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1
Roy, John E., and Harmony Thalía, eds. Machinery of the mind: Data, theory, and speculations about higher brain functions : based on the First International Conference on Machinery of the Mind, February 25-March 3, 1989, Havana City, Cuba. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1990.
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2
Kamenskaya, Valentina, and Leonid Tomanov. The fractal-chaotic properties of cognitive processes: age. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1053569.
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In the monograph the literature information about the nature of stochastic processes and their participation in the work of the brain and human behavior. Established that the real cognitive processes and mental functions associated with the procedural side of external events and the stochastic properties of the internal dynamics of brain systems in the form of fluctuations of their parameters, including cardiac rhythm generation and sensorimotor reactions. Experimentally proved that the dynamics of the measured physiological processes is in the range from chaotic regime to a weakly deterministic — fractal mode. Fractal mode determines the maximum order and organization homeostasis of cognitive processes and States, as well as high adaptive ability of the body systems with fractal properties. The fractal-chaotic dynamics is a useful quality to examine the actual physiological and psychological systems - a unique numerical identification of the order and randomness of the processes through calculation of fractal indices. The monograph represents the results of many years of experimental studies of the reflection properties of stochastic sensorimotor reactions, as well as stochastic properties of heart rate in children, Teens and adults in the age aspect in the speech activity and the perception of different kinds of music with its own frequency-spectral structure.
Designed for undergraduates, graduate students and researchers that perform research and development on cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
3
Paz-Alonso, Pedro M., Silvia A. Bunge, and Simona Ghetti. Emergence of Higher Cognitive Functions. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.003.
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Rossi, Simone, Stefano F. Cappa, and Paolo Maria Rossini. Higher cognitive functions: memory and reasoning. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0032.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a sophisticated approach for interfering with human memory and reasoning due to its ability to transiently interfere with the functions of the specialized cortical network, especially when applied as repetitive (r)TMS. This article reviews TMS studies dealing with short-term retention, working memory, and with the episodic component of declarative memory. It also considers certain aspects of semantic memory and nonverbal reasoning. Furthermore, it discusses methodological considerations about the experimental designs, which can be used for the investigation of human cognitive functions. This article emphasizes the fact that higher cognitive functions provide an example as to how underlying physiological mechanisms cannot be fully disclosed by investigations based on a single technique. Studies to develop a true multimodal approach are being undertaken. In this light, behavioural interference studies will gain new power in combination with disruptive and correlational methodologies, establishing causality in a more sophisticated manner.
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Hodges, John R. Localized Cognitive Functions. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192629760.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 discusses aspects of normal and abnormal language function, followed by a brief description of disorders of calculation (acalculia) and of higher-order motor control (apraxia). The second half of the chapter deals with disturbed right hemisphere functions: neglect phenomena, dressing and constructional apraxia, and complex visuo-perceptual deficits (agnosias).
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Hodges, John R. Distributed Cognitive Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses cognitive functions with a largely distributed neural basis within the framework of contemporary cognitive neuroscience. The following are described: arousal/attention, memory (short-term, or working memory; episodic memory; semantic memory; and implicit memory), and higher-order cognitive function such as planning, problem-solving and set-shifting, motivation, inhibitory control, social cognition, and emotion processing. Each function in placed in the context of its neural basis, with a brief description of the disorders that may affect these cognitive abilities. Methods of assessment at the bedside and by using neuropsychological tasks are also outlined.
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Hodges, John R. Localized Cognitive Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses localized cognitive functions. The functions ascribed to the dominant, usually left, cerebral hemisphere show much more clear-cut laterality than those associated with the so-called minor hemisphere. This applies particularly to spoken language. This chapter discusses aspects of normal and abnormal language function in the framework of contemporary cognitive neuroscience with descriptions of the classic post-stroke variants of aphasia (Broca’s, Wernicke’s, conduction, etc.) although these are rarely seen in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. There is also a description of disorders of written language (the dyslexias and dysgraphias), of calculation (acalculia), and of higher-order motor control (apraxia). This is followed by descriptions of the syndromes associated with disturbed right hemisphere functions: neglect phenomena, dressing and constructional apraxia, and complex visuoperceptual disorders (agnosias). Each cognitive syndrome is placed in the context of its neural basis, disorders which affect the ability and methods of assessment at the bedside and using neuropsychological tasks.
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Adele, Diamond, and National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.), eds. The Development and neural bases of higher cognitive functions. New York, N.Y: New York Academy of Sciences, 1990.
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9
Robertson, Ian H., and Redmond G. O'Connell. Rehabilitation of Attention Functions. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.021.
