Dissertations / Theses: 'Higher protein diets'

1

Case, Jennifer A. "Protein intake, body composition and athletic performance." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/3875.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

LIRA, Maria Cláudia Alheiros. "Efeitos da dieta hiperlípidica Pós-desmame sobre o crescimento somático, o perfil bioquímico e a função de macrófagos peritoneais de ratos submetidos à dieta hipoproteica materna." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18056.

Full text

Abstract:

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-12-01T13:27:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese corrigida Maria Cláudia 14.06.16.pdf: 1888975 bytes, checksum: 2dcb6ce91bd1b2bfc5c62b2744882c91 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T13:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese corrigida Maria Cláudia 14.06.16.pdf: 1888975 bytes, checksum: 2dcb6ce91bd1b2bfc5c62b2744882c91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04
CAPES
CNPQ
Durante o período perinatal, caracterizado por elevada plasticidade, a carência de proteínas é capaz de induzir adaptações morfológicas e funcionais nos tecidos, visando garantir a sobrevivência do indivíduo no ambiente atual e predito. Contudo, quando o ambiente posterior não é o mesmo para o qual o organismo foi adaptado, eleva-se o risco de aparecimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. A ingestão excessiva de alimentos ricos em energia, gorduras e carboidratos simples ao longo da vida aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento de excesso de peso e doenças metabólicas e, quando está associada à desnutrição no início da vida, podem ocorrer alterações na trajetória de crescimento, no consumo alimentar, em parâmetros bioquímicos e na função imune. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de uma dieta hiperlipídica pós-desmame sobre o crescimento somático, o consumo alimentar, parâmetros bioquímicos e a função de macrófagos peritoneais de ratos submetidos a uma dieta hipoproteica perinatal. Foram utilizados 52 ratos machos Wistar cujas mães receberam dieta normoproteica ou hipoproteica durante a gestação e lactação. Do desmame aos 60 dias, os filhotes receberam dieta padrão ou dieta hiperlipídica. Formaram-se 4 grupos experimentais (n=10-14/ cada): Controle (C, ratos que receberam dieta normoproteica na gestação e lactação e padrão pós-desmame), Desnutrido (LP, ratos que receberam dieta hipoproteica na gestação e lactação e padrão pós-desmame), Hiperlipídico (HF, ratos que receberam dieta normoproteica na gestação e lactação e hiperlipídica pós-desmame) e Desnutrido-Hiperlipídico (LP-HF, ratos que receberam dieta hipoproteica na gestação e lactação e hiperlipídica pós-desmame). Avaliou-se o crescimento somático [peso corporal (PC), comprimento da cauda, comprimento naso-anal] ao longo da vida e o consumo alimentar (ingestão alimentar relativa, ingestão energética relativa e coeficiente de eficácia alimentar) de 30 a 36 dias e de 54 a 60 dias de vida. Aos 60 dias, os ratos foram sacrificados e realizou-se coleta de sangue para avaliação sérica de triglicerídeo, colesterol, glicose e leptina, retirada de órgãos e do tecido adiposo epididimal e retroperitoneal para avaliação do peso relativo e de macrófagos peritoneais para avaliação de fagocitose e produção de óxido nítrico (NO) in vitro. Filhotes LP tiveram menor PC, comprimento da cauda e comprimento naso-anal do que filhotes C. Aos 60 dias, filhotes LP-HF não diferiram quando comparados aos C, exceto pelo reduzido comprimento naso-anal. De 57 a 60 dias, filhotes LP-HF apresentaram menor ingestão alimentar e energética relativa comparados aos LP, mas o coeficiente de eficácia alimentar foi maior comparado aos LP e C. Filhotes HF e LP-HF apresentaram maior peso relativo da gordura epididimal e retroperitoneal do que filhotes C e LP. Quanto aos parâmetros bioquímicos, filhotes LP apresentaram menor colesterol total do que os C, porém filhotes LP-HF tiveram maior colesterol total do que os LP. Fagocitose e produção de NO aumentaram nos filhotes LP. Diante de um desafio imunológico, a produção de NO por macrófagos aumentou quando comparada ao estado basal, exceto no grupo LP. Estes resultados sugerem que a dieta hiperlipídica pode modular os efeitos da desnutrição perinatal, elevando o risco de doenças metabólicas.
The perinatal period is characterized by high plasticity and the lack of protein is able to induce morphological and functional adaptations in the tissues in order to ensure the survival of the individual in the current and predicted environment. However, when the latter environment is not the same to which the organism has adapted to, it increases the risk of developing chronic diseases. Excessive consumption of foods with high levels of energy, fat, simple carbohydrates and low dietary fiber increases the risk of developing overweight and metabolic diseases. When associated with malnutrition early in life, there might be changes on the trajectory of growth, food intake, biochemical parameters and immune function. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of post-weaning high fat diet on somatic growth, food intake, biochemical parameters and peritoneal macrophages function in rats submitted to maternal low protein diet. Fifty-two Wistar rats whose mothers received normal protein or low protein diet during pregnancy and lactation were used. From weaning to 60 days old, pups received a standard diet or a high fat diet. They formed 4 experimental groups (n = 10-14 / each): control (C, rats fed with normal protein diet during pregnancy and lactation and post-weaning standard chow), Low protein (LP, rats fed with low protein diet during pregnancy and lactation and post-weaning standard chow), High fat (HF, rats fed with normal protein diet during pregnancy and lactation and post-weaning high fat diet) and Low protein-High fat (LP-HF, rats fed with low protein diet during pregnancy and lactation, and post-weaning high fat diet). It was evaluated the somatic growth [body weight (BW), tail length, body length] life time and food intake (relative food intake, relative energy intake, and feed conversion) from 30 to 36 days old and from 54 from 60 days old. At 60 days, pups were sacrificed and blood collection was performed to assess the serum profile of lipids, glucose and leptin. Organs and retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissues were collected and weighted to evaluate the relative weight. Peritoneal macrophages of rats were collected to evaluate phagocytosis and nitric oxide (NO) production in vitro. LP pups had a lower BW, tail length and body length than C pups. At 60 days old, LP-HF pups did not differ when compared to C pups, except by the reduced body length. From 57 to 60, LP-HF pups presented lower relative food intake and relative energy intake compared to LP pups, but feed conversion was higher than C and LP. HF and LP-HF pups had higher relative weight of epididymal and retroperitoneal fat than C and LP pups. Regarding the biochemical profile, LP pups had lower total cholesterol than C, but LP-HF pups had higher total cholesterol than the LP. Phagocytosis and NO production increased in LP pups. Dealing with an immune challenge, NO production by macrophages increased when compared to baseline, except in the LP group. These results suggest that a high fat diet is capable of modulate the effects of perinatal malnutrition, increasing the risk of metabolic diseases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Freitas, Eduarda Correa. "Avaliação da preferência alimentar em modelo de poliartrite induzida por colágeno." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/116783.

