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Journal articles on the topic 'High voltage direct current cables'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Chen, George, Miao Hao, Zhiqiang Xu, Alun Vaughan, Junzheng Cao, and Haitian Wang. "Review of high voltage direct current cables." CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 1, no. 2 (2015): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17775/cseejpes.2015.00015.

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Garcia, F. G. "Design procedures for high-voltage direct current transmission cables." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 3, no. 2 (1988): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.4276.

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Jörgens, Christoph, and Markus Clemens. "Thermal breakdown in high voltage direct current cable insulations due to space charges." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 5 (2018): 1689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-12-2017-0531.

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Purpose In high voltage direct current (HVDC), power cables heat is generated inside the conductor and the insulation during operation. A higher amount of the generated heat in comparison to the dissipated one, results in a possible thermal breakdown. The accumulation of space charges inside the insulation results in an electric field that contributes to the geometric electric field, which comes from the applied voltage. The total electric field decreases in the vicinity of the conductor, while it increases near the sheath, causing a possible change of the breakdown voltage. Design/methodology/approach Here, the thermal breakdown is studied, also incorporating the presence of space charges. For a developed electro-thermal HVDC cable model, at different temperatures, the breakdown voltage is computed through numerical simulations. Findings The simulation results show a dependence of the breakdown voltage on the temperature at the location of the sheath. The results also show only limited influence of the space charges on the breakdown voltage. Research limitations/implications The study is restricted to one-dimensional problems, using radial symmetry of the cable, and does not include any aging or long-term effect of space charges. Such aging effect can locally increase the electric field, resulting in a reduced breakdown voltage. Originality/value A comparison of the breakdown voltage with and without space charges is novel. The chosen approach allows for the first time to assess the influence of space charges and field inversion on the thermal breakdown.

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Jörgens, Christoph, and Markus Clemens. "Electric Field and Temperature Simulations of High-Voltage Direct Current Cables Considering the Soil Environment." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 4910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164910.

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For long distance electric power transport, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable systems are a commonly used solution. Space charges accumulate in the HVDC cable insulations due to the applied voltage and the nonlinear electric conductivity of the insulation material. The resulting electric field depends on the material parameters of the surrounding soil environment that may differ locally and have an influence on the temperature distribution in the cable and the environment. To use the radial symmetry of the cable geometry, typical electric field simulations neglect the influence of the surrounding soil, due to different dimensions of the cable and the environment and the resulting high computational effort. Here, the environment and its effect on the resulting electric field is considered and the assumption of a possible radial symmetric temperature within the insulation is analyzed. To reduce the computation time, weakly coupled simulations are performed to compute the temperature and the electric field inside the cable insulation, neglecting insulation losses. The results of a weakly coupled simulation are compared against those of a full transient simulation, considering the insulation losses for two common cable insulations with different maximum operation temperatures. Due to the buried depth of HV cables, an approximately radial symmetric temperature distribution within the insulation is obtained for a single cable and cable pairs when, considering a metallic sheath. Furthermore, the simulations show a temperature increase of the earth–air interface above the buried cable that needs to be considered when computing the cable conductor temperature, using the IEC standards.

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Andersson, Mattias G., Jonna Hynynen, Mats R. Andersson, et al. "Highly Insulating Polyethylene Blends for High-Voltage Direct-Current Power Cables." ACS Macro Letters 6, no. 2 (2017): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00941.

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Montanari, Gian Carlo, Paolo Seri, Xianzhang Lei, et al. "Next generation polymeric high voltage direct current cables—A quantum leap needed?" IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 34, no. 2 (2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mei.2018.8300441.

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Szczegielniak, Tomasz, Dariusz Kusiak, and Paweł Jabłoński. "Thermal Analysis of the Medium Voltage Cable." Energies 14, no. 14 (2021): 4164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144164.

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The use of high voltage power cables in distribution and transmission networks is still increasing. As a result, the research on the electrical performance of cable lines is still up to date. In the paper, an analytical method of determining the power losses and the temperature distribution in the medium voltage cable was proposed. The main feature of the method is direct including the skin and proximity effects. Then the Joule law is used to express the power losses in the conductor and screen, and the Fourier-Kirchhoff equation is applied to find out the temperature distribution in the cable. The research was focused on a cable with isolated screen and return current in the screen taken into account. The proposed method was tested by using the commercial COMSOL software(5.6/COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden) as well as by carrying out laboratory measurements. Furthermore, the results obtained via the proposed method were compared with those given in literature. The differences between the temperature values calculated by the analytical method, numerical computations and obtained experimentally do not exceed 10%. The proposed analytical method is suitable in prediction the temperature of the power cables with good accuracy.

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Hong, Seonmin, Wooyoung Son, Hyewon Cheon, Daekyoung Kang, and Jonghoo Park. "Detection and localization of partial discharge in high-voltage direct current cables using a high-frequency current transformer." JOURNAL OF SENSOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 30, no. 2 (2021): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46670/jsst.2021.30.2.105.

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Diban, Bassel, and Giovanni Mazzanti. "The Effect of Insulation Characteristics on Thermal Instability in HVDC Extruded Cables." Energies 14, no. 3 (2021): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030550.

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This paper aims at studying the effect of cable characteristics on the thermal instability of 320 kV and 500 kV Cross-Linked Polyethylene XLPE-insulated high voltage direct-current (HVDC) cables buried in soil for different values of the applied voltages, by the means of sensitivity analysis of the insulation losses to the electrical conductivity coefficients of temperature and electric field, a and b. It also finds the value of dielectric loss coefficient βd for DC cables, which allows an analytical calculation of the temperature rise as a function of insulation losses and thermal resistances. A Matlab code is used to iteratively solve Maxwell’s equations and find the electric field distribution, the insulation losses and the temperature rise inside the insulation due to insulation losses of the cable subjected to load cycles according to CIGRÉ Technical Brochure 496. Thermal stability diagrams are found to study the thermal instability and its relationship with the cable ampacity. The results show high dependency of the thermal stability on the electrical conductivity of cable insulating material, as expressed via the conductivity coefficients of temperature and electric field. The effect of insulation thickness on both the insulation losses and the thermal stability is also investigated.

