Journal articles: 'High-tryptophan diet'

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Navrotskaya, V. V., and Yu Yu Sapota. "Analysis of the role of kynurenine metabolism in drosophila viability control at the high sugar diet influence." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 26 (September 1, 2020): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v26.1244.

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Aim. To analyze viability and life span of drosophila at genetic and pharmacological inhibition of tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism, when cultivating on the standard nutritive medium and at a high sugar diet. Methods. Wild type stock and the stock with vermilion mutation have been used. Viability (number of individuals, mortality at the pupal stage) and median life span of imagoes have been determined. Results. High sugar diet has been found to negatively affect the viability of drosophila, leading to increased mortality at the pupal stage and decrease of males’ life span; wild-type stock is less resistant to the influence of such diet as compared with mutant stock. Berberine (an inhibitor of tryptophan dioxygenase) when added to the high sugar nutritive medium reduces the negative effect of a high sugar diet on life span of the wild-type stock: males’ life span reaches control values and in females life span is even more than in the control. Conclusions. Decrease of kynurenines content in the flies organisms (both at the genetic and pharmacological inhibition of tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism) may attenuate negative influence of the high sugar diet. Keywords: drosophila, viability, life span, kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, high sugar diet.

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Vasylaki, A., and A. Yurchenko. "TRYPTOPHAN AND SEROTONIN LEVELS UNDER HIGH-CALORIE DIET CONSUMPTION." Biological Markers in Fundamental and Clinical Medicine (collection of abstracts) 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2018): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29256/v.02.01.2018.escbm18.

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Bender, David A. "Effects of a dietary excess of leucine and of the addition of leucine and 2-oxo-isocaproate on the metabolism of tryptophan and niacin in isolated rat liver cells." British Journal of Nutrition 61, no. 3 (May 1989): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19890150.

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1. Feeding rats on a low-tryptophan, niacin-free, high-leucine diet resulted in impaired synthesis from tryptophan of the nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes, NAD and NADP, and N1-methyl nicotinamide in isolated hepatocytes, compared with cells from animals fed on a low-tryptophan, niacin-free control diet providing an appropriate amount of leucine. This was accompanied by reduced accumulation of the tryptophan metabolites kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid.2. With hepatocytes from animals fed on the low-tryptophan, niacin-free control diet, the addition of leucine to the incubation medium resulted in reduced synthesis of niacin from tryptophan, and a small increase in the accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine.3. With hepatocytes from animals fed on the low-tryptophan, niacin-free control diet, the addition of 2-oxo-isocaproate to the incubation medium resulted in increased synthesis of NAD(P) and niacin, and increased accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine.4. The results suggest that a dietary excess of leucine alters the activity of the enzymes of tryptophan→niacin metabolism, or the uptake of tryptophan into the liver, in a different manner from the simple inhibition and activation seen in experiments in vitro.5. Differences between studies in isolated hepatocytes and intact animals suggest that extra-hepatic metabolism of tryptophan, catalysed by indoleamine dioxygenase, is more important than has been believed hitherto.

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Konopelski, Piotr, Marek Konop, Marta Gawrys-Kopczynska, Piotr Podsadni, Agnieszka Szczepanska, and Marcin Ufnal. "Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Tryptophan-Derived Bacterial Metabolite, Reduces Weight Gain in Rats." Nutrients 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11030591.

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Recent evidence suggests that tryptophan, an essential amino acid, may exert biological effects by means of tryptophan-derived gut bacteria products. We evaluated the potential contribution of tryptophan-derived bacterial metabolites to body weight gain. The study comprised three experimental series performed on separate groups of male, Sprague-Dawley rats: (i) rats on standard laboratory diet treated with water solution of neomycin, an antibiotic, or tap water (controls-1); (ii) rats on standard diet (controls-2) or tryptophan-high (TH) or tryptophan-free (TF) diet; and (iii) rats treated with indole-3-propionic acid (I3P), a bacterial metabolite of tryptophan, or a vehicle (controls-3). (i) Rats treated with neomycin showed a significantly higher weight gain but lower stool and blood concentration of I3P than controls-1. (ii) The TH group showed significantly smaller increases in body weight but higher stool and plasma concentration of I3P than controls-2. In contrast, the TF group showed a decrease in body weight, decreased total serum protein and a significant increase in urine output. (iii) Rats treated with I3P showed significantly smaller weight gain than controls-3. Our study suggests that I3P, a gut bacteria metabolite of tryptophan, contributes to changes in body weight gain produced by antibiotics and tryptophan-rich diet.

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Binks, Hannah, Grace E. Vincent, Charlotte Gupta, Christopher Irwin, and Saman Khalesi. "Effects of Diet on Sleep: A Narrative Review." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040936.

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Many processes are involved in sleep regulation, including the ingestion of nutrients, suggesting a link between diet and sleep. Aside from studies investigating the effects of tryptophan, previous research on sleep and diet has primarily focused on the effects of sleep deprivation or sleep restriction on diet. Furthermore, previous reviews have included subjects with clinically diagnosed sleep-related disorders. The current narrative review aimed to clarify findings on sleep-promoting foods and outline the effects of diet on sleep in otherwise healthy adults. A search was undertaken in August 2019 from the Cochrane, MEDLINE (PubMed), and CINAHL databases using the population, intervention, control, outcome (PICO) method. Eligible studies were classified based on emerging themes and reviewed using narrative synthesis. Four themes emerged: tryptophan consumption and tryptophan depletion, dietary supplements, food items, and macronutrients. High carbohydrate diets, and foods containing tryptophan, melatonin, and phytonutrients (e.g., cherries), were linked to improved sleep outcomes. The authors posit that these effects may be due in part to dietary influences on serotonin and melatonin activity.

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Tsuji, Ai, Chifumi Nakata, Mitsue Sano, Tsutomu Fukuwatari, and Katsumi Shibata. "L-Tryptophan Metabolism in Pregnant Mice Fed a High L-Tryptophan Diet and the Effect on Maternal, Placental, and Fetal Growth." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 6 (January 2013): IJTR.S12715. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijtr.s12715.

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Excess L-tryptophan (L-Trp) in the diet decreases fetal body weight. However, the relationship between L-Trp concentration and its effects on maternal, placental, and fetal growth are not well-understood. We investigated the effects of excess L-Trp intake on maternal, placental, and fetal growth. Female mice were fed a 20% casein diet (control diet) or control diet plus 2% or 5% L-Trp during gestation. Pup weights did not differ between the control (L-Trp intake: 0.04 g/kg body weight (BW)/day) and 2% L-Trp groups (L-Trp intake: 3.3 g/kg BW/day), but were significantly lower in the 5% L-Trp group (L-Trp intake: 7.0 g/kg BW/day) than in the control and 2% L-Trp groups. These results show that less than 3.3 g/kg BW/day L-Trp intake in pregnant mice during gestation does not affect fetal growth or L-Trp homeostasis in the placenta or fetus.

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Salter, M., D. A. Bender, and C. I. Pogson. "Leucine and tryptophan metabolism in rats." Biochemical Journal 225, no. 2 (January 15, 1985): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2250277.

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The rate of tryptophan metabolism in isolated liver cells from animals fed on a high-leucine diet was greater than for cells from control animals. Leucine inhibited tryptophan metabolism and tryptophan uptake in isolated liver cells, probably by competing for membrane transport. Leucine had no effect on tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase in vitro. 4-Methyl-2-oxovalerate increased tryptophan oxidation in incubations containing albumin, by displacing bound tryptophan and increasing the availability of the amino acid to the cell. The results suggest that, under extreme conditions, when the availability of tryptophan is low, leucine may be pellagragenic.

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Choi, Seung-Chul, Josephine Brown, Minghao Gong, Yong Ge, Mojgan Zadeh, Wei Li, Byron P. Croker, et al. "Gut microbiota dysbiosis and altered tryptophan catabolism contribute to autoimmunity in lupus-susceptible mice." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 551 (July 8, 2020): eaax2220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2220.

