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Relevant bibliographies by topics / High temperature superconductors Superconducting magnets Cryostats

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Academic literature on the topic 'High temperature superconductors Superconducting magnets Cryostats'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "High temperature superconductors Superconducting magnets Cryostats"

1

Demina, Anna Andreevna, A. V. Safonov, O. A. Kovalchuk, E. R. Zapretilina, I. Yu Rodin, and E. N. Andreev. "DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING PROTOTYPE OF HTS MODULE FOR THE SYSTEM OF MAGNETIC LEVITATION OF VEHICLE." Transportation systems and technology 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2015): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20151137-48.

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In recent years increasingly discusses the prospects of application of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) as the winding current-carrying elements of magnetic systems for various purposes. It seems particularly attractive possibility of such systems at liquid nitrogen temperature. The article describes the prototype of module of the magnetic system which is made on the basis of high-temperature superconducting tapes, designed for the installation and testing on a working model of a static levitation. In the working model levitation of the platform carried by the interaction of the magnetic field of the assembly of permanent magnets mounted on the platform with a field similar to assemblies located in the track structure. Compact HTS module replaces the two assemblies of permanent magnets mounted on the platform. Each block of the module represents HTS racetrack coil with current inputs, power structure, positioning system and bracing which is placed in a cryostat, providing at minimum wall thickness of the required mechanical strength and thermal insulation at liquid nitrogen temperature. The prototype of unified superconducting module successfully passed preliminary tests.

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Filippov, Dmitry Maksimovic. "Peculiarities of simulation of magnetic field in electromechanical nodes of magnetic-levitation transport system by the method of secondary sources." Transportation systems and technology 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20151249-61.

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In recent years increasingly discusses the prospects of application of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) as the winding current-carrying elements of magnetic systems for various purposes. It seems particularly attractive possibility of such systems at liquid nitrogen temperature. The article describes the prototype of module of the magnetic system which is made on the basis of high-temperature superconducting tapes, designed for the installation and testing on a working model of a static levitation. In the working model levitation of the platform carried by the interaction of the magnetic field of the assembly of permanent magnets mounted on the platform with a field similar to assemblies located in the track structure. Compact HTS module replaces the two assemblies of permanent magnets mounted on the platform. Each block of the module represents HTS racetrack coil with current inputs, power structure, positioning system and bracing which is placed in a cryostat, providing at minimum wall thickness of the required mechanical strength and thermal insulation at liquid nitrogen temperature. The prototype of unified superconducting module successfully passed preliminary tests.

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3

GOOD, J., and D. BRACANOVIC. "25 TESLA HTS MAGNET INSERT COIL IN ZERO BOIL OFF CRYOSTAT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 12n13 (May 20, 2009): 2842–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209062426.

