Journal articles: 'High strength Friction stir welding'

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Dinda, Guru Prasad, and A. Ramakrishnan. "Friction stir welding of high-strength steel." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 103, no. 9-12 (June 23, 2019): 4763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04003-7.

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No, Koo Kil, Joon Tae Yoo, Jong Hoon Yoon, and Ho Sung Lee. "An Experimental Study of Process Parameters on Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy 2219 Joint Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 863 (February 2017): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.863.3.

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Aluminum alloy 2219 is widely used in aerospace applications since it has a unique combination of good weldability and high specific strength. Furthermore, it can provide a high strength after heat treatment with superior properties in cryogenic environment so they have been widely used for cryogenic fuel tank of space launch vehicles. It is known that solid state welding like friction stir welding can improve the joint properties of this alloy. Friction stir welding is a solid state welding technology which two materials are welded together by the frictional heat due to the rotation of the tool. In this study, friction stir welding was performed on aluminum alloy 2219 sheets. The range of welding parameter is four rotation speeds from 350 to 800 rpm and six travel speeds from 120 to 420 mm/min. The results include the microstructural change after friction stir welding. The microstructure was characterized and material in the stirred zone experience sufficient deformation and heat input which cause the complete dynamic recrystallization. The present work represents the strength at each process condition and the optimum friction stir welding process parameters. The optimum weld efficiency obtained in this study was 76.5 %.

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NAGURA, Ryo, and Tadashi NISHIHARA. "417 Friction Stir Welding of High-Strength Aluminum Alloys." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2000.8 (2000): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2000.8.303.

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Jata, K. V. "Friction Stir Welding of High Strength Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 331-337 (May 2000): 1701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.331-337.1701.

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Panteleev, M. D., A. V. Sviridov, A. A. Skupov, and N. S. Odintsov. "PERSPECTIVE WELDING TECHNOLOGIES OF ALUMINUM-LITHIUM ALLOY V-1469 APPLIED TO FUSELAGE PANELS." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 12 (2020): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2020-0-12-35-46.

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In this work, we investigated the technological features of promising technologies for laser welding and friction stir welding of high-strength aluminum-lithium alloy V-1469. The modes of laser welding and friction stir welding have been carried out. In this article, we showed the perspective welding methods provide high values of ductility and impact toughness, while the strength of welded joints is not less than 0,8 of the strength of the base material and values of low cycle fatigue is not less than 110•103 cycles. The results allows to propose laser welding and friction stir welding processes as an alternative to riveted joint for aluminum-lithium alloy V-1469 as applied to the elements of the fuselage.

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Allart, Marion, Alexandre Benoit, Pascal Paillard, Guillaume Rückert, and Myriam Chargy. "Metallurgical Study of Friction Stir Welded High Strength Steels for Shipbuilding." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 2798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.2798.

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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is one of the most recent welding processes, invented in 1991 by The Welding Institute. Recent developments, mainly using polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools, broaden the range of use of FSW to harder materials, like steels. Our study focused on the assembly of high yield strength steels for naval applications by FSW, and its consequences on the metallurgical properties. The main objectivewas to analyze the metallurgical transformations occurring during welding. Welding tests were conducted on three steels: 80HLES, S690QL and DH36. For each welded sample, macrographs, micrographs and micro-hardness maps were performed to characterize the variation of microstructures through the weld.

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Alinaghian, Iman, Saeid Amini, and Mohammad Honarpisheh. "Residual stress, tensile strength, and macrostructure investigations on ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding of AA 6061-T6." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 53, no. 7 (July 24, 2018): 494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324718789768.

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In recent decades, ultrasonic vibrations are used in manufacturing processes because they can improve tool life, material performance, and quality. One of them which can be integrated with ultrasonic vibrations is friction stir welding called ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding. In previous studies, the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the mechanical, metallurgical, and thermal properties was investigated and there is not any residual stress investigations on ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding. Since residual stress plays an important role in performance and stability of components, the influence of ultrasonic power on the longitudinal residual stress in friction stir welding is investigated in this work. In spite of residual stress, tensile strength and quality of weldment were investigated as complementary terms to ensure successful performance of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding. The findings indicated that high-frequency vibrations with power of 200 W can reduce the maximum tensile residual stress about 45% and significantly increase tensile strength. Also, ultrasonic vibrations prevent defect such has voids and tunnel in weld zone due to peening effect in ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding.

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Kuritsyn, D. N., M. V. Siluyanova, and V. V. Kuritsyna. "Friction Stir Welding in the Aircraft Production." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.447.

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The paper presents the results of experimental development of the technology of friction stir welding to obtain a nonseparable connection of a special aerospace aluminum, titanium and magnesium alloys, high-temperature steels. Regularities and models of heat balance in the welding zone have been determined, which make it possible to predict the technological possibilities of high-speed friction welding. It is established that high-speed friction welding by mixing allows to obtain a high-quality connection at lower loads on the design of the equipment. On the basis of studies of macro-and microstructure, microhardness, level of residual stresses and strength tests, technological recommendations on the choice of welding conditions and conditions were obtained. Presented of experimental and industrial development of special equipment, high-speed friction welding, design and manufacturing of high hardness tools of complex spatial shapes for welding aircraft materials.

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Kucukomeroglu, T., and S. M. Aktarer. "Microstructure, microhardness and tensile properties of FSWed DP 800 steel." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 81 (April 1, 2017): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2038.