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Rizzo, Giuseppe, Pietro Romano, Antonino Imburgia, and Guido Ala. "Review of the PEA Method for Space Charge Measurements on HVDC Cables and Mini-Cables." Energies 12, no. 18 (2019): 3512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183512.

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This review takes into account articles and standards published in recent years concerning the application of the Pulsed Electro Acoustic (PEA) method for space charge measurement on High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) cables and mini-cables. Since the 80s, the PEA method has been implemented for space charge measurements on flat specimens in order to investigate space charge phenomena and to evaluate the ageing of dielectrics. In recent years, this technique has been adapted to cylindrical geometry. Several studies and experiments have been carried out on the use of the PEA method for full size cables and HVDC cable models. The experiments have been conducted using different arrangements of the measurement setup and focusing attention on different aspects of space charge phenomena. In this work, the importance of space charge measurement is highlighted and the state-of-the-art PEA method application to full size cables and mini-cables is described. The main aim of this paper is to offer a complete and current review of this technique. In addition, limits on the use of PEA method are examined and main possible directions of research are proposed in order to improve the applicability, reliability, and replicability of this method.

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Tu, Jian, Zhen Hui Huang, and Zhen Juan Huang. "Study on the Sensitivity of Selective Leakage Protection of Different Ground of Grid." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2426.

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In view of the current direct supply situation of our coal mines high voltage distribution networks commonly used 6kV or 10kV electric cables,on the base of describing mechanism of three different neutral point grounded of underground high voltage distribution networks,detailed analysising three different grounded way of high-voltage power grid parameter sensitivity of leakage protection. The results show that, mine the sensitivity of the high-voltage grid leakage protection and start zero-sequence voltage have a great relationship, the greater the zero-sequence voltage setting value, the device's ability to detect leakage faults weaker corresponding lower sensitivity.

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Sestasombut, Pornchai, and Atthapol Ngaopitakkul. "Evaluation of a Direct Lightning Strike to the 24 kV Distribution Lines in Thailand." Energies 12, no. 16 (2019): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163193.

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This paper evaluates the effect of a lightning strike directly on the 24 kV distribution lines in Thailand, where such strikes are one of the main causes of power outages. The voltage across the insulator, and the arrester energy absorbed due to the lightning, need to be analyzed for different grounding distances of the overhead ground wire, ground resistance, lightning impact positions, and lightning current waveforms. Analysis and simulations are conducted using the Alternative Transients Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP/EMTP) to find the energy absorbed by the arrester and the voltages across the insulator. The results indicate that when surge arresters are not installed, the voltage across the insulator at the end of the line is approximately 1.4 times that in the middle of the line. In addition, the ground resistance and grounding distance of the overhead ground wire affect the voltage across the insulator if the overhead ground wire is struck. When surge arresters are installed, a shorter grounding distance of the overhead ground wire and a lower ground resistance are not always desirable; this is because they reduce the back-flashover rate and the voltage across the insulator if lightning strikes the overhead ground wire. However, lightning strikes to the phase conductor result in high arrester energy and the possibility that the arrester will fail. Furthermore, the tail time of the lightning waveform is a significant variable when considering the energy absorbed by the arrester, whereas the front time is important for the voltage across the insulator. In case lightning strikes directly on the connected point between the overhead lines and the underground cables, the distribution line system is protected only by the lightning arrester at the connection point. The overvoltage at the connection point is lower than the basic impulse level at 24 kV of 125 kV, but the overvoltage at the end of the cable is still more than 125 kV in case the cable is longer than 400 m. When the distribution line system is protected by the lightning arrester at both the connection point and the end of the cable, it results in overvoltage throughout the cable is lower than the critical flashover of insulation. This method is the best way to reduce the failure rate of underground cables and equipment that are connected to the distribution line system.

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Rizzo, Giuseppe, Pietro Romano, Antonino Imburgia, Fabio Viola, and Guido Ala. "The Effect of the Axial Heat Transfer on Space Charge Accumulation Phenomena in HVDC Cables." Energies 13, no. 18 (2020): 4827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184827.

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To date, it has been widespread accepted that the presence of space charge within the dielectric of high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables is one of the most relevant issues that limits the growing diffusion of this technology and its use at higher voltages. One of the reasons that leads to the establishment of space charge within the insulation of cables is the temperature dependence of its conductivity. Many researchers have demonstrated that high temperature drop over the insulation layer can lead to the reversal of the electric field profile. In certain conditions, this can over-stress the insulation during polarity reversal (PR) and transient over voltages (TOV) events accelerating the ageing of the dielectric material. However, the reference standards for the thermal rating of cables are mainly thought for alternating current (AC) cables and do not adequately take into account the effects related to high thermal drops over the insulation. In particular, the difference in temperature between the inner and the outer surfaces of the dielectric can be amplified during load transients or near sections with axially varying external thermal conditions. For the reasons above, this research aims to demonstrate how much the existence of “hot points” in terms of temperature drop can weaken the tightness of an HVDC transmission line. In order to investigate these phenomena, a two-dimensional numerical model has been implemented in time domain. The results obtained for some case studies demonstrate that the maximum electric field within the dielectric of an HVDC cable can be significantly increased in correspondence with variations along the axis of the external heat exchange conditions and/or during load transients. This study can be further developed in order to take into account the combined effect of the described phenomena with other sources of introduction, forming, and accumulation of space charge inside the dielectric layer of HVDC cables.

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Lee, Chun-Kwon, Gyu-Sub Lee, and Seung-Jin Chang. "Solution to Fault of Multi-Terminal DC Transmission Systems Based on High Temperature Superconducting DC Cables." Energies 14, no. 5 (2021): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051292.