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The development of High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) conductors makes it possible to build very high field superconducting magnets up to at least 25 T. Previously, the only way to obtain a steady field of 25 T for research would be to use water cooled copper solenoids. To achieve 25 T in a 50 mm working space would require about 10 MW of power with a large water cooling plant to carry away the heat. With such high powers involved it is difficult to have a stable and quiet magnetic field environment in which to make sensitive measurements such as NMR. Both capital and operating costs are high so few such facilities exist worldwide. This makes a superconducting magnet of 25 T a very attractive proposition. Figure 1 shows that the critical current of HTS as compared to NbTi and NbSn . The latter can be used up to a limit of about 20 T at 4.2 K. The HTS on the other hand shows the potential of much higher fields. The two main issues in magnet design are the maximum critical current and the maximum stress that a conductor or coil structure can support. For the inner sections of the coil the forces are modest but as the diameter increases towards the outside of the coil hoop stress becomes the dominant issue. [Formula: see text] Cryogenic has built a magnet system with first generation BSCCO conductor. It is designed to run at 4.2 K. It has a three section design, two of conventional superconductor and one of HTS. • The outer winding is made from NbTi giving a field of 9 T, in a bore of 225 mm. The coil is made from 21 km of NbTi wire graded from 1 to 0.6 mm diameter. • A middle coil of NbSn bronze route conductor providing a field of 14 T in 140 mm diameter. • An inner set of HTS coils. These are in the form of 3 coaxial windings made from silver matrix BSCCO conductor supplied by American Superconductor. This conductor has a critical current of 100 A at 77 K in zero field. At 4 K in low field the current is very much higher. The set of three BSCCO windings has a gauss per amp of 157 and when run on its own at a current of 300 A provides a field of 4.7 T, although currents above 275 A begin to show significant resistive losses in the conductor. The inner BSCCO coils are separately powered from the outer magnet. In a test of the full magnet system the BSCCO coil is ramped up at various background fields up to 13 T. The resulting voltage loss across the BSCCO is shown in Fig. 2. This test shows that the BSCCO conductor can operate up to 275 A quite successfully independent of the background field with just a slight increase in resistive losses presumably from the joints between conductor being magneto-resistive or due to flux flow in the conductor. [Formula: see text] Since the BSCCO coils were made new 2nd generation conductors have become available made from thin films of YBCO on a stainless steel backing. These have a much higher effective current density. A 4 mm wide tape of BSCCO is 0.4 mm thick but carries a similar current to an YBCO tape of 0.01 mm or even 0.05 mm thickness. Table 1 shows the properties of different conductors compared. Interestingly the conductors are not just higher current density but also more flexible and stronger in tension. [Formula: see text] A new coil has now been produced from 0.1 mm Super Power material of a size that can fit inside the existing winding so that the combination can produce above 6 T providing a total field of 20 T at 4.2 K in a working bore of 38 mm. Now that the new 2nd generation YBCO based conductors have become available it is intended to exchange the BSCCO coils for YBCO windings which will allow this magnet to operate at much higher fields of up to 25 T. At this field it will be the highest field superconducting magnet worldwide. The magnet is housed in a liquid helium cryostat. To reduce helium consumption a powerful 2nd stage cryocooler is fitted to the cryostat. The first stage cools a shield around the liquid helium to 45 K. The second stage has a cooling power of 1.5 W at 4.2 K and is used to recondense helium gas evolved from the magnet. In operation, with no current in the leads to the cryocooler it is able to condense more gas than that evolved from the cryostat so the liquid helium level will increase with time. Except at the highest currents the cryostat is a zero loss magnet system. A cross section of cryostat and magnet is show in Fig 3. [Formula: see text] The power required for the cryocooler is 6.5 kW while that for the magnet power supplies and ancillary electronics is 2 kW giving a combined power requirement of 8.5 kW. This compares very favourably with the typical value of 10 MW required by a water cooled copper solenoid to achieve the same field. Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.

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Antonov, Yuri F. "Levitation and Lateral Stabilization Device Based on a Second-Generation High-Temperature Superconductor." Transportation Systems and Technology 5, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201954115-123.

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The superconducting levitation device comprises a stationary magnetic rail of permanent magnets and a cryostat on a vehicle with a second-generation high-temperature tape superconductor placed in the cryostat, folded in a stack or wound by a coil on a non-magnetic frame without electrical connection of the ends and the transport current. Cool tape high-temperature superconductor of the second generation, folded in a stack or wound on a non magnetic frame in the form of axisymmetric or track coil, without electric connections of the ends and a transport current, behaves as a massive sample of a superconductor and the Meissner Oxenfeld effect, the magnetic field created by the magnetic rail is displaced from the volume of the superconductor, causing the power of levitation and the vehicle hangs over the track structure. The high critical parameters of the second-generation high-temperature superconductor belt ensure efficient operation of the superconducting levitation device. Aim: To demonstration the technical feasibility and efficiency of creating a levitation unit based on the use of a second-generation high-temperature superconductor and permanent magnets made of rare earth metals. Methods: Calculations of the magnetic field distribution in the combination of a magnetic rail and a massive superconductor, preliminary design of the levitation unit and experimental studies on the model. Results: Experiments on a model of a superconducting levitation device confirmed the efficiency of this technical solution and its effectiveness. Conclusion: an original technical solution is proposed that allows to significantly improve the energy characteristics of the levitation node by using a second-generation high-temperature superconductor operating in a passive mode without a transport current, using the partial Meissner-Oxenfeld effect and the engagement of quantized magnetic flux strands at the pinning centers.

