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Journal articles on the topic 'Higher cognitive functions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

WANG, Jun, and Tian-Yong CHEN. "Inhibitory Control and Higher Cognitive Functions." Advances in Psychological Science 20, no. 11 (June 14, 2013): 1768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2012.01768.

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Perlovsky, Leonid. "Nonlinear dynamics and higher cognitive mental functions." Physics of Life Reviews 9, no. 1 (March 2012): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2011.12.004.

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Perlovsky, Leonid. "Emotions of “higher” cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 3 (May 23, 2012): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11001555.

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AbstractThe target article by Lindquist et al. considers discrete emotions. This commentary argues that these are but a minor part of human emotional abilities, unifying us with animals. Uniquely human emotions are aesthetic emotions related to the need for the knowledge of “high” cognition, including emotions of the beautiful, cognitive dissonances, and musical emotions. This commentary touches on their cognitive functions and origins.

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Parente, Annalisa, Valentina Manfredi, Flavio Villani, Silvana Franceschetti, and Anna Rita Giovagnoli. "Investigating higher-order cognitive functions in temporal lobe epilepsy: Cognitive estimation." Epilepsy & Behavior 29, no. 2 (November 2013): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.07.031.

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Schmeidler, James, Cecilia N. Mastrogiacomo, Michal S. Beeri, Clive Rosendorff, and Jeremy M. Silverman. "Distinct age-related associations for body mass index and cognition in cognitively healthy very old veterans." International Psychogeriatrics 31, no. 06 (February 5, 2019): 895–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610218001412.

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ABSTRACTAssociations between high body mass index (BMI) and subsequent cognitive decline, reported in elderly averaging below age 75, become less consistent at older ages. We compared the associations of BMI with cognition in moderately old (ages 75–84, N = 154) and oldest-old (85+, N = 93) samples. BMI and cognition were assessed cross-sectionally in cognitively intact elderly (mean age = 84.5, SD = 4.4) male veterans. Regression analyses of three cognitive domains — executive functions/language, attention, and memory—compared relationship with BMI between the moderately old and oldest-old. Higher BMI was associated with relatively poorer executive functions/language performance in the moderately old, while the opposite relationship, higher BMI associated with relatively better performance, was found in the oldest-old. Associations for the other two cognitive domains did not differ significantly between age groups. The reversal of association direction for executive functions/language performance with higher BMI is consistent with the protected survivor model. This model posits a minority subpopulation with a protective factor—genetic or otherwise—against both mortality and cognitive decline associated with risk factor status. The very old who remain cognitively intact despite the presence of risk factors are more likely to possess protection.

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E, K. F., MH R. Ho, and SH A. Chen. "Cerebellar Involvement in Higher Cognitive Functions: a Meta-Analysis." NeuroImage 47 (July 2009): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70894-8.

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7

Snyder, Peter J. "Evolutionary Bases for Cerebral Localization of Higher Cognitive Functions." Brain and Language 73, no. 2 (June 2000): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2301.

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Hu, Hao, Katinka Eggers, Wei Chen, Masoud Garshasbi, M. Mahdi Motazacker, Klaus Wrogemann, Kimia Kahrizi, et al. "ST3GAL3 Mutations Impair the Development of Higher Cognitive Functions." American Journal of Human Genetics 89, no. 3 (September 2011): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.08.008.

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Matsui, Yasuyuki, Satoshi Maesawa, Miyako Futamura, Maki Tobinaga, and Masazumi Fujii. "Challenging for preservation of higher cognitive functions during awake surgery." Higher Brain Function Research 35, no. 1 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2496/hbfr.35.1.

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Frith, Chris, and Ray Dolan. "The role of the prefrontal cortex in higher cognitive functions." Cognitive Brain Research 5, no. 1-2 (December 1996): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00054-7.

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CRADDOCK, TRAVIS J. A., JACK A. TUSZYNSKI, AVNER PRIEL, and HOLLY FREEDMAN. "MICROTUBULE IONIC CONDUCTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS." Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 09, no. 02 (June 2010): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219635210002421.

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12

Vogel, David D. "A neural network model of memory and higher cognitive functions." International Journal of Psychophysiology 55, no. 1 (January 2005): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.05.007.

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Johnson, Mark H. "Cortical Specialization for Higher Cognitive Functions: Beyond the Maturational Model." Brain and Cognition 42, no. 1 (February 2000): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brcg.1999.1180.