Full text

Abstract:

Introdução: Artrite reumatoide é uma doença inflamatória crônica associada a alterações no metabolismo proteico e energético. Objetivos: Investigar a preferência alimentar durante o desenvolvimento da inflamação crônica em ratas com artrite induzida por colágeno. Métodos: Ratas Wistar fêmeas foram alocadas em dois grupos: controle (CO, n=10) e artrite induzida por colágeno (CIA; n=11) e expostas simultaneamente a quatro diferentes dietas (padrão, hipercalórica, hiperlipidica e hiperproteica). Durante o período experimental foi observado dados clínicos da doença, consumo alimentar, peso corporal e parâmetros bioquímicos, bem como, peso muscular esquelético ao final do experimento. Os testes estatísticos realizados foram ANOVA de duas vias e test-t e nível de significância estabelecido para estes testes foi de 95%. Resultados: Os animais com artrite induzida demostram redução voluntária da ingestão total de alimento, redução do peso corporal e redução da relação sarcossomática quando comparados aos animais controles. Ainda, o grupo artrite aumentou o relativo consumo de dieta hiperproteíca, diminuiu as concentrações séricas de creatinina, triglicerídeos e glicose. Conclusão: Condições inflamatórias crônicas como a artrite reumatoide causam alterações no metabolismo energético e proteíco e estas alterações fisiológicas podem induzir a uma mudança na escolha alimentar.
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with changes in energy and protein metabolism. Objective: To investigate food preferences during the development of chronic inflammation in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Female Wistar rats were separated into two groups, control (CO, n=10) and CIA (n=11), and were simultaneously exposed to four different diets (standard, hypercaloric, hyperlipidic and hyperproteic). During the experimental period was observed clinical evidence of disease, food intake, body weight and biochemical parameters, as well as skeletal muscle weight at the end of the experiment. Statistical tests were two-away ANOVA and t-test and significance level for these tests was 95%. Results: CIA animals demonstrate voluntary reduction in total food intake, reduced body weight and reduced relative muscle weight compared to CO animals. In addition, CIA animals increased relative comsuption of high protein diet, decreased serum concentrations creatinine, triglycerides and glucose. Conclusion: Chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis cause changes in protein and energy metabolism, and these physiological alterations may induce a change in food choice.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Wagner, Erin A. "The Effects of Differing Levels of Protein Consumption on Renal Function in Young Compared to Older Adults." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1157042098.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Spain, James Nobles. "Effect of protein source on milk composition of cows fed low fiber, high grain diets." Thesis, This resource online, 1987. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04122010-083607/.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Toma, Kumika. "Effects of High-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Versus High-Protein and Low-Carbohydrate Diets on High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise." View abstract, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3372362.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Riggs, Amy Jo Gropper Sareen Annora Stepnick. "Changes in energy expenditure associated with injestion of high protein, high fat versus high protein, low fat meals among underweight, normal weight, and overweight females." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/doctoral/RIGGS_AMY_28.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Werner, Tim J. "The effect of high-carbohydrate, low-fat & low-carbohydrate, high protein diets on physiologic and performance variables on row ergometry training." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1140557597.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Spooner, Holly Sue. "Calcium balance and bone density in immature horses fed a high protein diet." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4378.

