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1
Linden, Greg. "China Standard Time: A Study in Strategic Industrial Policy." Business and Politics 6, no. 3 (December 2004): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1069.
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China's industrial policy for high-technology industries combines key features of the policies pursued elsewhere in East Asia such as opening to foreign investors and supporting domestic firms. Leveraging its large market size, China has gone further than other developing countries by promoting standards for products that compete in China with products controlled by major electronics companies. This paper analyzes the experience to date of this Chinese policy in the consumer optical storage industry in the context of China's evolving national innovation system. China's standard-setting policy is politicized but ultimately pragmatic, which avoids imposing excessive costs on the economy. It may also have dynamic learning benefits for Chinese firms who are starting to compete in global markets.
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CARNEY, MICHAEL, and ERIC GEDAJLOVIC. "EAST ASIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEMS AND THE TRANSITION FROM INVESTMENT-DRIVEN TO INNOVATION-DRIVEN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." International Journal of Innovation Management 04, no. 03 (September 2000): 253–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919600000160.
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Many of today's high growth and high value-added businesses are concentrated in the knowledge- and innovation-based industries of information technology, telecommunications, biotechnology, media, software and entertainment. Though the governments of Hong Kong, Singapore & Taiwan (Asian NIEs) have invested heavily in promoting these sectors, they have largely failed to produce internationally competitive firms. We argue that government-led initiatives that were appropriate for economies in the investment-driven stage of industrialisation need to be reformed. As some economic sectors approach the technology frontier, diverse financing arrangements are needed to direct capital to high technology start-ups. To complement existing government-related technology initiatives, a more varied financial infrastructure must be developed.
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Lee, Zon-Yau, Mei-Tai Chu, Yu-Ting Wang, and Kuan-Ju Chen. "Industry Performance Appraisal Using Improved MCDM for Next Generation of Taiwan." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 5290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135290.
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It is critical for manufacturing sectors to improve maximum performance to foster a competitive advantage. This article aims to analyze how the manufacturing industry can promote its performance to achieve sustainable development. We embark performance evaluation on Taiwanese manufacturing sectors which have profound implications in the global manufacturing supply chain. This study collected public information and reliable data from the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) covering 12 Taiwanese manufacturing industries. Performance evaluation indicators consist of four inputs chosen from a set of six items, whereas one output is from a set of three items. The analysis from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is conducted including CCR (Charnes, Cooper, & Rhodes) efficiency, BCC (Banker et al.) efficiency, A&P(Andersen and Petersen) efficiency, cross-efficiency and D&G(Doyle and Green) efficiency plus the VIKOR prioritization method to evaluate the 12 manufacturing industries in Taiwan. The comprehensive analysis and comparison results of this study show the sophisticated outcomes through the analysis of DEA and VIKOR. In another objective evaluation, the efficiency of DEA proves a certain correlation between the model and the measurement of the VIKOR method. The results indicate that Taiwan’s manufacturing industry is moving towards design innovation thinking towards the high value of its own brand, whereas the industries in China and South East Asia appear different. The results can provide the best practice to allow the international manufacturing industry to enjoy a resurgence after falling output and diminishing labor force.
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Fields, Karl J. "Beyond Late Development: Taiwan's Upgrading Policies. By Alice Amsden and Wan-wen Chu. [Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2003. 207 pp. ISBN 0-262-01198-0.]." China Quarterly 177 (March 2004): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004290129.
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Beyond Late Development offers economist Alice Amsden's most recent contribution (here with co-author Wan-wen Chu) to an already substantial body of work on East Asian political economy. Like her previous work, this book is important first because it trespasses the traditional boundaries of economics, seeking explanations to important developmental policy puzzles from institutional theories and empirical case studies more commonly the province of sociologists and area specialists; and second because it looks beyond Asia's mega-economies to the relatively smaller but still highly relevant late developers of Asia, offering important lessons for both students and practitioners of development policy.Amsden and Chu seek to explain the ability of advanced “latecomer” countries to sustain their global competitiveness in mature high-technology manufacturing and newly-liberalized service industries. They support their argument with previously unpublished data and extensive firm-level interviews from Taiwan, the most successful of these successful latecomers, which Amsden identified in an earlier book, The Rise of “The Rest”(Oxford University Press, 2001). Although Taiwan's leading national firms seldom make the Fortune 500 list, they dominate global market share for many mature, information technology (IT) manufactures. As of 1999, Taiwan produced 85 per cent of the world's scanners, nearly two-thirds of the world's keyboards, power supplies and monitors, and almost 40 per cent of all notebook computers.
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Chung, Hyun-Sik. "Industrial Structure and Source of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in East Asia: Estimation and Comparison." Energy & Environment 9, no. 5 (August 1998): 509–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9800900505.
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This study estimates and compares carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of three East Asian countries; China, Japan and South Korea by using the well-known input-output model. The differences in CO2 emissions between countries are then analyzed by a decomposition method. The sources of differences in CO2 emissions are attributed to various factors such as different fuel efficiency, production techniques, consumption patterns and the size of the economy. It is argued that an industrial sector with high total emission intensity (TEI) can reduce pollution at lower cost than others with low TEI, assuming that the reduction in emissions entails reduction in output. In this connection, China provides a challenging case for a potential regional joint effort towards the CO2 reduction, because her emissions are shown to be the largest, both in the absolute term and in terms of average TEI.
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Rahim, Sikander. "Industrialization by Fitting in: Acquiring Technology through Collaboration and Subcontracting." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 17, Special Edition (September 1, 2012): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2012.v17.isp.a5.
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Since the 1950s, Pakistan has been trying to industrialize by investing in industries that have low value-added, notably cotton textiles. Here, low value-added means that the export value of the cotton textiles less the value of the raw cotton used to make them was low relative to the cost of the investment needed to make the textiles, i.e., contrary to the usual assumption, cotton textile manufacture was capital-intensive. The cause was the protection of the importing countries. But goods with high value-added in this sense required advanced technical knowledge, which is mostly the proprietary knowledge of the firms whose research and development (R&D) has generated it. Over time, all the production of goods that do not require such technical knowledge has passed to low-wage countries whose mutual competition keeps the value-added low. Since Pakistan cannot compete in high-value-added goods, it must emulate the East Asian economies by collaborating with firms in high-wage countries—i.e., subcontracting them to make simple components—and progress through such collaboration to receiving the knowledge and training to making components with higher value-added.
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Shannon, Sarah, Robin Smith, Andy Wiltshire, Tony Payne, Matthias Huss, Richard Betts, John Caesar, Aris Koutroulis, Darren Jones, and Stephan Harrison. "Global glacier volume projections under high-end climate change scenarios." Cryosphere 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-325-2019.