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In this paper, we developed the small-signal state-space (SS) model of hybrid multi-terminal high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems and fault localization method in a failure situation. The multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) system is composed of two wind farm side voltage-source converters (VSCs) and two grid side line-commutated converters (LCCs). To utilize relative advantages of the conventional line-commutated converter (LCC) and the voltage source converter (VSC) technologies, hybrid multi-terminal high-voltage direct-current (MTDC) technologies have been highlighted in recent years. For the models, grid side LCCs adopt distinct two control methods: master–slave control mode and voltage droop control mode. By utilizing root-locus analysis of the SS models for the hybrid MTDC system, we compare stability and responses of the target system according to control method. Furthermore, the proposed SS models are utilized in time-domain simulation to illustrate difference between master–slave control method and voltage droop control method. However, basic modeling method for hybrid MTDC system considering superconducting DC cables has not been proposed. In addition, when a failure occurs in MTDC system, conventional fault localization method cannot detect the fault location because the MTDC system is a complex form including a branch point. For coping with a failure situation, we propose a fault localization method for MTDC system including branch points. We model the MTDC system based on the actual experimental results and simulate a variety of failure scenarios. We propose the fault localization topology on a branch cable system using reflectometry method. Through the simulation results, we verify the performance of fault localization. In conclusion, guidelines to select control method in implementing hybrid MTDC systems for integrating offshore wind farms and to cope with failure method are provided in this paper.

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Granizo Arrabé, Ricardo, Carlos A. Platero, Fernando Álvarez Gómez, and Emilio Rebollo López. "New Differential Protection Method for Multiterminal HVDC Cable Networks." Energies 11, no. 12 (2018): 3387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123387.

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Ground faults in electrical power systems represent more than 90% of total faults. Their detection, location, and elimination are essential and must be carried out in a precise way to allow multiterminal high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable networks to operate in stable conditions by removing only the faulty cable from service. This paper presents a new differential protection method based on the measurement of currents at both ends of the shields of power cables. This new method is cheaper and easier to set in operation compared to other protection methods that measure currents circulating in the active conductors. The values of such intensities and their polarities were evaluated to know which cable had a ground fault in a multiterminal HVDC cable network. The method was successfully validated by computer simulations, and experimental results were successfully obtained.

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Oh, Dong-Hun, Ho-Seung Kim, and Bang-Wook Lee. "A Novel Diagnosis Method for Void Defects in HVDC Mass-Impregnated PPLP Cable Based on Partial Discharge Measurement." Energies 14, no. 8 (2021): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082052.

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Mass Impregnated PPLP cable, which is applied to various high-voltage direct current (HVDC) projects due to its excellent dielectric and temperature properties, has a problem wherein voids are formed inside the butt-gap due to cavitation. However, there has been no previous research into technology for void defect identification and insulation diagnosis on HVDC MI-PPLP cables. In this paper, to propose an insulation diagnosis method for void defects in HVDC MI-PPLP cable, the direct current (DC) void discharge patterns were analyzed according to the specimen temperature and the magnitude of applied voltage using the pulse sequence analysis method. In addition, to confirm the pre-symptoms of dielectric breakdown in MI-PPLP cable due to DC void discharge, partial discharge patterns were analyzed continuously until dielectric breakdown occurred. From the experimental results, DC void discharge patterns of the same shape were obtained regardless of the specimen temperature and the magnitude of applied voltage. In addition, it was confirmed that new insulation aging patterns were generated as electrical and thermal aging occurred due to the continuous DC void discharge. Therefore, it is demonstrated that identification and insulation diagnosis of void defects in HVDC MI-PPLP cable is possible through the obtained DC void discharge and insulation aging patterns.

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Kumara, Sarath, Xiangdong Xu, Thomas Hammarström, et al. "Electrical Characterization of a New Crosslinked Copolymer Blend for DC Cable Insulation." Energies 13, no. 6 (2020): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061434.

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To design reliable high voltage cables, clean materials with superior insulating properties capable of operating at high electric field levels at elevated temperatures are required. This study aims at the electrical characterization of a byproduct-free crosslinked copolymer blend, which is seen as a promising alternative to conventional peroxide crosslinked polyethylene currently used for high voltage direct current cable insulation. The characterization entails direct current (DC) conductivity, dielectric response and surface potential decay measurements at different temperatures and electric field levels. In order to quantify the insulating performance of the new material, the electrical properties of the copolymer blend are compared with those of two reference materials; i.e., low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and peroxide crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE). It is found that, for electric fields of 10–50 kV/mm and temperatures varying from 30 °C to 70 °C, the DC conductivity of the copolymer blend is in the range of 10−17–10−13 S/m, which is close to the conductivity of crosslinked polyethylene. Furthermore, the loss tangent of the copolymer blend is about three to four times lower than that of crosslinked polyethylene and its magnitude is on the level of 0.01 at 50 °C and 0.12 at 70 °C (measured at 0.1 mHz and 6.66 kV/mm). The apparent conductivity and trap density distributions deduced from surface potential decay measurements also confirmed that the new material has electrical properties at least as good as currently used insulation materials based on XLPE (not byproduct-free). Thus, the proposed byproduct-free crosslinked copolymer blend has a high potential as a prospective insulation medium for extruded high voltage DC cables.

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Tian, Fuqiang, Shuting Zhang, and Chunyi Hou. "Effects of Trapping Characteristics on Space Charge and Electric Field Distributions in HVDC Cable under Electrothermal Stress." Energies 14, no. 5 (2021): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051313.