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Marchevsky, Maxim. "Quench Detection and Protection for High-Temperature Superconductor Accelerator Magnets." Instruments 5, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments5030027.

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High-temperature superconductors (HTS) are being increasingly used for magnet applications. One of the known challenges of practical conductors made with high-temperature superconductor materials is a slow normal zone propagation velocity resulting from a large superconducting temperature margin in combination with a higher heat capacity compared to conventional low-temperature superconductors (LTS). As a result, traditional voltage-based quench detection schemes may be ineffective for detecting normal zone formation in superconducting accelerator magnet windings. A developing hot spot may reach high temperatures and destroy the conductor before a practically measurable resistive voltage is detected. The present paper discusses various approaches to mitigating this problem, specifically focusing on recently developed non-voltage techniques for quench detection.

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Bruyn, B. J. H. de, J. W. Jansen, and E. A. Lomonova. "Modeling and comparison of superconducting linear actuators for highly dynamic motion." Archives of Electrical Engineering 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aee-2015-0041.

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Abstract This paper presents a numerical modeling method for AC losses in highly dynamic linear actuators with high temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes. The AC losses and generated force of two actuators, with different placement of the cryostats, are compared. In these actuators, the main loss component in the superconducting tapes are hysteresis losses, which result from both the non-sinusoidal phase currents and movement of the permanent magnets. The modeling method, based on the H-formulation of the magnetic fields, takes into account permanent magnetization and movement of permanent magnets. Calculated losses as function of the peak phase current of both superconducting actuators are compared to those of an equivalent non-cryogenic actuator.

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Shen, Tengming, and Laura Garcia Fajardo. "Superconducting Accelerator Magnets Based on High-Temperature Superconducting Bi-2212 Round Wires." Instruments 4, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4020017.

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Superconducting magnets are an invaluable tool for scientific discovery, energy research, and medical diagnosis. To date, virtually all superconducting magnets have been made from two Nb-based low-temperature superconductors (Nb-Ti with a superconducting transition temperature Tc of 9.2 K and Nb3Sn with a Tc of 18.3 K). The 8.33 T Nb-Ti accelerator dipole magnets of the large hadron collider (LHC) at CERN enabled the discovery of the Higgs Boson and the ongoing search for physics beyond the standard model of high energy physics. The 12 T class Nb3Sn magnets are key to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Tokamak and to the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC that aims to increase the luminosity by a factor of 5–10. In this paper, we discuss opportunities with a high-temperature superconducting material Bi-2212 with a Tc of 80–92 K for building more powerful magnets for high energy circular colliders. The development of a superconducting accelerator magnet could not succeed without a parallel development of a high performance conductor. We will review triumphs of developing Bi-2212 round wires into a magnet grade conductor and technologies that enable them. Then, we will discuss the challenges associated with constructing a high-field accelerator magnet using Bi-2212 wires, especially those dipoles of 15–20 T class with a significant value for future physics colliders, potential technology paths forward, and progress made so far with subscale magnet development based on racetrack coils and a canted-cosine-theta magnet design that uniquely addresses the mechanical weaknesses of Bi-2212 cables. Additionally, a roadmap being implemented by the US Magnet Development Program for demonstrating high-field Bi-2212 accelerator dipole technologies is presented.

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Larbalestier, David C., and Martin P. Maley. "Conductors from Superconductors: Conventional Low-Temperature and New High-Temperature Superconducting Conductors." MRS Bulletin 18, no. 8 (August 1993): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400037775.

