Dissertations / Theses: 'High Voltage Cable Insulation'

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Bialek, Thomas Owen. "Evaluation and modeling of high-voltage cable insulation using a high-voltage impulse." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://library.msstate.edu/content/templates/?a=72.

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Cariou-Saintemarie, Nathalie. "Initiation of electrical degradation in high voltage polymeric cable insulation : electroluminescence detection." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342808.

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Ariffin, Azrul Mohd. "The measurement and modelling of electroluminescence in high voltage polymeric cable insulation materials." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494683.

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Since space charge plays a significant role in long-term electrical degradation of polymeric insulation in high voltage cables, there is growing interest in the measurement of the energy dissipation of mobile and trapped charges in the dielectric molecules. The dissipation process is associated with the emission of visible photons, a process known as electroluminescence (EL) and can be used, potentially, as an indicator for the inhibition of electrical ageing of insulation. This thesis is based on an investigation into the occurrence of EL in dielectric materials as a result of applying high ac stresses. The phenomenon has been observed and analyzed for different types of thin polymeric films using a charge coupled device (CCD) detection system. This unique experimental setup enables a range of measurements to be performed including the imaging of EL, its temporal behaviour, spectral analysis and phase-resolved measurements using the same detector. The effects of several factors such as the types of material under study and local gas environment have been assessed based on the results obtained. Previously, different research groups have monitored the occurrence of EL under ac conditions by applying a sinusoidal electric field across the polymer but in this project, the emission is also examined under the influence of triangular and square voltage waveforms, together with their asymmetrical counterparts. In addition to this, a dynamic bipolar charge recombination model has been developed in order to simulate studies of EL under an alternating field. By comparing experimental results with the stimulation, the theories relating to the processes responsible for the occurrence of EL have been evaluated and a good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results.

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Freye, Claudius [Verfasser], Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Jenau, and Thomas [Gutachter] Leibfried. "Methoden und Aspekte zur Leitfähigkeitsanalyse von Isolationsmaterialien der Kabeltechnologie und zur Isolationskoordination für Systeme der Hochspannungsgleichstromübertragung (HGÜ) : Methods and aspects for conductivity analysis of insulating materials in cable technology and for insulation coordination in high-voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) systems / Claudius Freye ; Gutachter: Thomas Leibfried ; Betreuer: Frank Jenau." Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Dortmund, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214887627/34.

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Pallon, Love. "Polyethylene/metal oxide nanocomposites for electrical insulation in future HVDC-cables : probing properties from nano to macro." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Polymera material, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-193591.

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Nanocomposites of polyethylene and metal oxide nanoparticles have shown to be a feasible approachto the next generation of insulation in high voltage direct current cables. In order to reach an operationvoltage of 1 MV new insulation materials with reduced conductivity and increased breakdown strengthas compared to modern low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is needed.In this work polyethylene MgO nanocomposites for electrical insulation has been produced andcharacterized both from an electrical and material perspective. The MgO nanoparticles weresynthesized into polycrystalline nanoparticles with a large specific surface area (167 m2 g–1). Meltprocessing by extrusion resulted in evenly dispersed MgO nanoparticles in LDPE for the silane surfacemodified MgO as compared to the unmodified MgO. All systems showed a reduction in conductivityby up to two orders of magnitude at low loading levels (1–3 wt.%), but where the surface modifiedsystems were able to retain reduced conductivity even at loading levels of 9 wt.%. A maximuminteraction radius to influence the conductivity of the MgO nanoparticles was theoretically determinedto ca. 800 nm. The interaction radius was in turn experimentally observed around Al2O3 nanoparticlesembedded in LDPE using Intermodulation electrostatic force microscopy. By applying a voltage on theAFM-tip charge injection and extraction around the Al2O3 nanoparticles was observed, visualizing theexistence of additional localized energy states on, and around, the nanoparticles. Ptychography wasused to reveal nanometre features in 3D of electrical trees formed under DC-conditions. Thevisualization showed that the electrical tree grows by pre-step voids in front of the propagatingchannels, facilitating further growth, much in analogy to mechanical crack propagation (Griffithconcept). An electromechanical effect was attributed as possible mechanism for the formation of the voids.
Nanokompositer av polyeten och metalloxidpartiklar anses vara möjliga material att använda i morgondagens isolationshölje till högspänningskablar för likström. För att nå en transmissionsspänning på 1 MV behövs isolationsmaterial som i jämförelse med dagens polyeten har lägre elektrisk ledningsförmåga, högre styrka mot elektriskt genomslag och som kan kontrollera ansamling av rymdladdningar. De senaste årens forskning har visat att kompositer av polyeten med nanopartiklar av metalloxider har potential att nå dessa egenskaper. I det här arbetet har kompositer av polyeten och nanopartiklar av MgO för elektrisk isolation producerats och karaktäriserats. Nanopartiklar av MgO har framställts från en vattenbaserad utfällning med efterföljande calcinering, vilket resulterade i polykristallina partiklar med en mycket stor specifik ytarea (167m2 g-1). MgO-nanopartiklarna ytmodifierades i n-heptan genom att kovalent binda oktyl(trietoxi)silan och oktadekyl(trimetoxi)silan till partiklarna för att skapa en hydrofob och skyddande yta. Extrudering av de ytmodifierade MgO nanopartiklarna tillsammans med polyeten resulterade i en utmärkt dispergering med jämnt fördelad partiklar i hela kompositen, vilket ska jämföras med de omodifierade partiklarna som till stor utsträckning bildade agglomerat i polymeren. Alla kompositer med låg fyllnadsgrad (1–3 vikt% MgO) visade upp till 100 gånger lägre elektrisk konduktivitet jämfört med värdet för ofylld polyeten. Vid högre koncentrationer av omodifierade MgO förbättrades inte de isolerande egenskaperna på grund av för stor andel agglomerat, medan kompositerna med de ytmodifierade fyllmedlen som var väl dispergerade behöll en kraftig reducerad elektrisk konduktivitet upp till 9 vikt% fyllnadshalt. Den minsta interaktionsradien för MgO-nanopartiklarna för att minska den elektriska konduktiviten i kompositerna fastställdes med bildanalys och simuleringar till ca 800 nm. Den teoretiskt beräknade interaktionsradien kompletterades med observation av en experimentell interaktionsradie genom att mäta laddningsfördelningen över en Al2O3-nanopartikle i en polyetenfilm med intermodulation (frekvens-mixning) elektrostatisk kraftmikroskop (ImEFM), vilket är en ny AFM-metod för att mäta ytpotentialer. Genom att lägga på en spänning på AFM-kantilevern kunde det visualiseras hur laddningar, både injicerades och extraherades, från nanopartiklarna men inte från polyeten. Det tolkades som att extra energinivåer skapades på och runt nanopartiklarna som fungerar för att fånga in laddningar, ekvivalent med den gängse tolkningen att nanopartiklar introducera extra elektronfällor i den polymera matrisen i nanokompositer. Nanotomografi användes för att avbilda elektriska träd i tre dimensioner. Avbildningen av det elektriska trädet visade att tillväxten av trädet hade skett genom bildning av håligheter framför den framväxande trädstrukturen. Håligheterna leder till försvagning av materialet framför det propagerande trädet och förenklar på det sättet fortsatt tillväxt. Bildningen av håligheter framför trädstrukturen uppvisar en analogi till propagering av sprickor vid mekanisk belastning, i enlighet med Griffiths koncept.

QC 20161006

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Глєбов, Олег Юрійович. "Вдосконалення заземлювальних пристроїв електричних підстанцій для забезпечення безаварійної роботи вторинних кіл." Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/40844.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі та системи. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019 р. Дисертацію присвячено вдосконаленню заземлювальних пристроїв підстанцій напругою 330(220)/150(110) кВ за критерієм запобігання пошкодження ізоляції кабелів струмових захистів при ударі блискавки та при короткому замиканні на шинах розподільного пристрою вказаних класів напруги. На підставі аналізу експериментальних даних, отриманих на 80 діючих підстанціях України, визначено незалежні фактори, а також незначимі із ряду незалежних. На підставі проведення чьотирьох- та п'ятифакторних експериментів отримано модель для визначення опору заземлювального пристрою. Проведено порівняльний аналіз отриманої моделі з відомими розрахунковими методиками. Значення опору, визначене за формулою нормативного документу, для більшості підстанцій менше, ніж визначене за отриманою моделлю, тому є оцінкою знизу. На підставі проведення шестифакторного експерименту отримано модель для визначення напруги на ізоляції кабелю вторинних кіл трансформатору струму, який є найвіддаленішим від зали релейних панелей, при короткому замиканні на шинах розподільного пристрою. У роботі сформульовано процедуру експериментального визначення напруги на ізоляції кабелю при імітації короткого замикання. У роботі розроблено методику та наведено приклади визначення конструктивних параметрів та матеріальних витрат на виконання заземлювальних пристроїв з використанням отриманих в роботі математичних моделей за критерієм запобігання пошкодження ізоляції кабелів вторинних кіл при короткому замиканні, а також за критерієм запобігання хибного спрацювання струмових захистів у випадку пошкодження ізоляції кабелю.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in speciality 05.14.02 – electric stations, networks and systems. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to the improvement of grounding systems of substations with voltage 330 (220) / 150 (110) kV on the criterion of prevention of damage to the insulation of current protection cables with a lightning strike and with short-circuit on the bus of the switchgear of the specified voltage classes. On the basis of the analysis of experimental data obtained at 80 operating substations of Ukraine, independent factors are determined, as well as insignificant from a number of independent ones. On the basis of four- and five-factor experiments, a model was developed to determine the grounding systems resistance. A comparative analysis of the obtained model with known computational methods was carried out. The value of the resistance, determined by the formula of the normative document, for most substations is less than determined by the received model, therefore, is an estimate from below. On the basis of a sixfactor experiment, a model for determining the voltage on the cable insulation of the secondary circuits of the current transformer is obtained, which is the most distant from the relay panels hall, with a short circuit on the bus of the switchgear. In the paper, the procedure for the experimental determination of voltage on cable isolation during simulation of short circuit was developed. In this work a method is developed and examples are given for determination of constructive parameters and material costs of grounding systems with the use of the mathematical models obtained in the work on the criterion of prevention of damage to insulation of secondary circuits with short circuit, and according to the of prevention the false triggering of current protection in the event of damage to the cable insulation.