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Space charge behavior has a strong impact on the long-term operation reliability of high voltage–direct current (HVDC) cables. This study intended to reveal the effect of trap density and depth on the space charge and electric field evolution behavior in HVDC cable insulation under different load currents and voltages by combined numerical bipolar charge transport (BCT) and thermal field simulation. The results show that when the load current is 1800 A (normal value), the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the insulation is 20 °C, space charge accumulation and electric field distortion become more serious with the increase in the trap depth (Et) from 0.80 to 1.20 eV for the trap densities (Nt) of 10 × 1019 and 80 × 1019 m−3, and become more serious with the increase in Nt from 10 × 1019 to 1000 × 1019 m−3 for Et = 0.94 eV. Simultaneously decreasing trap depth and trap density (such as Et = 0.80 eV, Nt = 10 × 1019 m−3) or increasing trap depth and trap density (such as Et = 1.20 eV, Nt = 1000 × 1019 m−3), space charge accumulation can be effectively suppressed along with capacitive electric field distribution for different load currents (1800 A, 2100 A and 2600 A) and voltages (320 kV and 592 kV). Furthermore, we can draw the conclusion that increasing bulk conduction current by simultaneously decreasing the trap depth and density or decreasing injection current from conductor by regulating the interface electric field via simultaneously increasing the trap depth and density can both effectively suppress space charge accumulations in HVDC cables. Thus, space charge and electric field can be readily regulated by the trap characteristics.

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Zhao, Pu, Qing Chen, Kongming Sun, and Chuanxin Xi. "A Current Frequency Component-Based Fault-Location Method for Voltage-Source Converter-Based High-Voltage Direct Current (VSC-HVDC) Cables Using the S Transform." Energies 10, no. 8 (2017): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10081115.

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He, Miao, Miao Hao, George Chen, et al. "Numerical study of influential factors on partial discharges in HVDC XLPE cables." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 3 (2018): 1110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-08-2017-0323.

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Purpose For the dramatically developed high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission, HVDC cables play a vital role in the power transmission across seas and connections with renewable power sources. However, the condition monitoring of HVDC cables is still a challenging research topic. This paper aims to understand the influence of external factors, namely, current, cavity location and material properties, on partial discharge (PD) characteristics in HVDC cable in a numerical way referring to the refined Niemeyer’s model. Design/methodology/approach The influences of the three external factors are studied by a proposed numerical model for DC PDs based on the modification of a conventional PD model for AC voltage via a finite element analysis method. Findings The external factors can influence the discharge magnitude and discharge repetition rate via affecting the electrical conductivity of the material: DC PD is more frequent and with higher discharge magnitude when the cavity is closer to the conductor or the current through the conductor is higher. Both DC PD repetition rate and average discharge magnitude in long-term aged material are lower than virgin material. The effect of discharge on insulation degradation becomes decreasingly significant. Research limitations/implications The current work is based on the numerical modelling of DC PDs. Further experimental validations and comparisons are essential for improving the model. Practical implications The studies of the influence factors for PDs under HVDC voltage can benefit the research and practical power transmission on DC PDs, contributing the design and test of DC PDs in HVDC cables, exploring the understandings of the DC PDs’ mechanism. Originality/value This paper, to the best of author’s knowledge, first studies the influence factors on DC PDs based on the numerical modelling work.

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Paramane, Ashish, Xiangrong Chen, Chao Dai, Honglu Guan, Linwei Yu, and Yasuhiro Tanaka. "Electrical insulation performance of cross‐linked polyethylene/MgO nanocomposite material for ±320 kV high‐voltage direct‐current cables." Polymer Composites 41, no. 5 (2020): 1936–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25509.

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Fard, Mehrtash, Mohamed Farrag, Scott McMeekin, and Alistair Reid. "Electrical Treeing in Cable Insulation under Different HVDC Operational Conditions." Energies 11, no. 9 (2018): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092406.

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Electrical treeing (ET) can irreversibly deteriorate the insulation of polymeric power cables leading to a complete failure. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation into the effects of unipolar and polarity reversing DC voltages on electrical tree (ET) and partial discharge (PD) behavior within high voltage direct current (HVDC) cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation. A double needle configuration was adopted to produce non-uniform electric fields within the insulation samples, potentially leading to electrical trees. The development of trees was monitored through an optical method and the associated partial discharge signals were measured through an electrical detection technique, simultaneously. The analysis of the results shows reasonable relation between the formation of ETs and the type of the applied voltages. The polarity reversing attribute of the test voltages has a pronounced effect on formation and growth of electrical trees. This implicates an interaction between the space charges that accumulate within polymeric materials and the operational polarity reversing electric fields, which causes insulation degradation. Therefore, study of influencing HVDC operational parameters on insulation degradations can contribute to improvements in cable design and advancement in insulation diagnostic strategies applicable in HVDC systems leading to more effective asset management.

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Zhou, Yao, Bin Dang, Haoming Wang, et al. "Polypropylene-based ternary nanocomposites for recyclable high-voltage direct-current cable insulation." Composites Science and Technology 165 (September 2018): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.06.022.

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Mier Escurra, Guillermo, Armando Rodrigo Mor, Luis Carlos Castro, and Peter Vaessen. "PEA Electromagnetic Distortion Reduction by Impedance Grounding and Pulsed Voltage Electrode Configurations." Sensors 21, no. 17 (2021): 5837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175837.

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Space charges are one of the main challenges facing the constantly increasing use of extruded high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables. The Pulsed Electro-Acoustic (PEA) method is one of the most common procedures for space charge measurements of insulation. One issue with the PEA method is distortion due to the crosstalk between the applied voltage pulse and the acoustic sensor. This work analyzed two factors involved in the reduction in this distortion: the influence of the exposed semiconductor distance between the injection electrodes and PEA test cell, and the influence of adding a reactance at the grounding circuit of the PEA test cell. The interaction of these two factors with the distortion was analyzed through a series of experimental testing. Moreover, the performance regarding distortion after applying a developed coaxial injection was compared with the standard non-coaxial injection configuration. It was observed that these two factors had a direct impact on distortion and can be utilized for the reduction in distortion arising from the crosstalk of the applied pulsed voltage. The results can be utilized for the consideration of practical aspects during the construction of a PEA test setup for the measurement of full-size HVDC cables.