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The autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. It has been postulated that gut microbial dysbiosis may be one of the mechanisms involved in SLE pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the dysbiotic gut microbiota of triple congenic (TC) lupus-prone mice (B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3) stimulated the production of autoantibodies and activated immune cells when transferred into germfree congenic C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Fecal transfer to B6 mice induced autoimmune phenotypes only when the TC donor mice exhibited autoimmunity. Autoimmune pathogenesis was mitigated by horizontal transfer of the gut microbiota between co-housed lupus-prone TC mice and control congenic B6 mice. Metabolomic screening identified an altered distribution of tryptophan metabolites in the feces of TC mice including an increase in kynurenine, which was alleviated after antibiotic treatment. Low dietary tryptophan prevented autoimmune pathology in TC mice, whereas high dietary tryptophan exacerbated disease. Reducing dietary tryptophan altered gut microbial taxa in both lupus-prone TC mice and control B6 mice. Consequently, fecal transfer from TC mice fed a high tryptophan diet, but not a low tryptophan diet, induced autoimmune phenotypes in germfree B6 mice. The interplay of gut microbial dysbiosis, tryptophan metabolism and host genetic susceptibility in lupus-prone mice suggest that aberrant tryptophan metabolism may contribute to autoimmune activation in this disease.

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Schøyen, Hilde Faaland, Kirsti Rouvinen-Watt, Erik Höglund, K. Peter Stone, and Anders Skrede. "Effect of dietary bacterial protein or L-tryptophan supplementation on welfare and growth performance in silver fox." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-031.

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The suitability of bacterial protein meal as a feed ingredient in silver fox diets was examined in an experiment comprising 72 juvenile silver foxes. Bacterial protein meal has a high content of tryptophan, which is the precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin. The biological hypothesis on which this study was premised was that increased brain serotonin production reduces the fear response, which may lead to better welfare and performance through lower energy expenditure related to fear-induced defensive responses. The effect of substituting 15% fish meal with bacterial protein meal was measured by two behavioural tests, growth performance and fur quality, by comparison with a control diet and a diet supplemented with a high level of synthetic tryptophan. The welfare of the foxes fed the diet supplemented with synthetic tryptophan was considered to be improved, as they used shorter time to approach feed in the presence of a person; thus displayed less fear, than the other two groups after treatment. Weight gain of the foxes during 55 d did not differ among diets, and feed consumption was similar. Live grading of the foxes showed that the dietary treatments did not affect fur quality (P > 0.05). It is concluded that 15% bacterial protein meal can replace fish meal in dry silver fox diets and that a large supplement of tryptophan reduces fear of silver foxes kept in cages. Key words: Bacterial protein meal, tryptophan, serotonin, silver fox, welfare, performance

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McCreanor, Gwyn M., and David A. Bender. "The metabolism of high intakes of tryptophan, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid in the rat." British Journal of Nutrition 56, no. 3 (November 1986): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860138.

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1. The metabolic fate of high dietary intakes of nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and tryptophan, and of acute doses of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid, has been studied in the rat. A new high-pressure liquid chromatography method for measurement of the principal urinary metabolites of niacin is described.2. Administration to rats of a single oral dose of nicotinamide or nicotinic acid (up to 100 mg/kg body-weight), or maintenance for 3 weeks on diets providing 150 mg nicotinamide or nicotinic acid/kg diet, resulted in only a small increase in the liver content of nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes (NAD and NADP). The quantitative metabolism of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid differed, suggesting that intestinal bacterial deamidation is not the major fate of nicotinamide.3. A high dietary intake of tryptophan (5.9 g/kg diet) led to a considerable increase in liver NAD(P) and also in urinary excretion of niacin metabolites. The results suggest that, as indicated by enzyme kinetic studies (Bender et al. 1982), the utilization of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid for nucleotide synthesis is limited, while there is little or no limitation of NAD(P) synthesis from the tryptophan metabolite quinolinic acid.

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Sadykova, R. Ye, V. M. Kodentsova, and A. V. Dreval. "Body niacin status in diabetes mellitus: Effect of protein level in a ration." Problems of Endocrinology 40, no. 1 (February 15, 1994): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11329.

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Administration of a high-protein diet providing 7-7.8 g of tryptophan per kg of the ration to rats with streptozotocin and alloxan diabetes mellitus resulted in development of a trend to increased liver content of nicotinamide coenzymes and in increased 1-methylnicotinamide excretion with the urine in both groups of animals, this reflecting increased niacin synthesis from tryptophan. Sugar-reducing effect of high-dose nicotinamide was not potentiated by increase of protein share in the ration. These results permitted the authors to suggest that intensification of endogenous niacin synthesis from tryptophan contained in the ration may be one of the mechanisms of a protective effect of high- protein diets in diabetes.

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Thorn, Stephanie L., Genevieve S. Young, and James B. Kirkland. "The guinea-pig is a poor animal model for studies of niacin deficiency and presents challenges in any study using purified diets." British Journal of Nutrition 98, no. 1 (July 2007): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507707663.

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The guinea-pig was previously reported as being sensitive to a niacin-deficient (ND), high-protein diet, suggesting that it is a suitable model for the low tryptophan to NAD+ conversion observed in human subjects. However, these studies were based on growth rates and mortality. The objective of the present study was to determine whether guinea-pigs are suitable for ND studies based on measurements of blood and bone marrow NAD+. Using a 20 % casein diet, ND decreased blood NAD+ after 4 weeks, but this parameter returned to normal after 9 weeks of feeding, while bone marrow was decreased by 35 % at this time point. Using a 15 % casein diet, 7 weeks of ND caused 44 and 42 % decreases in blood and bone marrow NAD+. Using a 10 % casein diet, ND decreased NAD+ by 32 % in blood and 62 % in bone marrow at 7 weeks. Growth rates were directly related to the dietary tryptophan content, with the lowest growth rates seen with the 10 % casein diet. Changes in guinea-pig NAD+ are comparable with the rat model at similar levels of dietary tryptophan, while mortality rates were dramatically higher in the guinea-pig model. The present study concludes that mortality in ND guinea-pigs is not indicative of poor tryptophan conversion, but is due to environmental stresses in guinea-pigs that are not observed with rats. We conclude that guinea-pigs are not suitable for research on niacin deficiency and they present challenges for any study requiring purified diets and wire-bottomed cages.

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Markus, C. R., G. Panhuysen, L. M. Jonkman, and M. Bachman. "Carbohydrate intake improves cognitive performance of stress-prone individuals under controllable laboratory stress." British Journal of Nutrition 82, no. 6 (December 1999): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599001713.

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Cognitive performance has been found to decline after exposure to stress, particularly in stress-prone subjects. The present study investigated whether a carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor (CR/PP) diet, which may enhance cerebral serotonin function in stress-prone subjects due to increases in the available tryptophan, improves the performance of stress-prone subjects after exposure to acute laboratory stress. Twenty-two high-stress-prone (HS) subjects and twenty-one low-stress-prone (LS) subjects aged between 19 and 26 years performed a memory scanning task after controllable and uncontrollable stress, following either a CR/PP diet or a protein-rich, carbohydrate-poor (PR/CP) isoenergetic diet. Uncontrollable stress reduced feelings of control (F(1,38) 9·30; P = 0·004), whereas pulse rate and skin conductance increased after both stress tasks (F(1,38) 78·34; P = 0·0005 and F(1,37) 83·16; P = 0·0004). Diet, stress-proneness and stress-controllability interacted (F(1,36) 9·46; P = 0·004) in such a way that performance in HS subjects was better with the CR/PP diet than with the PR/CP diet, but only after controllable stress. As the CR/PP diet has been found to increase the plasma tryptophan: large neutral amino acids ratio, indicating an increased availability of cerebral tryptophan and, thus, higher serotonin levels, it appears that there may be an increased availability of brain serotonin in HS subjects after controllable laboratory stress.

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Tokach, Mike D., Henrique S. Cemin, Hayden R. Kerkaert, Jason C. Woodworth, Steve S. Dritz, Joel M. DeRouchey, and Robert D. Goodband. "17 Challenges and implications of feeding diets with excess concentrations of leucine to growing-finishing pigs." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.026.