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Purpose: Dual phase (DP) steels are widely used in the automotive industry due to their properties of a high balance of strength and formability. However, it is known that conventional welding of high strength steel leads to some undesirable results such as hardness decrease in the heat affected zone. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid state joining method, which is used to join these steels due to its advantage of low heat input. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microstructural change and mechanical properties of friction stir welded DP800 steel. Design/methodology/approach: DP 800 steels with 1.5 mm thickness were subjected to friction stir welding, by using a tungsten carbide (WC) tool. The tool was tilted 2°, and downforce of the tool was kept constant at 6 kN. During processing, the tool rotation and traverse speed were fixed at 1600 rpm and 170 mm∙min-1, respectively. Findings: The friction stir welded region comprises martensite, bainite, refined ferrite. The average microhardness of stir zone has increased from 260 HV0.2 to about 450 HV0.2. The tensile sample shows a decrease in the ultimate tensile strength (σUTS) about 3%, from 827 MPa to 806 MPa for the joint. The yield strength (YS) of the joint is about 566 MPa and the value is near that of DP800. Research limitations/implications: The tungsten carbide tool used for the friction stir welding has suffered deterioration in the pin profile after 1 meter welding operation. It may be advisable to drill a pre-hole in the specimens for a longer tool life. Practical implications: Tool wear for industrial applications will be a major problem. Therefore, the use of tools with high wear resistance such as polycrystalline cubic boron nitride may be recommended. Originality/value: Works on friction stir welding of dual phase steels are limited and they mostly focus on spot welding. Also, this study systematically investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of dual-phase 800 steels after the friction stir welding.

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Padmanaban, R., V. Muthukumaran, and A. Vighnesh. "Parameter Optimization for Friction Stir Welding AA1100." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.462.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) has become a potential solid state joining technique with considerable advantages over conventional joining process. Defect-free friction stir welded joints with high joint strength are obtained when optimum process parameters are used. Although a large number of parameters govern the FSW process, the tool rotation speed, Welding speed and tool geometry are key parameters that influence the joint strength. In this work, a statistical model relating process parameters and the tensile strength (TS) of friction stir welded AA1100 joints is build using response surface methodology. The four independent variables are tool rotational speed (TRS), welding speed (WS), shoulder diameter (SD) and pin diameter (PD). Central Composite design is used and Analysis of Variance at 95% confidence level was applied to assess the adequacy of the developed model. Genetic algorithm is used for optimizing the parameters. The optimum process parameter values predicted using the genetic algorithm are as follows. Tool rotation speed: 1001.9 rpm; welding speed: 62 mm/min; shoulder diameter: 17.8 mm and pin diameter: 6.5 mm. The corresponding tensile strength of the joints is 73.1556 MPa

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Chen, Yu, Zhihui Cai, Hua Ding, and Fenghe Zhang. "The Evolution of the Nugget Zone for Dissimilar AA6061/AA7075 Joints Fabricated via Multiple-Pass Friction Stir Welding." Metals 11, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101506.

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AA6061 and AA7075 aluminum alloys were successfully joined by using single-pass and multiple-pass friction stir welding techniques after which the effects on the nugget zone evolution from a second overlapping pass and its welding direction, were investigated. In comparison to single-pass friction stir welding, the application of a second overlapping pass prolonged the dynamic recrystallization time, and the grains of the nugget zone became finer with increased high angle grain boundaries. Moreover, reversing the welding direction of the second overlapping pass enhanced the vertical flow of materials, increasing the strain of the friction stir welding in the nugget zone. As a result, the efficiency of the grain refinement and mixture of dissimilar materials during the second overlapping pass were significantly elevated. The tensile strength of the nugget zone was improved after the second overlapping pass due to both the grain refinement and mechanical interlocking of the AA6061/AA7075 alloys. The nugget zone, which was fabricated via the multiple-pass friction stir welding technique using an opposite welding direction, exhibited a 23% increase in yield strength as compared to the sample using the single-pass friction stir welding technique.

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Wang, Lei, Li Yang Xie, Li Hui, Ping Yun Li, and Jun Gang Ren. "An Optimized Method for Choosing Friction Stir Welding Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.431.

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Effect of rotating speed and welding velocity on properties of 6063-3A21 dissimilar Friction Stir weld was experimental studied, results show that too high or too low welding velocity will result in a decrease of the weld strength; effect of rotating speed on weld strength is relatively small. An optimized method for Choosing Friction Stir Welding parameters was proposed, which include three steps, first, fix a rotating speed through experimental analysis; and then find out reasonable ranges of v/w; finally work out the optimized welding speed range.

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ZIFČÁK, P., P. BLAŽÍČEK, and R. ŠTANCEL. "Friction stir welding of high-strength steel type TRIP 700." Metallic Materials 54, no. 05 (2016): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/km_2016_5_369.

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Nakata, Kazuhiro, Young Gon Kim, Masao Ushio, Takenori Hashimoto, and Shigetoshi Jyogan. "Weldability of High Strength Aluminum Alloys by Friction Stir Welding." ISIJ International 40, Suppl (2000): S15—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.40.suppl_s15.

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Matsushita, M., Y. Kitani, R. Ikeda, M. Ono, H. Fujii, and Y. ‐D Chung. "Development of friction stir welding of high strength steel sheet." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 16, no. 2 (February 2011): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1362171810y.0000000026.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Ye Rim Lee, and Kyung Ju Min. "Influence of Tool Rotational Speed on the Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Al-Cu-Li Alloy." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.228.