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The evidence for the effectiveness of rehabilitation of three types of attention—selectivity, sustained attention, and attentional switching—is reviewed. Limited but significant effects in all three domains are observed, though evidence for generalization to wider everyday life functions remains relatively sparse. In the case of sustained attention and also in the case of spatial selectivity, the modulating effects of arousal are shown to be important, and higher level executive deficits may at times be exacerbated or even caused by lowered levels of arousal. Conversely, methods of modulating arousal may be used to improve sustained attention and executive functions in a range of clinical conditions. Attentional functions are key to other cognitive domains such as attention and perception, and so the promising evidence for attentional rehabilitation may contribute to the rehabilitation of other cognitive domains also.
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B, Scheibel Arnold, and Wechsler Adam F, eds. Neurobiology of higher cognitive function. New York: Guilford Press, 1990.
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11
Tamura, Manjula Kurella, Mark L. Unruh, and Ea Wha Kang. Cognitive function, depression, and psychosocial adaptation. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0272.
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Psychiatric complications of end-stage renal disease are common, often debilitating, and potentially preventable. Patients with end-stage renal disease are at higher risk for psychiatric disorders compared to patients with other chronic health conditions, and those who suffer from psychiatric complications are at higher risk for death and dialysis withdrawal. Both dementia and depression also reduce quality of life and impair adherence to prescribed therapies. In addition, patients with end-stage renal disease are confronted with multiple stressors related to their illness and treatment. This chapter reviews the clinical approach to cognitive impairment, depression, and psychosocial adaptation among patients with end-stage renal disease.
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Lachmann, Thomas, and Tina Weis. Reading and Dyslexia: From Basic Functions to Higher Order Cognition. Springer, 2019.
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13
Reading and Dyslexia: From Basic Functions to Higher Order Cognition. Springer, 2018.
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14
OʼShea, Jacinta, and Matthew F. S. Rushworth. Higher visual cognition: search, neglect, attention, and eye movements. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0028.
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This article reviews the contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research to the understanding of attention, eye movements, visual search, and neglect. It considers how TMS studies have confirmed, refined, or challenged prevailing ideas about the neural basis of higher visual cognition. It shows that TMS has enhanced the understanding of the location, timing, and functional roles of visual cognitive processes in the human brain. The main focus is on studies of posterior parietal cortex (PPC), with reference to recent work on the frontal eye fields (FEFs). TMS offers many advantages to complement neuropsychological patient studies to enhance the understanding of how the fronto-parietal cortical nerves function. The visuo-spatial neglect- and extinction-like deficits incurred by parietal damage have been modelled successfully using TMS. Future work might be directed at teasing apart the distinct functional roles of nodes within this frontoparietal network in different sensorimotor contexts.
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(Editor), Arnold B. Scheibel, and Adam F. Wechsler (Editor), eds. Neurobiology of Higher Cognitive Function: UCLA Forum in Medical Sciences, Number 29. The Guilford Press, 1990.
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16
Coolidge, Frederick L. Evolutionary Neuropsychology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190940942.001.0001.
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This book is designed to introduce the evolutionary origins of the human brain’s present structures and functions. Evolutionary neuropsychology is a new multidisciplinary science that embraces and uses empirical findings from the fields of evolution, neuroscience, cognitive sciences, psychology, anthropology, and archaeology. This book is designed for the intellectually curious, but styled especially for academics at any level and psychologists focusing on various aspects of human behavior. The bedrock foundation of evolutionary neuropsychology is the assumption that functionally specialized brain regions are adaptations naturally selected in response to various environmental challenges over the course of billions of years of evolution. These adaptations and their brain regions and circuitry may now serve new functions, which are called exaptations, and they are particularly involved in higher cognitive functions.
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Hodges, John R. Cognitive Assessment for Clinicians. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192629760.001.0001.
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This resource aims to incorporate the enormous advances over the last decade in our understanding of cognitive function into clinical practice, particularly the aspects of memory, language and attention. These advances in theory provide a practical approach to cognitive valuation at the bedside, based on methods developed at the Cambridge clinic over the past 15 years. Designed primarily for neurologists, psychiatrists and geriatricians in training who require a practical guide to assessing higher mental function, the resource will also be of interest to clinical psychologists. In this second edition, John Hodges has substantially re-organised and expanded on the original edition. It includes a new chapter devoted to the Revised Version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-R), with a description of its uses and limitations along with normative data. Given the importance of the early detection of dementia, a chapter is dedicated to this topic that draws on advances over the past decade. Several new illustrative case histories have also been added and all of the case descriptions have been orientated around the use of the ACE-R in clinical practice.
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Harvey, Philip D., and Felicia Gould. Cognitive Functioning and Disability in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0016.