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Abstract Excess dietary leucine stimulates the key enzymes involved in branched-chain catabolism causing breakdown of all branched-chain amino acids, including isoleucine and valine. Branched-chain amino acids share a common brain transporter with other large neutral amino acids (LNAA). Excess levels of one of the LNAA increases brain uptake of that amino acid and decreases the uptake of the other LNAA, including tryptophan. Thus, excess leucine can impact the requirements for many amino acids. From a practical basis, this effect was first demonstrated with diets containing blood meal, but was thought to be of limited concern unless high blood meal diets were fed. Use of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or high protein DDGS in corn-based diets results in diets containing excess leucine. These high leucine levels are of limited concern if adequate levels of other branched-chain amino acids and LNAA are fed, which is often the case if the diet consists largely of intact protein sources. Feed grade amino acids, such as L-lysine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, DL-methionine, L-valine, and L-isoleucine have been widely adopted as a means to lower nitrogen excretion and diet cost. Including these amino acids in diets containing corn products reduces dietary leucine; but the resulting diets are formulated near the requirement for the first 6 limiting amino acids, including valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan, while still being high in leucine. The excess leucine increases the requirements for valine, isoleucine, and possibly other LNAA, such as tryptophan and possibly others. The exact relationship between these amino acids and how to handle them in practical diet formulation is still being elucidated; however, recent meta-analysis and experimental data confirm the importance of these ratios and provide useful direction for future research.

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Lamas, Bruno, Leticia Hernandez-Galan, Heather J. Galipeau, Marco Constante, Alexandra Clarizio, Jennifer Jury, Natalia M. Breyner, et al. "Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand production by the gut microbiota is decreased in celiac disease leading to intestinal inflammation." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 566 (October 21, 2020): eaba0624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aba0624.

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Metabolism of tryptophan by the gut microbiota into derivatives that activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) contributes to intestinal homeostasis. Many chronic inflammatory conditions, including celiac disease involving a loss of tolerance to dietary gluten, are influenced by cues from the gut microbiota. We investigated whether AhR ligand production by the gut microbiota could influence gluten immunopathology in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice expressing DQ8, a celiac disease susceptibility gene. NOD/DQ8 mice, exposed or not exposed to gluten, were subjected to three interventions directed at enhancing AhR pathway activation. These included a high-tryptophan diet, gavage with Lactobacillus reuteri that produces AhR ligands or treatment with an AhR agonist. We investigated intestinal permeability, gut microbiota composition determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, AhR pathway activation in intestinal contents, and small intestinal pathology and inflammatory markers. In NOD/DQ8 mice, a high-tryptophan diet modulated gut microbiota composition and enhanced AhR ligand production. AhR pathway activation by an enriched tryptophan diet, treatment with the AhR ligand producer L. reuteri, or pharmacological stimulation using 6-formylindolo (3,2-b) carbazole (Ficz) decreased immunopathology in NOD/DQ8 mice exposed to gluten. We then determined AhR ligand production by the fecal microbiota and AhR activation in patients with active celiac disease compared to nonceliac control individuals. Patients with active celiac disease demonstrated reduced AhR ligand production and lower intestinal AhR pathway activation. These results highlight gut microbiota-dependent modulation of the AhR pathway in celiac disease and suggest a new therapeutic strategy for treating this disorder.

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Okuno, Alato, Tsutomu Fukuwatari, and Katsumi Shibata. "High tryptophan diet reduces extracellular dopamine release via kynurenic acid production in rat striatum." Journal of Neurochemistry 118, no. 5 (July 21, 2011): 796–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07369.x.

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Shi, Jie, Di Zhao, Shangxin Song, Miao Zhang, Galia Zamaratskaia, Xinglian Xu, Guanghong Zhou, and Chunbao Li. "High-Meat-Protein High-Fat Diet Induced Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolism in Wistar Rats." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, no. 23 (May 20, 2020): 6333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00245.

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Hasselmark, Lena, Rigmor Malmgren, and Jan Hannerz. "Effect of a Carbohydrate-Rich Diet, Low in Protein-Tryptophan, in Classic and Common Migraine." Cephalalgia 7, no. 2 (June 1987): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1987.0702087.x.

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Because serotonin, released from platelets, has been suggested to initiate migraine, a decreased platelet serotonin content, attained by a reduced intake of serotonin and the serotonin precursor tryptophan, might be beneficial. In the brain, however, increased serotonin levels, achieved by a high carbohydrate intake, are probably favourable. Seven migraine patients (four with classic, three with common migraine) were placed on a carbohydrate-rich diet, low in protein-tryptophan. Three of the four classic migraineurs, but none of the common migraineurs, noted improvement in their migraine. Platelet serotonin uptake was within the normal range both before and at the end of the diet period. The apparent positive effect in the classic migraineurs could be due to a reduced intake of migraine-precipitating foods and/or increased brain serotonin levels.

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Usman, Usman, Kamaruddin Kamaruddin, and Asda Laining. "PENGARUH KADAR TRIPTOPAN PAKAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN KRABLET KEPITING BAKAU, Scylla serrata SELAMA MASA PENDEDERAN." Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 11, no. 3 (January 11, 2017): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.11.3.2016.259-269.

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Kepiting bakau bersifat kanibal dan cenderung memiliki laju pertumbuhan yang lambat ketika diberi pakan buatan. Triptopan adalah salah satu asam amino esensial untuk pertumbuhan dan merupakan prekursor pembentukan serotonin yang dapat mengontrol sifat agresif pada beberapa vertebrata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dosis optimum triptopan pakan terhadap pertumbuhan dan sintasan krablet selama masa pendederan. Empat dosis penambahan L-triptopan dalam pakan yaitu: 0% (A); 0,25% (B); 0,5% (C); dan 1,0% (D) dengan kadar triptopan dalam pakan berturut-turut 0,41%; 0,52%; 0,67%; dan 0,96%; serta kontrol berupa pakan rebon kering (E) yang mengandung triptopan sebanyak 0,79%. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah krablet kepiting bakau berumur 3-5 hari sejak memasuki stadia krablet. Krablet dipelihara dalam bak fiber berukuran 1,0 m x 1,0 m x 0,5 m sebanyak 15 unit dengan kepadatan masing-masing 50 ekor/m2. Selama lima minggu pemeliharaan, krablet diberi pakan uji sebanyak 30%-15%/hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa krablet yang diberi pakan mengandung triptopan 0,67% menunjukkan laju pertumbuhan tertinggi dan berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dengan krablet yang diberi pakan mengandung triptopan 0,41%. Rasio efisiensi protein tertinggi juga didapatkan pada krablet yang diberi pakan mengandung triptopan 0,67% dan berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dengan krablet yang diberi pakan rebon. Sintasan, konsumsi pakan harian, rasio konversi pakan, dan komposisi proksimat total tubuh krablet relatif sama di antara perlakuan, meskipun ada kecenderungan terbaik pada krablet yang diberi pakan mengandung 0,67% triptopan.The main constrain in mud crab culture is high cannibalism which are triggered by several factors such as limited space, lack of feed and large size variation. Mud crab also has relative slow growth when fed artificial diet. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for growth and precursor of serotonin which can control natural aggressiveness in vertebrates. This study was conducted to obtain optimum level of tryptophan in diet for mud crab during nursery. Four test diets were formulated to contain different levels of supplemental L-tryptophan at: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and as the control diet was dried mysid, so the tryptophan levels of the test diets were 0.41% (A), 0.52% (B), 0.67% (C), 0.96% (D), and 0.79% (mysid, E) respectively. Crablets (3-5 days post-methamorphosis) with average initial weight of 0.039 g were randomly distributed into 15 of 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 0.5 m fibre glass tank with density of 50 ind./tank. The crablets were fed daily the test diets at 30% to15% of biomass. After five weeks feeding trial, crablet fed the diet containing 0.67% of tryptophan had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain compared to crablet fed diet containing 0.41% of tryptophan. Highest protein efficiency ratio was also obtained in crablet fed the diet containing 0.67% of tryptophan and significantly different (P<0.05) with crablet fed dried mysid (control). Final carapace width, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the treatments.