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7

Глєбов, Олег Юрійович. "Вдосконалення заземлювальних пристроїв електричних підстанцій для забезпечення безаварійної роботи вторинних кіл." Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/40840.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі та системи. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019 р. Дисертацію присвячено вдосконаленню заземлювальних пристроїв підстанцій напругою 330(220)/150(110) кВ за критерієм запобігання пошкодження ізоляції кабелів струмових захистів при ударі блискавки та при короткому замиканні на шинах розподільного пристрою вказаних класів напруги. На підставі аналізу експериментальних даних, отриманих на 80 діючих підстанціях України, визначено незалежні фактори, а також незначимі із ряду незалежних. На підставі проведення чьотирьох- та п'ятифакторних експериментів отримано модель для визначення опору заземлювального пристрою. Проведено порівняльний аналіз отриманої моделі з відомими розрахунковими методиками. Значення опору, визначене за формулою нормативного документу, для більшості підстанцій менше, ніж визначене за отриманою моделлю, тому є оцінкою знизу. На підставі проведення шестифакторного експерименту отримано модель для визначення напруги на ізоляції кабелю вторинних кіл трансформатору струму, який є найвіддаленішим від зали релейних панелей, при короткому замиканні на шинах розподільного пристрою. У роботі сформульовано процедуру експериментального визначення напруги на ізоляції кабелю при імітації короткого замикання. У роботі розроблено методику та наведено приклади визначення конструктивних параметрів та матеріальних витрат на виконання заземлювальних пристроїв з використанням отриманих в роботі математичних моделей за критерієм запобігання пошкодження ізоляції кабелів вторинних кіл при короткому замиканні, а також за критерієм запобігання хибного спрацювання струмових захистів у випадку пошкодження ізоляції кабелю.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in speciality 05.14.02 – electric stations, networks and systems. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to the improvement of grounding systems of substations with voltage 330 (220) / 150 (110) kV on the criterion of prevention of damage to the insulation of current protection cables with a lightning strike and with short-circuit on the bus of the switchgear of the specified voltage classes. On the basis of the analysis of experimental data obtained at 80 operating substations of Ukraine, independent factors are determined, as well as insignificant from a number of independent ones. On the basis of four- and five-factor experiments, a model was developed to determine the grounding systems resistance. A comparative analysis of the obtained model with known computational methods was carried out. The value of the resistance, determined by the formula of the normative document, for most substations is less than determined by the received model, therefore, is an estimate from below. On the basis of a sixfactor experiment, a model for determining the voltage on the cable insulation of the secondary circuits of the current transformer is obtained, which is the most distant from the relay panels hall, with a short circuit on the bus of the switchgear. In the paper, the procedure for the experimental determination of voltage on cable isolation during simulation of short circuit was developed. In this work a method is developed and examples are given for determination of constructive parameters and material costs of grounding systems with the use of the mathematical models obtained in the work on the criterion of prevention of damage to insulation of secondary circuits with short circuit, and according to the of prevention the false triggering of current protection in the event of damage to the cable insulation.

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8

Mugala, Gavita. "Influence of the semi-conducting screens on the wave propagation characteristics of medium voltage extruded cables." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Electrical Systems, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1537.

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9

Luo, Jing. "Novel insulation techniques for high voltage pulse transformers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13327.

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This thesis describes a research investigation into novel designs of high voltage pulse transformers using magnetic insulation, which is the only practicable form of insulation for much of the equipment presently used in ultrahigh voltage pulsed-power work, including transmission lines and plasma opening switches. Although its use in transformers would bring important advantages in both size and weight reductions, a number of seemingly insurmountable problems have however so far prevented this. Two novel arrangements are presented in this thesis: one of these is a 500 kV transformer with self-magnetic insulation, and the other one is a 1 MV 'Tesla' transformer with external magnetic insulation. It is shown that both of these overcome the problems inherent in earlier designs and also offer considerable scope for further development in a number of important areas. It is believed that they represent the first working examples of magnetically-insulated transformers anywhere in the world. Modelling considerations of the transformers developed include both theoretical models and predicted characteristics. The filamentary technique used to describe mathematically the arrangements being investigated involves decomposition of the main conducting components into filamentary elements. The resulting equivalent electrical network includes all the mutual interactions that exist between the different filamentary elements, takes magnetic diffusion fully into account and enables the resistances and self and mutual inductances that are effective under fast transient conditions to be calculated. Theoretical results provided by the resulting mathematical models have been successfully validated by comparison with reliable experimental data. Much of the work detailed in the thesis has already been presented in high quality academic journals and at prestigious international conferences, and a solid theoretical and experimental basis has been laid down for future development and new progress into pulsed power system research.

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Wallström, Stina. "Biofilms on silicone rubber for outdoor high voltage insulation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171.

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Silicone rubber high voltage insulators are sometimes colonised by microorganisms which form a biofilm on the surface of the infected unit. In this work insulators exposed to the outdoor environment in Sweden, Sri Lanka and Tanzania respectively have been studied. The biofilms colonising the insulators were shown to be of roughly the same composition regardless of their origin. Algae in association with bacteria dominated the biofilms and provided nutrition to mold growth. The isolated microorganisms were further used to study the effect of a biofilm on different silicone rubber materials. New tools for diagnosing biological growth on polymeric materials were developed and used to analyse the silicone rubber samples. No evidence of biodegradation of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molecule has been found in this work. However, this does not mean that PDMS rubbers used in high voltage insulators can be called bioresistant. Silicone insulating materials always contain additives and these may promote or hinder growth. For this reason, an extensive test program was developed, in order to evaluate the effect of different additives on the degree of biological growth. The program spanned from fast and easy methods, useful for screening large amount of samples, to the construction of specially designed microenvironment chambers in which mixed biofilms, similar to those formed on the surface of silicone rubber insulators in the field, were successfully grown. The test program showed that the flame retardant zinc borate protected the materials, whereas alumina trihydrate (ATH) did not hinder biological growth. On the contrary, environmental scanning microscopy (ESEM) in combination with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the surface roughening caused by the addition of ATH to the silicone rubber matrix made the materials more difficult to clean. Furthermore when the hydrophobic surface of a silicone rubber insulator is covered by a hydrophilic biofilm this leads to a reduction of the surface hydrophobicity of the material. This may alter the electrical properties of the insulator. It is therefore important to develop methods to identify biofouled units. In this work, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy was explored as a tool for the detection of biofilms on silicone rubbers. The experiments revealed that weak traces of algae or fungal growth, even those not visible to the naked eye, could be detected by this technique. In addition, it was shown that photography and subsequent digital image analysis could be utilised to estimate the area covered by biofilm growth. The results obtained indicate that LIF spectroscopy in combination with image analysis could be used for field diagnostics of biological growth on insulators in service.

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Wallström, Stina. "Biofilms on silicone rubber for materials outdoor high voltage insulation /." Stockholm : Univ, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171.

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Goss, Ben. "Degradation and life time prediction of high voltage insulation materials." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.

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Orrit, Prat Jordi. "Study on conduction mechanismes of mediun voltage cable XLPE insulation in the melting range of temperatures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83597.

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D’ençà que el polietilè reticulat (XLPE) es va començar a utilitzar com aïllament elèctric per cables de subministrament elèctric, s’han destinat molts esforços a l’estudi de les propietats dielèctriques del polietilè i l’efecte que la càrrega d’espai té sobre el seu comportament. En aquest sentit, les corrents de despolarització estimulades tèrmicament (TSDC) s’han utilitzat extensament per estudiar les relaxacions de càrrega d’espai. Aquesta tècnica ha demostrat tenir prou resolució per distingir diferències en aïllaments de XLPE amb composicions o processos de fabricació diferents. En aquesta tesi, els mecanismes de conducció dels aïllaments XLPE de cables de mitjana tensió (MV) han estat estudiats per TSDC i diverses tècniques complementàries, com l’anàlisi dinàmica elèctrica (DEA), les corrents d’absorció/resorció (ARC), el pols electroacústic (PEA) i les corrents de despolarització isotèrmiques (IDC). Altres tècniques, com l’espectroscòpia d’infrarojos (FTIR) o la difracció de raigs X, han estat també utilitzades per caracteritzar el material. S’han obtingut espectres TSDC per diferents mostres de cable, les quals en condicions de servei treballen en un rang de tensió AC de 12 a 20kV i a temperatures al voltant dels 90ºC. D’altra banda, s’han realitzat mesures de la conductivitat per ARC i DEA en mostres de cable, en cilindres de XLPE i en films. Les mesures s’han dut a terme a temperatures pertanyents al rang de fusió del XLPE (50–110ºC), en mostres sotmeses a aquestes temperatures durant diferents períodes de temps. Els resultats mostren diferències importants entre el comportament de les propietats conductives de les mostres de cable amb pantalles semiconductores (SC) i sense (cilindres de XLPE). El comportament observat ha estat explicat mitjançant la coexistència de dos mecanismes de conducció. La difusió d’impureses des de les pantalles SC determina el comportament d’una d’aquestes contribucions a mig i llarg termini. Els resultats obtinguts per FTIR són consistents amb aquest model. Respecte la microestructura, tant les mesures DSC com la difracció per raigs X mostren que existeixen processos de recristal•lització quan les mostres són sotmeses a temperatures ubicades dins del rang de fusió. Els electrets formats mitjançant el mètode de la polarització per finestres (WP) mostren una descàrrega TSDC amb un ample pic heteropolar en el rang de fusió, amb el màxim al voltant dels 105ºC. En treballs previs, aquest pic es va associar a la fusió de la fracció cristal•lina. Tanmateix, en lloc de decréixer quan la temperatura de polarització augmenta, el pic presenta una temperatura de polarització òptima al voltant de 90-95ºC. Aquest comportament ha estat explicat tenint en compte els processos de recristal•lització que es produeixen quan el material es polaritza isotèrmicament. Durant la recristal•lització, una nova fracció cristal•lina creix en un estat polaritzat degut el camp aplicat, i origina una corrent de despolarització quan es fon durant la mesura TSDC. Amb l’objectiu de determinar l’origen d’altres pics que apareixen en l’espectre TSDC del XLPE, s’han emprat les IDC com a tècnica complementària. Les corrents IDC obtingudes de mostres no tractades es poden representar com la combinació de dues contribucions diferenciades: un terme que és una funció potencial del temps i un d’exponencial. La segona relaxació es correspon amb un pic TSDC que apareix a 95ºC. D’aquesta manera s’ha pogut determinar l’origen dipolar del pic. Finalment, mitjançant la tècnica PEA s’ha obtingut la distribució de la càrrega d’espai en mostres polaritzades que havien estat sotmeses a diferents tractaments tèrmics. S’ha observat un comportament transitori tant per PEA com per TSDC. Tanmateix no s’ha pogut establir cap relació directa entre les descàrregues TSDC i mesures PEA. En conseqüència, s’ha proposat una explicació per les corbes TSDC que considera mecanismes que no són detectables en els perfils de càrrega obtinguts per PEA
Since cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) started to be used as electrical insulation for power cables, much research has been focused on polyethylene dielectric properties and the effect of the space charge on its behavior. In this sense, thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC) have been widely used to study space charge relaxation. This technique has proved to have enough resolution to determine differences in charge trapping properties among XLPE insulations with different composition and manufacturing processes. In this thesis work, the conduction mechanisms of medium voltage (MV) cable XLPE insulation have been studied by TSDC and several complementary techniques, such as dynamic electrical analysis (DEA), absorption/resorption currents (ARC), pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) and isothermal depolarization currents (IDC). Other techniques, like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy or X-ray diffractometry, have been used to characterize the material. TSDC spectra have been obtained for different cable samples, which in service conditions work under AC voltages ranging from 12 to 20kV and at temperatures around 90ºC. On the other hand, conductivity measurements by ARC and DEA have been performed in cable samples and in XLPE cylinders, as well as XLPE films. Measurements have been carried out at temperatures within the melting temperature range of XLPE (50–110ºC) on samples annealed at such temperatures during several annealing times. Results show significant differences in the behavior of the conductive properties of XLPE cable samples with semiconducting (SC) screens and without them (XLPE cylinders). The observed behavior has been explained by the coexistence of two conduction mechanisms. Diffusion of impurities from SC screens determines the medium and long-term behavior of one of these contributions and, hence, of cable conductivity. FTIR results are consistent with this model. With respect to microstructure, DSC and X-ray diffractometry results show that recrystallization processes exist when samples are annealed in the melting range of temperatures. Electrets formed by means of the windowing polarization method (WP) showed a TSDC discharge with a wide heteropolar peak in the melting temperature range, and with the maximum at about 105ºC. This peak was associated with the melting of the crystalline fraction in previous works. However, in spite of decreasing with the temperature of polarization, an optimal polarization temperature around 90–95ºC is found. This behavior has been explained by taking into account recrystallization processes when the insulation is isothermally polarized. During recrystallization, the new crystalline fraction grows in a polarized state due to the applied electric field, and it causes the depolarization current when it melts during the TSDC measurement. Results obtained from different experiments are consistent with this assumption. With the aim to find out the origin of other TSDC peaks present in the spectrum of XLPE cable samples, IDC has been used as complementary technique. IDC currents obtained from as-received cable samples at temperatures close to service conditions can be considered as the combination of two different contributions: a power law current and a stretched exponential contribution. The last relaxation process has been successfully associated with with a TSDC peak found at 95ºC. By this way the dipolar origin of the peak has been determined. Finally, PEA measurements have provided the space charge distribution profiles of polarized samples with different annealings. A transient behavior has been observed in both PEA and TSDC measurements. However, no straightforward relation between TSDC discharges and space charge detected by PEA can be established. Therefore, an explanation for TSDC curves has been proposed, which considers mechanisms that are not noticeable in charge profiles obtained by PEA.