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Abstract. The Paris agreement aims to hold global warming to well below 2 ∘C and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 ∘C relative to the pre-industrial period. Recent estimates based on population growth and intended carbon emissions from participant countries suggest global warming may exceed this ambitious target. Here we present glacier volume projections for the end of this century, under a range of high-end climate change scenarios, defined as exceeding +2 ∘C global average warming relative to the pre-industrial period. Glacier volume is modelled by developing an elevation-dependent mass balance model for the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES). To do this, we modify JULES to include glaciated and unglaciated surfaces that can exist at multiple heights within a single grid box. Present-day mass balance is calibrated by tuning albedo, wind speed, precipitation, and temperature lapse rates to obtain the best agreement with observed mass balance profiles. JULES is forced with an ensemble of six Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models, which were downscaled using the high-resolution HadGEM3-A atmosphere-only global climate model. The CMIP5 models use the RCP8.5 climate change scenario and were selected on the criteria of passing 2 ∘C global average warming during this century. The ensemble mean volume loss at the end of the century plus or minus 1 standard deviation is -64±5 % for all glaciers excluding those on the peripheral of the Antarctic ice sheet. The uncertainty in the multi-model mean is rather small and caused by the sensitivity of HadGEM3-A to the boundary conditions supplied by the CMIP5 models. The regions which lose more than 75 % of their initial volume by the end of the century are Alaska, western Canada and the US, Iceland, Scandinavia, the Russian Arctic, central Europe, Caucasus, high-mountain Asia, low latitudes, southern Andes, and New Zealand. The ensemble mean ice loss expressed in sea level equivalent contribution is 215.2±21.3 mm. The largest contributors to sea level rise are Alaska (44.6±1.1 mm), Arctic Canada north and south (34.9±3.0 mm), the Russian Arctic (33.3±4.8 mm), Greenland (20.1±4.4), high-mountain Asia (combined central Asia, South Asia east and west), (18.0±0.8 mm), southern Andes (14.4±0.1 mm), and Svalbard (17.0±4.6 mm). Including parametric uncertainty in the calibrated mass balance parameters gives an upper bound global volume loss of 281.1 mm of sea level equivalent by the end of the century. Such large ice losses will have inevitable consequences for sea level rise and for water supply in glacier-fed river systems.
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Park, Sang-Chul. "The Transformation of the South Korean Economy and Its High Technology Industry in the Intra-Regional Division of Labour and Industrial Change in East Asia." Korean Review of Public Administration 1, no. 1 (January 1996): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12264431.1996.10804868.
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Patterson, Paul. "Bringing a Client Focus to International Marketing: A Change Management Case Study." Journal of Management & Organization 6, no. 2 (March 2000): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200005411.
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AbstractConsumers the world over are becoming more homogeneous thanks to the unifying forces of travel, media, technology, information transfer and the like. Furthermore, today customers have higher expectations than ever before regarding the quality of service they should receive from a wide range of service organisations (professional as well as non-professional). As customers are increasingly exposed to world best practice in a wide range of service industries, expectations spiral upwards. Slow, discourteous, unresponsive and unprofessional service will no longer be tolerated - but especially when the service is highly customised, complex, costly and high involvement, professional service.Few, if any, studies have examined service quality issues for professional services in an international context. Hence, this case study documents the problems experienced by the Australian Trade Commission's (Austrade) Bangkok, Thailand Post in providing a level of service consistent with clients' (and senior managements') expectations, the steps taken to overcome these long standing service quality shortcomings, as well as the key lessons to be learnt from the process. Today Austrade provides a professional consulting service and thus possesses similar characteristics to many professional service firms (project management, engineering consulting, general management consulting, etc.) and thus the lessons from this successful change management program may be generalisable to other professional services. Furthermore, the lessons should prove invaluable for Australian firms operating in South-East Asia staffed by expatriates and local nationals.
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Patterson, Paul. "Bringing a Client Focus to International Marketing: A Change Management Case Study." Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 6, no. 2 (March 2000): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2000.6.2.44.
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AbstractConsumers the world over are becoming more homogeneous thanks to the unifying forces of travel, media, technology, information transfer and the like. Furthermore, today customers have higher expectations than ever before regarding the quality of service they should receive from a wide range of service organisations (professional as well as non-professional). As customers are increasingly exposed to world best practice in a wide range of service industries, expectations spiral upwards. Slow, discourteous, unresponsive and unprofessional service will no longer be tolerated - but especially when the service is highly customised, complex, costly and high involvement, professional service.Few, if any, studies have examined service quality issues for professional services in an international context. Hence, this case study documents the problems experienced by the Australian Trade Commission's (Austrade) Bangkok, Thailand Post in providing a level of service consistent with clients' (and senior managements') expectations, the steps taken to overcome these long standing service quality shortcomings, as well as the key lessons to be learnt from the process. Today Austrade provides a professional consulting service and thus possesses similar characteristics to many professional service firms (project management, engineering consulting, general management consulting, etc.) and thus the lessons from this successful change management program may be generalisable to other professional services. Furthermore, the lessons should prove invaluable for Australian firms operating in South-East Asia staffed by expatriates and local nationals.
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Ip-Soo-Ching, Jean Marie, Suzanne Zyngier, and Tahmid Nayeem. "Ecotourism and environmental sustainability knowledge: An open knowledge sharing approach among stakeholders." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 35, no. 01 (December 19, 2018): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aee.2018.45.
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AbstractThe discipline of knowledge management (KM) considers knowledge as potentially the most valuable organisational asset that must be shared among staff and stakeholders and even communities in order to yield considerable returns and benefits. However, in a real-world context, managers in industries such as high technology, manufacturing and finance jealously guard their valuable knowledge and prevent other entities from gaining access to this resource. Open cases of knowledge sharing among stakeholders such as staff, customers, business partners, competitors and the public are rare. Therefore, the philosophical premise of KM — knowledge must be openly shared — is often unrealised. Knowledge of environmental sustainability is a valuable resource for ecotourism operators because they operate in natural environments such as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and Sipadan Marine Park in Malaysia, and depend on the quality of these environments for their ongoing success. This research provides evidence that knowledge dissemination in the form of environmental sustainability knowledge can be openly shared among staff, customers, competitors and the public, thereby linking KM and environmental education. This article provides an interpretivist analysis of knowledge sharing by innovative ecotourism operators in Australia and South East Asia (Malaysia and Thailand). Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 14 executives, field observations and analysis of company documents. Results from this research found that ecotourism managers are passionate believers of environmental sustainability and benevolently share their valuable organisational knowledge and beliefs with all stakeholders.
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Hartwell, John. "2009 Release of offshore petroleum exploration acreage." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08030.
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John Hartwell is Head of the Resources Division in the Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Canberra Australia. The Resources Division provides advice to the Australian Government on policy issues, legislative changes and administrative matters related to the petroleum industry, upstream and downstream and the coal and minerals industries. In addition to his divisional responsibilities, he is the Australian Commissioner for the Australia/East Timor Joint Petroleum Development Area and Chairman of the National Oil and Gas Safety Advisory Committee. He also chairs two of the taskforces, Clean Fossil Energy and Aluminium, under the Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (AP6). He serves on two industry and government leadership groups delivering reports to the Australian Government, strategies for the oil and gas industry and framework for the uranium industry. More recently he led a team charged with responsibility for taking forward the Australian Government’s proposal to establish a global carbon capture and storage institute. He is involved in the implementation of a range of resource related initiatives under the Government’s Industry Action Agenda process, including mining and technology services, minerals exploration and light metals. Previously he served as Deputy Chairman of the Snowy Mountains Council and the Commonwealth representative to the Natural Gas Pipelines Advisory Committee. He has occupied a wide range of positions in the Australian Government dealing with trade, commodity, and energy and resource issues. He has worked in Treasury, the Department of Trade, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Department of Primary Industries and Energy before the Department of Industry, Science and Resources. From 1992–96 he was a Minister Counsellor in the Australian Embassy, Washington, with responsibility for agriculture and resource issues and also served in the Australian High Commission, London (1981–84) as the Counsellor/senior trade relations officer. He holds a MComm in economics, and Honours in economics from the University of New South Wales, Australia. Prior to joining the Australian Government, worked as a bank economist. He was awarded a public service medal in 2005 for his work on resources issues for the Australian Government.
