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Books on the topic 'Higher Mortality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Ediev, Dalhat. Fundamentals of demographic analysis with elements of mathematical demography. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2106167.

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The textbook is devoted to the presentation of methods of demographic analysis and demographic models that are in demand in the practice of analyzing the structure, fertility, mortality, migration and reproduction of the population. It was the result of many years of teaching subjects in mathematical demography, demographic analysis, mortality analysis and demographic forecasting, as well as the practical and research experience of the author. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for higher education. For students and postgraduates studying dem

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2

1954-, Peterson Christine E., ed. Why were infant and child mortality rates highest in the poorest states of Peninsular Malaysia, 1941-75? Rand, 1986.

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3

van der Waal, Rodante. Birth Justice. Amsterdam University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789048562398.

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Reproductive injustice is an urgent global problem. We are faced with the increased criminalization of abortion, higher maternal and neonatal mortality rates for people of color, and more and more research addressing the structural nature of obstetric violence. In this collection of essays, the cause of reproductive injustice is understood as the institutionalized isolation of (potentially) pregnant people, making them vulnerable for bio- and necropolitical disciplination and control. The central thesis of this book is that reproductive justice must be achieved through a radical reappropriatio

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4

1955-, Smith Stephen C., and South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, eds. Awareness as an adaptation strategy for reducing mortality from heat waves: Evidence from a disaster risk management program in India. South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, 2012.

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5

Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Spatial Variations in Mortality and its Causes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0018.

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Scottish nineteenth mortality statistics are unusual in distinguishing death rates and causes grouped by the population size of localities, and also separately for many of the larger towns. Larger settlements tended to have higher death rates than smaller, and from most diseases, and, although these differences declined over time, the major towns of the West Central Belt (and Glasgow above all) show, with a few puzzling exceptions, persistent tendencies throughout our period to higher rates than other urban centres (other at some periods than Dundee). Infant mortality shows similar differences

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Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Scottish National Mortality and its Wider Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0016.

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In historical studies of Scottish mortality compared with other countries, expectation of life at birth is highly misleading because, until the early twentieth century, Scotland’s relatively low infant mortality conceals the fact that age-specific death rates at almost all other ages were higher than the closest comparators in western Europe. Scotland has continued to have worse mortality at all ages because Scottish infant mortality, along with death rates at most other ages, failed to decline at the same rate as these other countries in Europe. Nevertheless, expectation of life at all ages d

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7

Kroenke, Candyce, and Ichiro Kawachi. Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0009.

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The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and cancer is complex, dynamic, and evolving. Associations depend on SES measures, cancer type, sociodemographic factors including race/ethnicity, and historical trends. However, socioeconomic disadvantage is often associated with a higher risk of cancer, particularly cancers diagnosed at a late stage, as well as worse prognosis once diagnosed. Research on secular trends over the past 70 years has shown reversals of the socioeconomic gradient for lung and colorectal cancer consistent with differential trends by SES in patterns of smoking, die

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8

Suicide Mortality in the Americas. Regional Report 2010–2014. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123300.

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Suicide is a serious public health problem surrounded by stigma, myths, and taboos. With an annual average of 81,746 suicide deaths in the period 2010–2014 and an age-adjusted suicide rate of 9.3 per 100,000 population (age-unadjusted rate of 9.6), suicide continues to be a public health problem of great relevance in the Region of the Americas. Contrary to common belief, suicides are preventable with timely, evidence-based, and often low-cost interventions. It is estimated that for each suicide that occurs, there are more than 20 attempts. Suicide can occur at any age and it is the third highe

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9

Hough, Catherine L. Chronic critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0377.

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Chronic critical illness (CCI) is common and describes a state of prolonged critical illness, in which patients have persisting organ failures requiring treatment in an intensive care setting. There are many different definitions of CCI, with most including prolonged (> 96 hours) mechanical ventilation. Advanced age, higher severity of illness, and poor functional status prior to critical illness are all important risk factors, but prediction of CCI is imperfect. Although requirement for mechanical ventilation is the hallmark, CCI encompasses much more than the respiratory system, with effe

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10

Jones, Lloyd M., Wayne W. Zhang, SreyRam Kuy, and Tze-Woei Tan. Endovascular Aneurysm Repair and Outcomes in Patients Unfit for Open Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Edited by SreyRam Kuy, Wayne Zhang, and Tze-Woei Tan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0004.