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KOZMA, ROBERT, and H. JOHN CAULFIELD. "NEURODYNAMIC CORRELATES OF HIGHER COGNITION AND CONSCIOUSNESS — EDITORIAL." New Mathematics and Natural Computation 05, no. 01 (March 2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793005709001350.

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In spite of the explosive growth of experimental research in basic neurobiology and neurophysiology of brain components in the past decade, understanding the integrated functioning of the brain remains a significant scientific challenge. Essential for understanding human brain function is the detailed knowledge concerning the spatio-temporal dynamics of neuronal populations and their intricate interactions during cognitive functions. The aim of the present issue is to examine brain dynamics and cognitive functions from a multidisciplinary perspective and to introduce the most recent results in this research frontier. Topics relevant to the special issue include: (i) Modeling brain dynamics at the mesoscopic and macroscopic scales, including dynamical systems with distributed parameters; (ii) Applying tools of discrete mathematics, statistical and quantum physics, network science to describe the dynamics of brains; (iii) Experimental research on brain dynamics from various aspects, including fundamental neurobiology, evoked potentials, functional brain imaging, and cognitive functions; (iv) Clinical neuroscience issues for improved diagnosis of dynamic brain diseases and their potential therapies. This special issue is dedicated to Professor Walter J. Freeman on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Dr. Freeman produced breakthrough contributions to research on brain dynamics over the past five decades. The present issue covers all aspects of neurodynamics, starting from neural populations of high-level cognition and consciousness, as well as philosophical aspects and practical implementations on digital computers and hardware designs.

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Thaut, Michael H. "Neurologic Music Therapy in Cognitive Rehabilitation." Music Perception 27, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2010.27.4.281.

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NEUROLOGIC MUSIC THERAPY LAST CAME INTO research and clinical focus via cognitive rehabilitation. New imaging techniques studying higher cognitive functions in the human brain 'in vivo' and theoretical advancements in music and brain function have facilitated this development. There are shared cognitive and perceptual mechanisms and shared neural systems between musical cognition and parallel nonmusical cognitive functions that provide access for music to affect general nonmusical functions, such as memory, attention, and executive function. The emerging clinical literature shows substantial support for these effects in rehabilitative retraining of the injured brain. Key findings relevant for clinical applications of neurologic music therapy to cognitive rehabilitation are presented and discussed below.

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B Gjerde, Priyanthi, Marit Schmid, Åsa Hammar, and Knut Wester. "Intracranial arachnoid cysts: impairment of higher cognitive functions and postoperative improvement." Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 5, no. 1 (2013): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-5-21.

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Beratis, Ion N., Andreas D. Rabavilas, Miltiadis Kyprianou, George N. Papadimitriou, and Charalabos Papageorgiou. "Investigation of the link between higher order cognitive functions and handedness." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 35, no. 4 (April 2013): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2013.778231.

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Gallego, María Gómez, Alfonso Palazón Perez de los Cobos, and Juan Cándido Gómez Gallego. "Identifying Students at Risk to Academic Dropout in Higher Education." Education Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080427.

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A main goal of the university institution should be to reduce the desertion of its students, in fact, the dropout rate constitutes a basic indicator in the accreditation processes of university centers. Thus, evaluating the cognitive functions and learning skills of students with an increased risk of academic failure can be useful for the adoption of strategies for preventing and reducing school dropout. In this research, cognitive functions and learning skills in 284 university students were evaluated. Academic performance predictors were identified, and conglomerates analysis was carried out to establish groups according to those variables. The stability and validity of the conglomerates were tested with discriminant analyzes and comparison tests. The variables associated significantly to academic performance were: attention, intelligence, motivation, metacognition and affective components. The conglomerate analysis suggested a three-group solution: (1) students with cognitive skills of moderate to high, but deficient learning strategies; (2) students with cognitive and learning capabilities of moderate to high; (3) students with cognitive functions low and moderate learning capacity. Students from groups 1 and 3 showed worse academic performance; 83.3% of students at risk of desertion belonged to such groups. Two groups of students have been identified with the highest risk of academic failure: those with poor cognitive capacity and those with bad learning skills.

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Mountcastle, Vernon B. "The Parietal System and Some Higher Brain Functions." Cerebral Cortex 5, no. 5 (1995): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/5.5.377.

