness was reduced from 2.5 to 1.5 mm, translucency was increased but flexural strength was decreased. Sintering monolithic zirconia using conventional sintering cycle rendered high flexural strength than high speed sintering cycle but both groups showed higher values than optimum value of flexural strength of zirconia. The flexural strength increased with the increase of thickness of zirconia crown whereas translucency decreases. Significant differences among flexural strength were also determined between the same thicknesses of the zirconia materials at different sintering programs (p&#60;0.05).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Majewski, C. E., D. Oduye, H. R. Thomas, and N. Hopkinson. "Effect of infra‐red power level on the sintering behaviour in the high speed sintering process." Rapid Prototyping Journal 14, no. 3 (2008): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552540810878012.

Full text

Abstract:

PurposeTo investigate the effects of the infra‐red power level on sintering behaviour in the high speed sintering (HSS) process.Design/methodology/approachSingle‐layer parts were produced using the HSS process, in order to determine the effect of the infra‐red power level on the maximum achievable layer thickness, and the degree of sintering. The parts were examined using both optical microscopy and contact methods.FindingsIt was initially expected that an increase in the infra‐red lamp powder might allow an increase in the depth of sintering that could be achieved, as a result of increased thermal transfer through the powder. However, results in fact indicated that there is a maximum layer thickness that can be achieved, as a result of part shrinkage in the z direction. Optical microscopy images have shown that a greater degree of sintering occurs at higher power levels, which would be expected to correspond to an improvement in the mechanical properties of the parts produced. These images also indicate that the radiation absorbing material forms in small “islands” on the powder bed surface. As sintering progresses, these islands begin to merge; this occurs to a greater extent at higher infra‐red lamp powers.Research limitations/implicationsThese results are based only on single layer parts. Further work will examine the sintering characteristics of multiple layer parts.Practical implicationsResults have shown that, whilst it is not possible to increase the achievable layer thickness of the parts produced by modifying the infra‐red lamp power, the degree of sintering can be improved greatly by increasing the power.Originality/valueHSS is an entirely new process which is currently still under development; the results presented here will directly impact the direction of further development and research into this process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Kloc, A., Leszek Adam Dobrzański, G. Matula, and José M. Torralba. "Effect of Manufacturing Methods on Structure and Properties of the Gradient Tool Materials with the Non-Alloy Steel Matrix Reinforced with the HS6-5-2 Type High-Speed Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2749.

Full text

Abstract:

Investigations carried out referred to obtaining material based on the high-speed steel and non-alloy steel. The conventional powder metallurgy method was used for manufacturing these materials, consisting in compacting the powder in the closed die and sintering it next, the isostatic pressing method, and the modern pressureless forming powder metallurgy. Forming methods were developed during the investigations for high-speed and non-alloy steel powders, making it possible to obtain materials with three layers in their structure. Investigations included determining the sintering conditions, and especially the temperature and treatment cycle, as well as examining the selected mechanical properties. It was found out, basing on the comparison of structures and properties of test pieces made with the pressureless forming method, as well as with the isostatic pressing and pressing in the closed die, with further sintering, that in structures of all examined test pieces in the sintered state fine carbides occurred distributed homogeneously in the high-speed steel layer. It was noticed, that increase of the sintering temperature, regardless of the manufacturing method, results in the uncontrolled growth and coagulation of the primary carbides and melting up to forming of eutectics in layers consisting of the high-speed steel. It was found out basing on the microhardness tests that hardness of test pieces both those pressureless formed, compacted in the closed die, and isostatically cold pressed and sintered grows along with the sintering temperature. It was also noted that the sintering temperature range is bigger in case of the pressureless formed materials.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Covaciu, Manuela, Traian Canta, and Elena Gordo. "Characterization and Sinterability Study of P.M. High-Speed Steel Obtained by Water Atomization." Advanced Materials Research 23 (October 2007): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.23.147.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper presents studies about reducing the sintering temperature of PM High-Speed Steel obtained by water atomization. The powder was characterized to proceed with compaction and sintering at different temperatures between 1140-1220°C in different atmospheres: nitrogen (N2), nitrogen-hydrogen-methane (N2/H2/CH4) and vacuum. It is described the experiment in able to increase hardness by a quenching and tempering heat treatment that was carried out on sintered samples at 1140°C in vacuum atmosphere at 1200°C in N2/H2/CH4.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Yathish, Narayana Rao K. N., K. Mohamed Kaleemulla Dr., and M. Venkatraj. "Preparation and Analyzing of Micro Structural of Aluminum Oxide (Al2o3) in High Speed Machining." Journal of Advancement in Machines 5, no. 1 (2020): 24–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3783982.