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Sivaprakasam, Sathish, Sabarish Ramachandran, Mohd Omar Faruk Sikder, Yangzom D. Bhutia, Mitchell W. Wachtel, and Vadivel Ganapathy. "α-Methyl-l-tryptophan as a weight-loss agent in multiple models of obesity in mice." Biochemical Journal 478, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 1347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20210100.

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α-Methyl-L-tryptophan (α-MLT) is currently in use as a tracer in its 11C-labeled form to monitor the health of serotonergic neurons in humans. In the present study, we found this compound to function as an effective weight-loss agent at pharmacological doses in multiple models of obesity in mice. The drug was able to reduce the body weight when given orally in drinking water (1 mg/ml) in three different models of obesity: normal mice on high-fat diet, Slc6a14-null mice on high-fat diet, and ob/ob mice on normal diet. Only the l-enantiomer (α-MLT) was active while the d-enantiomer (α-MDT) had negligible activity. The weight-loss effect was freely reversible, with the weight gain resuming soon after the withdrawal of the drug. All three models of obesity were associated with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis; α-MLT reversed these features. There was a decrease in food intake in the treatment group. Mice on a high-fat diet showed decreased cholesterol and protein in the serum when treated with α-MLT; there was however no evidence of liver and kidney dysfunction. Plasma amino acid profile indicated a significant decrease in the levels of specific amino acids, including tryptophan; but the levels of arginine were increased. We conclude that α-MLT is an effective, reversible, and orally active drug for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

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Castrogiovanni, Paola, Giuseppe Musumeci, Francesca Maria Trovato, Rosanna Avola, Gaetano Magro, and Rosa Imbesi. "Effects of high-tryptophan diet on pre- and postnatal development in rats: a morphological study." European Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 1 (May 5, 2013): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0528-4.

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Musumeci, Giuseppe, Paola Castrogiovanni, Marta Anna Szychlinska, Rosa Imbesi, Carla Loreto, Sergio Castorina, and Salvatore Giunta. "Protective effects of high Tryptophan diet on aging-induced passive avoidance impairment and hippocampal apoptosis." Brain Research Bulletin 128 (January 2017): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.11.007.

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Lark, Lisa A., Kathryn B. Becker, Ruth E. Park, and James A. Weyhenmeyer. "Prevention of Dahl salt-induced hypertension by chronic dietary tryptophan." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 1432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-217.

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Four-week-old inbred Dahl salt-sensitive (DS/JR) and Dahl salt-resistant (DR/JR) rats were placed on an 8% salt diet with or without a supplemental 2.5% tryptophan (Trp). Blood pressures were monitored for the next 5 weeks. Urine volumes and ion concentrations were measured during the 6th week. Blood pressures of DS/JR rats on control diets elevated rapidly and markedly, whereas pressures of DS/JR rats on the Trp-supplemented diet were not significantly elevated over those of DR/JR rats. Pressures of DR/JR rats were unaffected by Trp supplementation. Urinary sodium was significantly greater in DR/JR rats compared with DS/JR rats and was unaffected by Trp supplementation. This suggests that the antihypertensive effect of Trp was not at the level of the kidney. We conclude that dietary Trp blocks the development of hypertension in DS/JR rats maintained on a high salt diet.Key words: hypertension, tryptophan, dietary sodium, Dahl rats.

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Dunmire, Kara M., Diego A. Lopez, Chance J. Fiehler, Yiqin Zhang, Cassandra K. Jones, Yonghui Li, Jason C. Woodworth, et al. "199 Effect of the Pelleting Process on Diet Formulations with Varying Levels of Crystalline Amino Acids and Reducing Sugars on Digestibility in Growing Pigs." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.110.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to determine effects of pelleting on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in diets with or without increased concentrations of free AA and reducing sugars (RS). Eight individually housed, ileal cannulated barrows (initially 69.2 kg) were allotted to a replicated 8×8 Latin square with 8 diets and eight 7-d periods with ileal digesta collected on d 6 and 7. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (mash vs. pellet), crystalline AA (low vs. high), or reducing sugars (low vs. high) provided by dried distillers grains with solubles and bakery meal. Diets were pelleted to achieve a hot pellet temperature of 85 to 88°C. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized Latin square using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. A feed form×RS interaction (P < 0.026) for SID of tryptophan was observed. Feeding pelleted low RS diets improved SID of tryptophan compared with mash high and low RS diets, and pelleted high RS diets. For main effects of feed form, the SID of total AA, CP, and indispensable AA increased (P < 0.042) in pigs fed pelleted diets compared with mash diets. For main effects of crystalline AA, pigs fed high crystalline AA had increased (P = 0.007) SID of tryptophan and decreased (P = 0.050) SID of histidine compared with those fed low crystalline AA diets. For main effects of RS diets, pigs fed high RS diets had decreased (P < 0.05) SID of total AA, CP and indispensable AA. In conclusion, pelleting diets with increased crystalline AA or RS did not affect the improvement in AA digestibility from pelleting. Pelleting diets improved AA digestibility. Diets formulated with high crystalline AA had increased SID of tryptophan. Formulating diets with high RS resulted in decreased AA digestibility compared with corn-soybean meal-based diets.

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Dahlman, T., J. Valaja, E. Venäläinen, T. Jalava, and I. Pölönen. "Optimum dietary amino acid pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)." Animal Science 78, no. 1 (February 2004): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053868.

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AbstractThe optimum pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes were assessed from nitrogen (N) retention responses. Total tract digestibility and N balance trials were carried out on 24 weaned blue fox males in an 8 ✕ 5 cyclic change-over experiment. Eight experimental diets were prepared by removing proportionately about 0·4 of each of the amino acids studied – methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan and histidine – successively from the amino acid control diet. The main source of protein in the amino acid control diet was casein and an amino acid mixture was added to bring the calculated crude protein (CP) content up to the level of 170 g/kg dry matter (DM). Low-protein (CP 95·7 g/kg DM) and high-protein (CP 166·6 g/kg DM) diets, the protein proportion of which was casein protein, served as negative and positive control diets, respectively. The reduction in N retention when one amino acid in turn was deleted from the amino acid control diet was calculated, and a regression analysis was made between N retention and relative amino acid intake. Data on the animals’ intake of each limiting amino acid and those on the amino acid control diet were used. The optimum amino acid pattern, expressed relative to lysine = 100, proved to be: methionine + cystine 77, threonine 64, histidine 55 and tryptophan 22. The first-limiting amino acids were methionine + cystine. Blue fox responses (N retention, weight gain) to deletion of methionine + cystine from the diet were very severe and exceeded those to deletion of any other amino acid. Moreover, removing methionine + cystine from the diet significantly impaired the apparent digestibility of organic matter, reducing it to a level even lower than that of the low-protein diet. After methionine + cystine, the next-limiting amino acid in casein-based diets was threonine, followed by histidine and tryptophan. The results show the importance of verifying the sufficiency of dietary methionine + cystine in the practical feeding of blue foxes.

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Lai, Chao-Qiang, Caren E. Smith, Laurence D. Parnell, Yu-Chi Lee, Dolores Corella, Paul Hopkins, Bertha A. Hidalgo, et al. "Epigenomics and metabolomics reveal the mechanism of the APOA2-saturated fat intake interaction affecting obesity." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108, no. 1 (June 12, 2018): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy081.

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ABSTRACT Background The putative functional variant −265T>C (rs5082) within the APOA2 promoter has shown consistent interactions with saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake to influence the risk of obesity. Objective The aim of this study was to implement an integrative approach to characterize the molecular basis of this interaction. Design We conducted an epigenome-wide scan on 80 participants carrying either the rs5082 CC or TT genotypes and consuming either a low-SFA (<22 g/d) or high-SFA diet (≥22 g/d), matched for age, sex, BMI, and diabetes status in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS). We then validated the findings in selected participants in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) Study (n = 379) and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (n = 243). Transcription and metabolomics analyses were conducted to determine the relation between epigenetic status, APOA2 mRNA expression, and blood metabolites. Results In the BPRHS, we identified methylation site cg04436964 as exhibiting significant differences between CC and TT participants consuming a high-SFA diet, but not among those consuming low-SFA. Similar results were observed in the GOLDN Study and the FHS. Additionally, in the FHS, cg04436964 methylation was negatively correlated with APOA2 expression in the blood of participants consuming a high-SFA diet. Furthermore, when consuming a high-SFA diet, CC carriers had lower APOA2 expression than those with the TT genotype. Lastly, metabolomic analysis identified 4 pathways as overrepresented by metabolite differences between CC and TT genotypes with high-SFA intake, including tryptophan and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) pathways. Interestingly, these pathways were linked to rs5082-specific cg04436964 methylation differences in high-SFA consumers. Conclusions The epigenetic status of the APOA2 regulatory region is associated with SFA intake and APOA2 −265T>C genotype, promoting an APOA2 expression difference between APOA2 genotypes on a high-SFA diet, and modulating BCAA and tryptophan metabolic pathways. These findings identify potential mechanisms by which this highly reproducible gene-diet interaction influences obesity risk, and contribute new insights to ongoing investigations of the relation between SFA and human health. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03452787.