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In many respects, PTSD is a disorder of cognition and memory in specific: individuals with the condition have trouble remembering details of the trauma when they want to and remember them in other situations where they do not want to, such as in nightmares and flashbacks. In addition, a growing literature has explored performance on other cognitive performance measures in PTSD. A new development is the study of the ability to perform critical everyday functional skills, referred to as functional capacity, which themselves are highly cognitively demanding. Our review of the literature on cognition and PTSD suggests two main conditions. There are several areas of cognitive functioning where people with PTSD perform below normative standards, on average. These domains include memory, attention, and executive functioning. However, there is also substantial evidence to suggest that impairments in cognition are present before the onset of other symptoms and may be a risk factor for the development of PTSD. A careful examination of the levels of performance of PTSD patients suggests that performance may not be worse than pre-illness functioning. Interventions aimed at cognition may still be beneficial, because a small literature consistently finds that cognitive impairments are correlated with indicators of everyday disability in people with PTSD.
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Manohar, Sanjay, Valerie Bonnelle, and Masud Husain. Neurological Disorders of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.027.
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Attention deficits are a frequent and particularly disabling consequence of many neurological disorders, from patients with focal brain lesions through to individuals with traumatic brain injury or neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease. They are often associated with apparent confusion, fatigue, irritability, and increased time and effort to perform even simple everyday tasks, and constitute a real challenge for rehabilitation. In many cases, attention deficits may be crucial factors underlying failures of memory and higher cognitive functions, contributing to difficulties in resuming previous activities and independent daily living. Here the authors first consider four aspects of attention—selective, sustained, executive, and divided—together with brain regions and networks considered to underpin normal attention and disorders of attention. The authors focus on focal brain lesions, traumatic brain injury and Parkinson’s disease as important examples illustrating the effects of different brain pathologies on attention function.
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Hough, Catherine L. Chronic critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0377.
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Chronic critical illness (CCI) is common and describes a state of prolonged critical illness, in which patients have persisting organ failures requiring treatment in an intensive care setting. There are many different definitions of CCI, with most including prolonged (> 96 hours) mechanical ventilation. Advanced age, higher severity of illness, and poor functional status prior to critical illness are all important risk factors, but prediction of CCI is imperfect. Although requirement for mechanical ventilation is the hallmark, CCI encompasses much more than the respiratory system, with effects on metabolism, skin, brain, and neuromuscular function. During CCI, patients have a high burden of symptoms and impaired capacity to communicate their needs. Mortality and quality of life are generally poor, but highly variable, with 1-year mortality over 50% and most survivors suffering permanent cognitive impairment and functional dependence. Patients at highest and lowest risk for mortality can be identified using a simple prediction rule. Caring for the chronically critically ill is a substantial burden both to patients’ families and to the health care system as a whole. Further research is needed in order to improve care and outcomes for CCI patients and their families.
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(Editor), Robert W. Rieber, Joseph Glick (Preface), and Marie J. Hall (Translator), eds. The Collected Works of L.S. Vygotsky: Volume 4: The History of the Development of Higher Mental Functions (Cognition and Language: A Series in Psycholinguistics). Springer, 1997.
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22
Baune, Bernhard T., and Catherine Harmer, eds. Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198810940.001.0001.
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The lifetime prevalence of 15% for major depressive disorder (MDD) within the general population is among the highest among all mental disorders. MDD is also one of the leading causes of disability and has been estimated to affect 300 million people worldwide. Clinical, functional, and biological correlates of MDD are frequently investigated almost exclusively based on research that defines depression as a categorical disorder assessed by established diagnostic instruments. Given the phenotypic and biological heterogeneity of depression, a refocus of the clinical phenotype of depression is required and widely recommended. Cognitive dimensions of depression have long been implicated in the nature of depression as a disorder that is characterized by typically impaired cognitive and emotional processes. The systems of cognitive function, emotion processing, and social cognitive processing are regarded as comprehensively describing large parts of the clinical symptoms as well as the pathophysiology of the brain-based disorder of depression. The focus on the above cognitive and emotional dimensions of depression offers promising extended and novel diagnostic and treatment approaches ranging from pharmacological to psychological interventions targeting those dimensions of depression. This book aims to provide an improved understanding of the characteristics of the dimensional approach of depression, focusing on the cognitive, emotional, and social cognitive processes.
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Lavie, Nilli, and Polly Dalton. Load Theory of Attention and Cognitive Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.003.
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Research has highlighted a puzzling discrepancy in our selective attention performance: whereas in some circumstances we are able to be highly selective, at other times we can exhibit high levels of distraction. The load theory of attention and cognitive control provides an explanation for these contrasting observations, proposing that the extent to which people can focus their attention in the face of irrelevant distractions depends on the level and type of information load involved in their current task. According to the theory, the extent to which unattended visual information is perceived depends on the perceptual load of the attended task, such that increasing the level of perceptual load in the task decreases processing of task-irrelevant stimuli. Effective prioritization of task-relevant stimuli in the face of competition from irrelevant distractors is proposed to depend on the availability of executive control functions. Thus, loading executive control results in increased processing of irrelevant stimuli. This chapter presents converging research from a wide range of approaches in support of these proposals, as well as highlighting some of load theory’s wider influences in areas as diverse as emotion processing, developmental psychology, and the understanding of psychological disorders.