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Gonatopoulos-Pournatzis, Thomas, Rieko Niibori, Eric W. Salter, Robert J. Weatheritt, Brian Tsang, Shaghayegh Farhangmehr, Xinyi Liang, et al. "Autism-Misregulated eIF4G Microexons Control Synaptic Translation and Higher Order Cognitive Functions." Molecular Cell 77, no. 6 (March 2020): 1176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2020.01.006.

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Cheung, Zelda H., Amy K. Y. Fu, and Nancy Y. Ip. "Synaptic Roles of Cdk5: Implications in Higher Cognitive Functions and Neurodegenerative Diseases." Neuron 50, no. 1 (April 2006): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.024.

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22

Burke, Tina M., Frank A. J. L. Scheer, Joseph M. Ronda, Charles A. Czeisler, and Kenneth P. Wright. "Sleep inertia, sleep homeostatic and circadian influences on higher-order cognitive functions." Journal of Sleep Research 24, no. 4 (March 13, 2015): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12291.

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23

Scandurra, Anna, Alessandra Alterisio, Anna Di Cosmo, Antonio D’Ambrosio, and Biagio D’Aniello. "Ovariectomy Impairs Socio-Cognitive Functions in Dogs." Animals 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9020058.

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Recent studies have underlined the effect of ovariectomy on the spatial cognition of female dogs, with ovariectomized dogs showing a clear preference for an egocentric rather than an allocentric navigation strategy whereas intact females did not show preferences. Intact females had better performances than gonadectomized females in solving a learning task in a maze. Ovariectomy also affects socio-cognitive abilities, reducing the dog’s level of attention on the owner. We tested dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in the object choice task paradigm to assess whether an ovariectomy could impair females’ ability to follow human signals. Forty pet dogs (18 intact females (IF) and 22 gonadectomized females (GF)) were tested in the object choice task paradigm using the human proximal pointing gesture. For the analysis, the frequency of correct, wrong and no-choices was collected; moreover, the latency of the correct choices was also considered. The IF group followed the pointing gestures more often than the GF group and with a lower latency, whereas a significantly higher no-choice frequency was recorded for the GF group. These results show a detrimental effect of ovariectomy on dogs’ socio-cognitive skills related to the responsiveness to human pointing gestures.

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Capo, Gabriele, Miran Skrap, Ilaria Guarracino, Miriam Isola, Claudio Battistella, Tamara Ius, and Barbara Tomasino. "Cognitive Functions in Repeated Glioma Surgery." Cancers 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12051077.

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Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are slow-growing brain tumors infiltrating the central nervous system which tend to recur, often with malignant degeneration after primary treatment. Re-operations are not always recommended due to an assumed higher risk of neurological and cognitive deficits. However, this assumption is relatively ungrounded due to a lack of extensive neuropsychological testing. We retrospectively examined a series of 40 patients with recurrent glioma in eloquent areas of the left hemisphere, who all completed comprehensive pre- (T3) and post-surgical (T4) neuropsychological assessments after a second surgery (4-month follow up). The lesions were most frequent in the left insular cortex and the inferior frontal gyrus. Among this series, in 17 patients the cognitive outcomes were compared before the first surgery (T1), 4 months after the first surgery (T2), and at T3 and T4. There was no significant difference either in the number of patients scoring within the normal range between T3 and T4, or in their level of performance. Further addressing the T1–T4 evolution, there was no significant difference in the number of patients scoring within the normal range. As to their level of performance, the only significant change was in phonological fluency. This longitudinal follow-up study showed that repeated glioma surgery is possible without major damage to cognitive functions in the short-term period (4 months) after surgery.

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Haapala, Eero A. "Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Motor Skills in Relation to Cognition and Academic Performance in Children – A Review." Journal of Human Kinetics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0006.

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Different elements of physical fitness in children have shown a declining trend during the past few decades. Cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills have been associated with cognition, but the magnitude of this association remains unknown. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills with cognitive functions and academic performance in children up to 13 years of age. Cross-sectional studies suggest that children with higher cardiorespiratory fitness have more efficient cognitive processing at the neuroelectric level, as well as larger hippocampal and basal ganglia volumes, compared to children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness has been associated with better inhibitory control in tasks requiring rigorous attention allocation. Better motor skills have been related to more efficient cognitive functions including inhibitory control and working memory. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness and better motor skills have also been associated with better academic performance. Furthermore, none of the studies on cardiorespiratory fitness have revealed independent associations with cognitive functions by controlling for motor skills. Studies concerning the relationship between motor skills and cognitive functions also did not consider cardiorespiratory fitness in the analyses. The results of this review suggest that high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skills may be beneficial for cognitive development and academic performance but the evidence relies mainly on cross-sectional studies.