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Mathews, John A. "High Technology Industrialisation In East Asia." Journal of Industry Studies 3, no. 2 (December 1996): 1–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13662719600000007.
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Hobday, Mike, Alan Cawson, and S. Ran Kim. "Governance of technology in the electronics industries of East and South-East Asia." Technovation 21, no. 4 (April 2001): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4972(00)00038-9.
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ZUTSHI, RAVI K. "EAST ASIAN SMEs: LEARNING THE TECHNOLOGY." Journal of Enterprising Culture 05, no. 02 (June 1997): 165–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495897000119.
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The economic growth in East Asia has caught the attention of the world. But the ability of the East Asian entrepreneurial class to compete in the technology intensive industries and hence the sustainability of the East Asian growth has been questioned by many. This paper examines the growth of the Chinese entrepreneurial class in Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. It is argued that the Chinese family businesses in East Asia are being transformed and a new technology oriented entrepreneurial class is fast emerging. These entrepreneurs are integrating the Confucian ethics and the traditional cultural patterns with a modern world view. With support from the government they are leveraging their networking abilities to form regional alliances for cost competitiveness. At the same time they are moving up the technology ladder by allying with the technology leaders. With this inside-out approach to technology learning East Asian entrepreneurs are reshaping the traditional technology development paradigm.
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Inaba, Kazuya. "The Common Integration The Group Operation of Petrochemical Complexes in Japan." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2014v5i2p94-102.
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Oil and petrochemical companies are in the severe situation where they shoulddeal with various problems. In Europe, America, the Middle East, and East Asia (China, Taiwan,and South Korea), one company usually builds a large-scale factory, and consistently producesoil and petrochemical goods in the system of one company. Differently from it, two or morecompanies are concentrated in the coast landfills in Japan, and generally manufacture in thesystem of groups. The system of production in a petrochemical complex would be a mediumscalelevel if it sees worldwide. After World War II, capital was insufficient in Japan. Manycompanies advanced to the oil and petrochemical industry which seemed to have a big future.Small and medium scale factories were constructed. As a result, petrochemical complexeshave been formed with the system of groups.After the defeat of World War II, many oil companies excluding Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. wereorganized for the supply of crude oil from European and American oil majors. They weredevoted to refining oil and selling it only in Japan. Moreover, the oil market in Japan had beendefended by restriction of the government. Such a system continued for years. Therefore,domestic oil companies had been aiming at improvement and efficiency of refining capacity.Their concentrating on technological development, cost reduction, and domestic share foughtin the same industry had become a main activity. The construction of global competitiveness hadbeen postponed for a while. However, after repealing protected laws, the import liberalizationof petroleum product had been taken since 1996, and cheap petroleum products had flown infrom foreign countries. The sales price had not become the same, and free competition undermarket mechanism had started. As a result, the movement of industry reorganization hadbeen accelerated.In such a severe situation, oil and petrochemical companies came up with the idea of businesscooperation in the same region in order to acquire global competitiveness. 20 companies inoil industry and chemical industry gathered round at first. Under the Research Associationof Technology Law, Research Association of Refinery Integration for Group-Operation (RING)was established in 2000. In order to gain global competitiveness, RING has acted groupoperationprograms in the industrial complexes in Japan. In this paper, I describe the historicalformation and development of petrochemical complexes in Japan.And I consider and analyzethe approach to and ways of the high-level integration for group operation. And I will explainthe meaning of the plans, and the economies arising from the group operation business.
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Harindranath, G. "State Policy and the Development of Information Technology Industries: India and East Asia in Comparative Perspective." Asia Pacific Business Review 2, no. 2 (December 1995): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602389500000046.
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Tekin, Hasan, and Ali Yavuz Polat. "ADJUSTMENT SPEED OF DEBT MATURITY: EVIDENCE FROM FINANCIAL CRISES IN EAST ASIA." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 24, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v24i1.1287.
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We investigate the change in adjustment speed of debt maturity for East Asian firms between 1990 and 2017 by including two exogenous shocks: the Asian Financial Crisis 1997-1998 (AFC) and the Global Financial Crisis 2007-2009 (GFC). We employ the least square dummy variable correction and find that East Asian firms have a slower adjustment of long-term debt over time. Besides, the decrease in adjustment speed of long-term debt after the GFC is more compared to the decrease after the AFC. Further analysis shows the optimal debt maturity differs across countries and industries. Another important implication of our results is that firms in high governance countries are more likely to close the gap between the actual and target debt maturity in time. Overall, debt holders and investors should consider financial uncertainties.
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Nelson, Patricia A. "Japanese High Technology Investments in East Asia: The Case of the Photography Industry." Pacific Focus 14, no. 1 (March 1999): 159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1976-5118.1999.tb00227.x.
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Amirov, V., and A. Fedorovskii. "To XXth Anniversary of Establishment of Diplomatic Relationship between Moscow and Seoul." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2011): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-1-77-85.
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Development of bilateral ties between Russia and Republic of Korea since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1990 are discussed: key trends in evaluation from bilateral cooperation to strategic partnership. Role of PDRK and the ROK in Russia’s foreign policy towards the Korean Peninsula and North East Asia. Close bilateral cooperation in high-tech industries, joint programs of economic development of the Russian Far East are the main factors for successful expansion of Russia-South Korean economic relations in the next 20 years.
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Kaifu, Norio. "Some Cooperative Activities in East Asia." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00001048.
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AbstractWe report the activity of continued and sequential cooperation among Asian countries/regions, especially in East Asia. Such efforts started in 1990 from a small-size China-Korea-Japan meeting on star-forming regions. Being aware of the importance of cooperation among those neighboring countries, participants agreed to hold sequential “East Asian Meetings for Astronomy (EAMA)”. The 1992 meeting entitled “Millimeter-Wave and Infrared Astronomy” was held in Korea, the 1995 meeting entitled “Ground-Based Astronomy in Asia” was held in Japan, and the 1999 meeting entitled “Observational Astrophysics in Asia and its Future” was held in China. These meetings achieved quite high activity with 100-200 participants, each. An important product of those meetings was active exchange between young astronomers, including graduate students. The primary aim of these meetings/activities was to promote small but practical cooperation in the field of astronomical instrumentation, as well as to widen the contact among Asian astronomers. An East-Asian co-experiment to search for good sites for a possible “Asian Observatory” was among such efforts. The close cooperation between Japan, China (Peoples’ Republic and Taipei) and Korea, on millimeter and sub-millimeter wave technology is another good example of joint developments of new instruments.