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14

Кессаев, Александр Геннадиевич. "Водные триинги в силовых кабелях при действии сильного электрического поля и техника их обнаружения." Thesis, НТУ "ХПИ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/26761.

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Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.09.13 – техника сильных электрических и магнитных полей. Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт", Харьков, 2016. Диссертация посвящена обоснованию техники обнаружения водных триингов в силовых кабелях среднего напряжения коаксиальной конструкции с водоблокирующим барьером при действии сильного электрического поля на основании результатов математического моделирования водных включений сферической формы в толще сшитой полиэтиленовой изоляции и физического моделирования процесса увлажнения образцов кабелей в лабораторных условиях. На основе предложенной математической модели водных триингов в виде кластеров сферической формы в толще сшитой полиэтиленовой изоляции высоковольтного с илового кабеля коаксиальной конструкции с осевой симметрией показано, что область сильного электрического поля является функцией размеров и расстояния между сферическими включениями. Результатами численного моделирования подтверждена перспективность техники импульсной рефлектометрии во временной области для диагностики эксплуатационных неоднородностей (эллиптичности, эксцентриситета, водных триингов) в высоковольтных силовых кабелях. Наиболее сильная корреляция на уровне (0,97 – 0,86) в зависимости от продолжительности старения в условиях повышенной влажности наблюдается для токов абсорбции, измеренных на 15 -й и 30-й секунде, что обусловлено более сильным влиянием процессов поляризации свободной влаги на результаты измерений. Обоснована возможность применения техники частичных разрядов (ЧР) для обнаружения водных триингов (участков с повышенной проводимостью) и проанализировано влияние внутренних и внешних электромагнитных помех на импульсы ЧР при проведении испытаний трехфазных высоковольтных гермопроходок коаксиальной конструкции. Результаты диссертационных исследований внедрены в ПАТ "Южкабель" (г. Харьков), в ЗАО "Завод Элокс" (г. Харьков), в учебном процессе кафедры электроизоляционной и кабельной техники Национального технического университета "Харьковский политехнический институт".
The thesis for a candidate degree in technical sciences, speciality 05.09.13 – Technics of Strong Electric and Magnetic Fields. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. The thesis is devoted to the detection technology of water treeing in medium voltage power cables of coaxial design with a water barrier under the action of strong electric fields on the basis of mathematical modeling of spherical particles of water in the crosslinked polyethylene insulation and physical modeling of the humidification process of cable samples in the laboratory. Based on the proposed mathematical model of water treeing as clusters of spherical shape in the crosslinked polyethylene insulation of the high-voltage power cable of coaxial design with axial symmetry, the region of strong electric field has been shown to be a function of size and distance between spherical inclusions. Based on the simulation results, the technics of impulse reflectometry in the time domain has been confirmed to be as one of the promising methods for diagnosing operational irregularities (ellipticity, eccentricity, water treeing) in high voltage power cables. The results of physical modeling of accelerated aging have shown the effectiveness of the high-frequency dielectric spectroscopy technics for the detection of free water in the polymer insulation of new cables and aged in a wet environment. Using the measurements technics of dielectric absorption the informative diagnostic parameters of moistened cross-linked polyethylene insulation have been shown to be absorption currents measured at 15, 30 and 60th seconds after applying the high constant test voltage, and the dynamic of change of insulation resistance depending on the applied high DC voltage.

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15

Theed, Justin Edward. "Environmental parameter for cable ratings." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287344.

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16

Robinson, Adrian P. "Automated high voltage cable joint inspection using X-ray techniques." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427419.

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17

Huang, Ziyi. "Rating methodology of high voltage mass impregnated DC cable circuits." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/372744/.

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With the continuing growth in energy consumption worldwide, the move towards a European wide super grid will result in significant changes in how modern transmission and distribution networks are operated. Fundamental to this is the need to accurately know or determine the available ampacity of high voltage cable circuits, because huge bulk power volumes need to be transmitted between maritime nations through dc power cables. Therefore, an accurate cable rating becomes paramount towards an efficient and safe operation of transmission networks, while the finance for large scale network construction schemes is limited. Although the standardised thermal-limited rating has been successfully implemented for traditional ac cable networks for over 50 years, the move towards dc cable transmission imposes extra physical constraints on the cable rating, which are not considered by standard rating approaches. The two main concerns are the potential dielectric electrical breakdown prior to a normal thermal runaway and the development of dielectric cavities during cable cooling. In addition, the thermal-limited rating of submarine dc cable crossings, within a complex marine environment, requires an advanced numerical modelling method, where the traditional IEC thermal-limited rating method does not apply. Besides the technical value, significant interest exists both within the electrical power industry and organizations such as Cigré and IEC, because this work will inform future international standards for rating high voltage dc cables. Considering the dielectric electrical stress constraint as the limiting factor for cable ratings, an analytical electrical stress-limited rating method has been developed and successfully benchmarked by numerical simulations for a practical cable design. This method allows ratings to be calculated against a criterion of maximum dielectric electrical strength. Considering the dielectric cavity creation threshold as the limiting factor for cable ratings, a comprehensive study has been conducted, including thermal dynamics, theory of elasticity and electrical circuit theory. Subsequently, the analytical calculation of the cable internal pressure has been originally developed, together with a concept of the mechanical pressure-limited rating. The method has been successfully demonstrated for a practical cable design, yielding a rating which prevents the creation of cavity due to potential plastic deformations of the cable sheath. When crossings are inevitably installed, cables are pushed towards their thermal limit, as a result of the mutual heating. In order to accurately rate these circuits under various ambient conditions; Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methods have been developed. Compared to the traditional IEC calculation, FEA modelling provides a more reasonable and accurate solution, by releasing idealistic assumptions in the IEC method. In addition, a systematic cable rating strategy has been suggested and successfully demonstrated through rating submarine high voltage dc cable crossings, which considers highly coupled physics: thermal, electrical and mechanical. In summary, this thesis contributes towards the modern rating methodology development for hvdc mass impregnated cable circuits, under a purpose of efficient and reliable long-term operation.

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18

Okubo, H., M. Hikita, H. Goshima, H. Sakakibara, and N. Hayakawa. "High voltage insulation performance of cryogenic liquids for superconducting power apparatus." IEEE, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6879.

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19

Кєссаєв, Олександр Геннадійович. "Водяні триінги в силових кабелях при дії сильного електричного поля та техніка їх виявлення." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/26759.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.13 – техніка сильних електричних та магнітних полів. Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016. Дисертація присвячена обґрунтуванню техніки виявлення водяних триінгів в силових кабелях середньої напруги коаксіальної конструкції з водоблокуючим бар'єром при дії сильного електричного поля на підставі результатів математичного моделювання водяних включень сферичної форми в товщі зшитої поліетиленової ізоляції та фізичного моделювання процесу зволоження зразків кабелів в лабораторних умовах. На основі запропонованої математичної моделі водяних триінгів у вигляді кластерів сферичної форми в товщі зшитої поліетиленової ізоляції високовольтного силового кабелю коаксіальної конструкції з осьовою симетрією показано, що область сильного електричного поля є функцією розмірів цих сферичних включень та відстані між ними. Результатами фізичного моделювання підтверджено ефективність застосування техніки високочастотної діелектричної спектроскопії для виявлення вільної води в полімерній ізоляції нових кабелів і зістарених у вологому середовищі. З використанням техніки вимірювань параметрів діелектричної абсорбції показано, що інформативними діагностичними параметрами зволоженої зшитої поліетиленовою ізоляції є струми абсорбції, виміряні на 15, 30 і 60-й секунді після подачі високої постійної випробувальної напруги, і динаміка змінення опору ізоляції в залежності від прикладеної високої постійної напруги.
The thesis for a candidate degree in technical sciences, speciality 05.09.13 – Technics of Strong Electric and Magnetic Fields. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. The thesis is devoted to the detection technology of water treeing in medium voltage power cables of coaxial design with a water barrier under the action of strong electric fields on the basis of mathematical modeling of spherical particles of water in the crosslinked polyethylene insulation and physical modeling of the humidification process of cable samples in the laboratory. Based on the proposed mathematical model of water treeing as clusters of spherical shape in the crosslinked polyethylene insulation of the high-voltage power cable of coaxial design with axial symmetry, the region of strong electric field has been shown to be a function of size and distance between spherical inclusions. Based on the simulation results, the technics of impulse reflectometry in the time domain has been confirmed to be as one of the promising methods for diagnosing operational irregularities (ellipticity, eccentricity, water treeing) in high voltage power cables. The results of physical modeling of accelerated aging have shown the effectiveness of the high-frequency dielectric spectroscopy technics for the detection of free water in the polymer insulation of new cables and aged in a wet environment. Using the measurements technics of dielectric absorption the informative diagnostic parameters of moistened cross-linked polyethylene insulation have been shown to be absorption currents measured at 15, 30 and 60th seconds after applying the high constant test voltage, and the dynamic of change of insulation resistance depending on the applied high DC voltage.

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20

Cargill, Steven M. "Corona screen effectiveness in large machines under high voltage, high frequency transient conditions." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298316.

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21

Panji, Arikson Heraldus. "Optimization of High Voltage Cable Dimension in Scania Electric Vehicle’s Systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278073.