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Amjad, Imran, Hamza Toor, Imran Khan Niazi, Hina Afzal, Mads Jochumsen, Muhammad Shafique, Kathryn Allen, Heidi Haavik, and Touqeer Ahmed. "Therapeutic effects of aerobic exercise on EEG parameters and higher cognitive functions in mild cognitive impairment patients." International Journal of Neuroscience 129, no. 6 (April 1, 2019): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2018.1551894.

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Bedi, G., and J. Redman. "Ecstasy use and higher-level cognitive functions: weak effects of ecstasy after control for potential confounds." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 9 (January 29, 2008): 1319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708002730.

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BackgroundAlthough there have been several reports linking ecstasy use with lowered cognitive function, much previous research suffers from substantial methodological limitations. The present study aimed to examine associations between ecstasy use and higher-level cognitive functions, using a larger sample size than most previous research and better controlling for a range of potential confounds.MethodA cross-sectional cohort design assessed 45 currently abstinent ecstasy polydrug users (EP), 48 cannabis polydrug users (CP) and 40 legal drug users (LD). Standardized neuropsychological tests were used to measure attention, verbal, visual and working memory and executive function. Prospective memory function was also assessed.ResultsIt was not possible to discriminate between groups on the basis of the cognitive functions assessed. Regression analyses showed an inverse association between lifetime dose of ecstasy and verbal memory performance. A combination of drug-use variables, including measures of ecstasy use, contributed to prediction of attention/working memory. However, individual associations were small, explaining 1–6% of variance in cognitive scores.ConclusionsAlthough the results suggest that heavy use of ecstasy is associated with some lowering of higher-level cognitive functions, they do not indicate a clinical picture of substantial cognitive dysfunction.

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Antonietti, Alessandro, and Sabrina Baldo. "Undergraduates' Conceptions of Cognitive Functions of Mental Imagery." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 1 (February 1994): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.160.

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A questionnaire was administered to 42 undergraduates to study what they thought about the role of mental images in memorizing, problem-solving, musing, and everyday-life activities. Analysis showed that, according to students' conceptions, imagery is more useful in undirected than in directed thinking and that the efficacy of visual images is rated higher when they are employed to represent mentally concrete than abstract material.

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Altenmüller, Eckart. "Cortical DC-Potentials as Electrophysiological Correlates of Hemispheric Dominance of Higher Cognitive Functions." International Journal of Neuroscience 47, no. 1-2 (January 1989): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207458908987413.

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Elferink-Gemser, Marije T., Irene R. Faber, Chris Visscher, Tsung-Min Hung, Sjoerd J. de Vries, and Maria W. G. Nijhuis-Van der Sanden. "Higher-level cognitive functions in Dutch elite and sub-elite table tennis players." PLOS ONE 13, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): e0206151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206151.

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Wong, M., K. Lau, and E. Lau. "Reversing decline of higher order cognitive functions during the day with a Nap." Sleep Medicine 14 (December 2013): e306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.11.750.

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Yang, Fang-Chi, and Rebecca D. Burwell. "Neuronal Activity in the Rat Pulvinar Correlates with Multiple Higher-Order Cognitive Functions." Vision 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision4010015.

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The pulvinar, also called the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus in rodents, is one of the higher-order thalamic relays and the main visual extrageniculate thalamic nucleus in rodents and primates. Although primate studies report the pulvinar is engaged under attentional demands, there are open questions about the detailed role of the pulvinar in visuospatial attention. The pulvinar provides the primary thalamic input to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Both the pulvinar and the PPC are known to be important for visuospatial attention. Our previous work showed that neuronal activity in the PPC correlated with multiple phases of a visuospatial attention (VSA) task, including onset of the visual stimuli, decision-making, task-relevant locations, and behavioral outcomes. Here, we hypothesized that the pulvinar, as the major thalamic input to the PPC, is involved in visuospatial attention as well as in other cognitive functions related to the processing of visual information. We recorded the neuronal activity of the pulvinar in rats during their performance on the VSA task. The task was designed to engage goal-directed, top–down attention as well as stimulus-driven, bottom–up attention. Rats monitored three possible locations for the brief appearance of a target stimulus. An approach to the correct target location was followed by a liquid reward. For analysis, each trial was divided into behavioral epochs demarcated by stimulus onset, selection behavior, and approach to reward. We found that neurons in the pulvinar signaled stimulus onset and selection behavior consistent with the interpretation that the pulvinar is engaged in both bottom–up and top–down visuospatial attention. Our results also suggested that pulvinar cells responded to allocentric and egocentric task-relevant locations.