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Perez, David L., and Valerie Voon. The Neurobiology of PNES and Other Functional Neurological Symptoms. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0006.
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Patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and related functional neurological symptoms are highly prevalent yet poorly understood on a neurobiological level. Clinical and research efforts in PNES and other functional neurological symptoms have lagged behind clinical neuroscience advancements in other neuropsychiatric conditions, despite the high frequency with which clinicians encounter PNES and other functional neurological symptoms. In this chapter, systems-level neurobiological studies in PNES are reviewed. Specific emphasis is given to structural and functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, autonomic, and neuroendocrine investigations. Early systems-level neurobiology research suggests that PNES may develop in the context of alterations within and across brain networks mediating emotion processing, regulation and expression, cognitive control, multimodal integration, and sensory-motor functions. An improved biological understanding of PNES may reduce the stigma associated with this neuropsychiatric disorder and aid the development of biologically informed treatments and biomarkers of treatment response in this population.
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Samuels, Richard. Massive Modularity. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0004.
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The objective of the article is to discuss the evolution, hypothesis, and some the more prominent arguments for massive modularity (MM). MM is the hypothesis that the human mind is largely or entirely composed from a great many modules. Modules are functionally characterizable cognitive mechanisms that tend to possess several features, which include domain-specificity, informationally encapsulation, innateness, inaccessibility, shallow outputs, and mandatory operation. The final thesis that comprises MM mentions that modules are found not merely at the periphery of the mind but also in the central regions responsible for such higher cognitive capacities as reasoning and decision-making. The central cognition depends on a great many functional modules that are not themselves composable into larger more inclusive systems. One of the families of arguments for MM focuses on a range of problems that are familiar from the history of cognitive science such as problems that concern the computational tractability of cognitive processes. The arguments may vary considerably in detail but they share a common format. First, they proceed from the assumption that cognitive processes are classical computational ones. Second, given the assumption that cognitive processes are computational ones, intractability arguments seek to undermine non-modular accounts of cognition by establishing the intractability thesis.
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(Editor), Vicki Anderson, and Rani Jacobs (Editor), eds. Executive Functions and the Frontal Lobes: A Lifespan Perspective (Studies on Neuropsychology, Neurology, and Cognition). Psychology Press, 2008.
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Anderson, Vicki, Anderson Peter J, and Rani Jacobs. Executive Functions and the Frontal Lobes: A Lifespan Perspective. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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28
Siegler, Robert S. Emerging Minds. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195077872.001.0001.
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How do children acquire the vast array of concepts, strategies, and skills that distinguish the thinking of infants and toddlers from that of preschoolers, older children, and adolescents? In this new book, Robert Siegler addresses these and other fundamental questions about children's thinking. Previous theories have tended to depict cognitive development much like a staircase. At an early age, children think in one way; as they get older, they step up to increasingly higher ways of thinking. Siegler proposes that viewing the development within an evolutionary framework is more useful than a staircase model. The evolution of species depends on mechanisms for generating variability, for choosing adaptively among the variants, and for preserving the lessons of past experience so that successful variants become increasingly prevalent. The development of children's thinking appears to depend on mechanisms to fulfill these same functions. Siegler's theory is consistent with a great deal of evidence. It unifies phenomena from such areas as problem solving, reasoning, and memory, and reveals commonalities in the thinking of people of all ages. Most important, it leads to valuable insights regarding a basic question about children's thinking asked by cognitive, developmental, and educational psychologists: How does change occur?
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Hodgkiss, Andrew. Introduction to clinical neuropsychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0003.
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This short introduction to clinical neuropsychiatry is intended for oncology and palliative medicine clinicians. The emphasis is on the clinical examination of higher function (bedside cognitive testing). Assessment of global cognitive function, then simple, lobe-by-lobe bedside tests, are described. Delirium and dementia are defined, and distinguished from one another. The chapter closes with simple examples of how various brain diseases—be they degenerative, infective, vascular, endocrine, or toxic—can manifest as psychopathology (neuropsychiatric disorders).
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McEwen, Bruce S., and Natalie L. Rasgon. The Brain and Body on Stress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0002.