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Martínez-Rodríguez, Alejandro, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, Domingo J. Ramos-Campo, Cristina Reche-García, Belén Leyva-Vela, and Yolanda Nadal-Nicolás. "Psychological and Sleep Effects of Tryptophan and Magnesium-Enriched Mediterranean Diet in Women with Fibromyalgia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227.

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Anxiety, mood disturbance, eating and sleep disorders, and dissatisfaction with body image are prevalent disorders in women with fibromyalgia. The authors of this study aimed to determine the effects of tryptophan (TRY) and magnesium-enriched (MG) Mediterranean diet on psychological variables (trait anxiety, mood state, eating disorders, self-image perception) and sleep quality in women with fibromyalgia (n = 22; 49 ± 5 years old). In this randomized, controlled trial, the participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the placebo group. The intervention group received a Mediterranean diet enriched with high doses of TRY and MG (60 mg of TRY and 60 mg of MG), whereas the control group received the standard Mediterranean diet. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Profile of Mood States (POMS-29) Questionnaire, Eating Attitudes Test-26, and Trait Anxiety Inventory were completed before and 16 weeks after the intervention. Significant differences were observed between groups after the intervention for the mean scores of trait anxiety (p = 0.001), self-image perception (p = 0.029), mood disturbance (p = 0.001), and eating disorders (p = 0.006). This study concludes that tryptophan and magnesium-enriched Mediterranean diet reduced anxiety symptoms, mood disturbance, eating disorders, and dissatisfaction with body image but did not improve sleep quality in women with fibromyalgia.

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Singer, Dustin, Simone M. R. Camargo, Tamara Ramadan, Matthias Schäfer, Luca Mariotta, Brigitte Herzog, Katja Huggel, et al. "Defective intestinal amino acid absorption in Ace2 null mice." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 303, no. 6 (September 15, 2012): G686—G695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00140.2012.

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Mutations in the main intestinal and kidney luminal neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 (Slc6a19) lead to Hartnup disorder, a condition that is characterized by neutral aminoaciduria and in some cases pellagra-like symptoms. These latter symptoms caused by low-niacin are thought to result from defective intestinal absorption of its precursor l-tryptophan. Since Ace2 is necessary for intestinal B0AT1 expression, we tested the impact of intestinal B0AT1 absence in ace2 null mice. Their weight gain following weaning was decreased, and Na+-dependent uptake of B0AT1 substrates measured in everted intestinal rings was defective. Additionally, high-affinity Na+-dependent transport of l-proline, presumably via SIT1 (Slc6a20), was absent, whereas glucose uptake via SGLT1 (Slc5a1) was not affected. Measurements of small intestine luminal amino acid content following gavage showed that more l-tryptophan than other B0AT1 substrates reach the ileum in wild-type mice, which is in line with its known lower apparent affinity. In ace2 null mice, the absorption defect was confirmed by a severalfold increase of l-tryptophan and of other neutral amino acids reaching the ileum lumen. Furthermore, plasma and muscle levels of glycine and l-tryptophan were significantly decreased in ace2 null mice, with other neutral amino acids displaying a similar trend. A low-protein/low-niacin diet challenge led to differential changes in plasma amino acid levels in both wild-type and ace2 null mice, but only in ace2 null mice to a stop in weight gain. Despite the combination of low-niacin with a low-protein diet, plasma niacin concentrations remained normal in ace2 null mice and no pellagra symptoms, such as photosensitive skin rash or ataxia, were observed. In summary, mice lacking Ace2-dependent intestinal amino acid transport display no total niacin deficiency nor clear pellagra symptoms, even under a low-protein and low-niacin diet, despite gross amino acid homeostasis alterations.

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Manary, M. J., K. E. Yarasheski, S. Smith, E. T. Abrams, and C. A. Hart. "Protein quantity, not protein quality, accelerates whole-body leucine kinetics and the acute-phase response during acute infection in marasmic Malawian children." British Journal of Nutrition 92, no. 4 (October 2004): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041242.

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The present study compared leucine kinetics and acute-phase-protein concentrations in three groups of marasmic, acutely infected Malawian children fed one of three isoenergetic diets. These were: an enhanced-protein-quality diet (egg-white+tryptophan, providing 1.2 g protein/kg per d; n 14); an increased-protein-content diet (egg-white+tryptophan, providing 1·8 g protein/kg per d; n 14); a standard-protein diet (1·2 g milk protein/kg per d; n 25). The hypotheses tested were that children receiving a diet with more protein would have greater rates of non-oxidative leucine disposal and that children receiving an isonitrogenous diet with a higher protein quality would have lower rates of leucine oxidation. The children were studied after 24 h of therapy using standard [13C]leucine stable-isotope tracer techniques. The children receiving the higher-protein-content diet had greater leucine kinetic rates than those receiving the standard-protein-content diet; non-oxidative leucine disposal was 170 (SD 52) v. 122 (SD 30) μmol leucine/kg per h (P<0·01). Leucine oxidation was less in the children receiving the enhanced-protein-quality diet than in those receiving the standard-protein-quality diet; 34 (SD 12) v. 45 (SD 13) μmol leucine/kg per h (P<0·05). The children receiving the high-protein-content diet increased their serum concentration for five of six acute-phase proteins 24 h after starting therapy, while those receiving the standard-protein-content diet did not. These data suggest that there was greater whole-body protein synthesis, and a more vigorous acute-phase response associated with the higher-protein-content diet. The clinical benefits associated with a higher protein intake in marasmic, acutely infected children need further study.

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Gou, Xiao-jun, Shanshan Gao, Liang Chen, Qin Feng, and Yi-yang Hu. "A Metabolomic Study on the Intervention of Traditional Chinese Medicine Qushi Huayu Decoction on Rat Model of Fatty Liver Induced by High-Fat Diet." BioMed Research International 2019 (February 7, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5920485.

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Qushi Huayu Decoction (QHD), an important clinically proved herbal formula, has been reported to be effective in treating fatty liver induced by high-fat diet in rats. However, the mechanism of action has not been clarified at the metabolic level. In this study, a urinary metabolomic method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with pattern recognition analysis was performed in three groups (control, model, and QHD group), to explore the effect of QHD on fatty liver and its mechanism of action. There was obvious separation between the model group and control group, and the QHD group showed a tendency of recovering to the control group in metabolic profiles. Twelve candidate biomarkers were identified and used to explore the possible mechanism. Then, a pathway analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst 3.0 to illustrate the pathways of therapeutic action of QHD. QHD reversed the urinary metabolite abnormalities (tryptophan, uridine, and phenylalanine, etc.). Fatty liver might be prevented by QHD through regulating the dysfunctions of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. This work demonstrated that metabolomics might be helpful for understanding the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine for future clinical evaluation.

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Isales, Carlos, Kehong Ding, Meghan McGee-Lawrence, Wendy Bollag, William Hill, Sadanand Fulzele, Mohamed Awad, and Mark Hamrick. "A 3-Week Tryptophan-Deficient Diet Resulted in Decreased Body Weight and Increased Trabecular Bone Mass in Mice." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.403.