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This randomized controlled trial, the endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) trial 2, compared outcomes of EVAR and medical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients who were deemed high risk and unfit for open repair. Three hundred thirty-eight patients were enrolled and randomized to undergo either EVAR or medical therapy alone. Endpoints were all-cause mortality, aneurysm-related mortality, quality of life, postoperative complications, and hospital costs. Although there was some cross-over between groups and this has been cited as a limitation of this study, there was no stati

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11

Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Rectal bleeding. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0030.

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Rectal bleeding is a common symptom, affecting all age groups, with the highest incidence in the sixth and seventh decades and associated with a higher mortality and morbidity with increasing age. Epidemiological studies have shown rectal bleeding to occur in nearly 1% of hospital admissions. Bleeding stops spontaneously in 80% of cases, although rebleeding occurs in 25%. Common causes are haemorrhoids, diverticular disease, and colorectal cancer or polyps.

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12

Cruz, Andrea T., and Jeffrey R. Starke. Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0154.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a common cause of bacterial meningitis in areas with high HIV prevalence and its diagnosis often is delayed in industrialized nations. Children (particularly infants) and immunocompromised persons are at higher risk of developing TB meningitis. Lymphocytic meningitis, high CSF protein, and (in children) frequently an abnormal chest radiograph should raise clinician index of suspicion for TB meningitis. Neuroimaging may show hydrocephalus, basilar leptomeningeal enhancement, ischemia, and/or tuberculomas. Prompt recognition and initiation of antituberculous antibio

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Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Scotland's Populations from the 1850s to Today. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.001.0001.

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The last book-length study of Scottish population history was published in 1977, and it stopped in 1939. This book uses much hitherto unexploited material to throw new light on many topics. It sets current and recent population changes in their long-term context, exploring how the legacies of past demographic change have combined with a history of weak industrial investment, employment insecurity, deprivation and poor living conditions to produce the population profiles and changes of Scotland today. A major argument of this book is that Scotland has had multiple population histories, with gre

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14

Baldwin, Matthew, and Hannah Wunsch. Mortality after Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0003.

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Many critically ill patients now survive what were previously fatal illnesses, but long-term mortality after critical illness remains high. While study populations vary by country, age, intervention, or specific diagnosis, investigations demonstrate that the majority of additional deaths occur in the first 6 to 12 months after hospital discharge. Patients with diagnoses of cancer, respiratory failure, and neurological disorders leading to the need for intensive care have the highest long-term mortality, while those with trauma and cardiovascular diseases have much lower long-term mortality. Us

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Kaufman, Jay S., Dinela Rushani, and Richard S. Cooper. Nature versus Nurture in the Explanations for Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0007.

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This chapter points out that some researchers explain the higher mortality rates among blacks in the United States as “nature”, blaming such rates primarily on blacks' genetic makeup. Others explain the phenomenon as “nurture”, blaming social status differences stemming from systemic discrimination. For a genetic difference to be used to explain an observed health disparity, the identified causal variant would have to have a large effect on the disease phenotype risk and would have to have a substantially different prevalence in the two racial populations, and the disease would have to be a si

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Willison, Charley E. Ungoverned and Out of Sight. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197548325.001.0001.

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Homelessness is a public health problem. Millions of Americans experience homelessness each year, more than the number of Americans that suffer from opioid use disorders annually. Homelessness is associated with increased mortality and adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Longer durations of homelessness are associated with the higher mortality rates, severe mental illness, and substance use disorders. Nearly a decade after the Great Recession, rates of homelessness are once again increasing in the United States. In the face of this crisis, this book seeking to explain why different ci

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Cuartero, Mireia, and Niall D. Ferguson. High-frequency ventilation and oscillation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0098.

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High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is a key member of the family of modes called high-frequency ventilation and achieves adequate alveolar ventilation despite using very low tidal volumes, often below the dead space volume, at frequencies significantly above normal physiological values. It has been proposed as a potential protective ventilatory strategy, delivering minimal alveolar tidal stretch, while also providing continuous lung recruitment. HFOV has been successfully used in neonatal and paediatric intensive care units over the last 25 years. Since the late 1990s adults with ac

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18

Brusselaers, Nele, and Eric A. J. Hoste. Acute kidney injury in patients with severe burn injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0253_update_001.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in approximately one-quarter of all patients with severe burn injury (as defined by the RIFLE consensus classification), and approximately 3% of paediatric burn patients. Overall, a three- to six-fold higher mortality for burn patients with AKI is observed, depending on the applied definition. When AKI is defined by the sensitive RIFLE classification, median mortality of AKI is approximately 35%. This chapter describes the general pathophysiology of AKI in burns, particularly the severe form of burn shock, and discusses in addition the roles of intra-abdominal

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19

Livingstone, Kimberly, Daniel B. Herman, Naomi Adler, and Ezra S. Susser. Homelessness and HIV Transmission. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0030.