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Aluminum-Lithium alloys have been found to exhibit superior mechanical properties as compared to the conventional aerospace aluminum alloys in terms of high strength, high modulus, low density, good corrosion resistance and fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures. Even though they do not form low-melting eutectics during fusion welding, there are still problems like porosity, solidification cracking, and loss of lithium. This is why solid state friction stir welding is important in this alloy. It is known that using Al-Cu-Li alloy and friction stir welding to super lightweight external tank for space shuttle, significant weight reduction has been achieved. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of friction stir tool rotation speed on mechanical and microstructural properties of Al-Cu-Li alloy. The plates were joined with friction stir welding process using different tool rotation speeds (300-800 rpm) and welding speeds (120-420 mm/min), which are the two prime welding parameters in this process.

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Ramesh Babu, S., M. Nithin, S. Pavithran, and B. Parameshwaran. "Friction Stir Spot Welding of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 867 (July 2017): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.867.105.

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The Electrical Resistance Welding (ERW) of Magnesium and Aluminium is more difficult than steel because the welding machines must provide high currents and exact pressures in order to provide the heat necessary to melt the magnesium for proper fusion at the interface in order to produce a sound weld. Further, resistance welding of magnesium requires a backup plate made of steel to conduct the heat to the workpiece material. To overcome this problem, Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) has been developed. In this study, the hardness distribution and the tensile shear strength of FSSW welds in the AZ31B Magnesium alloy has been investigated and it has been found that tool rotational speed and dwell time plays a major role in determining the weld strength. From the experimental study, a tool rotational speed of 1100 rpm and dwell time of 20 s produced good shear strength of 2824 N and the corresponding grain size was 4.54 μm. This result is very well supported by microstructural examinations and hardness distribution studies.

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Vanama, Santosh. "Design and Fabrication of Friction Stir Welding End-Effector for an ABB IRB1410 Robot." IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v5i2.pp98-104.

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<p>The paper propose modelling and fabrication of friction stir welding end-effector for ABB IRB1410 robot. A dynamically developing version of pressure welding processes, join material without reaching the fusion temperature called friction stir welding. As friction stir welding occurs in solid state, no solidification structures are created thereby eliminating the brittle and eutectic phase’s common to fusion welding of high strength aluminium alloys. In this paper, Friction stir welding is applied to aluminum sheets of 2 mm thickness. A prototype setup is developed to monitor the evolution of main forces and tool temperature during the operation. Pressure of a gripper plays a major role for tool rotation and developing torque. Fabrication of the tool has done. Force calculations are done by placing the sensors on the outer surface of gripper. Methods of evaluating weld quality are surveyed as well.</p>

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Geçmen, İnan, Zarif Çatalgöl, and Mustafa Kemal Bilici. "Effect of welding parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of friction stir welded brass joints." Matériaux & Techniques 106, no. 6 (2018): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2018060.

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Friction stir welding is a method developed for the welding of high-alloy aluminum materials which are difficult to combine with conventional welding methods. Friction stir welding of MS 63 (brass) plates used different tools (tapered cylindrical, tapered threaded cylindrical), tool rotational speeds (1040, 1500, 2080 rpm) and traverse speeds (30,45,75,113 mm.min−1). Tensile, bending, radiography and microstructure tests were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of brass plates joined by friction stir welding technique. Microstructure characterization studies were based on optical microscope and SEM analysis techniques. In addition, after joining operations, radiographs were taken to see the internal structure failure. Brass sheets were successfully joined to the forehead in the macrostructure study. In the evaluation of the microstructure, it was determined that there were four regions of base metal, thermomechanically affected zone (TMEB), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and stir zone. In both welding tools, the weld strength increased with increasing tool rotation speed. The particles in the stir zone are reduced by increasing of the tool rotation speed. Given the strength and % elongation values, the highest weld strength was achieved with tapered pin tool with a tool rotation speed of 1040 rpm and a tool feed speed of 113 min−1.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Koo Kil No, Joon Tae Yoo, and Jong Hoon Yoon. "A Study on Friction Stir Welding Process for AA2219/AA2195 Joints." Key Engineering Materials 762 (February 2018): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.762.339.

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The object of this study was to study mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA2219 and AA2195. AA2219 has been used as an aerospace materials for many years primarily due to its high weldability and high specific strength in addition to the excellent cryogenic property so to be successfully used for manufacturing of cryogenic fuel tank for space launcher. Relatively new Aluminum-Lithium alloy, AA2195 provides significant saving on weight and manufacturing cost with application of friction stir welding. Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining process, which use a spinning tool to produce frictional heat in the work piece. To investigate the effect of the rotation direction of the tool, the joining was performed by switching the positions of the two dissimilar alloys. The welding parameters include the travelling speed, rotation speed and rotation direction of the tool, and the experiment was conducted under the condition that the travelling speed of the tool was 120-300 mm/min and the rotation speed of the tool was 400-800 rpm. Tensile tests were conducted to study the strength of friction stir welded joints and microhardness were measured with microstructural analysis. The results indicate the failure occurred in the relatively weaker TMAZ/HAZ interface of AA2219. The optimum process condition was obtained at the rotation speed of 600-800 rpm and the travelling speed of 180-240 mm/min.

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Robson, J. D., and L. Campbell. "Microstructural Modelling for Friction Stir Welding of High Strength Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1008.

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Friction stir welding is conceptually simple but metallurgically highly complex due to thecombination of severe deformation and high temperature. This is particularly true in the case ofprecipitation strengthened alloys, such as high strength aerospace aluminium alloys, where theheat and deformation of FSW lead to profound changes in both grain structure and precipitatedistribution that ultimately determine weld performance.

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Andalib, Hossein, Mohammadreza Farahani, and Moeen Enami. "Study on the new friction stir spot weld joint reinforcement technique on 5754 aluminum alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 17 (September 11, 2017): 2976–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217729419.