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Abstract Tryptophan is an essential amino acid with a variety of bioactive metabolites including serotonin, melatonin and nicotinamide. Dietary Trp restriction results in increased lifespan but with detrimental side effects. The initial catabolite in the Trp breakdown pathway, kynurenine, increases with aging and induces bone loss. Thus, we hypothesized that eliminating Trp in the diet of older mice might be osteoprotective. In an IACUC-approved protocol, we fed either 0, 0.2 (standard), 0.7 or 1.25% Trp-containing diets to aged (23-month-old) C57BL/6 mice for a planned eight weeks. There was a rapid decrease in body weight in the mice fed the 0% tryptophan diet and the mice had to be sacrificed at three weeks (25.2±1.4 vs 35.4±3.6 vs 33.9±2.4 vs 33.4±3.1 gm, (Means+SD, No Trp: 0%; Standard Trp 0.2%; High Trp: 0.7%; High Trp: 1.25%, p=0.0004, 0 vs 0.2%, n=9-10/group). Removal of Trp from the diet had a differential effect on bone mineral density (BMD). Total BMD was increased in the low Trp group: (0.0548±0.0017 vs 0.518±0.0021 vs 0.0526±0.0021 vs 0.0524±0.0022, Means+SD, No Trp: 0%; Standard Trp 0.2%; High Trp: 0.7%; High Trp: 1.25%, p=0.016, 0 vs 0.2%). Femoral BMD did not change; however, spinal BMD rose (0.0603±0.005 vs 0.0477±0.06 vs 0.0505±0.005 vs 0.0535±006; Means+SD, Trp 0% vs 0.2%, p=0.00009). The mice on the 0% Trp diet also had lower body fat (22.4±2.3% vs 26.7±3.3%; Means+SD, Trp 0 vs 0.2%, p=0.005). Thus, dietary Trp restriction resulted in a beneficial increase in spinal BMD, though at least in part related to weight loss.

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Vineetha, K. K., Gayathri M. Rao, K. Ashok Prabhu, Vinodchandran Vinodchandran, Kavyashree ., Aradhana Marathe, and Blossom Vandana. "Effect of L-tryptophan on intestinal glucagon like peptide-1(GLP-1) in streptozotocin (stz) induced diabetic rat model." Biomedicine 41, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v41i2.782.

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Introduction and Aim: The management of diabetes is a great challenge in this era due to several factors. The financial burden of the medications and the complications of diabetes create management demanding especially in the Indian population. A high protein-rich diet is beneficial in controlling hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. Different amino acids play roles in reducing blood glucose levels in diabetes. Certain amino acids trigger hypoglycemia in diabetes by inducing the gut hormone, Glucagon-like peptide -1(GLP-1) secretion. L-tryptophan is one among them and is present in many of the food items like poultry, beans, seeds, nuts, etc., This study using albino rats focuses on the effect of L-tryptophan on intestinal GLP-1 secretion in diabetic rats by evaluating the blood glucose level, intestinal GLP-1, and intestinal histology of diabetic rats after tryptophan administration.Materials and Methods: Single dose of intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50mg/kg) used to develop diabetic model and orogastric gavage of tryptophan (50mg/kg) was done. Intestinal GLP-1 and blood glucose assay and intestinal histology were the parameters studied.Results: The results showed a significant reduction in blood glucose level and an increased secretion of intestinal GLP-1(p=0.001) in diabetic rats by tryptophan administration and recovery was seen in intestinal histology. In conclusion, in our study, the administration of L- tryptophan in diabetic rats induced a hypoglycemic effect by GLP-1 secretion and restored normal histology.Conclusion: Tryptophan administration showed hypoglycemic effect on diabetic rats as the blood glucose level was reverted to normal and the hypoglycemic effect of L-tryptophan in diabetic rats could be due to increased GLP-1 secretion.

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Noristani, Harun N., Alexei Verkhratsky, and José J. Rodríguez. "High tryptophan diet reduces CA1 intraneuronal β-amyloid in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease." Aging Cell 11, no. 5 (July 16, 2012): 810–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00845.x.

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Merchán, Ana, Silvia Navarro, Sergio García, Margarita Moreno, and Pilar Flores. "B.8 - TRYPTOPHAN DEPLETION DIET IN LOW VERSUS HIGH COMPULSIVE DRINKER RATS SELECTED BY SCHEDULE-INDUCED POLYDIPSIA." Behavioural Pharmacology 24 (October 2013): e28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.fbp.0000434780.18559.cb.

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Musumeci, Giuseppe, Carla Loreto, Francesca Maria Trovato, Salvatore Giunta, Rosa Imbesi, and Paola Castrogiovanni. "Serotonin (5HT) expression in rat pups treated with high-tryptophan diet during fetal and early postnatal development." Acta Histochemica 116, no. 2 (March 2014): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2013.08.011.

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Shipelin, Vladimir A., Nikita V. Trusov, Sergey A. Apryatin, Antonina A. Shumakova, Anastasia S. Balakina, Nikolay A. Riger, Ivan V. Gmoshinski, and Dmitry B. Nikityuk. "Effects of Tyrosine and Tryptophan in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052429.

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Amino acids tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) play a significant role in the regulation of energy metabolism, locomotor activity, and eating behavior. We studied the possibility of modulating these processes in obesity by increasing the pool of Tyr and Trp in the experimental diet. As a model of obesity, we used Wistar rats fed a diet with an excess specific energy value (HFCD) for 64 days. Trp led to a normalization of the rats’ body weight almost to the control level, but increased anxiety-like behavior and decreased long-term memory. The consumption of amino acids resulted in increased grip strength and impairment of short-term memory. The locomotor activity of animals decreased with age as a result of Tyr consumption, while Trp, on the contrary, prevented this. The Tyr supplementation led to the normalization of triglycerides and LDL. In the spleen cell lysates, amino acids suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The liver tissue morphology showed that the consumption of Tyr noticeably weakened the signs of fatty degeneration. The addition of Trp, on the contrary, led to an unfavorable effect, consisting of the appearance of a high number of large rounded fatty vacuoles. The data obtained indicate a more pronounced anti-inflammatory effect of Tyr as compared to Trp.

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Halenova, Tetiana, Igor Zlatskiy, Anton Syroeshkin, Tatiana Maximova, and Tatiana Pleteneva. "Deuterium-Depleted Water as Adjuvant Therapeutic Agent for Treatment of Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats." Molecules 25, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010023.

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In this study, we present the potential application of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of obesity in rats. We tested the hypothesis that DDW can alleviate diet-induced obesity (DIO) and its associated metabolic impairments. Rats fed a high-fat diet had an increased body weight index (BWI), glucose concentration, and level of certain proinflammatory cytokines; decreased levels of insulin in the serum; decreased tryptophan and serotonin in the brain, and a decreased concentration of some heavy metals in the liver. Drinking DDW at a concentration of 10 ppm deuterium/protium (D/H) ad libitum for 3 weeks restored the BWI, glucose (serum), tryptophan (brain), and serotonin (brain) levels and concentration of Zn in the liver in the DIO animals to those of the controls. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IFNγ) and anti-inflammatory TNFα were decreased in DIO rats, while anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4, IL-10) levels remained at the control levels, which is indicative of a pathophysiological syndrome. In contrast, in groups of rats treated with DDW, a significant increase in anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) and proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ) was observed. This finding indicates a reduction in systemic inflammation in obese animals treated with DDW. Similarly, the high-fat diet caused an increased level of oxidative stress products, which was accompanied by decreased activity of both superoxide dismutase and catalase, whereas the administration of DDW decreased the level of oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities.

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Eker, Merve Eda, and Sibel Karakaya. "Akdeniz Diyeti, Melatonin ve Sağlık." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i9.1258-1266.2030.

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The Mediterranean diet is defined as the way of eating based on the traditional foods and drinks of the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. The beneficial health effect of the Mediterranean diet is generally attributed to the rich phytochemical content, high amount of dietary fiber and fermented foods of this diet. In addition to all these bio actives, the Mediterranean diet is also prominent with the presence of melatonin. An essential amino acid, tryptophan, is the precursor of melatonin. Melatonin has a positive effect on health due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer properties as well as the healing effect on cardiovascular diseases and responsibility for the circadian rhythm in the body. Consumption of foods containing melatonin significantly increases the serum melatonin concentration. Therefore, maximum health benefits are expected with the consumption of foods in the Mediterranean diet, not only their polyphenols and bioactive compounds but also synergistic effects among the polyphenols, bio actives and melatonin. This article will review foods in the Mediterranean diet, their melatonin contents and their expected health benefits.