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Park, Stephan Si-Hwan. "Tolerance and Human Resources in Science and Technology in East Asia." Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2012-0004.
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Abstract This article tries to pursue three goals: first, how can a hard-to-define cultural concept such as tolerance in society be measured? Second, is it possible to draw conclusions about the tolerance level of a nation on the basis of an analysis of web search behaviour? And third, is there a relationship between the tolerance level in East Asian societies and their ability to attract highly qualified knowledge workers? Taking as its starting point Richard Florida’s claim that a high tolerance level in society represents an essential pull factor for attracting the most sought-after people in the world, this article analyses and interprets web search behaviour among Google users residing in Japan, Korea and China in order to identify issues related to tolerance in East Asia.
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Veeramani, C. "Fragmentation Trade and Vertical Specialisation: How Does South Asia Compare with China." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, no. 1 (April 2019): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684618821550.
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This article analyses the trends and patterns of export and fragmentation trade by South Asian countries—Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. To place the discussion in a comparative perspective, the analysis also covers China. Experience of China and other East Asian countries shows that export-led industrialisation and a high degree of participation in global production networks/value chains, based initially on specialisation in labor-intensive activities, are crucial for sustained employment generation and poverty reduction. However, exports have not become a major engine of growth in South Asian countries. An important reason for this is that South Asia has been locked out of the global production networks/value chains in several industries, except Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in readymade garments and India in automobiles. India’s export basket is biased towards capital- and skill-intensive products, which is an anomaly as the country’s true comparative advantage lies in unskilled labor-intensive activities. We argue that India’s labor laws have had the unintended consequence of discouraging specialisation in labor-intensive stages of the production process in manufacturing industries. Greater integration of domestic industries with global production networks/value chains will accelerate the process of shifting the surplus labor from agriculture to manufacturing. JEL Codes: F10, F15, F40
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Voytishek, Elena E., and Anna S. Shmakova. "Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia." Oriental Studies 20, no. 4 (2021): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-4-109-124.
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Spanning across thousands of years of aromatic culture development in the countries of East Asia, incense application has accumulated vast experience in various fields, including calendrical calculations and time measurement. Analysis of artifacts, objects of religious worship and everyday life indicates fragrant substances’ great versatility in terms of their use: in addition to sticks, spirals and cones, devices such as the Hundred Graduations Incense seals, alarm clocks, as well as clocks that measured night time, strictly dependent on the calendar season, were invented. Various types of aromatic clocks could be distinguished by their great functionality, finding application in many areas ‒ navigation, engineering, in court and religious ceremonies, scientists’ work, in monastic and private schools, tea houses, and were the subject of admiration for poets, artists and calligraphers. The study of the ways of using incense in East Asian countries (including for measuring time) is based on the analysis of a variety of sources ‒ written, artistic and ethnographic. Compared to the large number of Chinese and Japanese sources, the cultural heritage of the Korean Peninsula contains significant gaps, which significantly complicates the interpretation of the material. The use of incense burners, aromatic raw materials and various instruments for measuring time is a remarkable phenomenon in the fragrance culture of China, Korea and Japan, testifying to the high adaptability of symbols and images of traditional culture not only to everyday household needs, but also to various achievements of science and technology. This is confirmed at the present time, given the production of new models of aromatic clocks.
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Muslih, Muslih, and Angga Erlando. "SME COMPETITIVENESS CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN EAST JAVA." Journal of Developing Economies 4, no. 2 (December 29, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v4i2.13298.
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This study aims to analyse the competitiveness of the small and medium industries in East Java in the face of global economic openness. The method used is a cluster to find out the factors that influence the competitiveness of Small and Medium Industries (SME) by grouping them into groups based on similarity of characters. The use of the cluster method is carried out hierarchically, or processed through a series of successively fusing objects into groups. Based on the results of identification and analysis, then the conclusion, there are three cluster findings based on competitiveness categories. Cluster I is SME with low competitiveness, Cluster II is SME with high competitiveness, and Cluster III is SME with medium competitiveness. SME that have high competitiveness are SME that can increase efficiency in 2 fields, namely Production and Marketing. While SME that have medium competitiveness are SME that are superior in technology, so they can be classified in the creative industry.Keywords: Competitiveness, Cluster, SME, East JawaJEL Classification: O0; O1; O2; L6
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Kaneko, Makoto, Minoru Abe, and Kazuo Tanie. "Study on Walking Machines With Decoupled Freedoms." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 1, no. 1 (June 20, 1989): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1989.p0021.
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Motives for the Publication of the ""Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics"" and Fundamental Coverage Kazoo Yamafuji Several successful results of research and technology attained for the last two decades in the fields of high-level science and technology have produced a considerable effect all over the world. Their infiltration into industrial fields has led to the promotion of high economic growth in several countries. Above all, the accelerated economic progress seen in the East Asian countries is noteworthy. It is however regrettable that these countries have functioned up to date as recipients of technological information, but as unimportant suppliers of information. It is noted in particular that total number of researchers and engineers in Japan is equal to that of all the EC countries, and is next to the United States in respect of the huge scale of funds allotted to research and development. Recently in Europe and America, the research results in such a situation are not only highly appreciated but also taken many times as a warning of Japan's challenge in the field of high-technology. Meanwhile, Korea, Taiwan and China, with their efforts in accordance with their national policy formulated with a view to attaining a high-degree of industrial structure and promoting education related to science and technology, will become possibly formidable industrial countries in the near future not only for Japan but also for the Occidental countries. The emergence of East Asian countries in the fields of science and technology cannot be neglected. In spite of that, their results in the fields is unfortunately not thoroughly known to the world. The main cause being the linguistic difficulty, coupled with unfamiliarity or unskillfulness, we Japanese are hesitant in making research results public in English. However, the economic upswing in the East Asian countries is an important aspect in world history, leading to expectations in the West of a greater share of responsibility for these nations. In view of this situation, we, engaged in research and development of robotics and mechatronics, are now determined to be senders or dispatchers of information related to this field. It is not permissible to confine this information within specific countries or areas. Accordingly, we intend to make a worldwide contribution by publishing a journal, although based on the situation in Japan, containing excellent results and information sources related to robotics and mechatronics. Encouraged by the strong support and encouragement for our project by a number of prominent researchers and engineers in several countries including those in Europe and America, we decided to launch this journal on the following basic lines. (1) This is an English journal on robotics and mechatronics, and from Japan, covers the whole world. (2) We intend to develop this magazine into one of the most important information resources among those who are interested in robotics and mechatronics. (3) It covers highly practical technologies as well as the latest academic research. (4) Research papers and development reports are screened by more than one editor. (5) Priority is given to creative syntheses and technological developments, rather than to analytic theses. (6) Latest topics, exciting news, statistics-based industrial technology trends and other interesting articles are carried frequently. (7) This magazine is a bimonthly, in which several special editions will be complied a year, featuring important technological developments. For the present, this magazine focuses on major R&D and technological advances in Japan. In the near future, however, we intend to include overseas information, too. Our goal is to develop this specialist magazine into a highly rated worldwide magazine. We hope that you will participate in the development by contributing to this magazine on your research results and news.