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In this study, new friction stir spot welding method was developed using two different tools in order to create a spot weld without keyhole. The effects of process parameters and tool geometry were considered to improve the weld joint properties. The shear-tensile tests and microstructure study showed that the new method could offer superior performance in comparison to conventional friction stir spot welding. By controlling the process parameters, spot welds with strength about 37% higher than the conventional friction stir spot welds were obtained. The stir zone grain size of the prepared samples in the optimum welding conditions was decreased about four times than the base metal. It was observed that the tool plunge depth in both welding and refilling steps play a key role in creating a sound high strength welded joint. The failure load of the spot welds manufactured by concave shoulder was found to be about 7% higher than the failure load of the prepared spot welds by the flat shoulder.

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Shaysultanov, Dmitry, Kazimzhon Raimov, and Nikita Stepanov. "Friction Stir Welding of the Carbon-Doped Dual-Phase High Entropy Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.364.

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Fe49Mn30Cr10Co10C1 high entropy alloy (HEA) is produced by induction melting. The as-cast alloy is cold rolled and annealed at 900°C, to produce fine recrystallized structure before friction stir welding (FSW). The structure of the annealed alloy consists of a recrystallized face-centered cubic (fcc, γ) and hexagonal close-packed (hcp, ε) phases with volume fractions of 91% and 5%, respectively, as well as M23C6 carbides with the volume fraction of 4%. Sound weld without visible defects, such as porosity or cracks, are obtained. Friction stir welding results in a decrease in the average grain size from 7.0 to 1.9 μm in the stir zone. The volume fraction of the M23C6 carbides decreases to 1% after FSW. The alloy shows high yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of 475 MPa and 865 MPa, respectively, together with elongation of 70%.

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Shaysultanov, Dmitry, Kazimzhon Raimov, Nikita Stepanov, and Sergey Zherebtsov. "Friction Stir Welding of a TRIP Fe49Mn30Cr10Co10C1 High Entropy Alloy." Metals 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010066.

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The effect of friction stir welding parameters on the structure and properties of Fe49Mn30Cr10Co10C1 high-entropy alloy welds was studied. Due to the development of the TRIP effect, the mechanical behaviour of this alloy was associated with the γ fcc-to-ε hcp martensitic transformation. In the initial condition, the microstructure of the program alloy comprised equiaxed fcc grains and small fractions of the hcp ε-martensite (~5%) and M23C6 carbides (~4%). Friction stir welding of the program alloy resulted in recrystallization of the stir zone and a decrease in the fraction of the carbides to 1–2%; however, the percentage of the hcp phase remained at nearly the same level as that in the initial condition. Post-welding tests showed a considerable increase in the strength and microhardness of the welds both due to the recrystallization-induced decrease in grain size and martensitic transformation.

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Krishna, G. Gopala, P. Ram Reddy, and M. Manzoor Hussain. "HARDNESS AND TENSILE BEHAVIOR OF FRICTION STIR WELDED ALUMINUM AA6351 ALLOY." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 44, no. 1 (July 13, 2014): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v44i1.19494.

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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process gaining more applications in various industries due to better quality of the joint as it has no effect on parent metal. In FSW process a non consumable rotating welding tool is used to generate frictional heat between tool and abutting surface of work piece and plastic dissipation of energy to accomplish the weld. Being a solid state joining process, friction stir welding process offers various advantages like low distortion, absence of melt related defects, high joint strength etc. as compared to other conventional fusion welding techniques.Experiments were conducted on 6 mm thickness Aluminum AA6351-T4, commercially available plates. The seplates are joined by FSW along the rolling direction (longitudinal weld orientation) and across the rolling direction (transverse weld orientation). The hardness and tensile strength results of the weldments are presented. Results show superior mechanical properties for the joints with plates along the rolling direction as compared with the joints obtained by across the rolling direction.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v44i1.19494

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Rajendrana, C., K. Srinivasan, V. Balasubramanian, H. Balaji, and P. Selvaraj. "Identifying Combination of Friction Stir Welding Parameters to Maximize Strength of Lap Joints of AA2014-T6 Aluminum Alloy." Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials 37, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amtm-2017-0002.

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AbstractAA2014 aluminum alloy (Al-Cu alloy) has been widely utilized in fabrication of lightweight structures like aircraft structures, demanding high strength to weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. The fusion welding of these alloys will lead to solidification problems such as hot cracking. Friction stir welding is a new solid state welding process, in which the material being welded does not melt and recast. Lot of research works have been carried out by many researchers to optimize process parameters and establish empirical relationships to predict tensile strength of friction stir welded butt joints of aluminum alloys. However, very few investigations have been carried out on friction stir welded lap joints of aluminum alloys. Hence, in this investigation, an attempt has been made to optimize friction stir lap welding (FSLW) parameters to attain maximum tensile strength using statistical tools such as design of experiment (DoE), analysis of variance (ANOVA), response graph and contour plots. By this method, it is found that maximum tensile shear fracture load of 12.76 kN can be achieved if a joint is made using tool rotational speed of 900 rpm, welding speed of 110 mm/min, tool shoulder diameter of 12 mm and tool tilt angle of 1.5°.

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Ren, Daxin, Fanyu Zeng, Yi Liu, Liming Liu, and Zhubin He. "Friction Stir Welding of 5754 Aluminum Alloy with Cover Sheet." Materials 12, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111765.