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Homelessness is associated with both poorer health and higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Recent research suggests that with growing availability of antiretroviral therapy and the expansion of housing alternatives for chronically homeless persons, HIV is no longer a leading cause of death among the homeless. Nonetheless, HIV prevalence is significantly higher among homeless persons than among their housed counterparts. This chapter examines the association between HIV/AIDS and homelessness in the United States. After providing a brief overview of homelessness and the characteristics of sp

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20

Cuocolo, Alberto, and Emilia Zampella. Role of Imaging in Diabetes Mellitus. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0018.

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Although there has been a marked decline in mortality due to coronary artery disease (CAD) in the overall population in the past three decades, reducing CAD mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) has proven exceptionally difficult. Several epidemiological studies have shown that DM is associated with a marked increase in the risk of CAD. The symptoms are not a reliable means of identifying patients at higher risk considering that angina is threefold less common in DM than in non-DM. Noninvasive cardiac imaging, such as echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, computed tomography, and m

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21

Jenkins, Kath. Consent and anaesthetic risk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0002.

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This chapter describes the importance of obtaining informed consent for anaesthesia. It covers some ethical points to guide this process. Informed consent requires good knowledge of the risks of anaesthetic practice and their likelihood. The chapter contains a detailed table of perioperative adverse outcomes, linked to real-life examples to aid clarity of communication to the patient. There are detailed suggestions of how to identify the higher-risk patient and estimate their risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity.

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Jenkins, Kath. Consent and anaesthetic risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0002_update_001.

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This chapter describes the importance of obtaining informed consent for anaesthesia. It covers some ethical points to guide this process. Informed consent requires good knowledge of the risks of anaesthetic practice and their likelihood. The chapter contains a detailed table of perioperative adverse outcomes, linked to real-life examples to aid clarity of communication to the patient. There are detailed suggestions of how to identify the higher-risk patient and estimate their risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity.

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23

Cooperberg, Matthew, and Peter Carroll. Prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0064.

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Management of prostate cancer remains controversial, in large part because of its wide heterogeneity in terms of aggressiveness and prognosis. Early detection efforts based on prostate specific antigen (PSA) and aggressive treatment of high-risk cancers have yielded major improvements in mortality rates, but overtreatment of low-risk cancers—those unlikely to cause symptoms or threaten life if they were never detected—is associated with high rates of avoidable toxicity and cost. Prostate cancer can be effectively risk-stratified based on tools (e.g. nomograms, CAPRA score) integrating the PSA

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Bricker, Leanne, Julian N. Robinson, and Baskaran Thilaganathan, eds. Management of Multiple Pregnancies. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108915038.

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Multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risks for both mother and babies. Women with multiple pregnancies have an increased risk of miscarriage, anemia, hypertensive disorders, haemorrhage, and postnatal illness. These pregnancies are more likely to need an operative delivery, and maternal mortality is generally 2.5 times that of singleton births. Fetuses are at increased risk for anatomic and genetic anomalies, growth abnormalities, prematurity, and several physiological problems related to monochorionicity. This book provides a much needed, up-to-date guide to the management of multi

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Lopes, Eurides, and Jennifer Husson. Solid Organ Transplantation in HIV-Infected Individuals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0025.

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End-organ disease has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients due to increased life expectancy, increasing the demand for organ transplantation in these patients. The care of HIV-infected transplant recipients warrants a multidisciplinary team approach, including the transplant team, pharmacists, infectious disease specialists, nurses, and patients and their families. The immunosuppression of HIV-infected recipients post-transplant does not appear to further advance HIV disease. The post-transplant risk for HIV-infected recipients of opportunistic infections do

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Lee, Christoph I. Low-Dose CT Screening for Lung Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0044.