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With the increasing demand for electrified vehicles, the demand for electrical components, including cables, is rising too. Thus, it is important to develop a method to optimize the cable sizing to ensure the cable is technically robust and economically efficient. The aim of this project is to study and evaluate different cables’ designs to find the optimum dimension for “high voltage” class (automotive voltage class B) cables in the electrical vehicle system. Three important technical aspects in evaluating the optimum cross-section area (CSA) are the ampacity of the cable, short-circuit withstand capability and voltage drop.In this project, the ampacity of a cable placed in air is calculated by the analytical method based on IEC 60287 and by a finite-element simulation. These results are verified against direct measurements using a dc source and load. In DC calculation, the similarity of all three methods is high, within 96%. The formation of the cable also affects the ampacity of the cable. For DC currents, the vertical formation has a higher ampacity than the horizontal formation, by almost 2%. For AC currents, the trefoil formation has a higher ampacity than the horizontal and vertical formation, by around 6-9%.Calculations of short circuit withstand capability and voltage drop were performed to ensure cable performance. The larger CSA corresponds to both higher short circuit capability and lower voltage drop. In a short circuit, a duration around 0.5 s is critical since there is a significant difference between short circuit withstand capability before and after this. Voltage drop calculation is performed to ensure that the combination of CSA and length does not exceed 3% voltage drop at the load end side of the circuit. The Voltage drop is not found to be an important factor to consider. Based on those three factors, the optimization process is described with a flowchart.
Efterfrågan på elfordon ökar, och därmed ökar också efterfrågan på den elektriska komponenten. Därför är det viktigt att utveckla en metod för att optimera kabelstorleken så att kabeln är tekniskt robust och ekonomiskt effektiv. Syftet med detta projekt är att studera och utvärdera olika kablarnas konstruktioner för att hitta den optimala dimensionen för högspänningsklass (spänningsklass B) i elfordonssystemet. Tre viktiga tekniska aspekter vid utvärderingen av den optimala kabelstorleken är kabelns kapacitet, kortslutningsförmåga och spänningsfall.I detta projekt placeras kabeln i luften. Ampaciteten beräknas med hjälp av en analytisk metod baserad på IEC 60287 och en simulering med finita element metoden. Dessa resultat verifieras mot direkta mätningar med hjälp av en likströmskälla och elektrisk belastning. För DC-beräkning är likheten för alla tre metoderna mycket hög. Bildningen av kabeln påverkar också kabelns ampacitet. För DC-strömmar har den vertikala formationen en högre ampacitet än den horisontella formationen för nästan 2%. För växelströmmar har trefoilformationen en högre ampacitet än den horisontella och vertikala formationen med 6-9 %.Kortslutningsförmågan och spänningsfallberäkningen utfördes för att säkerställa kabelprestanda. En större CSA innebär högre kortslutningsförmåga och lägre spänningsfall. Spänningsfallberäkning utförs för att begränsa kabellängden för att säkerställa ett maximalt 3% spänningsfall vid kretsens laständsida. Spänningsfallet är en viktig faktor att beakta. Med hjälp av dessa tre faktorer beskrivs optimeringsprocessen med ett flödesschema.

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22

Hare, Richard W. "Modelling space charge in solid dielectrics." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482030.

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23

Saeishirazi, Mohammadmahdi [Verfasser]. "Influence of Nanofillers on High Voltage Polymeric Solid Insulation Systems / Mohammadmahdi Saeishirazi." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060587580/34.

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24

Whitfield, Thomas Britain. "An analysis of copper transport in the insulation of high voltage transformers." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843581/.

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Examination of the paper insulation and copper stress braiding during stripdown of a number of Current Transformers (FMK type 400kV) has revealed the presence of dark deposits. Copper foils are often interspersed within layers of paper insulation and mineral oil found in transformer windings. The dark deposits were often found in association with these foils, affecting several layers of paper in addition to the layer in contact with the copper foil. This thesis describes the research undertaken to identify these deposits and establish a mechanism for the transportation through the paper layers. Preliminary investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) has shown these dark deposits to be copper based. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to show that the transport of the copper deposit through the paper insulation was working under the influence of a diffusion controlled process, related to Fick's law. Laboratory studies in support of work designed to eliminate the problem have shown that corrosion of copper occurs in mineral oils containing a trace of oxygen. This corrosion is non protective in character and leads to migration of copper into adjacent layers of paper. It has been shown that the transport of copper through several layers of paper can be measured by XPS and that the concentration from one paper winding to the next declines in accord with Fick's law for non-steady state diffusion. Measurements of surface concentrations by XPS correlate well with measurements made with atomic absorption spectroscopy on solutions of extracts of the contaminated paper. The laboratory measurements have allowed determination of the diffusion coefficients and activation energy for the transport process and thus give a basis for interpretation of the diffusion profiles found in the transformer in terms of time and temperature of operation. The diffusion process is temperature dependant. The results have been used to produce long term prediction curves.

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25

Wang, Pei. "Computer based on-line diagnostics of insulation quality of high voltage apparatus." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0020/MQ53240.pdf.

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26

Guffond, Raphaël. "Characterization and modeling of microstructure evolution of cable insulation system under high continuous electric field." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS039/document.

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Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur la compréhension et la modélisation du comportement électrique de système d'isolation soumis à un fort champ électrique continu. Les propriétés électriques du polymère sont directement pilotées par ses hétérogénéités chimiques et physiques présentes à plusieurs échelles. Dans cette étude, un nouveau modèle est développé ayant pour but de simuler l'évolution de la microstructure de polymère avec la température, le champ électrique et le temps et de simuler l'impact de cette évolution sur les propriétés électriques du polymère. Dans ce modèle, des matrices sont utilisées pour décrire la distribution de chacune des hétérogénéités et propriété électriques d'un polymère semi-cristallin. L'évolution de ces matrices de microstructure suit des lois génétiques dont la définition a été obtenue à partir d'une caractérisation fine des propriétés physicochimiques et électriques de matériaux spécifiques en fonction de la température et du champ électrique. Ces lois implémentées sont basés sur des calculs simples permettant un temps de résolution plus rapide comparativement aux autres modèles préexistants. Basée sur ces lois d'évolutions génétiques, le comportement électrique sous champ électrique continue de polymère isolant peut être simulé uniquement à partir d'une caractérisation physique et chimique de ce polymère. Le modèle est ainsi capable de reproduire le comportement électrique de plusieurs polymères semi-cristallins et de suivre les données expérimentales mesurées par ailleurs. Le modèle intègre plusieurs physiques tels que la diffusion, le transport ionique et le transport électronique, lui permettant ainsi de prendre en compte l'influence d'un grand nombre d'hétérogénéités
This thesis presents a research work on understanding and modeling the electrical behavior of insulation system in cables subjected to high DC constraints. Electrical properties of polymeric insulation are directly related to their chemical and physical heterogeneities present at several scales. In this work, a new model is developed to simulate the modification over time of the microstructure in insulation polymers under electric field and temperature as well as the subsequent impacts on electrical properties. In this model, matrices are used to describe the distribution of each heterogeneity and electrical property in semi-crystalline polymer. When stressed under electric field and at temperature, matrices of microstructure evolve from implemented genetic laws. This simulated microstructure evolution yields to the simulation of electrical property changes over time at transient and steady state. To define these genetic laws, a detailed characterization of the physical, chemical and electrical properties of specific materials as a function of temperature and electric field is experimentally performed. Genetic laws are notably implemented to take into account the impact of the semi-crystalline structure and the presence of chemical residues in polymer electrical properties. Based on these genetic evolution laws, this modeling approach allows simulating DC electrical behavior of polymers only from their physical and chemical characterizations and reproduce accurately experimental electrical behavior with a faster solving time compared to other simulation methods

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Zhao, Shishuo. "High Frequency Isolated Power Conversion from Medium Voltage AC to Low Voltage DC." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74969.

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Modern data center power architecture developing trend is analyzed, efficiency improvement method is also discussed. Literature survey of high frequency isolated power conversion system which is also called solid state transformer is given including application, topology, device and magnetic transformer. Then developing trend of this research area is clearly shown following by research target. State of art wide band gap device including silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) devices are characterized and compared, final selection is made based on comparison result. Mostly used high frequency high power DC/DC converter topology dual active bridge (DAB) is introduced and compared with novel CLLC resonant converter in terms of switching loss and conduction loss point of view. CLLC holds ZVS capability over all load range and smaller turn off current value. This is beneficial for high frequency operation and taken as our candidate. Device loss breakdown of CLLC converter is also given in the end. Medium voltage high frequency transformer is the key element in terms of insulation safety, power density and efficiency. Firstly, two mostly used transformer structures are compared. Then transformer insulation requirement is referred for 4160 V application according to IEEE standard. Solid insulation material are also compared and selected. Material thickness and insulation distance are also determined. Insulation capability is preliminary verified in FEA electric field simulation. Thirdly two transformer magnetic loss model are introduced including core loss model and litz wire winding loss model. Transformer turn number is determined based on core loss and winding loss trade-off. Different core loss density and working frequency impact is carefully analyzed. Different materials show their best performance among different frequency range. Transformer prototype is developed following designed parameter. We test the developed 15 kW 500 kHz transformer under 4160 V dry type transformer IEEE Std. C57.12.01 standard, including basic lightning test, applied voltage test, partial discharge test. 500 kHz 15 kW CLLC converter gate drive is our design challenge in terms of symmetry propagation delay, cross talk phenomenon elimination and shoot through protection. Gate drive IC is carefully selected to achieve symmetrical propagation delay and high common mode dv/dt immunity. Zero turn off resistor is achieved with minimized gate loop inductance to prevent cross talk phenomenon. Desaturation protection is also employed to provide shoot through protection. Finally 15 kW 500 kHz CLLC resonant converter is developed based on 4160V 500 kHz transformer and tested up to full power level with 98% peak efficiency.
Master of Science

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Nikjoo, Roya. "Dielectric Response and Partial Discharge Diagnostics of Insulation Systems by Utilizing High Voltage Impulses." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187632.

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In this thesis, power system transients are considered as an opportunity for development of on-line diagnostics of power components and specifically the insulation systems of power transformers and bushings. A new technique for on-line dielectric response measurement of power transformer bushings is proposed which utilizes natural transients in the power system, such as lightning and switching surges, as stimuli. Laboratory investigations are done on implementation of the proposed technique. Measurement considerations, data acquisition and processing involved in achievement of reasonable accuracy in the Dielectric Response (DR) are presented. Capability of the technique in tracking of the degradation signatures such as moisture content in the insulation has been evaluated and it has shown a good level of accuracy by being compared to the Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS). The proposed technique is tested on the service-aged 150 kV bushings and feasibility of the technique for monitoring of dielectric properties of power transformer bushings has been assessed; the results are promising for the technique to be used in the real application. Partial Discharges (PD) behavior under transients has been also studied for different materials in this project. PD behavior of different defects, at different insulation condition, responding to the overvoltage transients in form of superimposed impulses on ac voltages was investigated and it was perceived how their distinctive response and the interpretation of that, can be useful for their identification. Besides the conventional materials, surface ac PD properties of modified paper with silica and zinc oxide nanoparticles under the superimposed impulses have been assessed in this project. Proper type and optimum concentration level of nanoparticles in the paper are the factors that lead to the improvement of PD behavior in the modified paper under overvoltage transients.

QC 20160525

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Blackmore, Paul David. "Degradation of polymeric outdoor high voltage insulation : surface discharge phenomena and condition assessment techniques." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997.

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Mesgarpour, Tousi Maryam. "Electric Field Grading and Electrical Insulation Design for High Voltage, High Power Density Wide Bandgap Power Modules." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100621.