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Bedny, M. "Visual cortex invaded by higher cognitive functions as a result of early blindness." Journal of Vision 13, no. 15 (December 27, 2013): T10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.15.10.

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Glad, John. "Making sense of the “higher cognitive functions”: Bringing brain, genes and evolution together." Cortex 46, no. 1 (January 2010): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2009.04.001.

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Talarowska, Monika, Antoni Florkowski, Krzysztof Zboralski, and Piotr Gałecki. "Cognitive functions and clinical features among diabetic patients in Polish population." Open Medicine 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-009-0086-6.

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AbstractDiabetes is a chronic metabolic disease which can lead to numerous complications. One of these disturbances is cognitive function impairment. A group of 62 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. There is a correlation between certain clinical features among diabetic patients and cognitive functions. Negative influence on cognitive functions have a higher level of total cholesterol, a higher level of LDL cholesterol, a lower level of HDL cholesterol concentration in the blood, a higher level of glucose after meals, a higher level of basic insulin dose and insulin dose taken just before the examination, longer duration of the diabetes and a lot of hypoglycemic episodes. There is no influence on cognitive functions from glucose levels before meals, the type of the insulin therapy, or the number of hyperglycemic episodes and value rate of hemoglobin HbA1C.

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Barbu, Roxana M., Jason A. Berard, Louise M. Gresham, and Lisa A. S. Walker. "Longitudinal Stability of Cognition in Early-Phase Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis." International Journal of MS Care 20, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2016-073.

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Abstract Background: Up to 70% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive impairment. Some remain cognitively intact despite advanced disease. Cognitive reserve (CR) theory postulates that individuals with higher levels of intellectual enrichment can tolerate more pathology than others before exhibiting cognitive impairment. Methods: Thirty-two individuals with early-phase relapsing-remitting MS with mild physical disability and disease duration less than 10 years and 32 controls were recruited. At baseline and after 3 years, participants completed neuropsychological tests evaluating several cognitive domains. The CR was assessed via a cognitive reserve index (CRI) using educational levels and North American Adult Reading Test scores. Change in cognition was assessed using a reliable change index. Results: At baseline, people with MS performed worse than controls on visual memory. There were no significant group differences on information processing speed, learning, language, and executive functions. Most cognitive domains showed no change over time, and CRI was not a significant predictor in the regression model. Conclusions: People with MS performed worse on memory tasks at baseline compared with controls. Cognitive change differed between people with MS and controls in executive functions. Although people with MS and controls improved over time, beyond practice effects, people with MS improved less than controls. Overall, no cognitive deterioration was noted over time, and CR did not predict change in cognition. Sample homogeneity in terms of disease stage and CR may explain these findings.

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Pavlovic, Dragan, and Aleksandra Pavlovic. "Mild cognitive impairment." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 137, no. 7-8 (2009): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0908434p.

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a syndrome that spans the area between normal ageing and dementia. It is classified into amnestic and non-amnestic types, both with two subtypes: single domain and multiple domains. Prevalence of MCI depends on criteria and population and can vary from 0.1 to 42% persons of older age. In contrast to dementia, cognitive deterioration is less severe and activities of daily living are preserved. Most impaired higher cognitive functions in MCI are memory, executive functions, language, visuospatial functions, attention etc. Also there are depression, apathy or psychomotor agitation, and signs of psychosis. Aetiology of MCI is multiple, mostly neurodegenerative, vascular, psychiatric, internistic, neurological, traumatic and iatrogenic. Persons with amnestic MCI are at a higher risk of converting to Alzheimer's disease, while those with a single non-memory domain are at risk of developing frontotemporal dementia. Some MCI patients also progress to other dementia types, vascular among others. In contrast, some patients have a stationary course, some improve, while others even normalize. Every suspicion of MCI warrants a detailed clinical exploration to discover underlying aetiology, laboratory analyses, neuroimaging methods and some cases require a detailed neuropsychological assessment. At the present time there is no efficacious therapy for cognitive decline in MCI or the one that could postpone conversion to dementia. The treatment of curable causes, application of preventive measures and risk factor control are reasonable measures in the absence of specific therapy.