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Mier Escurra, Guillermo, Armando Rodrigo Mor, and Peter Vaessen. "Influence of the Pulsed Voltage Connection on the Electromagnetic Distortion in Full-Size HVDC Cable PEA Measurements." Sensors 20, no. 11 (2020): 3087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113087.

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Nowadays, with the widespread use of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) cables in power systems, the measurements of space charges in full-size cables are becoming more relevant. One of the most common methods used for space charge measurements is the Pulsed Electro-Acoustic (PEA) method. This paper analyzes two factors that influence the electromagnetic interference on the piezoelectric signal. These factors are the connection of the injected pulsed voltage at the PEA test cell and the grounding of the PEA test cell. The influence was analyzed by means of experimental tests to compare different configurations and the electromagnetic distortion created in each one of them. It was observed that the physical location of the pulsed voltage at the electrode has a very important impact on the magnitude of the electromagnetic distortion. Moreover, it is shown that the physical connection of the grounding and the existence of a parasitic capacitance at the PEA test cell are also an important source of distortion.

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Zhu, Lewei, Boxue Du, Hongna Li, and Kai Hou. "Effect of Polycyclic Compounds Fillers on Electrical Treeing Characteristics in XLPE with DC-Impulse Voltage." Energies 12, no. 14 (2019): 2767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142767.

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Electrical tree is an important factor in the threat of the safety of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation, eventually leading to the electrical failure of cables. Polycyclic compounds have the potential to suppress electrical treeing growth. In this paper, three types of polycyclic compounds, 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 4-phenylbenzophenone, and 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone are added into XLPE, denoted by A, B, and C. Electrical treeing characteristics are researched with DC-impulse voltage at 30, 60, and 90 °C, and the trap distribution and carrier mobility are characterized. It has been found that although three types of polycyclic compounds can all suppress the electrical tree propagation at different voltages and temperatures, the suppression effect of these polycyclic compounds with the same DC-impulse polarity is worse than with the opposite polarity. As the temperature increases, the suppression effect becomes weak. The energy level and deep trap density are the largest in XLPE-A composite, leading to a decrease in the charge transportation and resulting in the suppression of electrical treeing growth. Experimental results reveal that the polycyclic compound A has great application prospects in high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables.

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Jorgens, Christoph, Fotios Kasolis, and Markus Clemens. "Numerical Simulations of Temperature Stability Limits in High-Voltage Direct Current Cable Insulations." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 55, no. 6 (2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2019.2894023.

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Huang, Ziyi, James A. Pilgrim, Paul Lewin, Steve Swingler, and Gregory Tzemis. "Thermal modelling and analysis for offshore submarine high-voltage direct current cable crossings." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 9, no. 16 (2015): 2717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0551.

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Zhang, Peng, Yongqi Zhang, Xuan Wang, Jiaming Yang, and Wenbin Han. "Effect of Acetylated SEBS/PP for Potential HVDC Cable Insulation." Materials 14, no. 7 (2021): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071596.

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Blending thermoplastic elastomers into polypropylene (PP) can make it have great potential for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable insulation by improving its toughness. However, when a large amount of thermoplastic elastomer is blended, the electrical strength of PP will be decreased consequently, which cannot meet the electrical requirements of HVDC cables. To solve this problem, in this paper, the inherent structure of thermoplastic elastomer SEBS was used to construct acetophenone structural units on its benzene ring through Friedel–Crafts acylation, making it a voltage stabilizer that can enhance the electrical strength of the polymer. The DC electrical insulation properties and mechanical properties of acetylated SEBS (Ac-SEBS)/PP were investigated in this paper. The results showed that by doping 30% Ac-SEBS into PP, the acetophenone structural unit on Ac-SEBS remarkably increased the DC breakdown field strength of SEBS/PP by absorbing high-energy electrons. When the degree of acetylation reached 4.6%, the DC breakdown field strength of Ac-SEBS/ PP increased by 22.4% and was a little higher than that of PP. Ac-SEBS, with high electron affinity, is also able to reduce carrier mobility through electron capture, resulting in lower conductivity currents in SEBS/PP and suppressing space charge accumulation to a certain extent, which enhances the insulation properties. Besides, the highly flexible Ac-SEBS can maintain the toughening effect of SEBS, resulting in a remarkable increase in the tensile strength and elongation at the break of PP. Therefore, Ac-SEBS/PP blends possess excellent insulation properties and mechanical properties simultaneously, which are promising as insulation materials for HVDC cables.

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Park, Ji Sun, Young Sun Kim, Hyun-Jung Jung, et al. "Polyethylene/Graphene Nanoplatelet Nanocomposite-Based Insulating Materials for Effective Reduction of Space Charge Accumulation in High-Voltage Direct-Current Cables." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (March 24, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9035297.

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We have demonstrated a straightforward hydrophobic surface modification of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) through a defect-healing process to fabricate well-dispersed insulating low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/GNP nanocomposites and have confirmed their effective suppression of space charge accumulation. Without any organic modifiers, GNPs containing oxygen-based functional groups at the edges were successfully reduced at optimal high-temperature defect-healing condition and modified to have hydrophobic surface properties similar to those of the LDPE matrix. The degree of dispersion and the reproducibility of the mechanically melt-mixed LDPE/GNP nanocomposites were immediately analyzed by thickness-normalized optical absorption measurement. In the LDPE matrix, below the percolation threshold concentration, well-dispersed GNP fillers effectively acted as trapping sites under high electric fields, resulting in the successful suppression of packet-like space charge accumulation (field enhancement factor=1.04 @ 0.1 wt% LDPE/GNP nanocomposite).