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A useful superconducting conductor must have several properties. Some of the key properties among these are illustrated by the cross section of a Nb-47wt%Ti/Cu composite (Figure 1) which was manufactured for the dipole magnets of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC). It represents the state of the art for conventional conductor fabrication and is thus an excellent place to start in considering what is needed for any new conductor. First among the essential properties is a high critical current density (Jc); the lower limit of useful Jc is ~104 A/cm2, but really useful values lie between 105 and 106 A/cm2. The SSC conductor achieves this at fields up to 9 T at 4.2 K, the normal temperature used for magnets cooled by liquid helium.A critical second requirement is that the superconductor be paralleled by an intimately connected good normal conductor, in this case high-conductivity Cu. One function of the Cu is to stabilize the superconductor against small temperature disturbances that lead to flux jumps that could result in local quenching of superconductivity. This requirement forces the subdivision of a given cross section of the superconductor into many filaments having a maximum diameter of no more than about 50 μm, since bigger filaments store more electromagnetic energy than can safely be deposited in the filament without locally heating it above its critical temperature (Tc). One advantage of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials is that they can operate at temperatures above ~10 K. Since the specific heat is a strongly increasing function at low temperatures, this permits the safe filament size to greatly increase too. The need to minimize hysteresis losses, however, often provides a separate drive to minimize the filament diameter, as in the conductor of Figure 1, where there are some 7,000 filaments which are only 6 μm in diameter. The overall Cu:Nb-Ti ratio is about 1.5:1. This represents a compromise between the need to minimize the dilution of the supercurrent density by Cu and the need to provide sufficient high-conductivity normal metal to pass the current when the magnet makes the transition from the superconducting to the normal state (a quench).

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Ogitsu, Toru, Masami Iio, Naritoshi Kawamura, and Makoto Yoshida. "Development of Radiation-Tolerant HTS Magnet for Muon Production Solenoid." Instruments 4, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4040030.

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Superconducting magnets are widely used in accelerator science applications. Muon production solenoids are applications that have recently attracted considerable public attention, after the approval of muon-related physics projects such as coherent muon to electron transition or muon-to-electron-conversion experiments. Based on its characteristics, muon production solenoids tend to be subjected to high radiation exposure, which results in a high heat load being applied to the solenoid magnet, thus limiting the superconducting magnet operation, especially for low-temperature superconductors such as niobium titanium alloy. However, the use of high-temperature superconductors may extend the operation capabilities owing to their functionality at higher temperatures. This study reviews the characteristics of high temperature superconductor magnets in high-radiation environments and their potential for application to muon production solenoids.

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Wang, Xiaorong, Stephen A. Gourlay, and Soren O. Prestemon. "Dipole Magnets Above 20 Tesla: Research Needs for a Path via High-Temperature Superconducting REBCO Conductors." Instruments 3, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments3040062.

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To enable the physics research that continues to deepen our understanding of the Universe, future circular colliders will require a critical and unique instrument—magnets that can generate a dipole field of 20 T and above. However, today’s maturing magnet technology for low-temperature superconductors (Nb-Ti and Nb 3 Sn) can lead to a maximum dipole field of around 16 T. High-temperature superconductors such as REBCO can, in principle, generate higher dipole fields but significant challenges exist for both conductor and magnet technology. To address these challenges, several critical research needs, including direct needs on instrumentation and measurements, are identified to push for the maximum dipole fields a REBCO accelerator magnet can generate. We discuss the research needs by reviewing the current results and outlining the perspectives for future technology development, followed by a brief update on the status of the technology development at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. We present a roadmap for the next decade to develop 20 T-class REBCO accelerator magnets as an enabling instrument for future energy-frontier accelerator complex.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "High temperature superconductors Superconducting magnets Cryostats"

1

Shiroyanagi, Yuko. "Implementation of a high temperature superconducting magnet lead system." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1198177938.

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Wong, Yum-wing. "Design and implementation of high temperature superconducting (HTS) tape RF coil and cryostat for MRI applications." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37109984.