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Ishihara, Toru, Eric S. Drollette, Sebastian Ludyga, Charles H. Hillman, and Keita Kamijo. "Baseline Cognitive Performance Moderates the Effects of Physical Activity on Executive Functions in Children." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 2071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072071.

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Findings regarding the effects of regular physical activity on cognition in children have been inconsistent due to a number of demographic factors and experimental considerations. The present study was designed to examine baseline cognitive performance and executive function demands, as possible factors underlying the lack of consensus in the literature, by investigating the moderating role of those factors on the effects of physical activity on cognition. We reanalyzed data from three randomized controlled trials, in which the effects of regular physical activity intervention on cognition were examined using executive function tasks that included at least two task conditions requiring variable executive function demands, with a cumulative total of 292 participants (9–13 years). The results indicate that cognitive improvements resulting from physical activity intervention were greater in children with lower baseline cognitive performance. The main analysis revealed that beneficial effects of physical activity intervention on cognitive performance were generally observed across executive function conditions. However, secondary analyses indicated that these general effects were moderated by baseline performance, with disproportionately greater effects for task conditions with higher executive function demands. These findings suggest that baseline cognitive performance is an individual difference variable that moderates the beneficial effects of physical activity on executive functions.

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Dobi, F., E. Kabili, D. Elezi, E. Sotiri, G. Xhepa, and F. Elezi. "The Contributes of Cerebellum in Higher Cognitive and Social Behaviour in Childhood." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71139-3.

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Many studies have confirmed the role of the cerebellum in the organization of superior brain functions in adults. Congenital cerebellar alterations are frequently observed in children with neurological diseases. These anatomical alterations are associated with neuropsychological or developmental disorders that often give rise to pictures of mental insufficiency of varying severity with behavioural changes even leading to autism.Aim:To evaluate of cerebellum role in cognitive and social organization also during development.We report 25 children with different kinds of acquired cerebellar lesions (12 with hemispheric astrocytoma, 12 with vermis medulloblastoma, and 1 with hemispheric stroke) who showed different clinical patterns according to the lesion localization. All subject were studied by neurological examination and MRI. Neuropsychological assessment included:•observation of spontaneous behaviour;•Recording of spontaneous language;•Intelligence evaluation (WISC-test);•Language evaluation;•Memory evaluation;•Assessment of frontal lobe functions (categorical memory, sequential memory, language fluency, design fluency, flexibility of reasoning and problem solving).Lesion in the vermis, mainly in the lower lobuli, caused different degrees of behavioural disturbances ranging from irritability to psychosis; lesions in the right hemisphere impaired language processing and symbolic sequencing, categorical memory and executive functions; lesions in the left hemisphere impaired speech prosody, visual sequential memory and design fluency.These data confirm that the connections from the cerebellum to the associative cortical areas are operative very early and that the cerebellum has an essential role in cognitive and social organization also during development.

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Gillespie, Alex, Catherine Best, and Brian O'Neill. "Cognitive Function and Assistive Technology for Cognition: A Systematic Review." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 1 (December 12, 2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711001548.

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AbstractThe relationship between assistive technology for cognition (ATC) and cognitive function was examined using a systematic review. A literature search identified 89 publications reporting 91 studies of an ATC intervention in a clinical population. The WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was used to categorize the cognitive domains being assisted and the tasks being performed. Results show that ATC have been used to effectively support cognitive functions relating to attention, calculation, emotion, experience of self, higher level cognitive functions (planning and time management) and memory. The review makes three contributions: (1) It reviews existing ATC in terms of cognitive function, thus providing a framework for ATC prescription on the basis of a profile of cognitive deficits, (2) it introduces a new classification of ATC based on cognitive function, and (3) it identifies areas for future ATC research and development. (JINS, 2012,18, 1–19)

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Usta, Oğuzer, and Cüneyt Ardıç. "Effect of Obesity on Cognitive Functions in Elderly People." Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33880/ejfm.2020090101.