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Slavinsky, V. "Lithic reduction in the final Middle and Initial Upper Paleolithic industries of the Kara-Bom site as shown by refitting analysis (technology, closest analogies, chronology)." Prehistoric Archaeology. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3 (2021): 5–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2658-3925-2021-1-5-51.
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The paper employs the method of refitting to reconstruct the lithic reduction technologies that were used by the Middle Paleolithic and Initial Upper Paleolithic inhabitants of the site of Kara-Bom (Altai Mountains). It is shown that the Middle Paleolithic technology was oriented at the production of points that were mainly struck from convergent single platform (unidirectional) Levallois cores. The Initial Upper Paleolithic industry is characterized by sub-prismatic opposed platform (bidirectional) cores aimed at the production of blades. The author draws many analogies with synchronous industries distributed from the Levant to the east of South Siberia and Central Asia. The available archaeological, chronological and paleogeographic evidence gives grounds to argue that the development of the Paleolithic culture in Northern Asia was strongly affected by climatic fluctuations that took place during the Upper Pleistocene and had a significant impact on human migration routes.
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Li, Yinghua, Eric Boëda, Hubert Forestier, and Yuduan Zhou. "Lithic Technology, typology and cross-regional comparison of Pleistocene lithic industries: Comment on the earliest evidence of Levallois in East Asia." L'Anthropologie 123, no. 4-5 (November 2019): 769–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2019.102728.
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Li, Feng, Xing Gao, Fuyou Chen, Shuwen Pei, Yue Zhang, Xiaoling Zhang, Decheng Liu, et al. "The development of Upper Palaeolithic China: new results from the Shuidonggou site." Antiquity 87, no. 336 (June 1, 2013): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049000.
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The Shuidonggou site cluster in northern China contains 12 different early prehistoric sequences with great potential to cast light on the transition to Upper Palaeolithic behaviour in East Asia. Here researchers present the latest results from Locality 2, reporting seven occupation levels with hearths, animal bone and diverse industries. Although previously compared with European Upper Palaeolithic sequences, the new work proposes a different trajectory of development. Distinctive macroblade technology arrived in the area, possibly from Mongolia or Siberia, about 41000–34000 years ago. This industry subsequently disappeared, to be replaced by flake technologies.
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YALABIK, ZEYNEP Y., SHYH-JER CHEN, JOHN LAWLER, and KWANGHYUN KIM. "High-Performance Work System and Organizational Turnover in East and Southeast Asian Countries1." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 47, no. 1 (January 4, 2008): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2008.00509.x.
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Liu, Jun, Kjetil Sandvik, and Christian Hviid Mortensen. "Media and communication in Asia in early 21st century: Changes, continuities, and challenges." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 33, no. 62 (June 9, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v33i62.26255.
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Asia has some of the largest, most dynamic, diversified, and complicated media industries in the world (McKinsey & Company, 2015). Entering the 21st Century, the rapid economic and political developments of Asia further energize the growth of media locally and globally (for general discussion, see, e.g., Keane [2006]; Thussu [2006], specific discussions on the cases of Korea [Kim, 2013], Japan [Iwabuchi, 2004], China [Sun, 2009]). In a reflection on the increasing importance of Asian players in global communication industry, Keane describes that “Asianness is colonizing international communications markets” (2006: 839-840) with the impacts ranging from the production of hardware (i.e., East Asian technology) to content (e.g., Japanese manga, anime and TV formats and South Korean popular culture) and from the cross-over of directors and actors from Asia to Hollywood and the world. Yet, a lack of timely understanding of media and communication in a fast-changing Asia is hindering not only our interpretation of the significance of media in social transformation in Asia, but also the efforts to de-westernize (e.g., Park & Curran, 2000; Wang, 2010) or internationalize communication studies (Lee, 2014).
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Raimjanova, Madina, Lola Sabirova, Nodira Khanova, Shoira Asamkhodjaeva, and Kodir Nosurullaev. "Impact of investments on the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the importance of its geographical location." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 10042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124410042.
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The key to successful innovative development of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the formation of new innovative high-tech industries, the upgrading of technical and technological nature, the input of modern facilities, expansion of production volume, ready to compete, the increase in exports in parallel with the filling of the domestic market finished products with high added value. The Republic of Uzbekistan is an attractive place for investment, due to a wide sales market and a developed transport infrastructure integrated into the multi-modal communication system of Eurasia, which contributes to determining the future state of investment and trade and economic cooperation. Foreign investors who invest in Uzbekistan have the opportunity to enter the 5 largest and emerging markets-the CIS countries with a market of more than 300 million people, Central and Eastern Europe, South and South-East Asia, and the Middle East.
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Ono, Hiroshi. "Digital Inequality in East Asia: Evidence from Japan, South Korea, and Singapore." Asian Economic Papers 4, no. 3 (October 2005): 116–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2005.4.3.116.
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This paper examines the extent and causes of digital inequality in three countries of East Asia: Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. Using individual-level microdata collected in the three countries between 1997 and 2000, the study highlights differences in the socioeconomic and demographic patterns of technology adoption, usage, and skills across countries and over time. Despite the high overall diffusion rates of information communication technology (ICT) in all three countries, there remain clear divides in access and use among various demographic groups. Household income, education, and gender are the key determinants of digital inequality in all three countries, but there is sizable variation in their magnitudes. In general, inequality in ICT access, use, and skills reflects pre-existing inequality in other socioeconomic areas.
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Lechman, Ewa. "Changing Patterns in the Export of Goods Versus International Competitiveness. A Comparative Analysis for Central-East European Countries in the Period 2000–2011." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 17, no. 2 (July 10, 2014): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2014-0014.
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This paper discusses the existing links between changing patterns in the export of goods, broken down by technology-intensity, versus intrenational competitiveness. The study covers nine Central-East European (CEE) economies: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and the Slovak Republic, in the time span 2000-2011. We examine the hypothesis of a strong, positive and statistically significant relationship between flows of export of high-tech and ICT manufactures industries goods, and an economy’s level of international competitiveness (approximated by the Global Competitiveness Index - GCI, see: World Economic Forum). Our methodological approach relies on elaboration of each country`s individual export patterns with regard to industries of different technology-intensities, and statistical analysis between the international GCI variable and variables identifying shares in total export of certain industries. Contrary to what was initially expected, our empirical results do not seem to support the hypothesis on statistically positive links between growing shares of high-tech and ICT manufactures industries in the total value of export versus the Global Competitiveness Index in the analyzed countries.
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SCHNEIDER, BEN ROSS. "The developmental state in Brazil: comparative and historical perspectives." Revista de Economia Política 35, no. 1 (March 2015): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572015v35n01a07.
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The record of successful developmental states in East Asia and the partial successes of developmental states in Latin America suggest several common preconditions for effective state intervention including a Weberian bureaucracy, monitoring of implementation, reciprocity (subsidies in exchange for performance), and collaborative relations between government and business. Although Brazil failed to develop the high technology manufacturing industry and exports that have fueled sustained growth in East Asia, its developmental state had a number of important, and often neglected, successes, especially in steel, automobiles, mining, ethanol, and aircraft manufacturing. Where Brazil's developmental state was less successful was in promoting sectors like information technology and nuclear energy, as well as overall social and regional equality. In addition, some isolated initiatives by state governments were also effective in promoting particular local segments of industry and agriculture. Comparisons with East Asia, highlight the central role of state enterprises in Brazil that in effect internalized monitoring and reciprocity and bypassed collaboration between business and government (that was overall rarer in Brazil).