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Peters, Marloes AM, Martijn van Faassen, Wilhelmina HA de Jong, Grietje Bouma, Coby Meijer, Annemiek ME Walenkamp, Elisabeth GE de Vries, Sjoukje F. Oosting, Henricus G. Ruhé, and Ido P. Kema. "Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is associated with very low plasma-free serotonin concentrations in humans." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 57, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563219880567.

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Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) block the serotonin transporter on neurons, but also on platelets, thus decreasing platelet serotonin concentrations in users of SSRIs. Data on plasma-free serotonin concentrations in SSRI users are lacking, while plasma-free serotonin is available for receptor binding and plays a role in several pathophysiological processes. We therefore measured the plasma-free and platelet serotonin concentrations in users of SSRIs and age-matched healthy controls, and we analysed plasma concentrations of the serotonin precursor tryptophan and serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleamineacetic acid (5-HIAA). Methods For this cross-sectional single-centre case control study, participants were recruited at the departments of Psychiatry and General Medicine. High-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to measure plasma-free and platelet serotonin, plasma tryptophan and 5-HIAA concentrations. Preanalytical conditions were optimized by careful blood collection, rapid sample handling, high-speed centrifugation, drug and diet restrictions and age-matched controls. Results In 64 SSRI users, median concentrations of plasma-free and platelet serotonin were 10-fold and 14-fold lower, respectively, than in 64 matched controls. Patients using higher dose SSRIs or those with higher affinity for the serotonin transporter had lower plasma-free and platelet serotonin concentrations. Compared with controls, SSRI users had similar median plasma tryptophan concentrations but slightly higher plasma 5-HIAA concentrations. Conclusion SSRI users have low platelet serotonin and low plasma-free serotonin. This could not be explained by lower concentrations of its precursor tryptophan, and only partially by increased breakdown to 5-HIAA.

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SANTOS, Rudã Fernandes Brandão SANTOS, Mayara Schueroff SIQUEIRA, Ryuller Gama Abreu REIS, Weliton Vilhalba SILVA, Henrique Momo ZIEMNICZAK, and Claucia Aparecida HONORATO. "INFLUENCE OF A BLEND OF DIETARY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH, ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, AND INTESTINAL HISTOLOGY OF BLUE DISCUS." Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 47 (2021): e599. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e599.

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Symphysodon aequifasciatus is a fish with a disk-shaped body and bright colors, important characteristics of ornamental fish. We evaluated amino acid supplementation strategies to reduce crude protein in the diet for evaluation of performance, the content of digestive enzymes, liver metabolism, and intestinal histopathology. A total of 180 fish were randomly distributed in 12 separate 50 L glass aquariums, consisting of a completely randomized design with four treatments (DC - Control diet with 34.4% crude protein; DL - Control diet plus 1% of lysine; DEAA - Control diet plus 1% free essential amino acids (threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, arginine, and tryptophan); and DHP - Diet with a high level of crude protein 48.4%), three repetitions, lasting 60 days. The use of DL and DEAA diets resulted in higher intestinal villus height and higher zootechnical performance. The use of DL diet increased alkaline phosphatase and digestive amylase activity. The use of DHP diets promotes severe liver changes due to increased activity of Alanine aminotraserase. Therefore, it was possible to observe that the use of amino acids can supply the nutritional need of blue discus. Supplementation of diets with AAs allows the reduction of dietary protein, which is a strategy for feeding management.

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Navarro, Sandi L., Aliasghar Tarkhan, Ali Shojaie, Timothy W. Randolph, Haiwei Gu, Danijel Djukovic, Katie J. Osterbauer, et al. "Plasma metabolomics profiles suggest beneficial effects of a low–glycemic load dietary pattern on inflammation and energy metabolism." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 110, no. 4 (August 20, 2019): 984–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz169.

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ABSTRACT Background Low–glycemic load dietary patterns, characterized by consumption of whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, are associated with reduced risk of several chronic diseases. Methods Using samples from a randomized, controlled, crossover feeding trial, we evaluated the effects on metabolic profiles of a low-glycemic whole-grain dietary pattern (WG) compared with a dietary pattern high in refined grains and added sugars (RG) for 28 d. LC-MS-based targeted metabolomics analysis was performed on fasting plasma samples from 80 healthy participants (n = 40 men, n = 40 women) aged 18–45 y. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate differences in response between diets for individual metabolites. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)–defined pathways and 2 novel data-driven analyses were conducted to consider differences at the pathway level. Results There were 121 metabolites with detectable signal in >98% of all plasma samples. Eighteen metabolites were significantly different between diets at day 28 [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05]. Inositol, hydroxyphenylpyruvate, citrulline, ornithine, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, glutamine, and oxaloacetate were higher after the WG diet than after the RG diet, whereas melatonin, betaine, creatine, acetylcholine, aspartate, hydroxyproline, methylhistidine, tryptophan, cystamine, carnitine, and trimethylamine were lower. Analyses using KEGG-defined pathways revealed statistically significant differences in tryptophan metabolism between diets, with kynurenine and melatonin positively associated with serum C-reactive protein concentrations. Novel data-driven methods at the metabolite and network levels found correlations among metabolites involved in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation, trimethylamine-N-oxide production, and β oxidation of fatty acids (FDR < 0.1) that differed between diets, with more favorable metabolic profiles detected after the WG diet. Higher BCAAs and trimethylamine were positively associated with homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. Conclusions These exploratory metabolomics results support beneficial effects of a low–glycemic load dietary pattern characterized by whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, compared with a diet high in refined grains and added sugars on inflammation and energy metabolism pathways. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00622661.

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Ritota, Mena, and Pamela Manzi. "Rapid Determination of Total Tryptophan in Yoghurt by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 5025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215025.

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Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential amino acid which cannot be synthesized by humans and animals, but has to be supplied by exogenous sources, notably through the diet. The bulk of dietary TRP flows into the synthesis of body’s proteins, but the TRP metabolism also involves several biochemical reactions (i.e., serotonin and kynurenine pathways). Defects in the TRP transport mechanism or catabolism are related to a large number of clinical abnormalities. Therefore, dietary TRP intake is necessary not only for the body’s growth but also for most of the body’s metabolic functions. Among protein-based foods, milk proteins provide a relatively high amount of TRP. In this paper, a rapid chromatographic method for TRP determination in yoghurt, by ultra high performance liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column with fluorescence detection (280 nm Ex; 360 nm Em), is provided. A linear gradient elution of acetonitrile in water allowed TRP analysis in 8.0 min. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of the method were 0.011 ng/µL and 0.029 ng/µL, respectively, using 5-methyl-l-tryptophan as the internal standard. The analytical method was successfully applied to commercial yoghurts from different animal species, and the TRP values ranged between 35.19 and 121.97 mg/100 g (goat and cow Greek type yoghurt, respectively).

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Corcuff, Jean-Benoît, Laurence Chardon, Ines El Hajji Ridah, and Julie Brossaud. "Urinary sampling for 5HIAA and metanephrines determination: revisiting the recommendations." Endocrine Connections 6, no. 6 (August 2017): R87—R98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-17-0071.

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Context Biogenic amines such as 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid (5HIAA) the main metabolite of serotonin or metanephrines (catecholamines metabolites) are used as biomarkers of neuroendocrine tumours. Objective To re-evaluate the recommendations for urinary sampling (preservatives, diet, drugs, etc.) as many of the reported analytical interferences supporting these recommendations are related to obsolete assays. Methods Bibliographic analysis of old and modern assays concerning preservation, extraction, assay and interferences. Results 5HIAA may degrade as soon as urine is excreted. Thus, acids as preservatives (hydrochloric or acetic acid) have to be immediately added. Care should be taken not to decrease the pH under 2. Urine preservative for metanephrine assays is not mandatory. Diets including serotonin-, tryptophan- and dopamine-rich foods have to be avoided depending on the biomarkers investigated (bananas, plantain, nuts, etc.). Tryptophan-rich over-the-counter formulas have to be prohibited when 5HIAA has to be assayed. Acetaminophen may interfere with electrochemical detection depending on high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) parameters. No interference is known with mass spectrometric assays but with the one described for metanephrines determination. Some drugs interfere however with serotonin and catecholamines secretion and/or metabolism (monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin or dopamine recapture inhibitors, etc.). Conclusion Revisited recommendations are provided for the diet, the drugs and the preservatives before HPLC coupled with electrochemical and mass spectrometry assays.