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Neuroscientists have treated the brain in isolation from the rest of the body, while endocrinology and general medicine have viewed the body largely without regard to the influence of systemic physiology and pathophysiology on higher brain centers outside of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. But now there is greater recognition of brain–body interactions affecting the limbic and cognitive systems of brain and altering systemic physiology; these are conceptualized as allostasis and allostatic load and overload. These concepts look at both the interactions of brain and body to stressors and health-promoting and health-damaging behaviors, and they help integrate behavior and mood with systemic functions. These interactions involve genetic predispositions and epigenetic alterations mediated by circulating steroid and metabolic hormones. Comorbidity and multi-morbidity of disorders will be illustrated by the relationship of systemic and brain insulin resistance to the psychopathology of depression and to the increased risk for dementia.
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Gallagher, Shaun. Enactivist Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.001.0001.
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Enactivist Interventions explores central issues in the contemporary debates about embodied cognition, addressing interdisciplinary questions about intentionality, representation, affordances, the role of affect, and the problems of perception and cognitive penetration, action and free will, higher-order cognition, and intersubjectivity. It argues for a rethinking of the concept of mind, drawing on pragmatism, phenomenology, and cognitive science. It interprets enactivism as a philosophy of nature that has significant methodological and theoretical implications for the scientific investigation of the mind. Enactivist Interventions argues that, like the basic phenomena of perception and action, sophisticated cognitive phenomena like reflection, imagining, and mathematical reasoning are best explained in terms of an affordance-based skilled coping. It thus argues for a continuity that runs between basic action, affectivity, and a rationality that in every case remains embodied. It also discusses recent predictive models of brain function and outlines an alternative, enactivist interpretation that emphasizes the close coupling of brain, body, and environment rather than a strong boundary that isolates the brain in its internal processes. The extensive relational dynamics that integrates the brain with the extra-neural body opens into an environment that is physical, social, and cultural and that recycles back into the enactive process. Cognitive processes are in the world, situated in affordance spaces defined across evolutionary, developmental, and individual histories, and are constrained by affective processes and normative dimensions of social and cultural practices.
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Keefe, Richard S. E., Avi (Abraham) Reichenberg, and Jeffrey Cummings, eds. Cognitive Enhancement in CNS Disorders and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.001.0001.
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This book compiles a series of educational and thought-provoking chapters from the world's leading cognitive and clinical scientists to describe the latest research on cognitive impairments in a host of pathological conditions that affect CNS functioning, the available treatments for these impairments, and how new treatments are being tested. This volume advances the field toward the availability of cognitive enhancing drugs and devices that will benefit those who need them most and others who may believe that these techniques can help them to thrive. Psychological science and cognitive neuroscience have become the most popular endeavor of students worldwide, are the focus of attention of our greatest scientific accomplishments, and are the emphasis of many publications in the mainstream media. Because humans depend on cognitive abilities for survival, quality of life, and productivity, improving them has never been more important. Those with impairments in key aspects of cognition suffer dearly because they are unable to obtain and retain information, unable to make sound decisions based on the information at hand, and unable to plan future activities. The availability of pharmacological and behavioral interventions that can improve cognitive abilities and provide impaired individuals with the social, occupational, and functional quality of life that the rest of us enjoy has potential far-reaching implications. Such interventions can also benefit those who want to boost current cognitive abilities to higher levels, perhaps as a means to hone skills in providing products for others or to gain an edge on competition.
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Ritchie, Karen. Psychometric assessment in older people. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0002.
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Psychometrics permits the quantification of cognition, affect and behaviour, thus permitting both the identification of pathology and degree of deviation from normality. These methods have been principally used in older populations to screen affective and cognitive disorders, as an adjunct to the differential diagnosis of different forms of cognitive dysfunction and also to describe and monitor the functional consequences of pathology. The application of psychometric tests in older populations raises several problems, notably the confounding effects of associated pathologies, changing definitions of disease threshold in parallel with advances in medical technology, and inadequate knowledge of normal information processing at higher ages. Computerized assessment, once considered inappropriate in older populations, is now commonly used to standardize administration procedures and tailor testing to individual competency. It has also permitted the more accurate measurement of information processing time, which is important in the diagnosis of many neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Baumgaertner, Annette. Mixed Transcortical Aphasia: Repetition without Meaning. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.10.
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Although mixed transcortical aphasia (MTA) is a rare syndrome, it constitutes an interesting case for modern neuroanatomically driven language models. This is because its existence may be seen as congruent with the assumption of an independently operating “dorsal stream” in language processing. Predicted by the earliest models of language processing in the brain, the syndrome also pushes the boundaries of neurolinguistic model building because its symptoms arise from an interplay between partially preserved linguistic functions and partially disrupted amodal higher-order cognitive control mechanisms. In summarizing 15 case reports of persons with MTA, this chapter provides details about neurobiological underpinnings, performance during standard language assessments, and speech characteristics of persons diagnosed as having MTA. The chapter raises critical issues, such as the question of how to operationalize “spared repetition,” and the difficulty of clearly differentiating between volitional repetition and nonvolitional echolalia. Data on the evolution of the syndrome are included, and assessment as well as treatment of MTA are discussed.