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Jiang, Lingtong, Qing Chen, Wudi Huang, Lei Wang, Yu Zeng, and Pu Zhao. "Pilot Protection Based on Amplitude of Directional Travelling Wave for Voltage Source Converter-High Voltage Direct Current (VSC-HVDC) Transmission Lines." Energies 11, no. 8 (2018): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082021.

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This paper presents a novel pilot protection scheme of DC cable line in voltage-source-converter (VSC) based multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grids, which utilizes a novel phase-mode transformation to decouple the bipolar DC cable current into six mode and it uses the stationary wavelet transform to extract the modulus maxima of fault initial traveling waves current (FITWC). With accurate amplitude and polarities of the FITWC being collected from the fault-detection devices located at each terminal, the proposed scheme can correctly determine the faulty segment and the faulty pole. In this paper, the ratio of amplitudes between sixth mode forward and backward travelling wave currents is used to judge the faulty segment and the polarity of fifth mode forward travelling wave current is used to identify the faulty pole. A four-terminal VSC-based MTDC grid was built in PSCAD/EMTDC to evaluate the performance of the fault-protection scheme. Simulation results for different cases demonstrate that the proposed protection scheme is robust against noise, and has been tested successfully for fault resistance of up to 400 Ω. Since the scheme merely needs the characteristics of FITWCs, the practical difficulties of detecting subsequent travelling waves are avoided. Moreover, only the state signal is needed to send to the other side in proposed scheme, so low communication speed can satisfy the requirement of relay protection and it does not need the data synchronization seriously.

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Song, Shuwei, Hong Zhao, Zhanhai Yao, et al. "Enhanced Electrical Properties of Polyethylene-Graft-Polystyrene/LDPE Composites." Polymers 12, no. 1 (2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010124.

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Nanocomposite dielectrics show a great potential application in high voltage direct current cables for their obvious improvements in electrical properties. In the present manuscript, nanocomposite composed of low-density polyethylene and nanoscale polystyrene particles is studied by using low-density polyethylene grafted with polystyrene molecule. Fourier-transform infrared spectra reveal successful grafting of the polystyrene molecule onto the low-density polyethylene chain and the scanning electron microscope image shows the homogeneously dispersed nanoscale polystyrene particles. The presence of the polystyrene nanoparticles obviously improves the dielectric properties, such as the direct current breakdown strength and space charge inhibition. The conductivity and thermally stimulated current characteristics imply the deep traps in the composite increase obviously. Density functional theory calculation reveals that the grafted polystyrene can accommodate both shallow and deep electron carriers, and the depth of the hole traps are as deep as 2.07 eV.

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Gao, Yahan, Xingyi Huang, Daomin Min, Shengtao Li, and Pingkai Jiang. "Recyclable Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites with Voltage Stabilizer Interface: Toward New Generation of High Voltage Direct Current Cable Insulation." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 1 (2018): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04070.

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Zhou, Yifan, Wei Wang, and Tailong Guo. "Space Charge Accumulation Characteristics in HVDC Cable under Temperature Gradient." Energies 13, no. 21 (2020): 5571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215571.

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One of the main issues that affect the development of high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) cable insulation is the accumulation of space charge. The load operation of an HVDC cable leads to the formation of a radially distributed temperature gradient (TG) across the insulation. In this study, the space charge accumulation in a cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable is measured under a DC electric field and TG using the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method, and the effect of the TG on the space charge behavior is investigated. In addition, the bipolar charge transport (BCT) model and the conductivity model based on an improved cylindrical geometry are used to simulate the charge behavior in the HVDC XLPE cable under TG, and the experimental and simulated results are compared. The results show that the higher temperature of the cable conductor promotes the accumulation of homocharge near the side of high temperature. Additionally, with the increase of the TG, not only does more heterocharge accumulates adjacent to the side of low temperature, but more space charge also extends into the bulk of the cable insulation. More attention should be paid to the conductor shield layer and the insulation shield layer in HVDC cables. Moreover, the BCT model can more accurately describe the experimental results than the conductivity model.

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Späck-Leigsnering, Yvonne, Greta Ruppert, Erion Gjonaj, Herbert De Gersem, and Myriam Koch. "Towards Electrothermal Optimization of a HVDC Cable Joint Based on Field Simulation." Energies 14, no. 10 (2021): 2848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102848.

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Extruded high-voltage direct current cable systems transmit electric power over long distances. Numerical field simulation can provide access to the internal electrothermal behavior of cable joints, which interconnect cable sections. However, coupled nonlinear electrothermal field simulations are still a challenge. In this work, a robust numerical solution approach is implemented and validated. This approach allows for efficient parameter studies of resistively graded high-voltage direct current cable joint designs. It is assessed how the dielectric stress distribution between the conductor connection and the grounded cable sheath is influenced by nonlinear field and temperature dependent electric conductivity of the field grading material. Optimal field grading material parameters, which fulfill the field grading and power loss requirements, are suggested based on the simulation studies.

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Yin, Hongxia, Yu Long, Yujia Liu, Yingcao Cui, Chuncheng Hao, and Qingquan Lei. "Effect of La2Li0.5Co0.5O4 in semiconductive nanocomposites on suppression of space charge injection to the insulating medium for high-voltage direct current cables." Materials Letters 296 (August 2021): 129895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129895.

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Liu, Shili, Wei Wei, Tao Liu, et al. "Conductivity Characterization of Insulation and Its Effects on the Calculation of the Electric Field Distribution in HVDC Cables." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 17, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6647731.