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Friction stir welding can realize high-strength aluminum alloy joints. In this study, friction stir welding with cover sheet (CFSW) is proposed to solve the thinning caused by the tool shoulder and reduce the heat-affected zone. The microstructures and mechanical properties of CFWS were also studied. After the cover sheet was added, a reinforcement was formed on the weld surface, which compensated the thinning caused by the friction of the tool shoulder. As the cover absorbed heat from the shoulder, the width of the heat-affected zone of the welded sheet became smaller than the diameter of the shoulder. Without milling the cover sheet, the tensile strength of the 5754 aluminum alloy joint reached 94% of that of the base metal. The fracture position was the heat-affected zone of the forward-side weld joint. After the cover sheet was added, the stress concentration shifted from the thinning area of traditional friction stir welding to the outside of the welding seam.

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Luna, Carlos Fernando, Fernando Franco Arenas, Victor Ferrinho Pereira, and Julián Arnaldo Ávila. "Mechanical and Fatigue Strength Assessment of Friction Stir Welded Plates of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B." Soldagem & Inspeção 23, no. 1 (March 2018): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2301.06.

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Abstract Light-alloys play a significant role in saving weight in automotive and aerospace industries; however, a few joining methods guarantee mechanical and fatigue strengths for high performance application. Even conventional arc welding processes do not offer constant quality joints. Therefore, this study uses an alternative solid-state welding process, friction stir welding (FSW), to analyze post processing microstructures and assess mechanical and fatigue strength. Magnesium alloy AZ31B plates were welded using different welding parameters in a dedicated FSW machine. The effect of the spindle speed (ω) and welding speed (ν) on the microstructure, the tensile strength and fatigue were studied. The stirred zone (SZ) at the FS-welded joints presented a microstructure composed by homogeneous equiaxial grains, refined by dynamic recrystallization. A rise in grain size, weld bead width, tensile and fatigue strengths with the increase of speed ratio (ω/ν) were observed. Results of the fatigue and mechanical strength here presented outperformed results from welds made with conventional milling machines.

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MATSUSHITA, Muneo, Yasushi KITANI, Rinsei IKEDA, Moriaki ONO, Hidetoshi FUJII, and Young-Dong CHUNG. "Development of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of High Strength Steel Sheet." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 27, no. 4 (2009): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.27.360.

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MIYAZAWA, Tomoaki, Yuichi IWAMOTO, Tomohiro MARUKO, and Hidetoshi FUJII. "Development of high strength Ir based tool for friction stir welding." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 29, no. 1 (2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.29.24.

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Santella, Michael, Yuri Hovanski, and Tsung-Yu Pan. "Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS)." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 5, no. 2 (April 16, 2012): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0480.

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32

Cho, Hoon-Hwe, Suk Hoon Kang, Sung-Hwan Kim, Kyu Hwan Oh, Heung Ju Kim, Woong-Seong Chang, and Heung Nam Han. "Microstructural evolution in friction stir welding of high-strength linepipe steel." Materials & Design 34 (February 2012): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.010.

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Lukin, V. I., E. N. Ioda, A. V. Bazeskin, I. P. Zhegina, L. V. Kotel'nikova, and V. V. Ovchinnikov. "Friction stir welding of V-1469 high strength aluminium–lithium alloy." Welding International 27, no. 6 (June 2013): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2012.715939.

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34

Constantin, Marius Adrian, Ana Boşneag, Monica Iordache, Claudiu Bădulescu, and Eduard Niţu. "Numerical Simulation of Friction Stir Spot Welding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 834 (April 2016): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.834.43.

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Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is a solid state joining process that relies on frictional heating and plastic deformation realized at the interaction between a non-consumable welding tool that rotates on the contact surfaces of the workpieces. Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is an evolving technique that has received considerable attention from automotive industries to replace electric resistance spot welding, which shows poor weldability for advanced high-strength steels as well as aluminium alloys. Because of the interest shown by the industry towards this process, an attempt to optimize it is imperative. But the experiments are often time consuming and costly. To overcome these problems, numerical analysis has frequently been used in the last years. The purpose of this paper is to develop a three-dimensional fully coupled thermal-stress finite element (FE) model of FSSW process for thin aluminium alloy Al 6061-T6. Numerical simulation being helpful for better understanding and observation of the influence of input parameters on the resulting phenomena. It is described the algorithm and are presented the activities needed to be performed in order to develop a valid numerical model for FSSW. The validation of the numerical model being achieved by comparing the resulted temperatures from the numerical simulation with the experimentally determined temperatures for the same material

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Salahi, Salar, Vahid Rezazadeh, Atabak Iranizad, Ali Hosseinzadeh, and Amir Safari. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Annealed Pure Copper Joints." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.346.

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As a novel technique for joining materials, friction stir welding (FSW) has significant advantages over the conventional welding methods and is widely applied for joining different materials including aluminum, magnesium and copper alloys. In this research, the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of friction stir welded annealed pure copper joints were investigated. The influence of the tool rotation speed, welding speed and applied load was studied. The friction stir welding (FSW) was conducted at welding speed ranged from 30 to 70 mm/ min, rotation speed ranged from 400 to 1200rpm and applied load ranged from 1000 to 1500 kg. After welding process, tensile and Vickers hardness tests were performed. It has been found that increasing the tool rotational speed and/or reducing the welding speed increases heat input and causes grain coarsening in stir zone. High applied load refines the microstructure of NZ and increases the hardness and tensile strength of NZ. An optimum heat input condition was found to reach the best mechanical properties of the joints. The tensile characteristics of the friction stir welded tensile samples depend significantly on the tool rotation speed ,welding speed and applied load.

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36

Fukumoto, Masahiro, Hiroki Mizushima, and Toshiaki Yasui. "Friction Stir Welding between Dissimilar Metalswith Circular Weld Line." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.501.