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Aim: We aimed to evaluate effect of obesity on cognitive functions in 65 years and older patients. Methods: This study was conducted in the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Family Medicine outpatient clinic between November 2018 and January 2019. 65 years and older 83 voluntary patients were included in our study. All participants evaluated by a survey for their socio-demographic characteristics, Standardized Mini Mental Examination Test and Rey Auditory and Verbal Learning Test. Statistical comparison was made between patients’ body mass indexes and their test scores. Results: Mini Mental Test total score was statistically higher in men. Besides that, working patients had higher Mini Mental Test total score compared to retired patients and housewives. As participants’ waist circumference and body mass index increase, their Mini Mental Test language scores were decreasing. Conclusions: We found that as body mass index increases, Mini Mental Test language scores were significantly decreasing. In literature there are studies that suggesting obesity is related to decline in cognitive functions, but there are also studies that suggesting obesity has protective effect for cognitive decline. More comprehensive prospective studies are required for clearer results. Keywords: geriatrics, obesity, cognitive dysfunction

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Schmahmann, Jeremy D., Carl M. Anderson, Natika Newton, and Ralph D. Ellis. "The function of the cerebellum in cognition, affect and consciousness." Consciousness & Emotion 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 273–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ce.2.2.06sch.

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Editors’ note:þThese four interrelated discussions of the role of the cerebellum in coordinating emotional and higher cognitive functions developed out of a workshop presented by the four authors for the 2000 Conference of the Cognitive Science Society at the University of Pennsylvania. The four interrelated discussions explore the implications of the recent explosion of cerebellum research suggesting an expanded cerebellar role in higher cognitive functions as well as in the coordination of emotional functions with learning, logical thinking, perceptual consciousness, and action planning

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Esmael, Ahmed, Tamer Belal, and Khaled Eltoukhy. "Transcranial Doppler for Early Prediction of Cognitive Impairment after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and the Associated Clinical Biomarkers." Stroke Research and Treatment 2020 (November 23, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874605.

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Background and Aim. Cognitive impairment after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) stays under investigation. This study is aimed at predicting the cognitive impairment by transcranial Doppler (TCD) and detecting the associated clinical biomarkers of impaired cognition after aSAH after 3 months from the onset. Methods. Prospective study included 40 cases with acute aSAH. Initial evaluation by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the severity of aSAH was detected by both the clinical Hunt and Hess and radiological Fisher’s grading scales. TCD was done for all patients five times within 10 days measuring the mean flow velocities (MFVs) of cerebral arteries. At the 3-month follow-up, patients were classified into two groups according to Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale: the first group was 31 cases (77.5%) with intact cognitive functions and the other group was 9 cases (22.5%) with impaired cognition. Results. Patients with impaired cognitive functions showed significantly lower mean GCS ( p = 0.03 ), significantly higher mean Hunt and Hess scale grades ( p = 0.04 ), significantly higher mean diabetes mellitus (DM) ( p = 0.03 ), significantly higher mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ( p = 0.02 and p = 0.005 , respectively), and significantly higher MFVs measured within the first 10 days. The patients with cognitive impairment were accompanied by a higher incidence of hydrocephalus ( p = 0.01 ) and a higher incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) ( p < 0.001 ). Logistic regression analysis detected that MFV ≥ 86 cm / s in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), MFV ≥ 68 cm / s in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and MFV ≥ 45 cm / s in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) were significantly associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment. Conclusion. Cognitive impairment after the 3-month follow-up phase in aSAH patients was 22.5%. Acute hydrocephalus and DCI are highly associated with poor cognitive function in aSAH. Increased MFV is a strong predictor for poor cognitive function in aSAH. This trial is registered with NCT04329208.

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Aartsen, Marja J., Boris Cheval, Stefan Sieber, Bernadette W. Van der Linden, Rainer Gabriel, Delphine S. Courvoisier, Idris Guessous, et al. "Advantaged socioeconomic conditions in childhood are associated with higher cognitive functioning but stronger cognitive decline in older age." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (February 25, 2019): 5478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807679116.