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The calculation of an electric field distribution provides the basis for the structural design of the insulation, and an accurate characterization of conductivity as a function of temperature and electric field forms an important basis for the simulation of the electric field distribution in HVDC (high-voltage direct current) cables. However, the conductivity functions that describe the insulating materials used for HVDC cables in different studies are different, and very little has been reported regarding how to choose the most accurate function. In this work, the conductivity of insulating materials used for HVDC cables is characterized, and the effects of the conductivity characterization on the simulation of the electric field in HVDC cables are studied. First, eight common conductivity functions are compared qualitatively. Then, the conductivities of XLPE for different temperatures and electric fields are measured, and a data fitting technique is used to analyze the coincidence degree between different functions and the test results. Finally, the steady-state electric field distributions of HVDC cables for different temperature gradients are simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics. The results show that the sum of the square of the relative errors of the fitting when using the original functions is larger than that achieved when using the logarithmic form of the functions. The deviations in the electric field caused by taking the logarithm of different functions are smaller.

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Baek, Seung-Myeong, Hae-Jong Kim, Jeon-Wook Cho, and Dong-Soon Kwag. "Insulation Properties of Epoxy and Fiber Glass Plastic for a High-Voltage Direct Current High Temperature Superconducting Cable Termination." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 17, no. 5 (2017): 3164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2017.14066.

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Jörgens, Christoph, and Markus Clemens. "Empirical Conductivity Equation for the Simulation of the Stationary Space Charge Distribution in Polymeric HVDC Cable Insulations." Energies 12, no. 15 (2019): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12153018.

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Many processes are involved in the accumulation of space charges within the insulation materials of high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables, e.g., the local electric field, a conductivity gradient inside the insulation, and the injection of charges at both electrodes. An accurate description of the time dependent charge distribution needs to include these effects. Furthermore, using an explicit Euler method for the time integration of a suitably formulated transient model, low time steps are used to resolve fast charge dynamics and to satisfy the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) stability condition. The long lifetime of power cables makes the use of a final stationary charge distribution necessary to assess the reliability of the cable insulations. For an accurate description of the stationary space charge and electric field distribution, an empirical conductivity equation is developed. The bulk conductivity, found in literature, is extended with two sigmoid functions to represent a conductivity gradient near the electrodes. With this extended conductivity equation, accumulated bulk space charges and hetero charges are simulated. New introduced constants to specify the sigmoid functions are determined by space charge measurements, taken from the literature. The measurements indicate accumulated hetero charges in about one quarter of the insulation thickness in the vicinity of both electrodes. The simulation results conform well to published measurements and show an improvement to previously published models, i.e., the developed model shows a good approximation to simulate the stationary bulk and hetero charge distribution.

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Shang, Nanqiang, Qingguo Chen, and Xinzhe Wei. "Preparation and Dielectric Properties of SiC/LSR Nanocomposites for Insulation of High Voltage Direct Current Cable Accessories." Materials 11, no. 3 (2018): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11030403.

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Cao, Liang, Lisheng Zhong, Yinge Li, Kai Zhang, Jinghui Gao, and George Chen. "Enhanced High-Temperature DC Dielectric Performance of Crosslinked Polyethylene with a Polystyrene Pinning Structure." Materials 12, no. 8 (2019): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081234.

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In this paper, we propose a method on improving direct current (DC) dielectric performance by designing a polystyrene (PS) pinning crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) for the application of insulation materials on high voltage direct current (HVDC) extruded cable. Electrical experimental results show that the addition of PS (1–5 phr, parts per hundreds of resin) can significantly reduce DC conductivity and increase DC breakdown strength of XLPE in the test temperature range of 30–90 °C. Microstructure investigation shows PS distributed as particles could participate in the formation of a crosslinking network with the help of a crosslinking agent, thus forming a polymer pinning structure at the interface between XLPE and PS. It is believed that such a special design strengthens the structure of XLPE, which leads to the improved DC dielectric performance at elevated temperatures. Our findings may contribute a new solution for developing HVDC cable insulation materials.

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Chi, Xiaohong, Lu Cheng, Wenfeng Liu, Xiaohong Zhang, and Shengtao Li. "Characterization of Polypropylene Modified by Blending Elastomer and Nano-Silica." Materials 11, no. 8 (2018): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081321.

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Polypropylene (PP) contains promising application prospects in thermoplastic cables for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission because of its outstanding thermal and dielectric properties. However, the problem of poor toughness and space charge has restricted the application of pure PP in HVDC cables. In this paper, polyolefin elastomer (POE) and nano-silica were blended thoroughly and added into a PP mixture by a melting method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the dispersion of POE and nanoparticles. Thermal properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile tests. The elastomeric properties of composites were improved as the dispersed POE could transfer and homogenize external mechanical forces. DC breakdown results showed that the fail strength of composite with 10 phr POE and 1 phr nano-silica was obviously enhanced. The pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) results showed that the injection and accumulation of space charge was increased by the introduction of POE, while it was restrained by the collective effect caused by nano-silica filling. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrograms showed that secondary ordered structures existed in the composites of PP, POE, and nano-silica, and that the ordered structure around the nanoparticles contributed to the enhancement of breakdown strength. The mechanical and dielectric properties were modified synergistically, which made the modified PP a propitious insulation material for HVDC cables.

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Raza, Ali, Muhammad Younis, Yuchao Liu, Ali Altalbe, Kumars Rouzbehi, and Ghulam Abbas. "A Multi-Terminal HVdc Grid Topology Proposal for Offshore Wind Farms." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051833.

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Although various topologies of multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT-HVdc) transmission systems are available in the literature, most of them are prone to loss of flexibility, reliability, stability, and redundancy in the events of grid contingencies. In this research, two new wind farms and substation ring topology (2WF-SSRT) are designed and proposed to address the aforementioned shortcomings. The objective of this paper is to investigate MT-HVdc grid topologies for integrating large offshore wind farms with an emphasis on power loss in the event of a dc grid fault or mainland alternating current (ac)grid abnormality. Standards and control of voltage source converter (VSC) based MT-HVdc grids are defined and discussed. High voltage dc switch-gear and dc circuit topologies are appraised based on the necessity of dc cables, HVdc circuit breakers, and extra offshore platforms. In this paper, the proposed topology is analyzed and compared with the formers for number and ratings of offshore substations, dc breakers, ultra-fast mechanical actuators, dc circuits, cost, flexibility, utilization, and redundancy of HVdc links. Coordinated operation of various topologies is assessed and compared with respect to the designed control scheme via a developed EMTDC/PSCAD simulation platform considering three fault scenarios: dc fault on transmission link connecting the wind farm to mainland power converters, dc fault within substation ring of VSC-HVdc stations, and ultimate disconnection of grid side VSC station. Results show that 2WF-SSRT is a promising topology for future MT-HVdc grids.