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Silva, Aminda De, J. A. Saunders, and M. A. Stroud. Vitamin deficiencies. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0333.
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Vitamins are organic compounds required by the body in small amounts to perform specific cellular functions. Nine vitamins (thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), niacin (nicotinic acid; vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), biotin (vitamin B7; vitamin H), folic acid (folate; vitamin B9), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C)) are water soluble, while four (vitamins A, D, E, and K) are fat soluble. The importance of vitamins was first appreciated through recognition of their clinical deficiency state. However, this approach has led to the concept that the primary purpose of a vitamin is to prevent the associated clinical deficiency state and, consequently, unless patients exhibit signs of a specific clinical deficiency state, they are thought to be replete in the corresponding vitamin. This is a misunderstanding. In reality, most vitamins have many different functions which are incompletely understood, and impaired biochemical function and even functional problems affecting metabolic, immunological, or cognitive status can occur with marginal vitamin depletion long before overt clinical deficiency becomes evident. A high index of suspicion is thus essential in all patients who have malnutrition or malabsorption, to ensure that levels that might compromise health, resistance to disease, and recovery from injury or illness are not left untreated.
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Marano, Christopher M. Driving Considerations in Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Older Patients. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0008.
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Cognitive impairment can impair driving skills and safety, and given the fact that persons with MCI can develop cognitive deficits in several cognitive domains it is important to address driving safety. The goal of the clinician is to identify potentially unsafe drivers without unnecessarily restricting safe drivers, and this chapter focuses on evaluating patients in this gray area. The office exam can be be broadened to address cognitive and functional assessments that may reflect on driving safety, and the clinician may advise the patient and family to have a comprehensive driving assessment by a driving rehabilitation specialist. Clinicians need to be well informed about state law regarding the evaluation of driving safety in order to maintain privacy while adhering to highest standards of public safety.
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Metcalfe, Janet, and Bennett L. Schwartz. The Ghost in the Machine. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.19.
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Although metacognition is considered to be the highest human cognitive function and a crucial self-reflective function allowing us to have free will, finding where this modern “pineal gland” resides in the brain is an enterprise fraught with peril. Searching for metacognition in the brain is like searching for the Holy Grail: It always seems to be in the next valley. We focus on two considerations. First, metacognitions are conscious. They spontaneously occur when something goes wrong, and conflict-based “feeling states” are manifest. We argue that when metacognitive feelings are spontaneous, feeling states are adaptive because they trigger action needed to resolve conflict. Conscious feeling states are, therefore, related to the control functions of metacognition. Second, metacognitive feelings are self-referential. They refer to the core person and indicate that conflict being experienced is a potential threat to the self. These two considerations drive our search for neural activations related to metacognition.
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Uchida, Mai, and Joseph Biederman. Young Adult Outcome of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0006.
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The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Longitudinal Studies of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) evaluated and followed a large sample of both boys and girls with ADHD and controls without ADHD, along with their families, ascertained from psychiatric and pediatric sources. These studies documented that ADHD in both sexes is associated with high levels of persistence onto adulthood; high levels of familiality with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders; a wide range of comorbid psychiatric and cognitive disorders including mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders; learning disabilities with reading and math; executive function deficits; emotional dysregulation and autistic traits; as well as educational, social, and occupational dysfunctions. The MGH studies also suggested that stimulant treatment significantly decreased the risk of developing comorbid psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders, and impaired functional outcomes. The studies also documented the neural basis of the persistence of ADHD using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
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Thapar, Anita, and Stephanie van Goozen. Conduct disorder in ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0020.
Full textAbstract:
Conduct disorder (CD) is an important marker of ADHD clinical and cognitive impairment and neurodevelopmental multimorbidity. It is also predictive of poor psychiatric and functional outcomes. Although traditionally considered as a consequence of ADHD, association of ADHD and CD can be explained at multiple levels—in terms of enriched familial/genetic risks, higher levels of psychosocial adversity, a likely different pattern of cognitive and neural correlates that involve emotional processes components, earlier temperamental risk characteristics, and additional neurodevelopmental burden such as language impairments and lower cognitive ability. The presence of CD does not alter current ADHD guideline recommendations on treatment but should be taken into account when making decisions upon the intensity and nature of follow-up.
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Ottati, Victor, and Chase Wilson. Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.143.
Full textAbstract:
Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.