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Hybrid metallic structure, which is composed of aluminum alloy as a representative of light metal and steel as that of high strength metal, has been paid attention remarkably in these days, especially in the transportation vehicle industry from the energy saving viewpoint. To perform the hybrid structure, friction stir welding FSW has been recognized to be an effective way for the welding between dissimilar metals, like between steel and Al alloy. Based on our previous findings on the butt welding between dissimilar metals with straight weld line, welding between dissimilar metals with circular weld line has been tried to open a new application field of FSW. The objective of this research is to get a fundamental finding on the welding between dissimilar metals with circular weld line and to clarify the effect of material character of Al alloy and tool design on the FSW between dissimilar metals. Typical results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1) Macroscopic defects often observed at the bottom part of the welding in case of ADC12 material. It indicates that insufficient stirring was given in the stirring zone due to the higher thermo-mechanical property of ADC12. 2) Tensile strength of the specimen welded with scroll shoulder tool was 266 MPa, while that with flat shoulder tool was 161 MPa. Tensile strength of the weld joint was improved by a factor of 1.65 by introducing the scroll onto the tool shoulder with normal thread probe. 3) High performance defect free ADC12/S45C weld structure with circular weld line could be fabricated by the tool with combination of scroll shoulder and thread probe.

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Luo, Chuan Hong, Wei Ping Peng, Ting Chen, and Fei Bo Dong. "Influence of Heat Treatment on Properties of 2219AA-T6 FSW Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.187.

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The joint of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy plate was obtained by friction stir welding, and the microstructures and mechanical properties of the joint were investigated. The causes of the weakened joint strength in friction stir welding were analyzed and summarized correspondingly. The tensile properties show that the transverse tensile strength of the joint can reach about 70% of the base metal. Through the heat treatment of recrystallization with high temperature and at short time, the joint can restore the ductility and eliminate the softening, which will improve the performance in mechanical intensity of the joint.

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Kumar, R. Ashok, and M. R. Thansekhar. "Effects of Tool Pin Profile and Tool Shoulder Diameter on the Tensile Behaviour of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Aluminium Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.586.

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— For fabricating light weight structures, it requires high strength-to weight ratio. AA6061 aluminium alloy is widely used in the fabrication of light weight structures. A356 aluminium alloy has wide spread application in aerospace industries. Friction stir welding is solid state joining process which is conducting for joining similar and dissimilar materials. The friction stir welding parameters play an important role for deciding the strength of welded joints. In this investigation, A356 and AA6061 alloys were friction stir welded by varying triangular, square, hexagonal pin profiles of tool keeping the remaining parameters same and AA6061 alloys were friction stir welded by varying tool shoulder diameter as 12mm,15mm,18mm without changing other parameters. Tensile properties of each joint have been analyzed microscopically. From the experimental results, it is observed that hexagonal pin profiled tool and 15mm shoulder diameter tool provides higher tensile properties when compared to other tools.

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Fujii, Hidetoshi, Ling Cui, and Kiyoshi Nogi. "Welding of High Carbon Steel without Transformation." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1411.

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A high carbon steel joint, S70C (0.72wt%C) was successfully friction stir welded without any postheat treatments. There are two methods for obtaining proper joint properties. The first method is to decrease the peak temperature to below A1, and the other method to decrease the cooling rate to less than the lower critical cooling rate. As a result, the ultimate tensile strength of 1214 MPa, 0.2 % proof strength of 700 MPa and elongation of 40% were obtained for a joint.

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Hatzky, Marcel, Antonia Frank, and Stefan Böhm. "Friction Stir Spot Welding with Additional Bonding of Thick Sheet Aluminum Joints." Metals 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070732.

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The high-strength aluminum alloys offer great potential for realizing lightweight constructions in car body construction. However, the use of aluminum alloys increases the overall thickness of the material, which poses new challenges for potential joining processes. This paper examines a process combination of friction stir spot welding (FSSW) and bonding for 4 mm EN AW 6082-T6 sheets. For the investigations, adhesive or glass beads were applied between the joining components and then the sheets were welded using FSSW. The analysis shows that the adhesive and the glass beads have a very small influence on the joint formation. The use of glass beads in FSSW with bonding is recommended because less adhesive is displaced from the joint area, which increases the joint strength. The target of obtaining high weld spot strengths without strength-reducing adhesive burn-off could not be achieved because a certain residence time is necessary to form a weld spot with high strength at this sheet thickness in order to sufficiently plasticize the material. Adhesive burn-up cannot be completely avoided. For this reason, it is necessary to weigh up which characteristics are required for the specific application and adjust the welding parameters accordingly.

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Veljic, Darko, Aleksandar Sedmak, Marko Rakin, Nikola Bajic, Bojan Medjo, Darko Bajic, and Vencislav Grabulov. "Experimental and numerical thermo-mechanical analysis of friction stir welding of high-strength alluminium alloy." Thermal Science 18, suppl.1 (2014): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130512171v.

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This paper presents experimental and numerical analysis of the change of temperature and force in the vertical direction during the friction stir welding of high-strength aluminium alloy 2024 T3. This procedure confirmed the correctness of the numerical model, which is subsequently used for analysis of the temperature field in the welding zone, where it is different to determine the temperature experimentally. 3D finite element model is developed using the software package Abaqus; arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation is applied. Johnson-Cook material law and Coulomb?s Law of friction are used for modelling the material behaviour. Temperature fields are symmetrical with respect to the welding line. The temperature values below the tool shoulder, i.e. in the welding zone, which are reached during the plunge stage, are approximately constant during the entire welding process and lie within the interval 430-502?C. The temperature of the material in the vicinity of the tool is about 500?C, while the values on the top surface of the welding plates (outside the welding zone, but close to the tool shoulder) are about 400?C. The temperature difference between the top and bottom surface of the plates is small, 10-15?C.