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This chapter, found in the cancer screening and management section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the efficacy of low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that annual low-dose CT screening among high-risk individuals decreases lung cancer mortality. While the rate of false positives was nearly 3 times higher for those screened by low-dose CT compared to chest

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Halder, Suni, and Steve Yentis. Maternal mortality and morbidity. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0031.

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The risk to women’s health is increased during pregnancy, and maternal mortality is used as an indicator of general healthcare provision as well as a target for improving women’s health worldwide. Morbidity is more difficult to define than mortality but may also be used to monitor and improve women’s care during and after pregnancy. Despite international efforts to reduce maternal mortality, there remains a wide disparity between the rate of deaths in developed (maternal mortality ratio less than 10–20 per 100,000 live births) and developing (maternal mortality ratio as high as 1000 or more pe

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West, Michael A., and Lynn Markiewicz. Effective Team Working in Health Care. Edited by Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery, and Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.8.

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In this chapter we show that team working is vital for high quality health care but that team working is often poor. We draw on research to show that effective team working is associated with fewer errors that harm staff and patients; fewer staff injuries; better staff well-being; higher levels of patient satisfaction; better quality of care; and lower patient mortality. “Pseudo team working” leads to the opposite outcomes. We describe how effective team based working can be developed and identify the importance of team objectives and leadership. The chapter describes the specific challenges f

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Benetou, Vassiliki, Anders Ekbom, and Lorelei Mucci. Pancreatic Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0013.

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In 2012, more than 337,000 pancreatic cancer cases were diagnosed globally, ranking twelfth in cancer incidence. Pancreatic cancer has one of the highest fatality rates of any cancer, and as such ranks higher in cancer mortality, including in the United States, where it is the third most common cause of cancer death. There are concerning increases in incidence rates in the United States, although the reason for this is not known. Smoking is the strongest established risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Risk decreases after smoking cessation, and is similar to that of nonsmokers within 15 years o

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Ferguson, Gillum. Morning. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036743.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses the Illinois Territory, which was one of the frontier regions affected by war. Only recently split off from Indiana Territory in 1809, the new territory ran from the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers north to the U.S. border with Canada, embracing the current states of Illinois and Wisconsin, together with a part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Minnesota east of the Mississippi River. All those states, especially Illinois, would eventually owe their existence to the War of 1812. Mortality on the Illinois frontier was high, although not necessarily higher

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Harrison, Amy. Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.21.

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Eating disorders (EDs) have been described as among the most difficult psychiatric disorders to treat. Intervening early appears to be associated with better prognosis, although a subgroup of 20% of individuals may develop a more severe and enduring form of illness, which is associated with higher rates of mortality. Many patients with EDs who come into contact with clinical services may have extreme ambivalence toward change, which is often observed through high treatment dropout rates and difficulties engaging in treatment. This chapter outlines cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) for eating

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Lanctot, Krista, and André Aleman. Apathy. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198841807.001.0001.

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Apathy is characterized by loss of motivation, decreased initiative, and emotional blunting. It is highly prevalent in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, cerebrovascular disorders, and mild behavioural impairment. It has negative outcomes including impairments in activities of daily living, caregiver burden, and higher rates of institutionalization and mortality. The definition of apathy has changed over the years alongside the development of diagnostic criteria and apathy scales

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Vlachopoulos, Charalambos, and Nikolaos Ioakeimidis. Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease. Edited by Charalambos Vlachopoulos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0245.

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Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to obtain or maintain a penile erection to support satisfactory sexual performance. It is considered an early manifestation of generalized vascular disease and recognized as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk both acutely and chronically by predicting all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, coronary events, stroke, and peripheral artery disease in men with and without known coronary artery disease. The link between ED and cardiovascular disease might reside in the interaction between androgen level, chronic inflammation, and c

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Olshan, Andrew F., and Mia Hashibe. Cancer of the Larynx. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0027.

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Cancer of the larynx can affect the glottis, supraglottis, subglottis, and laryngeal cartilage. Traditional treatments for laryngeal cancer caused significant disfigurement, difficulty with swallowing and speech, and poor quality of life. Newer treatment methods seek to preserve laryngeal function. Worldwide, an estimated 157,000 new cases and 83,000 deaths from laryngeal cancer occurred in 2012, accounting for 1.1% of all new cancer cases and 1.0% of all cancer deaths. The risk of cancer of the larynx is nearly five times higher in men than women in the United States. Incidence and mortality

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Walsh, Richard A. Slow with an Altered Sensorium. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0025.