Full text

Abstract:

Studies in other species indicate high protein diets increase urinary calcium (Ca) excretion and may lead to negative calcium balance and reduced bone density. As overfeeding of protein is commonplace in the horse industry, this study was undertaken to determine the effects of excess dietary protein on growth, physiologic response, mineral balance, bone density, and bone geometry in immature horses. Sixteen 10-month-old American Quarter Horses were blocked by age and sex into two dietary treatments. The control diet was formulated to provide the NRC (1989) recommended concentration of crude protein, while the high protein diet provided 130% of NRC (1989) recommendations. All other nutrients were formulated at or slightly above NRC (1989) recommendations. Blood samples, feces, and urine were collected during the 116-day study to determine any diet effect on pH and mineral balance. Radiographs were made of the left third metacarpal (MCIII) to determine bone density via radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE), and bone geometry was determined metrically from the radiographs. Urine pH decreased over time (p < 0.001), but there were no diet effects on blood pH or urine pH. Conversely, when normalized to day 0 values, fecal pH was reduced by feeding the high protein treatment (p < 0.02). Density of dorsal and palmar cortices increased over time (p < 0.001), but no differences were observed between diets. But, normalized total medial-lateral (ML) width of the MCIII was higher in the control diet (p < 0.05). Fecal Ca loss was greater in horses fed the high protein diet (p < 0.005), while Ca absorption and retention were lower for horses on the high protein treatment (p < 0.02). Phosphorus (P) balance was not different between diets, although feeding the high protein diet resulted in higher P intake overall (p < 0.001). While excess dietary protein may decrease fecal pH, increase fecal Ca excretion, and decrease Ca absorption and retention, there was no consistent effect of the high protein diet on bone density over the course of this study. Further research is necessary to determine if feeding high-protein diets is detrimental to bone quality in the growing horse.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Pretorius, Charne. "The effect of highly digestible carbohydrate and protein sources included in pre-starter diets of broilers on their performance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6574.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years, the aim of the production of broilers became more focused on the increase of the performance of the birds in order to increase profit. To obtain an increased performance with broiler chicks, it is necessary to look at the development of their gastrointestinal tract, the feed requirements and the ability to digest certain nutrients in the period post hatch. Research have shown clear evidence of increased performance of chicks by the inclusion of certain carbohydrate and protein sources in the prestarter diets, but in contrast to this there are also some research that found no significant effects on the performance of broilers when certain carbohydrate and protein sources were included in the pre-starter diet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that a product containing specific carbohydrate and protein sources, included in the pre-starter diets of broiler chicks, would have on their performance. It was believed that the products to be tested would result in increased performance of the chicks in the following growth phases. Special emphasis was placed on the average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, cumulative feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), European production efficiency factor (EPEF) and the protein efficiency ratio. Different inclusion levels of the different raw materials were investigated in the first trial. Three raw materials and a control were compared using a summit dilution process at 100:0, 66:34, 50:50, 34:66 and 0:100. Specific production parameters such as ADG total live weight gain, feed intake per week, cumulative feed intake, FCR, EPEF and PER were measured and calculated in order to determine if there were any significant differences between the treatments with the different raw material inclusions on the performance of the chicks. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found between the 13 treatments for the ADG, total live weight gain, feed intake per week, cumulative feed intake, FCR, EPEF and PER. The results therefore indicated that there were no significant differences between the different inclusion levels of the different raw materials and no significant differences for the production parameters for animals receiving diets with various levels of the three raw materials. It is thus concluded that these raw materials can be successfully utilised in pre-starter diets of broiler chicks. The effect of the contribution of sugar to the metabolisable energy (ME) of the raw materials was tested in a commercial grower trial. The three raw materials had inclusion levels leading to supply of either 12% or 18% of the ME in the form of sugar. No significant differences were found between the seven treatments for ADG, total live weight gain, feed intake per week, cumulative feed intake, FCR, EPEF or the PER. It was concluded that the percentage in contribution of sugars between 12 and 18% to the ME of the prestarter diets had no significant effects on the production parameters tested.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die produksie van braaikuikens word daar deesdae al hoe meer klem gelê op die verhoging van die produksie van die kuikens om dan dus ‘n verhoging in die wins te bewerkstellig. Om hierdie verhoogde produksie by braaikuikens te kan bereik, is dit nodig om na eienskappe van die kuiken soos die ontwikkeling van die spysvertering stelsel, die nutrient- behoeftes van die kuiken en die vermoë om sekere nutriënte te kan verteer in die periode na uitbroei. Sommige navorsing het gewys dat die insluiting van sekere koolhidraat – en proteïen bronne in die voor-aanvangs diëete van braaikuikens, lei tot ‘n positiewe effek op die produksie van die kuikens, waar ander navorsing geen effek gevind het nie. Daarom was die doel van die huidige navorsing gewees om te toets wat die effek van die insluiting in die voor-aanvangs dieet van braaikuikens ‘n sekere produk met ‘n spesifieke koolhidraat –en proteïen bron samestelling op die produksie van die kuikens sal wees in die daaropvolgende fases. Dit was verwag dat die insluiting van hierdie produkte in die voor-aanvangs diëte van braaikuikens ‘n positiewe effek sou hê op die produksie van die kuikens. Spesiale klem was gelê op die parameters soos gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GDT) voer inname, kumulatiewe voer inname, voeromset verhoudings (VOV) Europese produksie doeltreffendheids- faktor (EPEF) en die proteïen doeltreffendheids faktor (PER). Verskillende insluitings vlakke van die verskillende produkte wat getoets is, is in die eerste proef ondersoek. Die drie produkte is deur middel van ‘n piek verdunnings proses by verhoudings van 100:0, 66:34, 50:50, 34:66 en 0:100 met mekaar vergelyk. Spesifieke produksie- parameters soos die GDT, lewende massa, weeklikse voer- inname, kumulatiewe voer- inname, VOV, EPEF en die PER is gemeet. Geen betekenisvolle verskille (P>0.05) was vir die 13 behandelings verkry nie. Die resultate het derhalwe getoon dat daar geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen die verskillende insluitings vlakke van die onderskeie produkte was nie en dat daar geen betekenisvolle tussen die produksieparameters van die kuikens wat die diëte met die verskillende insluitingspeile van die drie roumateriale ontvand het, was nie. Daarom is tot die slotsom gekom dat hierdie roumateriale suksesvol in die vooraanvangsdieet van braaikuikens aangewend kan word. Die effek van die bydrae van die suiker tot die metaboliseerbare energie (ME) van die produkte was in ‘n kommersiële groei proef getoets. Die drie rou materiale was by beide 12- en 18% ingesluit. Geen betekenisvolle verskille (P>0.05) was vir die sewe behandelings vir GDT, lewende massa, weeklikse voer- inname, kumulatiewe voer- inname, VOV, EPEF en PEF verkry nie.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Neal, Kathryn. "Nutrient Utilization, Lactational Performance, and Profitability of Dairy Cows by Feeding Protein Supplements in High-Forage Lactation Diets." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2124.