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Wong, Yum-wing, and 黃鑫榮. "Design and implementation of high temperature superconducting (HTS) tape RF coil and cryostat for MRI applications." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37109984.

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Naylor, Matthew J. "Development of high temperature superconducting materials for power applications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301420.

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Richens, P. E. "High temperature superconductors in electromagnetic applications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365792.

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Baskys, Algirdas. "Stacks of high temperature superconducting tape as trapped field magnets for energy applications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/268019.

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The world demand for energy is estimated to increase by up to 70% from 2016 to 2040. To meet this demand in a sustainable way, the power density of electric motors and generators can be increased by using superconducting materials. In particular, trapped field superconducting magnets, where the field is generated by a circulating persistent current in the sample, can create magnetic fields an order of magnitude higher than possible using conventional ferromagnets, thus increasing the power density of motors and generators. This is of great interest where added weight comes at a premium, such as for naval propulsion motors, wind generators and motors/generators for future electric aircraft. This work investigates the suitability of stacked tape layers of second generation high temperature superconductors (HTS), such as YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) for trapped field applications. The present limits for trapped field magnitude have been determined, which provide a basis for the optimization of pulsed field magnetization techniques for in-situ magnetization in motors and generators. Trapped fields were increased by optimising the magnetic pulse sequence, using thermally conductive material to reduce temperature rise during pulse and changing the duration of the magnetic field pulse. Finite element method computer modelling was used to model and predict the behaviour of the trapped field magnets made of HTS tape with good agreement to experiment for both field cooling and pulsed field magnetisation. The models rely on critical current data for the HTS tape and its dependence on magnetic field and temperature. For this reason, a critical current testing facility was developed and constructed as a part of this work capable of measuring critical current up to 900 A, magnetic field of 1.5 T and down to temperatures of ~10 K in forced and dynamically controlled helium vapour flow. Lastly, first steps into scaling up by pulse magnetising an array of HTS tape stacks were made, allowing for larger overall trapped flux values. Such an array exhibits geometry, similar to what is going to be used in a functional motor prototype being developed in our research group (Applied Superconductivity and Cryoscience Group, ASCG). The work done culminated in the highest trapped field achieved to date using both field cooling (13.4 T between two stacks) and pulsed field magnetization (2.1 T above a single stack), for this type of trapped field magnet.

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Hawley, Christopher John. "Design and manufacture of a high temperature superconducting magnetic energy storage device." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060508.143200/index.html.

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Lewin, Richard Peter. "Superconductors and high magnetic fields." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09992030-625d-4e6c-8152-6a61bb2cdb07.

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This thesis describes a portfolio of work aimed at the high field applications of superconductors and can be split into four main topics: The thermal stability of technical superconductors. This section investigates the effects of thermal perturbations on technical superconducting wire used in MRI scanner construction. The ultimate aim of this section is to predict how the architecture of the wire may affect its thermal stability. To this end a detailed finite element analysis model was constructed, verified by detailed experimental data, which could then be used to quickly and easily vary the wire’s parameters. Design of a high field pulsed electromagnetic coil for flux trapping in superconductors. This section details the design, construction and testing of a novel pulsed high field magnet. The design uses finite element analysis to predict the electromagnetic, thermal and structural properties of the coil. Explosive testing of high tensile fibres used in the construction of the high field coil. This section describes the refinement and use of a novel method for testing the mechanical properties of high tensile fibres in cylindrical geometries by using highly pressurized copper vessels. Pulsed field magnetization of bulk high temperature superconductors. This section discusses the process of magnetizing bulks of high temperature superconductors by using pulsed magnetic fields. It investigates how the trapped field varies with the magnitude and rise-time of the magnetizing field, sample temperature and time after magnetization.

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Sneary, Adrian Bernard. "The fabrication of a high temperature superconducting magnet and critical current characterisation of the component Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃Oₓ tapes and filaments in high magnetic fields." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4517/.