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Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that represents an uncommon clinical end point of a number of primary psychiatric and neuromedical conditions. The common pathophysiology may be associated with reduced dopaminergic activity within the frontal–subcortical circuitry. The incidence of catatonia was considerably higher before the introduction of neuroleptics, which reduced its association with poorly controlled schizophrenia. Catatonia is a syndrome with a spectrum from benign to malignant, the latter being a medical emergency with a significant mortality rate. Treatment is with benzodiaze

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Gossai, Anala, Dorothea T. Barton, Judy R. Rees, Heather H. Nelson, and Margaret R. Karagas. Keratinocyte Cancers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0058.

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Keratinocyte cancers (KC) include basal and squamous cell carcinomas that arise from keratinocytes or their precursors. KCs are the most common malignancies in humans. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has higher incidence rates, but squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) causes most deaths. Despite increasing incidence rates, the mortality rates have not changed markedly in recent years. The geographic and demographic features of these tumors have remained consistent over the past several decades, with a gradient of increasing incidence rates with proximity to the equator, predominantly affecting fair-skinne

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Haroon, Muhammad. Co-morbidities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0015.

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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, multisystem inflammatory condition where patients are at a higher risk for a number of major systemic comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, obesity, depression, uveitis, and cancer. These comorbidities which are frequently unrecognized or undertreated contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with PsA. There is emerging data further supporting the link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease. The detection and management of PsA patients with comorbidities requires a coordinated approach which is not yet clearly

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Creagh-Brown, Benedict, Joerg Steier, and Nicholas Hart. Prolonged Weaning. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0049.

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In 25% of critically ill patients, weaning from mechanical ventilation takes longer than 10 days; indeed, 5–10% of patients still require ventilation at 30 days. Those with prolonged weaning, after adjustment for other variables, have a higher mortality within the intensive care unit than those without weaning delay or failure. The pathophysiological processes that result in weaning failure are complex and result of an imbalance between the neural respiratory drive, respiratory muscle load, and capacity. The clinical conditions resulting in these pathophysiological conditions should be methodi

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Martin-Loeches, Ignacio, and Antonio Artigas. Respiratory support with positive end-expiratory pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0094.

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Positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the pressure present in the airway (alveolar pressure) above atmospheric pressure that exists at the end of expiration. The term PEEP is defined in two particular settings. Extrinsic PEEP (applied by ventilator) and intrinsic PEEP (PEEP caused by non-complete exhalation causing progressive air trapping). Applied (extrinsic) PEEP—is usually one of the first ventilator settings chosen when mechanical ventilation (MV) is initiated. Applying PEEP increases alveolar pressure and volume. The increased lung volume increases the surface area by reopening and

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Key, Timothy J., and Alison J. Price. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0058.

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Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the sixth most common cause of cancer death for men worldwide. The highest incidence and mortality rates are in populations that originated in Africa, such as African Americans. Rates are also high in Western countries and generally low in East and South Asia. Incidence rates are increasing in some countries which until recently had low rates, but are not changing much in countries which already have high rates. The only well-established risk factors are increasing age, African ancestry, family history of the disease, and certain genetic

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Murphy, Claire Louise, Yiannis Ioannou, and Nicola Ambrose. Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739180.003.0008.

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Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) is similar to adult-onset SLE, but there are distinct differences in clinical features, serology, and management requirements. It is more aggressive than adult-onset SLE with frequent renal and haematological manifestations and higher mortality rates. The cause of JSLE is unknown but appears to be multifactorial with genetic, immunological, hormonal, and environmental influences. Macrophage activation syndrome is a potentially life-threatening complication, and may mimic the underlying disease or be confused with sepsis. Transferring care from

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Rello, Jordi, and Bárbara Borgatta. Pathophysiology of pneumonia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0115.

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Airway colonization, ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT), and hospital-acquired (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are three manifestations having the presence of micro-organisms in airways in common. Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chest-X rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. Bacteria are the main causes of HAP/VAP. During hospitalization there’s a shift of airway’s colonizing flora from core organisms to enteric and non-fermentative ones. Macro- and micro-aspiration is the most impo

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Gonzalez, Andrew, and SreyRam Kuy. Hospital Volume and Surgical Mortality in the United States. Edited by SreyRam Kuy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0014.