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42

Strass, Benjamin, Guntram Wagner, and Dietmar Eifler. "Realization of Al/Mg-Hybrid-Joints by Ultrasound Supported Friction Stir Welding." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 1814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.1814.

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To realize modern light weight constructions it is more and more necessary to combine the advantages of dissimilar materials. Fusion welding of dissimilar metals is in the most cases difficult or even impossible as a result of different melting points of the materials and the development of undesirable brittle intermetallic phases in the welding zone. This often leads to joint strengths considerable below the tensile strength of the base materials. By using Friction Stir Welding (FSW) as a pressure welding method, it is possible to reduce the development of the intermetallic phases of Al/Mg-joints significantly. But as calculated phase diagrams and high resolution microscopic SEM-investigations have shown it is not feasible to avoid them completely. The intermetallic phases form in the contact area very small continuous layers between the joining partners. On the other side it is known that ultrasonic energy can crack oxide layers. Hence a hybrid welding system at the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (WKK) at the University of Kaiserslautern was developed called “Ultrasound Supported Friction Stir Welding (US-FSW)” with the aim to shatter the brittle interlayer lines and to scatter fragments in the welding area during the FSW process. Pre-investigations have shown that for US-FSW-joints between Al wrought alloys and Mg cast alloys the strength can be increased up to 30% in comparison to conventional friction stir welds. Currently, further investigations are carried out with joints between AC-48000 and AZ80.

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Çam, G., G. İpekoğlu, T. Küçükömeroğlu, and S. M. Aktarer. "Applicability of Friction Stir Welding to steels." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 80 (February 1, 2017): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2027.

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significant developments in joining technology to emerge in the last 30 years. The technique has originally been developed for joining difficult-to-fusion-weld Al-alloys, particularly for high strength grades and now widely used in various industrial applications, such as transport industries. On the other hand, the application of FSW to high temperature materials such as steels is hindered due to the problems associated with the stirring tools although there is a wide interest for the application of this technique to these materials. Design/methodology/approach: The aim of this review is to address the current state-of-the-art of FSW of steels, focusing particularly on microstructural aspects and the resulting properties of these joints and discuss the future prospects of this technique for steels. For instance, the use of FSW can be advantageous for joining steels in some special applications where conventional fusion welding processes fail to produce sound cost effective joints, and the high tooling costs of FSW can be justified (i.e. underwater joining of steel pipes or hot plate welding in steel mills). In this study, only structural steels (mainly plain C steels), ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels and duplex stainless steels will be considered and the other types of steels are out of the scope of this work although some examples are included in the discussion. Research limitations/implications: The tools experience high temperatures in FSW of steels, i.e., above 1000°C. The number of tool materials which can withstand such temperatures is very limited. In addition, the welding of many common steels can be readily conducted by various conventional fusion welding methods. These joining methods are very flexible, easy-to-perform and well established in industrial applications, which further prevents the application of FSW to these materials. These limitations are to be overcome for commercial exploitation of this technique for joining steels.

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Reddi Prasad, K., and Arumugam Mahamani. "Friction Stir Welding of the Aluminum Matrix Composite - A Literature Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.669.

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Aluminium matrix composites have received the attention of numerous researchers, because of its attractive properties like high strength, good thermal conductivity and more strength to weight ratio. Application of the conventional welding processes for aluminium matrix composites, facilitates the formation of undesirable phase at the welded region, which limits the wide spread application. The objective of this paper is to review the literatures belonging to the friction stir welding of the composites and explore the challenges associated to maximize joint efficiency. The major contribution of this paper is to study the issue of welding of ex-situ and in-situ composites, various process parameters, properties of joint and post weld heat treatment process to improve the joint efficiency. This literature review provides some research gaps in the friction stir welding of composites.

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45

Sajuri, Zainuddin, Nor Fazilah Mohamad Selamat, Amir Hossein Baghdadi, Armin Rajabi, Mohd Zaidi Omar, Amir Hossein Kokabi, and Junaidi Syarif. "Cold-Rolling Strain Hardening Effect on the Microstructure, Serration-Flow Behaviour and Dislocation Density of Friction Stir Welded AA5083." Metals 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010070.

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5083 aluminium (Al) alloy materials have extensive structural applications in transportation industries because of their high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. However, under conventional fusion weldings, these materials are limited by their porosity, hot cracking, and distortion. Herein, friction stir welding (FSW) was performed to join a similar AA5083 alloy. A post-weld cold-rolling (PWCR) process was applied on joint samples at different thickness-reduction percentages (i.e., 10%, 20%, and 40%) to identify the effect of strain hardening on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the friction-stir-welded joint of AA5083 while considering the serration-flow behaviour at stress–strain curves and dislocation density of the post-weld cold-rolled (PWCRed) samples. FSW induced a 20% reduction in the tensile strength of the joint samples relative to the base metal. PWCR also reduced the average grain size at the nugget zone and base metal because of the increase in plastic deformation imposed on the samples. Furthermore, PWCR increased the dislocation density because of the interaction among dislocation stress fields. Consequently, the tensile strength of the friction-stir-welded joint increased with the increased cold-rolling percentage and peaked at 403 MPa for PWCRed–40%, which significantly improved the serration-flow behaviour of stress–strain and welding efficiency up to 123%.