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Chen, Huangxin, Hang Lin, and Wenjie Zou. "Research on the Regional Differences and Influencing Factors of the Innovation Efficiency of China’s High-Tech Industries: Based on a Shared Inputs Two-Stage Network DEA." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083284.
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Innovation ability has become one of the core elements in the pursuit of China’s green growth, and high-tech industries are playing a leading role in technological innovation in China. With the rapid development of China’s high-tech industries, their innovation efficiency has attracted widespread attention. This article aims to illustrate a shared inputs two-stage network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), to measure the innovation efficiency of high-tech industries in China’s 29 provinces from 1999 to 2018. The results indicate that there are obvious differences in the innovation efficiency of the provinces. The technology development efficiency, the technical transformation efficiency, and the overall innovation efficiency of the developed east coast provinces are generally higher than those of the backward central and western provinces. This article further applies the spatial econometrics model to analyze the factors influencing the innovation efficiency of high-tech industries. We have found that government support, R&D input intensity, industries aggregation, economic extroversion, and the level of development of the modern service industries cause varying degrees of impact on innovation efficiency.
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Liu, Yanhong, Xinjian Huang, and Weiliang Chen. "The Dynamic Effect of High-Tech Industries’ R&D Investment on Energy Consumption." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 4090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154090.
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High-tech industries are characterized by strong technology, low energy consumption, and low pollution. Among these high-tech industries, five sectors (pharmaceutical industry, aerospace industry, electronic and communication equipment industry, computer and office equipment industry, and medical equipment industry) are selected for our study; and R&D investment is an important support for the development of high-tech industries. How do research and development (R&D) investments affect energy consumption in high-tech industries? Are these effects all positive? What are the differences in the impacts for different types of high-tech sectors or in different regions? And why? To analyze these issues, state space mode is an appropriate method which presented a dynamic process, accurately estimating the parameters at each time nod. We used this model to analyze the impact of five high-tech sectors’ research and development (R&D) investments on energy consumption in the four regions of China from 1998 to 2016. Some conclusions are drawn from the research: (1) Pharmaceutical industry has a negative influence on energy consumption in all regions. Compared with other types of high-tech industries, the pharmaceutical industry consumes a higher degree of energy. (2) In the east, middle, and northeast of China, a gap remains between scientific research and production due to the lack of high-tech personnel in the aerospace industry, which lead to a weak effects on energy consumption in these regions (3) For the electronic and communication equipment industry and computer and office equipment industry, the continuous inflow of funds and talent has led to greater competition pressure and excess production capacity in some developed areas. This accounts for the fact that the two industries’ R&D investment is beneficial to the reduction of energy consumption in the western regions. (4) The densely populated eastern region has a large demand for health services, leading to an increased demand for medical equipment. That is why the R&D of medical equipment industry have significantly reduced the energy consumption in the east regions than in the other regions.
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Бровко, Пётр, Борис Карастелёв, and Юрий Якубовский. "Территориальные и отраслевые аспекты инновационного подхода технологического развития вертолётостроительного производства Дальнего Востока России." ИЗВЕСТИЯ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. ЭКОНОМИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ, no. 3 (2019): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/2311-2271/2019-3/115-125.
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В работе представлено обоснование необходимости пере-хода вертолётостроительного производства Дальнего Востока России на инновационный подход технологического развития, который позволит преодолеть влияние территориальных и отраслевых негативных факторов и закрепиться на динамичных рынках Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона. Обозначены перспективы роста экономики России и вертолётостроения, в частности, за счет выхода на рынки Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона. В качестве организационного инструмента, способствующего продвижению инновационных технологий в вертолётостроительном производстве, предлагается создание центра технологических компетенций. It was found that the far East of Russia has unique competitive advantages, the main of which is the neighborhood with the dy-namically developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region, the economic rate of which over the past decade exceeds the global average. The strategic task facing the Russian economy is inte-gration into consolidation in the markets of the Asia-Pacific region, as producers of high-tech products. This necessitates the development of high-tech industries in the Russian far East, which include helicopter construction. In the helicopter industry in Russia there is a lag the world's leading companies in the use of innovative technologies of design, production and after-sales service. In addition, the work found that there are several prob-lems in the industry: the limited size of the domestic market, the reduction of public funding for new developments, the lack of competence of staff to work in the global market. In the far East, this situation is complicated by the influence of negative regional factors: high costs in the economy, a long, outflow of population, remoteness from traditional markets and suppliers, the raw material nature of the economy. The paper substantiates the need for the transition of helicopter production in the Far East of the Russian Federa-tion to an innovative approach to technological development, which will overcome the influence of ter-ritorial and sectoral negative factors. The components of the proposed innovative approach are the introduction into production of products with high export potential, building cooperation with partners from the Asia-Pacific region, technological renewal of the production system, establishing cooperation with scientific and educational institutions, small and medium-sized businesses. A tool for the imple-mentation of a new approach to the technological development of helicopter production in the Far East of Russia will be the creation of a center Of technological competencies, which will allow for coopera-tion between the production enterprises of the region and scientific and educational institutions, which will contribute to the generation of new knowledge and its practical use in production activities The rapid introduction of innovative technologies will increase the competitiveness of the Russian helicopter industry, which will strengthen its position in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Szabó, A. M. "Oil Refining and Product Marketing Developments in Southeast Asia." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 10, no. 2 (April 1992): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879201000202.
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Views on the future are based on supplies from a relatively stable Middle East and continued economic growth in the southeast Asian and Pacific countries. Under these circumstances the oil market for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) will expand considerably during the decade of the 90's. Pacific country demand, 5.92 MMB/D, in 1990 is likely to grow to 7.06 MMB/D in 2000. Regional production could supply about 40% of this. The Asia-Pacific shortage of refining capacity could lead to high regional refined product prices and healthy refining profit margins.
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Afrimadona, Shanti Darmastuti, and Wiwiek Rukmi Dwi Astuti. "Industrial Policy as the Application of State Defense in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0." Journal of International Studies on Energy Affairs 1, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.51413/jisea.vol1.iss2.2020.92-109.
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Abstract The rapid change in the information technology in the age of Industry 4.0 requires the government to produce an innovative and competitive industrial policy in order to push for an independent economic development. Amids the trend of industry 4.0, states are faced with a challenge of advancing national industries, such as the energy, food and beverage, automotive, electronics, chemical, textile and textile products industries. Using literature review over a number of cases of industrial policies in East Asia, this article argues that a national interest-based industrial policy can be seen as an implementation of the so-called state defense. This is because industrial policy is the product of the thoughts of individual policy-makers who are also the citizens to whom the obligation of state defense applies. Thus, rather than simply asking the general individual citizens to do state defense, the state, represented by the individual policy-makers should also think of their policy in terms of state defense, that is the defense of public interest. Key Words: industrial policy, industry 4.0, state defense, national interest
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Sysoeva, Natalia. "Foreign Enterprises in the Siberian Economy." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 33, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.332.9.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the spatial character of foreign investment in Siberia where a considerable part of Russian export goods is produced for the markets of Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. A microeconomic approach was used, and the types and activities of enterprises with foreign capital were analysed. The main features were presented: the predominance of offshore investments, officially identified as foreign investment in the basic industries; increase in the share of investment into the mining industry and increasing dependence on China when moving east; high level of individual’s investment in services with fast capital turnover and minimal capital costs which forms a specific survival environment in the border areas with Mongolia and China. Three patterns of foreign investment in the Siberia are identified – western, central and eastern. The western pattern is characterised by a diversity of donor countries and investment in processing industries, the central one is based on the offshore capital in energy and semi-product industries, and in the eastern pattern investment into mining and logging prevails. The last type of investment is not receptive to innovations and new technologies, conserves and deepens the resource specialisation of industry for Asian markets of raw materials.