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This landmark study examined whether high-volume hospitals have better outcomes for major cardiovascular and oncologic surgery. The study found that patients undergoing major surgery in high-volume hospitals have significantly lower risk-adjusted mortality compared to other hospitals. However, there is wide variation in the difference in mortality across procedures. The chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoi

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Pagè, Fréric, Dominique Maison, and Michael Faulde. Current control strategies for infectious diseases in low-income countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0002.

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The burden of communicable diseases is ten times higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in terms of mortality rate and of years of life lost. Most of the LMCIs are in tropical or subtropical areas with vector-favorable climate conditions and poverty impeding access to improved water supply, sanitation, and efficient health care coverage. Public health strategies to control infectious diseases can be sorted by prevention level. Infectious diseases control strategies often combine actions from different prevention levels according to the stage of a disease. At the individual level, a

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Howland, Robert H. Multidisciplinary Treatments and Medications for Depressive Disorders and Comorbidity. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.008.

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Compared with episodic depression, chronic depression and treatment resistant depression have higher rates of comorbidity, more persistent social and vocational disability, an increased risk of suicide, greater medical morbidity and mortality, and greater health care utilization and costs. A large number of antidepressant medications and other psychotropic drugs, depression-focused psychotherapies, and neuromodulation therapies are available for the treatment of depression. Many drugs or psychotherapies are used for the treatment of other psychiatric disorders or medical conditions, and they s

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Rantanen, Kirsi, and Karoliina Aarnio. Stroke in women. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0012.

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Young women who suffer from stroke face multiple challenges regarding child rearing, future pregnancies, and ability to return to work or education. Women in general have a higher lifetime risk of stroke than men (1 in 5 vs 1 in 6), which is partly explained by longer life expectancy in the female population. The incidence of ischaemic stroke in non-pregnant women aged 15–44 years has been around 5 per 100,000 women-years. Women have lower stroke mortality than men except in the older age groups. Women have unique stroke risk factors such as oral contraception, pregnancy, puerperium, and menop

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Gordon, Caroline, and S. Sam Lim. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739180.003.0003.

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This chapter looks at the epidemiology of lupus—this disease is more common than is generally recognized and occurs most frequently in women. There is a significantly higher risk of developing lupus in people of African, Hispanic, and Asian (especially Chinese) descent, with increased incidence and prevalence in some other ethnic minority races. They appear to develop a more severe phenotype, often with renal involvement and at an earlier age than white people of North European descent. Although deaths due to lupus are now less common in North American and European countries, deaths due to ren

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Link, Bruce G., Jo C. Phelan, and Greer Sullivan. Mental and Physical Health Consequences of the Stigma Associated with Mental Illnesses. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.26.

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People with mental illnesses experience physical illness and premature mortality at much higher rates compared to people without such illnesses. This chapter proposes that the stigma of mental illness comprises an important set of causes of this physical health disparity. It draws on classical and modified labeling theory from sociology for insights and propositions as to why mental illness stigma might affect physical health. The chapter proposes that the stigma of mental illness might affect not only the future experience of mental illness but also a broad range of physical illnesses, thereb

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Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Breeding, cub survival, and female reproductive success. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0011.

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Cheetahs are aseasonal breeders, with a weak tendency towards seasonality corresponding to the birth peak in springbok lambs. Cub survival from birth to adolescence was 31.3% compared with 4.8% in the Serengeti. Predation was the major cause of cub mortality in the den, but it was usually impossible to identify the predator. The low survival of cheetah cubs recorded on the Serengeti Plains may be exceptional; in the den, apart from predation, starvation through desertion due to the migratory nature of the prey may sometimes occur; on leaving the den the extremely open landscape may make them e

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Carmeliet, Peter, Guy Eelen, and Joanna Kalucka. Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0008.

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Higher organisms have a cardiovascular circulatory system with blood vessels to supply vital nutrients and oxygen to distant tissues. It is therefore not surprising that vascular disorders are leading causes of mortality. Understanding how new blood vessels form, creates opportunities to cure these life-threatening diseases. After birth, growth of blood vessels mainly occurs via two distinct mechanisms depending on the initial trigger: angiogenesis (referred here as capillary sprouting) is induced primarily by hypoxia, whereas arteriogenesis (referred here as the rapid enlargement of pre-exist

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