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Alavi, Abass, and Andrew B. Newberg. Functional Neuroimaging: A Transformative Tool for Integrative Psychiatry. Edited by Anthony J. Bazzan and Daniel A. Monti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190690557.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Functional neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be highly useful in the evaluation and management of patients with psychiatric disorders. PET and SPECT imaging typically evaluate cerebral metabolism and blood flow, respectively, and can determine patterns associated with different disorders such as depression or schizophrenia. PET and SPECT imaging can also evaluate neurotransmitter changes such as dopamine or serotonin associated with different psychiatric disorders. fMRI is an excellent tool for studying the effects of psychiatric disorders on specific brain processes related to cognition and mood. fMRI activations studies allow researchers to present various stimuli to a subject in order to determine how the brain reacts and whether psychiatric disorders are associated with different brain reactivity patterns. Functional neuroimaging with PET, SPECT, and fMRI can be highly useful in the investigation of the mechanism of action of integrative therapies for psychiatric disorders.
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Ganeri, Jonardon. The Disunity of Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198757405.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
The term ‘mind’ (mano) is used in a confused range of different and contradictory senses in the early Pāli canon. Buddhaghosa will impose order by distinguishing distinct cognitive modules, each with its proper domain of cognitive work. Early perception, the subliminal orienting, and initial reception of a stimulus into the perceptual process, is the function of ‘mind-element’ (mano-dhātu), a low-level cognitive system. Late perception and working memory is the function of a high-level cognitive system, ‘mind-discrimination-element’ (mano-viññāṇa-dhātu). In deference to ancient Buddhist tradition, Buddhaghosa refers to six sense-modalities, the sixth being called ‘mind’ (mano). Just as each of the five types of sensory datum enters perceptual processing though a proprietary sense-door, so the objects of mind enter through a ‘mind-door’. However, this is not a sixth channel, a window onto a proprietary sort of mental object, but is nothing other than the door gating projection into short-term working memory.
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Kliger, Alan S., and Rita Suri. Frequent haemodialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0262_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Haemodialysis is a renal replacement treatment, an ‘artificial kidney’ that performs some of the functions of the normal kidney. It is an inelegant device, providing only a fraction of native kidney’s ability to filter toxins from the blood, but with none of the responsiveness to volume, fine feedback control to regulate solute concentrations, or endocrine functions of the healthy organ. Conventional haemodialysis performed three times a week for 4 hours per treatment filters the blood for only 12 of 168 hours each week, and removes less than 10 per cent of small solutes like urea than does the normal kidney. It is therefore not surprising that haemodialysis patients suffer high morbidity and mortality. A dialysis patient’s expected remaining lifetime is substantially shorter than a comparable person with normal kidney function. For example, a woman aged 40–44 years old in the general population can expect on average 40 more years of life, but if she is on dialysis her life expectancy is only 8.1 years. She is also more likely to have co-morbid disease, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic bone disease, anaemia, sepsis, depression, malnutrition and inflammation, and physical and cognitive impairment.
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Woodford, Henry J., and James George. Examining the nervous system of an older patient. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0111.
Full textAbstract:
Ageing is associated with changes in the nervous system, especially the accumulation of neurodegenerative and white matter lesions within the brain. Abnormalities are commonly found when examining older people and some of these are associated with functional impairment and a higher risk of death. In order to reliably interpret examination findings it is important to assess cognition, hearing, vision, and speech first. Clarity of instruction is key. Interpretation of findings must take into account common age-related changes. For example, genuine increased tone should be distinguished from paratonia. Power testing should look for asymmetry within the individual, rather than compare to the strength of the examiner. Parkinsonism should be looked for and gait should be observed. Neurological assessment can incorporate a range of cortical abilities and tests of autonomic function, but the extent of these assessments is likely to be determined by the clinical situation and time available.
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Völler, Heinz, Rona Reibis, Bernhard Schwaab, and Jean-Paul Schmid. Hospital-based rehabilitation units. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0022.
Full textAbstract:
Inpatient rehabilitation is a transition phase and a component of integrated healthcare for high-risk patients with different cardiovascular diseases. Therefore its main focus is on functional and structural evaluation and risk stratification for the rehabilitation process and post-discharge period. Exercise electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiography, and a 6-minute walk test should be considered in all patients, at admission and at discharge. Particular attention should be given to specific conditions such as, myocarditis, patients with cardiac devices, and/or after heart valve interventions as well as concomitant disorders (for example diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease). Variables of frailty should be considered, particularly in the elderly. Because cognitive decline complicates early recovery after heart interventions, a cognition test may be needed.
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Rossor, Martin. Neuropsychological disorders, dementia, and behavioural neurology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0755.