Full text

Abstract:

The physical properties of engineering Alumina ceramics (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) have been reviewed fromliterature data for the purpose ofmicro structural characterizing the mechanical response of Alumina to sintering manufacturing processes in engineering applications. The aim of the current investigation is the study of microstructure, l properties of alumina by sintering. Structural Microscopic images has been formed by using Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Mascarenhas, João M. G., Manuela Oliveira, and C. Steven Wright. "Effect of Vanadium and Carbon Content on the Sinterability of Water Atomised High Speed Steel Powders." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.529.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the sintering behaviour of three vanadium enriched variants of T42 high-speed steel. Powders were prepared by water atomization with vanadium and carbon contents of 6-8 wt% and 2.2 -2.7 wt%, respectively. These were annealed, die pressed and sintered in vacuum. All three alloys were sintered to full density giving “as –sintered” microstructures comprising globular MC carbides dispersed in a martensitic matrix. Optimum sintering temperatures were in the range 1240 - 1250°C with lower optimum temperatures associated with higher carbon levels. Sintering characteristics are correlated with phase diagrams calculated using ThermoCalc™ software and TCFe2000 database. The implications for the design of sinterable vanadium containing high-speed steels are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Zhou, R., D. Wang, Jun Shen, and J. Sun. "Effect of Carbon Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of M3:2 High Speed Steels Processed by Powder Metallurgy." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.153.

Full text

Abstract:

M3:2 high speed steels with and without carbon addition were prepared by using powder metallurgy at sintering temperature between 1210 and 1280 °C. Densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of M3:2 high speed steels were investigated. Experimental results show that with 0.4wt% carbon addition, full density high speed steels were obtained at temperatures in the range 1240-1260 °C which is 40 °C lower than that of the undoped counterparts, leading to a sintering window expanded by 10 to 20 °C. By the addition of 0.4wt% carbon, the sintered steels show attractive combinations of bend strength and hardness over those of M3:2 steels without carbon addition. The results reveal that the addition of carbon will not only lower the sintering temperature and oxygen content, but also improve the mechanical properties of the sintered steels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Poznyak, L. A., K. A. Gogaev, V. A. Shtakun, and V. I. Ul'nish. "Formation and solid-phase sintering of high-speed steel powders." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 29, no. 4 (1990): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00797231.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Romano, P., O. Lyckfeldt, N. Candela, and José M. Torralba. "Nitrogen Sintering of High Speed Steel Processed by Starch Consolidation." Materials Science Forum 416-418 (February 2003): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.416-418.369.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Movchan, O. V., and K. O. Chornoivanenko. "Transformations during liquid-phase sintering of high-speed alloy powders." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 89, no. 1 (2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2019.01.009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Wähling, R., P. Beiss, and W. J. Huppmann. "Sintering Behaviour and Performance Data of High Speed Steel Components." Powder Metallurgy 29, no. 1 (1986): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pom.1986.29.1.53.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Igharo, M., and J. V. Wood. "Sintering of Mixed High Speed Steel and Iron—Phosphorus Powders." Powder Metallurgy 31, no. 3 (1988): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pom.1988.31.3.184.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Wright, C. S., M. Lewicka, W. J. C. Price, and L. Fontaine. "Densification of T1 High Speed Steel Powders by Vacuum Sintering." Powder Metallurgy 32, no. 2 (1989): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/pom.1989.32.2.109.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Martins, Isabel M., Luis Esperto, and Mário J. G. Santos. "Sintering M3/2 High Speed Steel Powder by DMLS Process." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1506.

Full text

Abstract:

The Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) technology uses a mixture of metal powders with different melting points to build objects layer by layer, directly from the geometric digitalised information. This process allows the manufacturing of prototype and production tools. In this study, the M3/2 high speed steel powder blended with 20 wt.% Cu3P and 0.25 wt.% graphite was laser-sintered, using two scan speeds (100 and 200 mm/s), keeping constant both hatching (0.30mm between two consecutive lines) and laser power (180W). The powder was spread in uniform layers of about 20m over a steel plate (100x60x6mm). The laser beam scanned small areas (12x15mm) in a single direction (OX). The surface morphology of the laser-sintered material shows that all material melted, but for 200mm/s scan speed, strings are well defined. This is probably due to a lower level of energy supplied to the material. The microstructure of the sintered material was studied in the longitudinal and transverse sections, to evaluate the consolidation process and layer growth. The material showed porosity and cracks formed during the process.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Sauti, R., N. A. Wahab, M. A. Omar, and I. N. Ahmad. "The Influence of Sintering Atmosphere for Metal Injection Moulding M2 High Speed Steel." Advanced Materials Research 879 (January 2014): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.879.169.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper reports on the compatibility of waste rubber as binder for M2 High Speed Steel injection moulding. The feedstock was prepared at a powder loading of 65 vol.% using 22μm M2 High Speed Steel powder and the binders consisting of 55wt.% paraffin wax, 21wt.% polyethylene, 14wt.% waste rubber and 10wt.% stearic acid. The specimens were then sintered in vacuum and 95%N2/5%H2 atmosphere. The sintering in vacuum atmosphere occurred within a temperature range from1200°C to 1260°C, whilst the 95%N2/5%H2 atmosphere was carried out within a temperature range from 1220°C to 1300°C. The effects of the sintering atmosphere and temperature on the physical properties, mechanical properties and microstructure were investigated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Nenasheva, Elizaveta, Marina Bykova, Mikhail Deev, and Denis Bykov. "STUDYING THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF SAMPLES OF MULTILAYER DENTAL CERAMICS BASED ON ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE OF DOMESTIC AND CHINESE PRODUCTION AFTER TRADITIONAL AND HIGH-SPEED SINTERING." Actual problems in dentistry 20, no. 2 (2024): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2024-20-2-191-195.

Full text

Abstract:

A study on the strength of samples of multilayer dental ceramics based on zirconium dioxide of domestic and Chinese production with three-point bending is provided. Dentures made of dental ceramics based on zirconium dioxide are sintered in clinical practice using the traditional multi-hour or high-speed method. The traditional sintering mode requires a long time, careful control of temperature, heating speed and guarantees high strength and aesthetics during prosthetics. The high-speed mode sinters dental multilayer ceramics based on zirconium dioxide quickly, efficiently and provides a high-quality connection of all layers in a shorter time, however, it can lead to a higher probability of defects in the structure of the ceramic crown, such as cracks or bubbles between layers in the ceramic material. Materials and methods. The samples were produced by computer milling and sintered in the traditional 10-hour and high-speed sintering mode in 22 minutes. The obtained results were subjected to statistical processing, including the calculation of the arithmetic mean and the error of the average. The samples of the neck layer showed the greatest strength in three-point bending, but the intermediate layer turned out to be the weakest. According to the results, for Chinese samples, the high-speed sintering mode does not significantly change the strength of ceramic samples in comparison with traditional hours-long firing. The high-speed sintering mode of domestic samples reduces the strength during three-point bending. Conclusions. The study showed that samples of Chinese multilayer ceramics limit the indications for its use in prosthetics. Russian samples of multilayer dental ceramics based on zirconium dioxide exceed the performance of their foreign counterparts in terms of strength at three-point bending. The presented research is important for the development of effective methods of orthopedic treatment, as well as for optimizing the production process of dental ceramics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Sahabieva, Dzhamilya, Mikhail Deev, Elena D'yanonenko, Irina Poyurovskaya, Fedor Rusanov, and Igor' Lebedenko. "EFFECT OF HIGH-SPEED SINTERING OF RUSSIAN PRODUCED ZICERAM T ZIRCONIA-BASED CERAMIC MATERIAL ON STRENGTH AND COLOR." Actual problems in dentistry 17, no. 4 (2022): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-21-17-4-140-144.

Full text

Abstract:

Zirconia dentures are gradually becoming a widespread type of dental prosthetics. The production of zirconia blanks for dentistry has been launched in our country. In recent years, the possibility of high-speed sintering of zirconia dentures has been well studied, which makes it possible to reduce the manufacturing process of dental restorations by four to five times. Zirconia ceramics compositions and high-speed sintering furnaces are being improved, sintering protocols are being optimized. In this paper, we reported about the influence of high-speed firing protocols on important material`s characteristic, such as three-point bend flexural strength and color parameters at ten different heating modes, differing by heating rates, final temperature and holding time during high-speed heat treatment of ceramic material. Accord-ing to the results of bending strength tests, samples obtained with a total time of high-speed firing from 20 to 60 minutes have similar values, more than 300 MPa. In accordance with the ISO 6872 standard, such flexural strength is sufficient for fabrication of single crowns in both the anterior and posterior groups of teeth. A study on the laboratory spectrophotometer (Spectron M) in the CIELab system, showed a multidirectional change in color characteristics at different heating rates and sintering temperatures. An increase in the value of zirconia sam-ples from domestic blanks "Ziceram T" produced by St. Petersburg firm "Zircon Ceramics" was established with a sufficient confidence grade. The shortened firing time leads to an in-crease in the value of the samples, which associate with a lower translucency.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!