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Shadieva, L. A., E. M. Romanova, V. N. Lyubomirova, V. V. Romanov, and T. M. Shlenkina. "Effect of feed composition on the nutritional value of meat of African catfish." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700134.

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The article outlines the results of the research into the influence of feed composition on the amino acid value of African catfish meat. It has been shown that quality characteristics of fish meat depend on protein and fat content. It has been proved that high-protein feed ensures increase in the content of all amino acids in African catfish meat. Nevertheless, protein and fat content in the muscles of the studied fish is more than 2 times higher than the same indicator in the fish on low-protein and low-fat diet. Meat of the African catfish is rich in two amino acids – leucine and lysine. Two amino acids, tryptophan and methionine, are limitative at a high protein diet. At a lower protein diet, isoleucine amino acid is also added. The amino acid composition of African catfish meat is highest at high-protein feeds. The amino acid index of African catfish muscles at high-protein feeds is 0.48, significantly exceeding the index of fish bred on feeds with a reduced protein content. The conducted studies have shown that the use of high-protein feeds in catfish breeding stimulates protein metabolism, enriching the amino acid composition of muscle tissue and increasing the nutritional value of fish as a food product. The research has been funded by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research, project No. 18-016-00127.

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Paul, Cristiana, Suzane Leser, and Steffen Oesser. "Significant Amounts of Functional Collagen Peptides Can Be Incorporated in the Diet While Maintaining Indispensable Amino Acid Balance." Nutrients 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11051079.

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The results of twenty years of research indicate that the inclusion of collagen peptides in the diet can lead to various improvements in health. According to the current protein quality evaluation method PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-corrected Amino Acid Score), collagen protein lacks one indispensable amino acid (tryptophan) and is therefore categorized as an incomplete protein source. Collagen protein displays a low indispensable amino acid profile, yet as a functional food, collagen is a source of physiologically active peptides and conditionally indispensable amino acids that have the potential to optimize health and address physiological needs posed by aging and exercise. The objective of this study was to determine the maximum level of dietary collagen peptides that can be incorporated in the Western pattern diet while maintaining its indispensable amino acid balance. Iterative PDCAAS calculations showed that a level as high as 36% of collagen peptides can be used as protein substitution in the daily diet while ensuring indispensable amino acid requirements are met. This study suggests that the effective amounts of functional collagen peptides (2.5 to 15 g per day) observed in the literature are below the maximum level of collagen that may be incorporated in the standard American diet.

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Johnston, W. "Effect of PCPA or tryptophan on brain serotonin and on consumption of a high protein or high carbohydrate diet by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss." Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 3, no. 8 (August 1992): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(92)90017-d.

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Lee, Keon-Joo, Keun-Hwa Jung, Joo-Youn Cho, Soon-Tae Lee, Hwa Suk Kim, Jun Hwa Shim, Sang Kun Lee, Manho Kim, and Kon Chu. "High-Fat Diet and Voluntary Chronic Aerobic Exercise Recover Altered Levels of Aging-Related Tryptophan Metabolites along the Kynurenine Pathway." Experimental Neurobiology 26, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5607/en.2017.26.3.132.

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Li, Yuzhi. "196 Feeding and nutritional strategies to improve welfare of group-housed gestating sows." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.013.

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Abstract Gestating sows in group-housing systems usually face two major welfare challenges: aggression when mixing with unfamiliar pen-mates and a lack of satiety due to restricted feeding. The two issues might be related because that hungry animals may be frustrated so that they may be more aggressive than animals that are in satiety. To restricted-fed gestating sows, one of the strategies to reduce aggression at mixing is to increase feed intake for a short period of time around mixing. Research showed that this strategy could reduce aggression among sows during feeding in competitive feeding systems, but had very limited effects on aggression during the initial period of mixing. Likewise, neither providing feed when moving sows in group-pens nor dividing the daily ration into multiple meals affected aggression caused by mixing. There is evidence that supplementation of an excessive amount of Tryptophan in the diet could reduce aggression in growing and finishing pigs. However, effects of dietary Tryptophan on reducing aggression among sows during mixing is less evident. Possibly, sows are more persistent in fighting for dominance hierarchy than young pigs. Although high fiber diets had limited effects on reducing aggression among sows at mixing, providing fermentable fibers in the diet could increase satiety in sows. Increasing satiety could reduce stereotypies, reduce aggression for maintaining dominance hierarchy, and increase resting time, which consequently will improve welfare of group-housed gestating sows.

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Miyaguti, Natália Angelo da Silva, Danijela Stanisic, Sarah Christine Pereira de Oliveira, Gabriela Sales dos Santos, Beatriz Schincariol Manhe, Ljubica Tasic, and Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes. "Serum and Muscle 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Profiles Reveal Metabolic Changes Influenced by a Maternal Leucine-Rich Diet in Tumor-Bearing Adult Offspring Rats." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12072106.

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A maternal leucine-rich diet showed a positive effect on the gastrocnemius muscle of adult tumor-bearing offspring. To improve the understanding of the metabolic alterations of cancer cachexia and correlate this to preventive treatment, we evaluated the 1H NMR metabolic profiles from serum and gastrocnemius muscle samples of adult Wistar rats. These profiles were initially analyzed, and chemometrics tools were applied to investigate the following groups: C, control group; W, tumor-bearing group; L, the group without tumors and with a maternal leucine-rich diet; WL, the tumor-bearing group with a maternal leucine-rich diet. Tumor growth that led to a high protein breakdown in the W group was correlated to serum metabolites such as tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamine, and tryptophan amino acids and uracil. Also, decreased muscle lactate, inversely to serum content, was found in the W group. Conversely, in the WL group, increased lactate in muscle and serum profiles was found, which could be correlated to the maternal diet effect. The muscle lipidomics and NAD+, NADP+, lysine, 4-aminohippurate, and glutamine metabolites pointed to modified energy metabolism and lower muscle mass loss in the WL group. In conclusion, this exploratory metabolomics analyses provided novel insights related to the Walker-256 tumor-bearing offspring metabolism modified by a maternal leucine-rich diet and the next steps in its investigation.

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Gmoshinski, Ivan V., Vladimir A. Shipelin, Nikita V. Trusov, Sergey A. Apryatin, Kristina V. Mzhelskaya, Antonina A. Shumakova, Andrey N. Timonin, Nikolay A. Riger, and Dmitry B. Nikityuk. "Effects of Tyrosine and Tryptophan Supplements on the Vital Indicators in Mice Differently Prone to Diet-Induced Obesity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 5956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115956.

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We studied the effects of the addition of large neutral amino acids, such as tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp), in mice DBA/2J and tetrahybrid mice DBCB receiving a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) for 65 days. The locomotor activity, anxiety, muscle tone, mass of internal organs, liver morphology, adipokines, cytokines, and biochemical indices of animals were assessed. The Tyr supplementation potentiated increased anxiety in EPM and contributed to a muscle tone increase, a decrease in the AST/ALT ratio, and an increase in protein anabolism in both mice strains. Tyr contributed to a decrease in liver fatty degeneration and ALT reduction only in DBCB that were sensitive to the development of obesity. The addition of Trp caused an increase in muscle tone and potentiated an increase in anxiety with age in animals of both genotypes. Trp had toxic effects on the livers of mice, which was manifested in increased fatty degeneration in DBCB, edema, and the appearance of micronuclei in DBA/2J. The main identified effects of Tyr on mice are considered in the light of its modulating effect on the dopamine neurotransmitter metabolism, while for the Trp supplement, effects were presumably associated with the synthesis of its toxic metabolites by representatives of the intestinal microflora.

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Journal articles on the topic 'High-tryptophan diet'

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