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The trend towards more and all-electric apparatuses and more electrification will lead to higher electrical demand. Increases in electrical power demand can be provided by either higher currents or higher voltages. Due to "weight" and "voltage" drop, a raise in the current is not preferred; so, "higher voltages" are being considered. Another trend is to reduce the size and weight of apparatuses. Combined, these two trends result in the high voltage, high power density concept. It is expected that by 2030, 80% of all electric power will flow through "power electronics systems". In regards to the high voltage, high power density concept described above, "wide bandgap (WBG) power modules" made from materials such as "SiC and GaN (and, soon, Ga2O3 and diamond)", which can endure "higher voltages" and "currents" rather than "Si-based modules", are considered to be the most promising solution to reducing the size and weight of "power conversion systems". In addition to the trend towards higher "blocking voltage", volume reduction has been targeted for WBG devices. The blocking voltage is the breakdown voltage capability of the device, and volume reduction translates into power density increase. This leads to extremely high electric field stress, E, of extremely nonuniform type within the module, leading to a higher possibility of "partial discharge (PD)" and, in turn, insulation degradation and, eventually, breakdown of the module. Unless the discussed high E issue is satisfactorily addressed and solved, realizing next-generation high power density WBG power modules that can properly operate will not be possible. Contributions and innovations of this Ph.D. work are as follows. i) Novel electric field grading techniques including (a) various geometrical techniques, (b) applying "nonlinear field-dependent conductivity (FDC) materials" to high E regions, and (c) combination of (a) and (b), are developed; ii) A criterion for the electric stress intensity based upon accurate dimensions of a power device package and its "PD measurement" is presented; iii) Guidelines for the electrical insulation design of next-generation high voltage (up to 30 kV), high power density "WBG power modules" as both the "one-minute insulation" and PD tests according to the standard IEC 61287-1 are introduced; iv) Influence of temperature up to 250°C and frequency up to 1 MHz on E distribution and electric field grading methods mentioned in i) is studied; and v) A coupled thermal and electrical (electrothermal) model is developed to obtain thermal distribution within the module precisely. All models and simulations are developed and carried out in COMSOL Multiphysics.
Doctor of Philosophy
In power engineering, power conversion term means converting electric energy from one form to another such as converting between AC and DC, changing the magnitude or frequency of AC or DC voltage or current, or some combination of these. The main components of a power electronic conversion system are power semiconductor devices acted as switches. A power module provides the physical containment and package for several power semiconductor devices. There is a trend towards the manufacturing of electrification apparatuses with higher power density, which means handling higher power per unit volume, leading to less weight and size of apparatuses for a given power. This is the case for power modules as well. Conventional "silicon (Si)-based semiconductor technology" cannot handle the power levels and switching frequencies required by "next-generation" utility applications. In this regard, "wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor materials", such as "silicon carbide (SiC)"," gallium nitride (GaN)", and, soon, "gallium oxide" and "diamond" are capable of higher switching frequencies and higher voltages, while providing for lower switching losses, better thermal conductivities, and the ability to withstand higher operating temperatures. Regarding the high power density concept mentioned above, the challenge here, now and in the future, is to design compact WBG-based modules. To this end, the extremely nonuniform high electric field stress within the power module caused by the aforementioned trend and emerging WBG semiconductor switches should be graded and mitigated to prevent partial discharges that can eventually lead to breakdown of the module. In this Ph.D. work, new electric field grading methods including various geometrical techniques combined with applying nonlinear field-dependent conductivity (FDC) materials to high field regions are introduced and developed through simulation results obtained from the models developed in this thesis.

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Benwell, Andrew L. "Flashover prevention on polystyrene high voltage insulators in a vacuum." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5018.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 18, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

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Berglind, Robin. "Impact of Sidewall Pressure on High Voltage Cables." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-16795.

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When a high voltage cable is transported throughout factory it is affected by sidewall pressure in cable bends between the roller supports and the cable. The problem is when the sidewall pressure is too high it will deform the cable which can have a negative impact on the conductivity of the cable. The roller supports can also get damaged because of fatigue. These negative consequences are the subject to exploration by implementing known analytical solution of contact mechanics developed by Hertz together with finite element analysis and experimental testing. Two possible methods of measuring the radial force is studied to be able adjust the roller supports positions to reduce the sidewall pressure on the cable. The first one is to use the pressure film to determine the radial force. The second one is to by measuring the compression in cable to thereafter translate it to radial force by having the relation between compression and radial force for the specific cable. Two different types of high voltage cables, a direct current (DC) cable and an alternating current (AC) cable is studied by using finite element method and experimental tests to see the relation between the compression and radial force in the cable. Also in these experimental tests the pressure films are used and evaluated to see if this measuring technique combined with Hertzian’s theory make it possible determining the radial force. For the method of using the pressure films to determine the radial force the result shows it is difficult to translate the pressure from the films to radial force for a high voltage because of the cable’s armouring wires. The conclusion about these the pressure films is that they are good to use to describe the compression and can be used as relative measurement between the rollers but not for determine the radial force. The result shows it is a possible to describe relation between compression and radial force for a high voltage cable and use this information to determine the radial force by measuring the compression. But the conclusion is that it is ineffective and less accurate way of measuring the radial force. These results from this thesis are important for further research within the area and they help creating a greater understanding of sidewall pressure related problems in cables.

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Gavrilenko, Veronika. "Characterization of winding insulation of electrical machines fed by voltage waves with high dV/dt." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST027.

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L’isolation des bobinages des moteurs alimentés par des convertisseurs statiques basés sur la modulation de largeur d'impulsion est soumise à des contraintes électriques provenant de la forme d'onde de la tension d'alimentation. Les phénomènes de nuisances électromagnétiques sur l’ensemble de la chaîne de conversion, les ondes réfléchies dans le câble d’alimentation, ainsi que la non adaptation des impédances du câble et de l’enroulement de la machine peuvent conduire à l’apparition de surtensions aux bornes de la machine suffisamment élevées pour dépasser la tension d’apparition des décharges partielles. Il en résulte une dégradation de l’isolation entre les spires qui, à terme, peut engendrer la défaillance de la machine. La mise en œuvre de composants à semi-conducteurs grand gap, tel que le Carbure de Silicium, permet la réalisation de convertisseurs de forte densité de puissance pour les systèmes d’entraînement à vitesse variable des machines électriques. Les vitesses et les fréquence de commutation élevées de ces composants conduisent à des contraintes électriques en dV/dt plus sévères sur l'isolation des enroulements des moteurs alimentés par de tels convertisseurs. L’étude expérimentale et les simulations numériques réalisées dans le cadre de cette thèse se concentrent essentiellement sur les effets des ondes de tension à forts dV/dt et de la fréquence de commutation élevée sur la robustesse de l’isolation du bobinage des machines électriques alimentées par des onduleurs. Par conséquent, les travaux touchent un certain nombre de questions liées à l’entraînement à vitesse variable, à l’électronique de puissance, aux machines électriques, aux matériaux diélectriques et aux décharges partielles
The insulation of electrical machines driven by power converters with pulse width modulation are subjected to repetitive surges due to fast changing voltage pulses and reflection phenomena in supply cable, as well as non-uniform voltage distribution in the stator winding. The overvoltage at motor terminals may lead to partial discharge inception accelerating winding insulation degradation and causing its premature failure. The implementation of wide bandgap power semiconductors as Silicon Carbide allows to create converters with high power density for variable frequency drive applications. The fast and high frequency switching of electronic devices based on wide bandgap semiconductors increase electrical stresses caused by steep voltage changing rates in controlled electrical machine. It may increase a risk of partial discharges and accelerate insulation aging and destruction. The experimental investigation and numerical simulation study performed in this work is essentially focused on the effects of impulse voltage with high dV/dt and high switching frequency on winding insulation robustness of inverter-fed electrical machines. Therefore, the work covers a number of issues related to electric drives, power electronics, electrical machines, dielectric materials and partial discharges

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Shim, Ivy Ai Fei. "Signal processing techniques for partial discharge detection and mapping in high voltage underground cable networks." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366884.

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Montasser, Yuseph. "Design and Development of a Power Modulator for Insulation Testing." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2895.

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Variable speed drives allow for more precise speed control of induction motors, are of high power factor, and offer fast response characteristics, compared to older technologies, such as motor-generator sets and eddy current clutches. However, due to the high switching frequencies as well as the high dV/dt in the output increased dielectric stresses are produced in the insulation system of the motor they supply. Due to the use of these solid state drives there have been concerns of premature failure in large, medium and high voltage, motors. To fully understand and deal with these concerns requires studying the degradation mechanisms, in the insulation system, caused by these drives; which, on an actual motor is both extremely costly as well as impractical. Therefore, coil samples which accurately represent the construction of the actual insulation system, must be aged and studied instead. In addition, to ideally replicate the aging process, the same waveform that the motor is subjected to must be applied to these samples. As a result of this requirement, a low power, two-level, high voltage PWM inverter has been built to replicate the most important characteristics of the output waveform of a variable speed drive. This power modulator allows for testing the insulation systems considering a real PWM waveform in which both the fast pulses and the fundamental low frequency are included. The results of these tests show that the effects of PWM waveforms cannot be entirely replicated by a unipolar pulse generator.

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Christou, Ilias. "Optimisation of high voltage electrical systems for aerospace applications." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimisation-of-high-voltage-electrical-systems-for-aerospace-applications(9b8c70c0-7c82-4191-9199-bb05360f1b40).html.

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Increased electrical power demands are being experienced on the new generation of aircraft due to an increased reliance on electrical technology of systems such as air conditioning, de-icing systems and electrical flight control actuation. Distribution of power at higher AC and DC voltages is therefore now being seen in modern aircraft to avoid the penalties incurred due to high cable weights. Voltages have increased past the minimum of Paschen's law resulting in a risk that life limiting partial discharge (PD) damage can occur in the insulation systems. This thesis uses a theoretical analysis backed by PD experimental results to investigate the optimal operating voltage of a cabling system. In addition, it proposes a methodology for optimizing the operating voltage level based on an analysis of the power carrying capability of cabling within a fixed and a non-fixed volume system and the derivation of the cable weight as a function of voltage. Furthermore the power carrying capability of a certain round cable system is compared with an insulated flat conductor system as in a printed circuit board (PCB). An initial assessment has been carried out to determine whether more power can be delivered via insulated flat solid conductors as in a PCB, instead of using round cables. The reason why there is a need to investigate this aspect, is because using new PCB technology can offer several advantages over traditional cabling harnesses. The work done has shown that the optimal operating point (e.g. maximum power to weight ratio) for an aircraft power system, does not improve after certain voltage levels. A tradeoff between cable weight and power transfer is required and furthermore the use of DC systems can result in higher power transfers than conventional three phase/400Hz AC systems. The PCB maximum power transfer assessment has also shown that insulated flat conductor systems can offer higher power transfer efficiencies. In addition, experimental AC and DC PD tests on certain unscreened aerospace cables (laid out in different configurations), have shown that the theoretical analysis employed to determine cable safe operating voltages gives conservative results.

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Rux, Lorelynn Mary. "The physical phenomena associated with stator winding insulation condition as detected by the ramped direct high-voltage method." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2004. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04042004-112949.

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Hosseini, Ehsan. "Mechanical Properties of Outer Protection Layer on Submarine High Voltage Cables." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-859.

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In this thesis, the Mechanical properties of polypropylene yarn of outer protection layer on Submarine High Voltage Cable, twisted around submarine cable,is determined on various conditions at ABB Company. In the first step, tensile tests are done with polypropylene yarn specimens with and without Bitumen at Room temperature. In the second step,tensile tests are done with polypropylene yarn specimens with and without Bitumen and with knotted polypropylene yarn namely: the Fishermen’s knot, the Weaver’s knot, the Square knot and the Overhand knot at Warm Condition (60˚c) and Cold Condition(-5˚c). In the final step,it is proposed to obtain numerical solution using FEM analysis with ABAQUS Software to obtain the hoop stress , the yarn stresses from twisting cable and analyzing of the cylindrical buckling in the buckling torsion and buckling bending on the outer layer of submarine cable with polypropylene material that is mixed with Bitumen.