Full textAbstract:
The diseases which disrupt the cerebral cortex and its subcortical connections result in a wide variety of clinical features. These include the classical syndromes of higher cortical dysfunction such as the dysphasias, dyspraxias, amnesias, and agnosias together with a wide variety of behavioural and emotional disturbances. Such disorders frequently overlap with the clinical disciplines of clinical psychology and psychiatry. Historically there has been a broad split between those diseases which are seen by neurologists and those that are seen by psychiatrists. To some extent the distinction reflects the different clinical approaches employed; neurologists concentrate on the generality of disease caused by lesions in defined areas, whereas psychiatrists often deal with diseases that show a greater interaction with the individuals own personal history and place in society (Lishman 1987). In this chapter disturbances of higher cortical function, the dementias, and behavioural aspects of neurological lesions are discussed. Awareness of the occasional presentation of psychiatric disease to the neurologists is important and further details are available in textbooks of psychiatry. A review of clinical syndromes referable to identified areas of the cerebral cortex, is followed by a functional approach which discusses the main neuropsychological syndromes. The more generalized cognitive impairment seen with the dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and the frontotemporal lobar degenerations are then reviewed followed by areas of neuropsychiatric overlap.
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Greenberg, Jennifer L., Anne Chosak, Angela Fang, and Sabine Wilhelm. Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0089.
Full textAbstract:
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in one’s appearance. BDD is a severe and common disorder associated with high levels of functional impairment and high rates of suicidality. Interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy, are effective for BDD. This chapter outlines the cognitive-behavioral model and therapy of BDD. The chapter reviews pharmacotherapy of BDD, and discusses the role of combination therapy. The chapter also addresses ineffective approaches for the treatment of BDD, including the role of cosmetic procedures. Early recognition and intervention are critical, and limit its chronicity and subsequent morbidity.
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Reinares, María. Psychotherapeutic interventions for bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0012.
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The recurrent nature of bipolar disorder (BD), and the high morbidity and mortality associated with the illness advocate for an integrative treatment in which medication is complemented with psychological approaches. This chapter explores the role of adjunctive psychotherapy in BD. The most commonly tested psychological treatments have been cognitive-behavioural therapy, psychoeducation, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and family intervention. Functional remediation represents a new option for patients with functional impairment. Most findings indicate the benefits of adjunctive psychological treatments to improve the outcomes of BD. Controversial results have also been found, highlighting the need for a better identification of treatment moderators and mediators to design interventions tailored to the target population. Recently, cognitive remediation, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, dialectical behaviour therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing have begun to be tested, as well as Internet-based psychological interventions, but it is too early to draw conclusions about their efficacy.
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Clasen, Mathias. Why Horror Seduces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666507.001.0001.
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This book explains the appeals and functions of horror entertainment by drawing on cutting-edge findings in the evolutionary social sciences, showing how the horror genre is a product of human nature. It is the first book to integrate the study of horror with the sciences of human nature and to offer a sustained analysis of the ways in which our evolutionary heritage constrains and directs horror in literature, film, and computer games. The central claim of the book is that horror entertainment works by targeting ancient and deeply conserved neurobiological mechanisms. We are attracted to horrifying entertainment because we have an adaptive tendency to find pleasure in make-believe that allows us to experience negative emotions at high levels of intensity within a safe context. This book offers a detailed theoretical account of the biological underpinnings of the paradoxically and perennially popular genre of horror. The theoretical account is bolstered with original analyses of a range of well-known and popular modern American works of horror literature and horror film to illustrate how these works target evolved cognitive and emotional mechanisms to fulfill their function of absorbing, engaging, and horrifying audiences: I Am Legend (1954), Rosemary’s Baby (1967), Night of the Living Dead (1968), Jaws (1975), The Shining (1977), Halloween (1978), and The Blair Witch Project (1999). The book’s final chapter expands the discussion to include interactive, highly immersive horror experiences offered through horror video games and commercial haunted attractions.
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Taylor, Eric. Developmental Neuropsychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198827801.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions involving alterations of behaviour, thinking, and emotions. They have onsets in early childhood, persistence into adult life, and high rates of altered cognitive and neurological function. They are frequent reasons for referral to psychiatry, paediatrics, and clinical psychology and often require team approaches to meet a variety of needs for service. This book includes accounts of the typical development and possible pathology of key functions whose alterations can underlie problems of mental development: motor function, attention, memory, executive function, communication, social understanding and empathy, reality testing, and emotional regulation. It goes on to descriptions of frequent clinical conditions: the spectra of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, tic disorders, coordination and learning difficulties, intellectual disability, and the psychotic disorders of young people. There are descriptions of recognition, diagnosis, prevalence, pathophysiology, and consequences for later development. These conditions very often coexist and present as dimensions rather than categorical illnesses. The effects of brain disorders on mental life are then considered, with special attention to epilepsy, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, acquired traumatic injury to the head, localized structural lesions, and endocrine and genetic disorders. Widely used treatments, both psychological and physical, are described in the context of their value for meeting multiple, often overlapping needs. Consequences of the conditions for individuals’ psychosocial development are described: stigma; physical illness and injury; economic disadvantage; and family, peer, and school stresses. This book is aimed at clinicians of all disciplines, clinical students, and educators encountering neuropsychiatric problems in young people.