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Cognitive aging is characterized by large heterogeneity, which may be due to variations in childhood socioeconomic conditions (CSC). Although there is substantial evidence for an effect of CSC on levels of cognitive functioning at older age, results on associations with cognitive decline are mixed. We examined by means of an accelerated longitudinal design the association between CSC and cognitive trajectories from 50 to 96 years. Cognition included two functions generally found to decline with aging: delayed recall and verbal fluency. Data are from six waves of the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), conducted between 2004 and 2015 (n= 24,066 at baseline; 56% female, age 50+). We found a consistent CSC pattern in levels of cognitive functioning in later life. Older people with disadvantaged CSC had lower levels of cognitive functioning than those with more advantaged CSC. We also find that decline is almost 1.6 times faster in the most advantaged group compared with the most disadvantaged group. The faster decline for people with more advantaged CSC becomes less pronounced when we additionally control for adulthood socioeconomic conditions and current levels of physical activity, depressive symptoms, and partner status. Our findings are in line with the latency, pathway, and cumulative model and lend support to theories of cognitive reserve, stating that neuronal loss can no longer be repaired in people with more cognitive reserve once the underlying pathology is substantial and speed of decline is accelerated.

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Tousignant, Béatrice, Philip L. Jackson, Elsa Massicotte, Miriam H. Beauchamp, Amélie M. Achim, Evelyn Vera-Estay, Gary Bedell, and Katia Sirois. "Impact of traumatic brain injury on social cognition in adolescents and contribution of other higher order cognitive functions." Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 28, no. 3 (March 10, 2016): 429–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2016.1158114.

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Hartanto, Andree, and Jose C. Yong. "Measurement matters: higher waist-to-hip ratio but not body mass index is associated with deficits in executive functions and episodic memory." PeerJ 6 (September 7, 2018): e5624. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5624.

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Background The current study aimed to reconcile the inconsistent findings between obesity, executive functions, and episodic memory by addressing major limitations of previous studies, including overreliance on body mass index (BMI), small sample sizes, and failure to control for confounds. Methods Participants consisted of 3,712 midlife adults from the Cognitive Project of the National Survey of Midlife Development. Executive functions and episodic memory were measured by a battery of cognitive function tests. Results We found that higher waist-to-hip ratio was associated with deficits in both executive functions and episodic memory, above and beyond the influence of demographics, comorbid health issues, health behaviors, personality traits, and self-perceived obesity. However, higher BMI was not associated with deficits in executive functions and episodic memory. More importantly, these differential associations were robust and stable across adulthood. Discussion Our findings confirm the association between obesity and episodic memory while highlighting the need for better measures of obesity when examining its associations with individual differences in cognitive functions.

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Redfors, Petra, Caisa Hofgren, Ingrid Eriksson, Lukas Holmegaard, Hans Samuelsson, and Katarina Jood. "The Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions in Cognitive Screening after Stroke." Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 23, no. 2 (February 2014): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.04.026.

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BAILEY, A., W. MCDANIEL, and R. THOMAS. "Approaches to the study of higher cognitive functions related to creativity in nonhuman animals☆." Methods 42, no. 1 (May 2007): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.12.003.

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Constable, Paul A., Melanie Ring, Sebastian B. Gaigg, and Dermot M. Bowler. "Problem-solving styles in autism spectrum disorder and the development of higher cognitive functions." Autism 22, no. 5 (May 8, 2017): 597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317691044.

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The Vygotsky Blocks Test assesses problem-solving styles within a theoretical framework for the development of higher mental processes devised by Vygotsky. Because both the theory and the associated test situate cognitive development within the child’s social and linguistic context, they address conceptual issues around the developmental relation between language and thought that are pertinent to development in autism. Our aim was to document the performance of adults with autism spectrum disorder on the Vygotsky Blocks Test, and our results showed that they made more errors than the typically developing participants and that these errors correlated with performance IQ. The autism spectrum disorder group also required more cues than the typically developing group to discern the conceptual structure of the blocks, a pattern that correlated with Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule–Communication and Imagination/Creativity sub-scales. When asked to categorize the blocks in new ways, the autism spectrum disorder participants developed fewer principles on which to base new categorizations, which in contrast to the typically developing group correlated with verbal IQ and with the Imagination/Creativity sub-scale of the ADOS. These results are in line with a number of existing findings in the autism spectrum disorder literature and confirm that conceptualization in autism spectrum disorder seems to rely more on non-verbal and less on imaginative processes than in typically developing individuals. The findings represent first steps to the possibility of outlining a testable account of psychological development in autism spectrum disorder that integrates verbal, non-verbal and social factors into the transition from elementary to higher level processes.

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Liu, Jin, Xuhong Liao, Mingrui Xia, and Yong He. "Chronnectome fingerprinting: Identifying individuals and predicting higher cognitive functions using dynamic brain connectivity patterns." Human Brain Mapping 39, no. 2 (November 15, 2017): 902–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23890.

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