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Tan, Soo Kee. "State Support and Competitiveness of Industry: Case of Shipbuilding Industry in Korea." International Journal of East Asian Studies 9, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/ijeas.vol9no1.4.
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The competitive advantage of the industry includes access to new technology, availability of highly skilled labour, geographic location, capital outlay, and a business-friendly environment. In the development process, the government plays a significant role in creating a favourable environment to encourage companies to grow. In many cases of the East Asian countries, particularly Japan, South Korea and China, state support is one of the major forces in fostering technology-intensive industries. The East Asian development experiences are totally different from those of the Western nations; a large number of great Western companies were born under the individualistic free-market system, but many giant companies in Japan and South Korea grew big under the state-led economic system. For the East Asian countries, particularly China, Japan and South Korea, state support is a principal tool of economic management. With soft loans from the state banks, favourable tax deductions, and various types of incentives from the government, industrialists in East Asia enjoy a plethora of advantages and benefits. One very good example is the East Asian shipbuilders, which have achieved remarkable success by dominating the world shipbuilding market. Under the state-led development strategy, the world shipbuilding centre was shifted from the West to the East, where South Korea, China and Japan accounting for more than 85% of the global production today. There are many reasons behind this success story, but this study focuses on the government’s role and examine how state support has helped the development of the shipbuilding industry, with South Korea as an example.
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Li, Tuochen, Lei Liang, and Dongri Han. "Research on the Efficiency of Green Technology Innovation in China’s Provincial High-End Manufacturing Industry Based on the RAGA-PP-SFA Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (July 15, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9463707.
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This study offers a RAGA-PP-SFA model to measure green technology’s innovation efficiency in the high-end manufacturing industry. The study’s aim is to solve the shortcomings of traditional SFA methods that are unable to improve multi-output efficiency. The RAGA-PP-SFA model presented here is based on the multi-emission and multi-output characteristics of high-end manufacturing innovation activities. Using panel data from 2010 to 2015 on China's high-end manufacturing industry and considering factors such as environmental regulation, government subsidy, and market maturity, this paper empirically examines and compares the efficiency of green technology innovation versus traditional technology innovation, as well as regional heterogeneity in China's high-end manufacturing industry. The study ultimately found a low level of green technology innovation efficiency in China’s high-end manufacturing industry. However, an overall rising trend shows that the green development of China's high-end manufacturing industry has achieved remarkable results. Green technology innovation efficiency in high-end manufacturing industries across various regions was generally lower than the efficiency of traditional technology innovation. Both types of efficiency showed a pattern of “high in the east and low in the middle and in the west”. High-high efficiency is primarily found in the east, whereas the west is characterized by low-low efficiency. There are significant differences between regions, pointing to an equal rate of development. Government subsidies and enterprise scale had a significant negative impact on green technology innovation efficiency in regional high-end manufacturing industries, while market maturity and industrial agglomeration had a significant positive impact. Based on the study’s findings, environmental regulation and openness to the outside world play insignificant roles in green technology innovation efficiency.
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Мирзеханова, Зоя, and Анастасия Кольцова. "Территории опережающего развития Хабаровского края в аспекте «зелёного» роста." ИЗВЕСТИЯ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. ЭКОНОМИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ, no. 4 (2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/2311-2271/2019-4/23-34.
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В статье представлено авторское видение эколого-экономической ситуации в рамках формирования территорий опережающего развития в Хабаровском крае с позиции современной модели «зелёной экономики». Проведённый анализ показал, что выбранное направление развития демонстрирует усиление сырьевой направленности, однако в южных регионах есть и положительные тенденции в сторону приоритетных отраслей «зеленой экономики». В пределах Хабаровского края более 70% проектов соответствуют приоритетным отраслям, но даже в проектах связанных с экологоориентированными отраслями без внимания оставлены вопросы «озеленения» экономики. Territories of advanced development are special industrial zones with special legal regime for attracting investments. It is one of the modern facilitating instruments of the Russian Far East policy. The main objective of the article is to determine how this modern policy corresponds to the global trends in the field of the green economy. Green economy is an economic paradigm which promotes low carbon growth, efficient utilization of natural resources and assets. Far East region needs a sustainable economic growth that does not result in the natural resources depletion and environment damaging. The principal trends within the northern territories of advanced development are stated to be raw industries, mainly branches of oil and gas chemistry. However, in the southern regions of the Far East there are also positive trends towards the priority of green economy industries. In Khabarovsk Krai more than 70% of the projects relate to the priority industries of the green economy and only 2% of the projects are aimed at mining. Unfortunately, even in the projects connected with the ecofriendly industries issues of using green economy principles are disregarded. Under the present circumstances, eco-technology and innovations will be critical in providing opportunities for the ecological balance recovery, resulting in a more eco-friendly, sustainable and diversified regional economy. In the context of green economy special attention should be paid to such industries as waste recycling, tourism, power, agriculture, forestry, fishing and high-tech industries. It has been found that to achieve high social, economic and environmental efficiency it is expedient to expand territories of advanced development according to the green standards.
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Safronova, I. A. "THE VALUE CHAINS OF HIGH-TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS AS FACTOR OF FORMATION OF THE REGIONAL COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(51) (December 28, 2016): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-6-51-125-135.
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This article analyzes the value chain of high-tech products in Asia and the role of this phenomenon in the further consolidation of trade blocs and alliances in the region. The presence of these chains and their gradual transition from a vertically integrated model to a system of horizontal linkages and interdependence leads to the formation of mechanisms of economic de-facto integration (so-called regionalization process). The East Asian region has demonstrated unprecedented high rates of economic growth in recent decades. The countries are actively developing mechanisms of multilateral cooperation, involving partners from across the Asia-Pacific region. Particular features of a new regional architecture of economic relations are becoming more tangible, and the essential element of this architecture is the intra-regional integration. The author presents an assessment of further developments of the Regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP) using the structural-functional approach and analytical instruments of the international political economy, The creation of this trade block will help less advanced countries of ASEAN to accelerate economic growth and improve the conditions for integration into global value chains. For advanced economies, participation in the RCEP seems controversial, because production chains have well-established formats within the framework of ASEAN +. The political standoff between Washington and Beijing has an impact on dynamics of regional integration. The split among the East Asian countries was galvanized by the Trans-Pacific Partnership Project (TTP), because TPP has objectives that are very similar to those of RCEP (trade liberalization and economic integration). The author concludes that the extension of this partnership in the ASEAN countries can seriously complicate the operation RVEP and enhance the impact of political factors on economic cooperation. In this case, the value of production and supply chains of high-tech products will decline, which may affect the economic cooperation in the region as a whole.