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Hayakawa, N., T. Kobayashi, M. Hazeyama, T. Takahashi, K. Yasuda, and H. Okubo. "Partial discharge inception characteristics of LN/sub 2//polypropylene laminated paper composite insulation system for high temperature superconducting cables." IEEE, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6846.

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Elbuzedi, Mohamed. "Material study and properties of polymers used in composite high voltage insulators." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17749.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Silicone rubber, particularly poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), has been increasingly used in the manufacture of outdoor high voltage insulators in the recent years. PDMS offers several advantages that make it suitable for outdoor use, such as low weight, a hydrophobic surface, stability, and excellent performance in heavily polluted environments. PDMS surfaces can, however, become progressively hydrophilic due to surface oxidation caused by corona discharge, UV radiation and acid rain. In this study, PDMS samples of controlled formulations as well as six commercial insulator materials four PDMS based and two ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) based were exposed to various accelerated weathering conditions for various periods of time in order to track changes in the material over time. The ageing regimes developed and used to simulate the potential surface degradation that may occur during in-service usage included needle corona and French corona ageing, thermal ageing, UV-B irradiation (up to 8000 hours) and acid rain (up to 200 days). Both the chemical and physical changes in the materials were monitored using a wide range of analytical techniques, including: static contact angle measurements (SCA), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), Fourier-transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) and slow positron beam techniques (PAS). A low molecular weight (LMW) uncrosslinked PDMS model compound was used to further study the chemical effects of corona exposure on PDMS materials. PDMS showed far better performance than EPDM, in terms of resistance to the various ageing regimes and “hydrophobicity recovery”.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Silikoonrubber, spesifiek polidimetielsiloksaan (PDMS), is gedurende die afgelope paar jaar toenemend gebruik in die vervaardiging van buitelughoogspanningisolators. PDMS het baie voordele vir gebruik in elektriese isolators soos ‘n laer massa, ŉ hidrofobiese oppervlak, stabiliteit en uitstekende werking in hoogsbesoedelde omgewings. Die hidrofobiese oppervlakte kan egter gelydelik hidrofilies word weens oppervlakoksidasie as gevolg van korona-ontlading, UV-bestraling en suurreën. In hierdie studie is PDMS monsters van verskillende samestellings sowel as ses kommersiële isolators (vier PDMS en twee etileenpropileenrubber (EPDM)) blootgestel aan verskillende versnelde weersomstandighede vir verskillende periodes om die veranderinge in die materiale te monitor. Die verskillende materiale is gerangskik volgens hulle werking oor ‘n periode van tyd. Dit het ook ‘n geleentheid gebied om die eienskappe van die verskillende samestellings te bestudeer. Die tegnieke wat ontwikkel is om die moontlike oppervlakdegradasie te simuleer, het naald-korona, “French” korona, UVB-bestraling (tot 8000 uur) en suurreën (tot 200 dae) ingesluit. Beide die chemiese en die fisiese veranderinge in die materiale is gemonitor met behulp van verskeie tegnieke soos statiese kontakhoekbepaling, optiese mikroskopie, skandeerelektronmikroskopie, energieverspreidingsspektroskopie, gaschromatografie, grootte-uitsluitingschromatografie, foto-akoestiese Fouriertransforminfrarooi (PASFTIR) en stadige-positronspektroskopie (PAS). ŉ Lae molekulêre massa PDMS modelverbinding is gebruik om die chemiese effek van korona te bestudeer. Die PDMS materiale het baie beter vertoon teenoor die EPDM materiale in terme van hulle herstel van hidrofobisiteit.

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Abraham, Berhane Teclesenbet. "Degradation and recovery of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based composites used as high voltage insulators." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49902.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) compounds are utilized in outdoor high voltage insulation due to their low weight, vandalism resistance, better anti-contamination performance and their superior hydrophobic nature. Under severe environmental conditions and over prolonged service time, however, the hydrophobic surface can gradually become hydrophilic and then recover with adequate resting period. In this study, room temperature vulcanized (RTV) PDMS samples were prepared with different formulations and then exposed to corona discharge to evaluate its effect. The influence of different additives, such as different types and amount of fillers and additionally added low molar mass silicone oils, on the hydrophobicity recovery of the material was investigated. The effects of two types of corona treatment were also evaluated. Hydrophobicity recovery of corona and UV-C aged PDMS samples was evaluated by means of static contact angle measurements. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) gave important information on the micro structural change after corona treatment of RTV PDMS as well as naturally aged high temperature vulcanized (HTV) PDMS samples. The different formulations of the RTV PDMS samples and the effect of the additives were studied with this technique. The formation of a thin, highly crosslinked inorganic silica-like (SiOx) layer was confirmed even at the early stage of degradation. It was also possible to estimate the thickness of the silica-like layer formed during corona exposure that is responsible for the loss and recovery of hydrophobicity. The surface hardness and hydrophilicity change of PDMS samples due to corona treatment were studied simultaneously with force distance measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The adhesive force calculated from the pull-off force-distance curves showed that the adhesive force between the probe and the sample decreased with increasing corona treatment time, indicating hydrophobicity recovery. In addition to this, the increase in hardness after corona exposure provides indirect evidence of the formation of a silica-like layer. In all cases the hydrophilicity and the surface hardness of the PDMS samples increased directly after corona treatment and recovered with time. Two types of FTIR spectroscopy were used to analyse the surface of the polymer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMINGS: Polidimetielsiloksaan (PDMS) word in buitelug hoogspanninginsulasie gebruik as gevolg van sy lae massa, weerstand teen vandalisme, verbeterde anti-kontaminasie werkverrigting en superieure hidrofobiese karakter. Die hidrofobiese oppervlakte kan egter gelydelik hidrofillies word onder uiterste omgewingsomstandighede en oor langdurige dienstyd. PDMS materiaal herstel egter nadat dit genoeg rustyd toegelaat is. Kamertemperatuur-gevulkaniseerde (KTV) PDMS met verskillende formulasies is in hierdie studie voorberei, aan korona ontlading blootgestel, geëvalueer en vergelyk. Die invloed van bymiddels soos verskillende tipes en hoeveelhede vuiler, asook addisionele lae molekulêre massa silikoonolie, op die herstel van hidrofobisiteit van die materiaal is ondersoek. Twee verskillende metodes van korona behandeling is ook geëvalueer. Die herstel van hidrofobisiteit van korona en UV-C verouderde PDMS monsters is met statiese kontakhoekmeting geëvalueer. Positronvernietigingspektroskopie (PVS) is 'n kragtige tegniek wat belangrike inligting oor die mikrostrukturele verandering van korona behandelde van KTV PDMS sowel as natuurlik-verouderde hoë temperatuur gevulkaniseerde (HTV) PDMS monsters gee. Die verskillende formulasies van die KTV PDMS monsters, sowel as die effek van die vullers, is met behulp van hierdie tegniek ondersoek. Die vorming van 'n dun, hoogskruisgebinde, anorganiese silika-agtige (SiOx) laag op die PDMS oppervlak, selfs tydens die vroeë stadium van degradasie, is bevestig. Dit was ook moontlik om die dikte van die silika-agtige laag wat gedurende die korona blootstelling gevorm het, en wat verantwoordelik is vir die verlies aan hidrofobisiteit, te bepaal. Die oppervlakhardheid en hidrofilisiteit verandering van PDMS monsters as gevolg van korona behandeling, was gelyktydig met krag-afstand metings deur middel van atoomkragmikroskopie (AKM) bestudeer. Die kleefkrag, soos bereken van aftrek kragafstandkurwes, dui daarop dat kleefkragte tussen die taster en die monster afneem met toenemende korona behandelingstyd, wat beduidend is op die herstel van hidrofobisiteit. Daarbenewens is die toename van oppervlakhardheid na korona blootstelling "n indirekte bewys van die formasie van 'n silika-agtige laag. In alle gevalle het die hidrofilisiteit en die oppervlakhardheid van die PDMS monsters toegeneem direk na afloop van korona behandeling en gevolglik herstel met tyd. Twee tipes IR spektroskopie metodes is gebruik vir die chemiese-oppervlak analises

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Linnet, Agnes. "Eliminating zero-missing phenomenon in long, high voltage, underground cables." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253262.