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Azizian Fard, Mehrtash, Mohamed Emad Farrag, Alistair Reid, and Faris Al-Naemi. "Electrical Treeing in Power Cable Insulation under Harmonics Superimposed on Unfiltered HVDC Voltages." Energies 12, no. 16 (2019): 3113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163113.

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Insulation degradation is an irreversible phenomenon that can potentially lead to failure of power cable systems. This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation into the influence of direct current (DC) superimposed with harmonic voltages on both partial discharge (PD) activity and electrical tree (ET) phenomena within polymeric insulations. The test samples were prepared from a high voltage direct current (HVDC) cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) power cable. A double electrode arrangement was employed to produce divergent electric fields within the test samples that could possibly result in formation of electrical trees. The developed ETs were observed via an optical method and, at the same time, the emanating PD pulses were measured using conventional techniques. The results show a tenable relation between ETs, PD activities, and the level of harmonic voltages. An increase in harmonic levels has a marked effect on development of electrical trees as the firing angle increases, which also leads to higher activity of partial discharges. This study of the influencing operational parameters of HVDC converters on power cable insulation is predicted to contribute to enhancements in cable design and progressive advancement in condition monitoring and insulation diagnostic techniques that can lead to more effective asset management in HVDC systems.

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Chen, Qingguo, Banggen Xi, Jinfeng Zhang, Hongda Yang, Xinyu Wang, and Minghe Chi. "Dielectric properties and thermal conductivity of micro-BN-modified LSR used for high-voltage direct current cable accessories." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31, no. 19 (2020): 16583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04213-w.

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Jörgens, Christoph, and Markus Clemens. "Conductivity-based model for the simulation of homocharges and heterocharges in XLPE high-voltage direct current cable insulation." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 13, no. 7 (2019): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2018.5452.

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Lin, Wenhua, Yeqing Wang, Youssef Aider, et al. "Analysis of damage modes of glass fiber composites subjected to simulated lightning strike impulse voltage puncture and direct high voltage AC puncture." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 26 (2020): 4067–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320927736.

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Understanding the damage mechanisms of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials under high voltage conditions is of great significance for lightning strike protection and high voltage insulation applications of composite structures. In this paper, we investigated effects of the lightning impulse (LI) voltage and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) puncture on damage modes of the electrically nonconductive glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) matrix composite materials through experimental tests and numerical simulations. The LI and HVAC tests represent the lightning strike and high voltage insulation cable puncture conditions, respectively. Our experimental examinations showed that GFRP composite specimens subjected to the LI voltage test exhibited distinct damage modes compared with those in the HVAC puncture test. The GFRP composite material suffered more charring and fiber vaporization in the HVAC puncture test, whereas less matrix charring and fiber vaporization but severe fiber breakage and delamination in response to the LI voltage tests. The findings indicate that the thermal effect dominates the damage of GFRP composites inflicted by the HVAC puncture test, whereas the mechanical impact effect governs the GFRP composite damage in the LI voltage test. In addition, the electric arc plasma formation during the puncture of the GFRP composite material was modeled through solving Maxwell’s equations and the heat generation equations using finite element analysis. Simulation results provided insights on the effects of duration and intensity of the high voltage electric discharge on the composite damage.

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Park, Yong-Jun, Jung-Hun Kwon, Jae-Yong Sim, et al. "DC conduction and breakdown characteristics of Al2O3/cross-linked polyethylene nanocomposites for high voltage direct current transmission cable insulation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 53, no. 8S3 (2014): 08NL05. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.53.08nl05.

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Kim, Yu-Min, Jung-Hun Kwon, Ji-Sung Park, and Kee-Joe Lim. "Electrical Conduction Characteristics of Low Density Polyethylene and Cross Linked Polyethylene Nanocomposite for High Voltage Direct Current Power Cable." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 11 (2016): 11757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.13588.

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Jörgens, Christoph, and Markus Clemens. "Modeling the electric field at interfaces and surfaces in high-voltage cable systems." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 39, no. 5 (2020): 1099–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-01-2020-0041.

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Purpose In high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable systems, space charges accumulate because of the constant applied voltage and the nonlinear electric conductivity of the insulating material. The change in the charge distribution results in a slowly time-varying electric field. Space charges accumulate within the insulation bulk and at interfaces. With an operation time of several years of HVDC systems, typically the stationary electric field is of interest. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of interfaces on the stationary electric field stress and space charge density. Design/methodology/approach An analytic description of the stationary electric field inside cable insulation is developed and numerical simulations of a cable joint geometry are applied, considering spatial variations of the conductivity in the vicinity of the electrodes and interfaces. Findings With increasing conductivity values toward the electrodes, the resulting field stress decreases, whereas a decreasing conductivity results in an increasing electric field. The increased electric field may cause partial discharge, resulting in accelerated aging of the insulation material. Thus, interfaces and surfaces are characterized as critical areas for the reliability of HVDC cable systems. Research limitations/implications This study is restricted to stationary electric field and temperature distributions. The electric field variations during a polarity reversal or a time-varying temperature may result in an increased electric conductivity and electric field at interfaces and surfaces. Originality/value An analytical description of the electric field, considering surface effects, is developed. The used conductivity model is applicable for cable and cable-joint insulations, where homo- and hetero-charge effects are simulated. These simulations compare well against measurements.

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