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The transport critical current density (J(_c)) of a 37 filament Bi-2223/Ag tape has been measured as a function of field and temperature from 4.2 K up to 90 K. Data have been obtained over a large current range from 10 mA up to 100 A and in fields up to 23 T with the tape in 3 orientations with respect to field. These comprehensive data have been used to test the predictions of the flux creep and weak link models used to explain J(_c) in Bi-2223 tapes. The J(_c)(B,T) dependence of optimised Bi-2223 tapes has been calculated using a curved film model. The model assumes perfect grain connectivity and that the local superconducting properties are equivalent to those in the best reported thin films. A comparison between the calculations and measured J(_c)(B,T) dependencies suggest that in high fields at 20 K, J(_c) in presently available industrially processed tapes is only a factor of 8 below the performance of ideal fully optimised tapes. Transport measurements have been made on Bi-2223 single filaments extracted from an alloy sheathed multifilamentary tape in liquid nitrogen at 77 K in fields up to 300 mT with the field aligned parallel and perpendicular to the a-b planes. Further Jc(B,T) data have been taken in a variable temperature insert at temperatures between 60 to 90 K in fields up to 15 T. In a study of the electric field-current density {E-J) characteristics of the c-axis orientated data at 77 K, negative curvature is observed in traces below 280 mT. However, the 280 mT trace exhibits both positive and negative curvature in different current regimes in contrast to the predictions of standard theory. A laboratory scale Bi-2223 superconducting magnet producing a maximum field of 1.29 T at 4.2 K has been designed and fabricated. The magnet comprises 6 resin impregnated double wound pancakes with a 40 mm bore fabricated via the react and wind route. Critical current density measurements have been made as a function of magnetic field, angle and strain at 4.2 K and 77 K on short samples of the constituent tape. The E-J characteristics of all component coils have been measured and a comparison with short sample data shows that minimal additional damage occurred beyond that produced by the bending strain on the tape and the long length variation in J(_c). Sufficient detail is provided for the non-specialist to assess the potential use of brittle superconducting tapes for magnet technology and construct a laboratory scale magnet.

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Books on the topic "High temperature superconductors Superconducting magnets Cryostats"

1

International Conference on Magnet Technology (11th 1989 Tsukuba, Japan). 11th International Conference on Magnet Technology (MT-11). London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1990.

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(Editor), T. Sekiguchi, and S. Shimamoto (Editor), eds. 11th International Conference on Magnet Technology (MT-11): 2 Volume Set (Mt-11). Springer, 1990.

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1940-, Narlikar A. V., ed. The BSCCO system. Huntington, NY: Nova Science, 2001.

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Eliseo, DiRusso, Provenza A. J, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. An active magnetic bearing with high T[subscript c] superconducting coils and ferromagnetic cores. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Eliseo, DiRusso, Provenza A. J, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. An active homopolar magnetic bearing with high temperature superconductor coils and ferromagnetic cores. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Eliseo, DiRusso, Provenza A. J, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. An active homopolar magnetic bearing with high temperature superconductor coils and ferromagnetic cores. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Solymar, L., D. Walsh, and R. R. A. Syms. Superconductivity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0014.

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The Meissner effect is discussed. The latent heat of transition is derived by a thermodynamic approach. The concept of surface energy is introduced, leading to the distinction between Type I and Type II superconductors. The differential equation for the superconducting wave function is derived. The energy gap and the phenomenon of tunnelling are discussed. The difference between superconducting tunnelling and Josephson tunnelling is explained. The significance of high transition temperature superconductors is discussed. It is shown that an important application of superconductors is to produce high-field magnets.

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Conference papers on the topic "High temperature superconductors Superconducting magnets Cryostats"

1

Jones, H. "High temperature superconducting magnets." In IEE Colloquium on `Practical Applications of High Temperature Superconductors'. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19950619.

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Barzi, E. "High Temperature Superconductors for High Field Superconducting Magnets." In ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2192377.

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Schwartz, Justin. "Plenary talk — Progress towards superconducting magnets using high temperature superconductors: An integrated approach." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asemd.2013.6780768.

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