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The maximum length of an high voltage underground cable (HV UGC) cable is oftenconstrained by the criterion that the cable cannot have more than 50% reactivepower compensation. If this limit is exceeded the current in the circuit breaker maynot have a zero crossing after energization, which is referred to as the zero missingphenomenon. This is problematic if a fault occur shortly after energization. Inthe past 10 years, different methods have been proposed which would allow greaterreactive power compensation. These methods either prevent the zero missing phenomenon(preventive methods) or provide a way to open the circuit breaker if afault occurs (handling methods).A new 200 km, 220 kV line has been proposed in Iceland referred to as Sprengisandslína.One proposed option is to build it as an OHL-UGC-OHL line as the voltagecriteria is not fulfilled if Sprengisandslína is built as an UGC with a 50% reactivepower compensation. The aim of this thesis is to see whether the zero missing phenomenoncan be avoided by implementing countermeasures - this gives a preliminaryresults whether Sprengisandslína can be built as an UGC. In this thesis the four differentpreventive methods are analyzed with a transient study for Sprengisandslína:(1) Pre-insertion resistor, (2) simultaneous synchronized switching, (3) synchronizedswitching where the cable is energized before the shunt reactor, and (4) synchronizedswitching where the shunt reactor is energized before the cable.Preliminary steady state studies were performed to determine the minimum numberof shunt reactors needed to fulfill the voltage criteria. The results showed thatthe minimum number needed were three assuming they are all of equal size locatedevenly along the cable (one at each end and one in the middle). Additionally, it isnecessary to see whether the generators would become underexcited if the cable isiiienergized with 100% reactive power compensation as it can reduce the lifetime ofthe generators. The results showed that the generators did not become underexcited.The countermeasure of synchronized switching where the shunt reactor is energizedbefore the cable and the countermeasure of simultaneous synchronized switchingwere shown to eliminate the zero-missing phenomenon when the cable was energizedwith 100% reactive power compensation. Synchronized switching where theshunt reactor is energized before the cable was seen to have lower switching overvoltages,21% higher than the nominal value, and the lower inrush current of 2.38kA. However, the method of simultaneous synchronized switching is cheaper andthe switching overvoltages and inrush current were within an acceptable margin(switching overvoltages were 35:9% higher than the nominal value and the inrushcurrent was 4.01 kA).The results of the study indicate that Sprengisandslína can be energized as an UGCwith 100% reactive power compensation if either the countermeasure of simultaneoussynchronized switching or synchronized switching where the shunt reactor isenergized before the cable are used. However, a detailed frequency study must beperformed before either of the countermeasures can be recommended.
Högsta längden på en högspänning underjordisk kabel begränsas ofta av de kriteriersom kabeln inte kan ha mer än 50% reaktiv effektkompensation. Om denna gränsöverskrids kan strömmen i strömbrytaren inte ha noll genomgang efter aktivering,kallad noll saknad fenomen. Detta är problematiskt om ett fel inträffar strax efteraktivering. Under de senaste 10 åren har olika metoder föreslagits, vilket skullemöjliggöra större reaktiv effektkompensation. Dessa metoder hindrar antingen detnollbristande fenomenet (förebyggande metoder) eller ger ett sätt att öppna strömbrytarenom ett fel uppstår (hanteringsmetoder).En ny 200 km, 220 kV linje har föreslagits på Island kallad Sprengisandslína. Ettföreslaget alternativ för att den här linjen ska byggas är att bygga den som en OHLUGC-OHL-linje, eftersom spänningskriterierna inte är uppfyllda om Sprengisandslínaär byggt som en UGC med en 50% reaktiv effektkompensation. Syftet meddenna avhandling är att se huruvida det saknade fenomenet kan undvikas genomatt genomföra motåtgärder - detta ger ett preliminärt resultat om Sprengisandslínakan byggas som en UGC. I denna avhandling analyseras de fyra olika förebyggandemetoderna med en övergående studie för Sprengisandslína: (1) Förinsättningsresistor,(2) Synkroniserad samtidigkoppling, (3) Synkroniserad inkoppling där kabelnaktiveras före shuntreaktorn och (4) ) synkroniserad inkoppling där shuntreaktornaktiveras före kabeln.Preliminära steady state studier utförs för att bestämma det minsta antalet shuntreaktorersom behövs för att uppfylla spänningskriterierna. Resultaten visade att detminsta antalet som behövdes var tre förutsatt att de alla är lika stora som liggerjämnt längs kabeln (en i varje ände och en i mitten). Dessutom är det nödvändigtatt se om generatorer skulle bli underexiterad om kabeln är energiserad med 100%iiiivreaktiva effektkompensation eftersom det kan minska generatorns livslängd. Resultatenvisade att generatorer inte blev underexiterad.Motståndet för synkroniserad omkoppling där shuntreaktorn aktiveras före kabelnoch motmätningen av samtidig synkroniserad omkoppling visades för att elimineradet nollmissande fenomenet när kabeln aktiverades med 100% reaktiv effektkompensation.Synkroniserad omkoppling där shuntreaktorn aktiveras innan kabeln visadesig ha lägre omkopplingsvolymer, 21% högre än nominellt värde och den lägre inbrusningsströmmenpå 2,38 kA. Metoden för samtidig synkroniserad omkopplingär emellertid billigare och omkopplingsvolymen och inströmmen var inom en acceptabelmarginal (omkopplingsvolymer var 35; 9% högre än nominellt värde ochinströmningsströmmen var 4,01 kA).De resultaten av studien indikerar att Sprengisandslína kan energiseras som en UGCmed 100% reaktiv effektkompensation om antingen motspelet av samtidig synkroniseradomkoppling eller synkroniserad omkoppling där shuntreaktorn aktiveras innankabeln installeras. En detaljerad frekvensstudie måste dock utföras innan någon avmotåtgärderna kan rekommenderas.

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Bas, Gokcen. "Electric Field Analysis In Stress Controlled High Voltage Cables." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605778/index.pdf.

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The terminations and the joints are the basic accessories of the power cables. Power cables require electrical stress control when terminated. Since there are different types of terminations, the analysis should be done to choose the proper method for electric field control problem at the terminations. Throughout this study two different types of termination methods are investigated by using the finite element analysis program (ANSYS): Stress Controlled Termination Model with Deflector and Stress Control Tube (SCT). The results are compared with those obtained for a cable without stress control model termination. The numerical calculations are also compared with the measurements obtained by an experimental model: the electrolytic tank model.

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Am, Sokchea. "Power modules design and optimization for medium power of MMC inverters : high insulation voltage gate driver system and 3D packaging." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT095/document.

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Dans cette recherche, l'auteur met l'accent à la fois sur une optimisation de la conception pour une (MV-MMC: Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converter) utiliser comme un DC/AC ou AC/DC et à deuxième fois sur la grille pour les modules IGBT qui sont utilisés dans ce type d'application. Par exemple, les convertisseurs de MMC sont utilisés dans les systèmes d'alimentation des navires électriques avec les buses de moyenne tension de courant continu (en anglais: medium-voltage direct current (MVDC)). Pour une telle application, selon le document IEEE, la tension du bus DC peut être jusqu'à 35kV. Par conséquent, les systèmes de commande rapprochée pour piloter le grille des modules IGBT pour les applications MVDC-MMC sont des principaux problèmes en termes d'architectures et des besoins de haute isolation galvanique. Ainsi, cette thèse fournit des solutions pour répondre à ces problèmes. L'étude inclut également les études d'un matériau diélectrique qui est utilisé comme matériau d'isolation. Les résultats des essais expérimentaux d'un matériau diélectrique proposé pour différentes épaisseurs des couches pour maintenir des niveaux de tension d'isolation sont également fournis pour valider clairement cette étude. En effet, un convertisseur MMC compose d'un certain nombre de cellules de conversion connectés en série. Une cellule (sous-module de convertisseur) est classiquement constitué de deux modules IGBT. Sur la base de la topologie de la cellule, l'architecture d'un pilote de grille contestée pour les modules de puissance à semi-conducteurs est proposée et comparée à celle classique en termes de besoins des niveaux de tension d'isolation galvanique, la taille de la cellule de convertisseur, etc
In this research, the author focuses on both a design optimization for a Medium Voltage Modular Multilevel Converter (MV-MMC) use as a DC/AC or AC/DC converter and gate drivers systems for IGBT modules which are used in this kind of application. For example, the MMC converters are used in Medium-Voltage Direct Current (MVDC) electrical ship power systems. For such application, according to IEEE document, the DC bus voltage can be up to 35kV. Hence, gate drivers’ systems for IGBT modules for MVDC-MMC applications are major concerns in terms of architectures and insulation voltage capabilities. Thus, this dissertation provides solutions to answer these problems. The study also includes the studies of a dielectric material which is used as insulation material. The results of experimental tests of a proposed dielectric material for different layers thicknesses to sustain different insulation voltage levels are also provided to clearly validate this study. Actually, a MMC converter composes of a number of converter cells connected in series. One cell (converter’s sub-module) is classically composed of two IGBT modules. Based on the cell topology, a challenged gate driver’s architecture for power semiconductor modules is proposed and compared to the classical one in terms of high and low galvanic insulation voltage levels’ requirements, converter’s cell size, etc

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45

Mouton, Gerton Nicolaas Jacobus. "An evaluation of different material line insulators under high voltage AC and bipolar DC excitation in a marine polluted environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71940.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The worldwide increase in the popularity of high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission application has led to questions regarding the performance of high voltage alternating current (HVAC) insulators when energized under HVDC excitation. These questions have led researchers conduct numerous research projects worldwide. A particular question NamPower (the power utility in Namibia) has faced is: how do these insulators perform and age when energized under HVDC excitation in heavily polluted environments? This question was only partly answered by some insulator ageing tests conducted under laboratory conditions for HVDC excitation. However, the natural ageing tests on insulators, which are preferred, have to date been confined predominantly to HVAC excitation voltages. Thus, this research was initiated to investigate the natural ageing performance of insulators under both HVAC and HVDC excitations, when subjected to harsh marine pollution environments. This research project involved performance and ageing tests on three identical sets of line insulators made from different insulator materials, energised under HVAC and both polarities HVDC excitations respectively. The tests were conducted at Koeberg insulator pollution test station (KIPTS), which is a natural marine pollution insulator test station located near Cape Town, along the west coast of South Africa, approximately 50 m from the sea. The set of insulators consisted of EPDM silicone alloy rubber, HTV silicone rubber, RTV silicone rubber coated porcelain, Porcelain and Glass insulators. The HVAC excitation voltage was chosen as 12.7 kV r.m.s. phase-to-ground and it was decided to use a HVDC excitation voltage equal to this value. The research results showed that the insulators made from HTV silicone rubber performed better than the insulators made from EPDM silicone alloy rubber under all excitation voltages. It is also showed that RTV silicone rubber coated porcelain insulators performed better than Glass and Porcelain insulators under all excitation voltages.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreld wye toename in gewildheid van hoë spanning gelyk stroom (HSGS) krag transmisie aplikasie het gelei na vrae oor die effektieweteit van hoë spanning wissel stroom (HSWS) insolators in HSGS aplikasies. Hierdie vrae het gelei na baie navorsings projekte. Een vraag waarmee NamPower (die krag voorsienings maatskapy in Namibia) gekonfronteer was, was hoe gaan die insolators wat onderworpe is aan ’n HSGS toevoer reageer in ’n baie besoedelde omgewing. Hierdie vraag was slegs gedeeltelik beantwoord deur verouderings toetse op insolators wat gedoen is in ’n labaratorium met ’n HSGS toevoer. Inteendeel, die meeste natuurlike verouderings toetse op insolators, soos verkies, is meestal gedoen met ’n HSWS toevoer. Om hierdie rede was hierdie navorsing begin om natuurlike verouderings toetse te doen op insolators onderworpe beide aan HSWS en HSGS toevoere binne ’n marien besoedelde omgewing. Hierdie navorsings projek gaan oor prestering en verouderings toetse op drie, identiese, transmissie lyn insolator stelle, wat onderskeidelik onderworpe was aan HSWS en beide polariteite HSGS toevoere. Die toetse was gedoen by Koeberg insolator besoedeling toets stasie (KIBTS) wat naby Kaapstad geleë is langs die weskus van Suid Africa omtrent 50 m van die see. ’n Stel toets insolators bestaan uit EPDM silikon allooi rubber, HTV silikon rubber, RTV silikon rubber bedekte porselein, Porselein en Glas insolators. Die HSWS waarde waarmee die insolators getoets was, was 12.7 kV w.g.k., fase-na-grond, en dit was besluit om ’n HSGS waarde gelyk aan hierdie spannings waarde te gebruik. Die navorsings resultate wys dat insolators wat gemaak is met HTV silikon rubber presteer beter as insolators wat met EPDM silikon allooi rubber gemaak is onder al die verskillende toevoere. Dit wys ook dat RTV silikon rubber bedekte porselein presteer beter as Porselein en Glas insolators onder al die verskillende toevoere.

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46

Vosloo, Wallace L. (Wallace Lockwood). "A comparison of the performance of high-voltage insulator materials in a severely polluted coastal environment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52625.