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46

Montazerolghaem, Hamid, Mohsen Badrossamay, and Alireza Fadaei Tehrani. "Investigation of Vibration Assisted Friction Stir Welding." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.741.

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Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid state joining method that can be used to achieve very good weld quality. This technique is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. The FSW process utilizes a rotating tool in which includes a pin and shoulder to perform the welding process. FSW applications in high strength alloys, such as stainless steel remain limited due to large welding force and consequent tool wear. It has been shown that applying the ultrasonic vibration on some processes such as turning and drilling the resultant forces are decreased and process condition is improved. In this paper the influence of applying vibration on FSW is investigated in simulating tools. For FSW modeling a proper transfer function of axial force has been proposed. The resultant axial force of conventional FSW and Vibration Assisted FSW (VAFSW) are compared in frequency and time domain state spaces. A good correlation between FSW simulation and experiments is observed. For further investigation of VAFSW the response surface of design of experiment (DOE) method is utilized. The influence of changing VAFSW process parameters is investigated. The simulation results indicate that vibration helps to decrease the welding force. Using DOE method the effects of implemented frequency and vibration speed amplitude in FSW are found.

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47

Kaushik, Narinder, Sandeep Singhal, Rajesh Rajesh, Pardeep Gahlot, and B. N. Tripathi. "Experimental investigations of friction stir welded AA6063 aluminum matrix composite." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 4127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.12.4.2018.11.0357.

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The advancement of friction stir welding for joining of aluminum alloys and aluminum centered matrix composite has replaced the traditional welding techniques. In this experimental study, AA6063/10.5wt%SiC composite has been produced by employing enhanced stir casting technique with the assistance of Mg metal powder. Specimen composite plates having thickness 6 mm were friction stir welded successfully. The impact of welding variables on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of weldments has been studied. The friction stir welding (FSW) was carried out at a rotation rate of tool of 1400 rpm with a tool transverse rate of 124 mm/min. A cylindrical tool fabricated of high-speed steel (HSS) with square pin shape has been used for FSW. The results revealed that the ultimate tensile strength of the welded joint was 163 MPa, which was very close to the strength of the as-cast composite matrix. The microstructural study showed the reason for higher joint strength and microhardness. The welded butt joint exhibited a change in the microstructure at various four welding zones which transforms the mechanical characteristics of welded joints has been due to the asymmetrical flow of material and thermal cycles around the pin. The intense stirring action of the tool pin during FSW cracked the SiC particles in the weld nugget. In the weld region, a fine-grained structure and homogeneous dispersion of SiC particles have been observed. The micro porosities associated with the base metal composite matrix were eliminated after FSW.

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48

Sathish, Thanikodi, Abdul Razak R. Kaladgi, V. Mohanavel, K. Arul, Asif Afzal, Abdul Aabid, Muneer Baig, and Bahaa Saleh. "Experimental Investigation of the Friction Stir Weldability of AA8006 with Zirconia Particle Reinforcement and Optimized Process Parameters." Materials 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 2782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112782.

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A lightweight, highly corrosive resistant, and high-strength wrought alloy in the aluminum family is the Aluminium 8006 alloy. The AA8006 alloy can be formed, welded, and adhesively bonded. However, the recommended welding methods such as laser, TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas welding), and ultrasonic are more costly. This investigation aims to reduce the cost of welding without compromising joint quality by means of friction stir welding. The aluminum alloy-friendly reinforcement agent zirconia is utilized as particles during the weld to improve the performance of the newly identified material AA8006 alloy in friction stir welding (FSW). The objectives of this research are to identify the level of process parameters for the friction stir welding of AA8006 to reduce the variability by the trial-and-error experimental method, thereby reducing the number of samples needing to be characterized to optimize the process parameters. To enhance the quality of the weld, the friction stir processing concept will be adapted with zirconia reinforcement during welding. The friction stir-processed samples were investigated regarding their mechanical properties such as tensile strength and Vickers microhardness. The welded samples were included in the corrosion testing to ensure that no foreign corrosive elements were included during the welding. The quality of the weld was investigated in terms of its surface morphology, including aspects such as the dispersion of reinforced particles on the welded area, the incorporation of foreign elements during the weld, micro defects or damage, and other notable changes through scanning electron microscopy analysis. The process of 3D profilometry was employed to perform optical microscopy investigation on the specimens inspected to ensure their surface quality and finish. Based on the outcomes, the optimal process parameters are suggested. Future directions for further investigation are highlighted.

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Mohammed Ryan, R., and E. Sangeeth Kumar. "Governance of Various Tool Rotational Speeds on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA 7075-T651." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.344.

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The development of the friction stir welding being a solid state welding has provided an improved way of manufacturing aluminum joints in a quicker and reliable manner. The heat treatable aluminum alloy AA7075 is used substantially in the aerospace industry because of its high strength to weight ratio and good ductility. The objective of our work is to research the parameters of welding on the mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of AA7075-T651. The parameters namely rotational speeds (500 rpm, 700 rpm, 900 rpm, 1100 rpm, 1300 rpm and 1500 rpm) were thought-about and table transverse speed of 50 mm/min, axial force of 8 KN is constrained throughout the welding process. The result of these parameters on weld quality is analyzed by its mechanical properties namely micro hardness and tensile strength.

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Furushima, Ryoichi, Koji Shimojima, Hiroyuki Hosokawa, and Ryo Suzuki. "Friction Stir Welding of High Tensile Strength Steel Plate Using SiAlON Tool." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 2506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mt-m2019197.

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Journal articles on the topic 'High strength Friction stir welding'

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