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Haggard, Stephan, and Yu Zheng. "Institutional innovation and investment in Taiwan: the micro-foundations of the developmental state." Business and Politics 15, no. 4 (December 2013): 435–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2012-0010.
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Rapid growth in the East Asian newly industrializing countries depended on institutional innovation. Authoritarian governments like Taiwan faced a dilemma: how to assure investors in a policymaking environment that made commitments difficult to sustain? In contrast to both the early developmental state literature and the new literature on authoritarian institutions, this article shows that “small” institutions have had an effect on both the credibility of commitments and the composition of the firms that the Taiwanese state sought to assure. In the 1950–1960s, insulated decision-making bodies with strong participation by foreigners and export-processing zones signaled government intent to both foreign and domestic firms. In the 1970–1980s, democratic decision-making structures were more decentralized and state interventions shifted in a more market-oriented direction. Even so, the Taiwanese government continued to use institutions such as the Hsinchu Science Park to extend assurances to domestic investors engaged in risky high-technology ventures.
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Ziegler, Robert. "Technology Focus: High-Pressure/High-Temperature (March 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 03 (March 1, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0321-0055-jpt.
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For the past several months, the rig count in North America has been slowly but steadily improving and some pockets of deepwater operations are finally showing some activity, especially in Central and South America and Africa, where interesting discoveries continue. Arctic operations also are picking up, though not in North America, where a new administration in the US is bringing some uncertainty to upstream operations. Looking at leasing activity in 2020, however, the operators on federal land seem to have built up a backlog, so the immediate consequences of recent executive action seem not to be significant, though they do set an important precedent. More significant seems to be the opposition to pipelines, which are the most-efficient and safest way to transport any form of bulk material, be it gas, liquid, or slurry. Even if the most-stretched targets of an energy transition become reality, the need for pipeline transport will remain, and even increase, if the gas transported is biogas and hydrogen, where much larger volumes must be transported for the same calorific value of natural gas. In my tenure as a reviewer for JPT, I had refrained from a materials-focused special simply because high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) conferences and sessions seem to be dominated by them and I wanted to demonstrate a wider spectrum of the challenges of HP/HT operations. With the energy transition leading to the possibility of free hydrogen being introduced into the energy system outside of established chemical feedstock installations (which are all low-pressure), this is a good time to remind our industry (and the outside world) that vast experience exists in the oil and gas industry on the interaction of hydrogen and metal (at very high pressures), a challenge that is still not completely understood and that is still a large cause of pressure-vessel failures (e.g., in refineries). Also, if carbon dioxide is intended to be captured and contained in metal vessels, another set of metallurgical challenges emerges. This Technology Focus looks at two papers from Asia, where these challenges were discovered and mitigated, and one paper from Gulf of Mexico deepwater operations. Many learnings can be taken from these papers, and extremely costly and safety-critical failures and loss of containment can be avoided. Addressing technical risk, thorough and detailed front-end engineering is a cost-effective and cost-saving activity, and this applies especially for front-end corrosion engineering and testing, as we have seen from several megaprojects in the past where this was not done to the extent finally understood to have been required. So, I invite you all to understand and embrace the fact that sound and competent engineering, as well as communicating learnings across functions and industries, is the key enabler for future success in our stressed industry, and to use our engineering brainpower and imagination to bring those HP/HT projects currently deemed too expensive to develop within the realm of the current oil-price environment.
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Eo, Soeun, Sang Hee Hong, Young Kyoung Song, Gi Myung Han, Seongbong Seo, and Won Joon Shim. "Prevalence of small high-density microplastics in the continental shelf and deep sea waters of East Asia." Water Research 200 (July 2021): 117238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117238.
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Lee, Chien-Hsing, Chih-Fang Liu, Yu-Ting Lin, Yu-Sheng Yain, and Chien-Ho Lin. "New agriculture business model in Taiwan." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 23, no. 5 (December 2, 2020): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2019.0164.
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We offer an integrative introduction, analysis, and commentary for the new agribusiness models (mainly for crop production) in Taiwan, an important economy in Asia. Taiwan’s economy has been relying heavily on agriculture-based business, even against the fact that its high-technology industries occupy major media explosion opportunities. We start with the introductory discussions of Taiwan’s agricultural backgrounds and development. Then we review and analyze the developing agribusiness models at macro and micro levels. Based on those analyses, we propose promising directions for future studies and agribusiness practices.
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Szymczak, Pat Davis. "Africa Set To Fuel Asian Growth and Its Own Brighter Future." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0028-jpt.
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Africa is on track to becoming the world’s most populous region by 2023 as growth in the continent’s population surpasses that of China and India; between 2020 and 2040, one in every two births will be African, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). The problem—and the opportunity—is that three-quarters of those new global citizens living in sub-Saharan Africa will live without access to electricity and other energy-driven staples of the modern world. “More than half a billion people [will be] added to Africa’s urban population by 2040, much higher than the growth seen in China’s urban population in the two decades of China’s economic and energy boom,” IEA noted in its Africa Energy Outlook 2019. “Growing urban populations mean rapid growth in energy demand for industrial production, cooling, and mobility,” IEA analysts wrote. “The projected growth in oil demand is higher than that of China and second only to that of India as the size of the car fleet more than doubles (the bulk of which have low fuel efficiency) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is increasingly used for clean cooking.” With regards to gas, Africa is on track to becoming the third-largest region to feed the growth in global gas demand over the next 20 years, the IEA said (Fig. 1). Africa accounted for 8.8% of the world’s oil production in 2019, according to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020. Nigeria was Africa’s top oil producer at 2.2%; Algeria was next at 1.6%; then Angola, 1.5%; and Libya, 1.3%. BP economists calculated Africa contributed 6.0% to the world’s natural gas production in 2019. They ranked Algeria as the continent’s top gas producer at a global share of 2.2% followed by Egypt, 1.6%, and Nigeria, 1.2%. Africa’s hydrocarbon-producing nations have always depended on fossil fuel and mineral exports for the foreign exchange that feeds their economies. But as the continent’s population grows and its demographics become younger and more urban, Africa is revealing itself as a “barefoot shoemaker”—wealthy to the extreme in fossil fuels and renewables, but with three-quarters of its sub-Saharan population living without electricity. Africa’s R/P (reserves-to-production) ratio is about half that of the Middle East and a quarter of first-place South America. But it is worth asking if South America’s high R/P is not due to years of high-profile exploration, while Africa—with a west-coastal geology similar to South America’s east coast—is simply underexplored. The World Bank has declared 32 of the continent’s 48 nations to be in an energy crisis considering that their gross domestic product (GDP) growth is outpacing power generation by a factor of three to four times. Investment is vital to turning this situation around, and the most attractive investment opportunities pre-pandemic were found in Nigeria, Mozambique, Egypt, Mauritania, and Equatorial Guinea, according to the organizers of Africa Oil Week (AOW), an exploration and production (E&P) investment conference held annually for 27 years.