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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main aim of this research programme was to compare the relative performance of different insulator materials used in South Africa when subjected to a severe marine pollution environment. A test programme and procedure, test facility and instrumentation were established. Some novel instrumentation and monitoring equipment were developed and built specifically for this research programme, supported by data analysing software programs. In order to compare material performance only, all non-material design variables between the test insulators had to be removed (e.g. creepage distance, connecting length, inter-shed spacing, profile, etc.). To achieve this some of the test insulators had to be specially manufactured. Leakage current, electrical discharge activity, climatic and environmental data was collected successfully over a one-year test period, starting with new test insulators. The peak and energy values of the leakage current were identified as the two main parameters needed to describe the leakage current activity on the test insulators. A correlation was found between the climatic and environmental data and the leakage current data, and it was found that the leakage current can be determined successfully from some of the climatic and environmental parameters monitored by using multiple regression techniques. Surface conductivity and energy were found to be the best parameters to show the maximum and continuous interaction of the insulator material surface with the electrolytic pollution layer. A natural ageing and pollution test procedure was developed, which has become a South African standard and is gaining international acceptance. A model and hypothesis are proposed to describe the electrical discharge activity that takes place on the test insulators and explain the difference in leakage current performance of the various materials. Keywords: Insulator, Pollution, High Voltage, Leakage current, Material performance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsingsprogram was om die relatiewe prestasie van verskillende isolatormateriale wat in Suid-Afrika gebruik word te vergelyk in 'n swaar besoedelde marine omgewing. 'n Toetsprogram en prosedure, toets fasiliteit en instrumentasie is gevestig. 'n Paar nuwe instrumente en moniteer toerusting is ontwikkel en gebou spesifiek vir hierdie navorsingsprogram, gesteun deur data analise sagteware programme. Ten einde slegs materiaalprestasie te vergelyk, moes alle nie-materiaal ontwerpsveranderlikes tussen die toetsisolators verwyder word (bv. kruipafstand, konnekteer lengte, tussen-skerm spasiëring, profiel, ens.). Om dit reg te kry moes sommige van die toetsisolators spesiaal vervaardig word. Lekstroom, elektriese ontladingsaktiwiteit, klimaat en omgewingsdata is suksesvol versameloor 'n een-jaar toetsperiode, beginnende met nuwe toets isolators. Die piek en energie waardes van die lekstroom is identifiseer as die twee hoof parameters wat nodig is om die lekstroomaktiwiteit op die toetsisolators te beskryf. 'n Korrelasie is gevind tussen die klimaat- en omgewingsdata en die lekstroom data, en dit is gevind dat die lekstroom data suksesvol bepaal kan word van sekere van die klimaat- en omgewingsparameters wat gemoniteer is deur veelvoudige regressie tegnieke te gebruik. Oppervlakskonduktiwiteit en energie is gevind die beste parameters te wees om die maksimum en kontinue interaksie van die isolatormateriaaloppervlak met die elektrolitiese besoedelingslaag aan te toon. 'n Natuurlike veroudering en besoedeling toetsprosedure is ontwikkel, wat 'n Suid-Afrikaanse standaard geword het en besig is om internastionale aanvaarding te wen. 'n Model en hipotese word voorgestelom die elektriese ontladingsaktiwiteit wat op die toetsisolators plaasvind te beskryf en om die verskil in lekstroomprestasie van die verskeie materiale te verduidelik. S/eufelwoorde: Isolator, Besoedeling, Hoog Spanning, Leek stroom, Materiaal prestasie.

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47

Razavi, Borghei Seyyed Moein. "The Modeling of Partial Discharge under Fast, Repetitive Voltage Pulses Using Finite-Element Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98001.

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By 2030, it is expected that 80% of all electric power will flow through power electronics systems. Wide bandgap power modules that can tolerate higher voltages and currents than silicon-based modules are the most promising solution to reducing the size and weight of power electronics systems. These wide-bandgap power modules constitute powerful building blocks for power electronics systems, and wide bandgap-based converter/power electronics building blocks are envisaged to be widely used in power grids in low- and medium-voltage applications and possibly in high-voltage applications for high-voltage direct current and flexible alternating current transmission systems. One of the merits of wide bandgap devices is that their slew rates and switching frequencies are much higher than silicon-based devices. However, from the insulation side, frequency and slew rate are two of the most critical factors of a voltage pulse, influencing the level of degradation of the insulation systems that are exposed to such voltage pulses. The shorter the rise time, the shorter the lifetime. Furthermore, lifetime dramatically decreases with increasing frequency. Thus, although wide bandgap devices are revolutionizing power electronics, electrical insulating systems are not prepared for such a revolution; without addressing insulation issues, the electronic power revolution will fail due to dramatically increased failure rates of electrification components. In this regard, internal partial discharges (PDs) have the most effect on insulation degradation. Internal PDs which occur in air-filled cavities or voids are localized electrical discharges that only partially bridge the insulation between conductors. Voids in solid or gel dielectrics are challenging to eliminate entirely and may result simply during manufacturing process. The objective of this study is to develop a Finite-Element Analysis (FEA) PD model under fast, repetitive voltage pulses, which has been done for the first time. The model is coded and implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics linked with MATLAB, and its simulation results are validated with experimental tests. Using the model, the influence of different parameters including void shape, void size, and void air pressure on PD parameters are studied.
M.S.
To decarbonize and reduce energy consumption for commercial aviation, the development of lightweight and ultra-efficient all-electric powertrain including electric motors, drives, and associated thermal management systems has been targeted. Using wide bandgap (WBG) power modules that can tolerate high voltages and currents can reduce the size and weight of the drive. However, the operation of WBG-based power converter can endanger the reliability of the electrified systems, most importantly, the insulation system. In this study, it is attempted to model the impact of such threats to the insulation system using numerical models.

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Kiiza, Respicius Clemence. "The Effect of HV Impulses on Partial Discharge Activity and on the Dielectric Response in Oil-impregnated Paper Insulation." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142027.

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This work investigates how HV impulses affect the behavior of partial discharge (PD) activity and the low voltage dielectric response of oil-impregnated paper insulation. It also investigates how the change in the PD activity is related to the degradation level of oil-impregnated paper insulation. In order to accomplish these objectives, the ageing were done under three different electrical stress conditions, i.e. HV impulses following an early stage 50 Hz AC PD activity, a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress alone, and a combination of HV impulses and a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress. In order to predict the level of deterioration caused by each ageing stress condition, the dielectric spectroscopy (DS) measurements in a frequency range of 1.0 mHz to 1.0 kHz were performed before and after subjecting a test object to each of the ageing stress conditions. The investigations were mainly done on the test samples consisting of a cavity deliberately introduced between the layers of oil-impregnated paper. Additionally, the investigation about the effect of HV impulses alone on the DS results was done on aged oil-impregnated paper transformer bushing. The PD experimental results presented in this thesis indicate that HV impulses below the impulse breakdown stress following an early stage AC PD activity will neither cause a significant change in phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns nor damage oil-impregnated paper insulation to a level that can be noticed with visual observations. On the other hand, a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress can cause the change in PRPD patterns by decreasing the total PD charge and the number of PD pulses, but cannot quickly damage the oil-impregnated paper insulation as it would do when it is combined with HV impulses. In addition to that, the results show that the combination of both, HV impulses and a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress can cause a high drop in the PD parameters (total PD charge and number of PD pulses). The DS results show that HV impulses below the impulse breakdown stress following an early stage 50 Hz AC PD activity will not cause a significant increase in the real part of the complex capacitance and in the dissipation factor as they will do when they are combined with a prolonged PD activity at a 50 Hz AC stress. Further, the dielectric spectroscopy results obtained every three hours during the ageing of oil-impregnated paper insulation by a prolonged PD activity at an AC stress show that the dissipation factor will increase, but the PD parameters (total PD charge and the repetition rate) will decrease with time of PD application. For a case of the aged oil-impregnated paper transformer bushing, HV impulses of amplitudes up to 200 kV did not result in the change in the dissipation factor curve before removing insulating oil from the bushing. However, after removing about 2.5 liters of insulating oil from the bushing, HV impulses resulted in the change in the dissipation factor curve. The magnitudes of the dissipation factor curves appeared to be much higher in the middle frequencies region, i.e. the frequencies between 10 mHz and 100 Hz. After refilling the bushing with the same insulating oil, the loss peak shifted towards the higher frequencies. To understand how the ageing by-products initiated by PDs in the small cavity can modify the geometry of oil-impregnated paper insulation; the model of oil-impregnated paper insulation, comprising of a small cavity, was implemented in Finite Element Method (FEM) software (COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2a). The comparison between the simulation and experimental results show that PD by-products will result in two zones, i.e. aged and unaged zones, and the aged zone will grow with time of PD application; thereby increasing the dissipation factor. On the other hand, in order to interpret the change in the dissipation factors for the dielectrics in aged oil-impregnated paper transformer bushing after had been exposed to HV impulses, a model of a part of the condenser body (oil-paper insulation) was also implemented in the FEM software (COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2a). To model a condition of low insulating oil level in the bushing, a part of oil subdomains was replaced with the air dielectric properties. A comparison between the simulation and experimental dissipation factor curves indicate that HV impulses will produce the by-products (ions), which will increase the conductivity of air when the bushing has low insulating oil level. On refilling the bushing with the same insulating oil, the insulating oil will take these ions and the reactions between the aged insulating oil by-products (such as acids) and the ions, may produce more ions, thereby increasing further the conductivity of the insulating oil.

QC 20140303

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49

He, Jun-Yan, and 何俊彥. "Real-time Insulation Status Assessment of High Voltage Underground Cable Joints." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yezf4c.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
99
Underground cables are the main apparatus of electricity transmission in recent urban. The common defects usually existed in the artificial connection part. Under a long-term operation, these defects might become unexpected accident. In recent, a long-term monitoring of underground cable joint is a method to avoid accident. Increasing with time during long-term monitoring, the data size might reach the limit of measuring device. This research proposed a real-time insulation status assessment method for underground cable joint. This method includes the acquisition of test voltage and PD signal, simplification, transformation, and extraction. In order to solve the problem of limitation of data, the extracted data will be shifted by a fixed width to calculate a feature and assessment value of insulation status. The duration, which feature is over the assessment value, is represented as the transition period of insulation status. When the assessment value is 3 times the standard deviation, two transition periods can be effectively detected. These two transition periods were used to determine the insulation status, including early, middle and final term. Finally, no matter using wavelet filtering or not, this method can assess insulation status effectively. Finally, comparing the use of wavelet filtering, the diagnosis of insulation status without wavelet filtering was feasible and improved the operation speed and program complexity.

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50

Chen, Chin-Sheng, and 陳晉昇. "Feature Selection for the Insulation Status Assessment of High Voltage Cable Joints." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86908454394111555515.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
102
The insulating material of the electric apparatus can be aging with time, environment or artificial factors, etc. In order to avoid the insulating degradation that causes the sudden faults of the electric apparatus, we can monitor the condition of the insulating degradation immediately, and can estimate its trend of degradation and type in advance, prevent trouble before it happens. Because of the common accidents of the undergrounded cables, most reasons are that the constructors make the cable joint bad at the scene. The cable joints had some slight defects at completion, but the majority is unable to be measured out while completion test. After operating for a long time, the defects were expanded gradually and caused insulation breakdown finally. In this thesis, we chose the direct joint of cross-linked polyethylene insulated polyvinyl chloride jacked cable (XLPE) as an experimental target, via planed two possible defect types, then make samples. We increase 2kV voltage fixedly until puncturing insulatingly every 8 hours. Each measurement recorded signal 40 cycles of the discharging current and voltage in every 4 minutes, after filtering wave and simplication. From the whole cycle, positive and negative part data, we can extract 26 characteristic parameters include the standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, discharge phase weight, initial phase, the length of discharge phase region, the density of discharge phase region etc. We used the turn curve of a pair of characteristic value to assess the insulating status. Then we selected some characteristic associations they could represent the regular insulating status relatively. The final this thesis regards later period corner of the orbit as the judgement basis of the insulating status. This thesis aims at doing test and analyzing data. Then in order to assess the insulating status of high voltage cables that involved two kinds of defects in advance. The two kind of artificial defects are below “Left a section of void between the joint insulation and the central conductor” and “Left middle cavity”. Each kind of defect had the three tested specimens of same condition respectively to obtain general characteristic of the same defect.

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