Full text

Abstract:

Due to the increasing cost of soybean meal and concerns of excess N being excreted into the environment, new protein supplements have been developed. Two products that have shown potential in increasing N utilization efficiency are slow release urea (SRU; Optigen) and ruminal escape protein derived from yeast (YMP; DEMP). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of feeding these 2 supplements in high-forage [(54% of total dietary dry matter (DM)] dairy diets on nutrient utilization, feed efficiency, lactational performance of dairy cows, and their impacts on income-over feed costs. Twelve multiparous dairy cows were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design with one square consisting of ruminally cannulated cows. Treatments included: 1) control, 2) SRU-supplemented total mixed ration (TMR, SRUT), 3) YMP-supplemented TMR (YMPT), and 4) SRU and YMP-supplemented TMR (SYT). The control consisted only of a mixture of soybean meal and canola meal (SBMCM) in a 50:50 ratio. The SRU and the YMP were supplemented at 0.49% and 1.15% DM, respectively. The experiment consisted of 4 periods lasting 28 d each (21 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling). Cows fed YMPT and SYT had decreased intake of DM, and all supplemented treatments had lower crude protein intake compared to those fed the control. Milk yield tended to have the greatest increase in YMPT compared with the control (41.1 vs. 39.7 kg/d) as well as a tendency for increased milk fat and protein yields. Feed efficiencies based on yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk increased at 10-16% due to protein supplementation. Cows fed with protein supplements partitioned less energy toward body weight gain, but tended to partition more energy toward milk production. Efficiency of use of feed N to milk N increased by feeding SRUT and YMPT, and milk N-to-manure N ratio increased in YMPT. Cows fed SRUT or YMPT tended to improve income-over feed costs. Overall results from this experiment indicate that replacing SBMCM with SRU and YMP in high-forage dairy diets can be a good approach to enhance dairy profitability through improved nutrient utilization efficiencies by lactating dairy cows.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Souza-Mello, Vanessa de. "Restrição protéica materna associada à dieta herlipídica pós-natal altera a estrutura hepática na prole adulta." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1567.

Full text

Abstract:

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
A restrição protéica neonatal promove alterações metabólicas, estruturais e morfológicas em diversos órgãos. O tipo de dieta pós-natal pode agravar esse quadro. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da dieta com alta densidade energética (ADE) pós-natal sobre os parâmetros morfológicos hepáticos de ratos Wistar submetidos à restrição protéica neonatal. Fêmeas Wistar foram divididas em dois grupos nutricionais: normoprotéico (NP-19% proteínas) e com restrição protéica durante a gestação e primeira metade da lactação (LP-5% de proteínas). Ambas as dietas seguiram ecomendações da AIN-93 (Rhoster_). Ao desmame, os filhotes foram subdivididos em oito grupos, de acordo com o tipo de dieta pós-natal (SC - ração padrão ou HF dieta ADE): a) macho NP-SC; b) fêmea NP-SC; c) macho NP-HF; d) fêmea NP-HF; e) macho LPSC; f) fêmea LP-SC; g) macho LP-HF e h) fêmea LP-HF. A aferição da massa corporal e da pressão arterial foram feitas semanalmente. Aos 6 meses de idade, os animais sofreram eutanásia. O fígado foi retirado após perfusão e teve seu volume aferido pelo método de Scherle. Para fins estatísticos utilizou-se análise de variância e teste de comparações múltiplas de Neuman-Keuls (p<0,05). A dieta ADE foi eficaz ao induzir sobrepeso nos grupos NP-HF de ambos os sexos aos 77 dias (p<0,001). Aos 112 dias as fêmeas LP-HF apresentaram sobrepeso em relação às fêmeas LP (p<0,05) demonstrando que os fatores ambientais podem maximizar os efeitos da restrição protéica neonatal. Entretanto, em machos essa interação não foi observada. No que concerne às alterações hepáticas, a restrição protéica resultou em redução do número de hepatócitos em ambos os gêneros (p<0,01), com efeito adicional da dieta ADE apenas nos machos (p<0,01). Ademais, o insulto sofrido no período neonatal promoveu uma predisposição ao acúmulo de triglicerídeos hepáticos nos grupos RP (Vv = 15%), configurando um quadro de esteatose (p<0,01). A dieta ADE acentuou essa alteração, com os grupos RP-ADE alcançando níveis superiores a 33% de esteatose (p<0,001). Tanto a restrição protéica neonatal quanto a dieta ADE pós-desmame de forma isolada promoveram HAS leve aos 3 meses, redução do número de hepatócitos e esteatose grau 1 aos 6 meses de idade. Quando os dois estímulos foram aplicados simultaneamente, foi observada uma exacerbação do quadro hipertensivo, do déficit de hepatócitos e esteatose grau 2. Essas constatações ratificam a importância das condições intra-uterinas e da qualidade da dieta pós-natal na gênese de doenças crônicas.
Neonatal protein restriction has been associated with metabolic, structural and morphological adaptations in diverse organs. The type of postnatal diet can further exacerbate these outcomes. The present work aimed at evaluating the effects a postnatal hyperlipidic diet exerts on hepatic morphological parameters of rats subjected to perinatal protein restriction. Virgin female Wistar were divided into 2 groups: normal protein (NP) and low protein (LP). NP dams received standard diet for pregnant rats (AIN-93/Rhoster_- 19% protein) during the whole pregnancy and first half lactation, whereas LP dams had free access to na isocaloric diet lacking the recommended amount of protein (5% protein) for the same period. At weaning, offspring were assigned to one of the 8 nutritional groups according to the diet they will receive (SC standard chow or HF high fat): a) male NP-SC; b) female NP-SC; c) male NP-HF; d) female NP-HF; e) male LPSC; f) female LP-SC; g) male LP-HF e h) fêmea RP-ADE. Body mass and blood pressure were measured weekly until 6 months, when euthanasia occurred. Liver was carefully dissected and had its volume determined through Scherles method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc test of Bonferroni were used to test differences among the groups (p<0,05). The HF diet provoked overweight in NP-HF groups from both genders on day 77 (p<0,001). However, LP-HFC groups showed a delayed response and sexual dimorphism, as only females developed overweight on day 112 (p<0,05). As for hepatic alterations, protein restriction resulted in hepatocyte deficit in both genders (p<0.01), existing an additional shift from HF diet exclusively in males (p<0.01). Furthermore, higher steatosis rates were found in protein restricted animals (Vv = 15%, p<0.01), having the post-weaning HF diet an additional effect on this outcome in LP-HF (Vv > 33%, p<0.001). Fetal programming and HF diet as single stimulus caused mild hypertension at 3 months, an important reduction in hepatocyte number as well as stage 1 steatosis at 6 months. However, when both stimuli were applied simultaneously, hypertension and hepatocyte number deficit were worsened and grade 2 steatosis occurred. All of these serve to highlight the paramount importance of intrauterine conditions and postnatal diet quality when it comes to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Macnaughton, Lindsay Shiela. "The relationship of lean body mass and protein feeding : the science behind the practice." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24480.

Full text

Abstract:

The development of lean body mass (LBM) is closely linked to protein feeding. Along with resistance exercise protein feeding, or amino acid provision, stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Repeated stimulation of MPS above protein breakdown results in lean mass accretion. Many athletes aim to build or maintain LBM. The aim of this thesis was to better understand the relationship between LBM and protein feeding in trained individuals. This aim was studied in the applied setting and at whole body, muscle and molecular level. Chapter 2 revealed differences in total body mass and LBM between young rugby union players competing at different playing standards. Protein consumption was higher in players that played at a higher standard. The protein consumption of players at both playing standards was higher than current protein recommendations for athletes. The Under 20 (U20) rugby union players in Chapter 3 also consumed more protein than current recommendations state. Their dietary habits changed depending on their environment and they consumed more protein while in Six Nations (6N) camp compared with out of camp. Also, there were changes in dietary habits for individuals, however, those changes did not occur at the group level. Using the camp as an education tool for good nutrition habits could be advantageous. As a group, rugby union players’ body composition did not change from pre to post a 6N tournament. However, there was individual variation, which could be meaningful for the individual players. We provide evidence suggesting that in elite sport, athletes should be considered as individuals as well as part of a group if appropriate. The protein ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1) is part of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, which regulates MPS. The response of p70S6K1 activity was 62% greater following resistance exercise coupled with protein feeding compared with protein feeding alone in Chapter 3. P70S6K1 activity explained a small amount of the variation in previously published MPS data. The activity of the signalling protein p70S6K1 was unchanged in response to different doses of whey protein in Chapter 4 and 5. These data suggest that resistance exercise is a larger stimulus of p70S6K1 activity and when manipulating aspects of protein feeding p70S6K1 activation may be a limited measure. Consumption of 40 g of whey protein stimulated myofibrillar MPS to a greater extent than 20 g after a bout of whole body resistance exercise. The amount of LBM that the trained individual possessed did not influence this observed response. These data suggest that the amount of muscle mass exercised may influence the amount of protein required to increase MPS stimulation. For those engaging in whole body resistance exercise 20 g of protein is not sufficient to maximally stimulate MPS. The athletes in Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis consumed more protein than current recommendations that do not take into account whole body exercise. Current post-exercise protein recommendations may no longer be optimal given this new information. Future work should directly investigate the MPS response to protein ingestion following resistance exercise engaging different amounts of muscle mass in well trained and elite populations. Identifying the protein dose required for maximal stimulation of MPS following whole body exercise would be an informative area of future research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Werner, Tim. "The Effect of High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat & Low-Carbohydrate, High Protein Diets on Physiologic and Performance Variables on Row Ergometry Training." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1140557597.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Mezaroba, Deise Fátima. "Efeitos da dieta hipoproteica-hiperglicídica sobre o metabolismo desiodativo e as ações periféricas dos hormônios tireóideos." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2015. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/690.

Full text

Abstract:

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-18T21:12:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Deise Fátima Mezaroba.pdf: 1567664 bytes, checksum: 67bbe66382033d0b60709a1c450df069 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T17:30:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Deise Fátima Mezaroba.pdf: 1567664 bytes, checksum: 67bbe66382033d0b60709a1c450df069 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T17:30:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Deise Fátima Mezaroba.pdf: 1567664 bytes, checksum: 67bbe66382033d0b60709a1c450df069 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30
CAPES
A dieta hipoproteica-hiperglicídica (LPHC), administrada a ratos machos por 15 ou 45 dias, logo após o desmame, altera vários parâmetros metabólicos e hormonais. Sabe-se também que os hormônios produzidos pela glândula tireoide têm um papel fundamental a nível tecidual para a manutenção da homeostase do organismo. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da dieta LPHC a longo prazo e da troca da dieta LHPC por dieta balanceada sobre o metabolismo desiodativo em diferentes tecidos, assim como algumas das ações atribuídas aos hormônios tireóideos. Ratos Wistar machos (~100g) foram randomicamente divididos em grupos conforme segue: 1) controles - alimentados com uma dieta com 17% de proteínas e 63% de carboidratos por 45 dias (C45); 2) LPHC - alimentados com dieta contendo 6% de proteínas e 74% de carboidratos por 45 dias (LPHC45) e; 3) reversão - alimentados por 15 dias com a dieta LPHC e por mais 30 dias com a dieta controle (R) (ANOVA-1 via; p<0,05). A quantificação da concentração do hormônio tireoestimulante no sangue dos animais do grupo R mostrou um aumento de 11,7% e 11,6%, se comparado ao grupo C45 e ao grupo LPHC45, respectivamente (C45: 8439,58 ± 59,46; LPHC45: 8448,06 ± 105,86; R: 9428,39 ± 48,96 pg/mL). A análise da expressão proteica da iodotironina desiodase 1 em fígado, rins e tireoide e da iodotironina desiodase 2 em tecido adiposo marrom, músculos extensor digital longo e sóleo, hipotálamo e hipófise mostrou alteração somente no fígado do grupo LPHC45, com aumento de 17,38% da isoforma 1, em relação aos animais controles. Este grupo também apresentou aumento de 27,02% no conteúdo do receptor hepático para hormônio tireóideo β1, comparando-se ao grupo C45. A avaliação do perfil lipídico de jejum mostrou redução do colesterol total (C45: 97,35 ± 7,87; LPHC45: 65,41 ± 4,78; R: 94,32 ± 5,25 mg/dL), colesterol HDL (C45: 56,58 ± 3,90; LPHC45: 36,74 ± 1,28; R: 54,21 ± xvii 4,30 mg/dL), colesterol VLDL (C45: 22,92 ± 1,44; LPHC45: 15,89 ± 1,50; R: 22,07 ± 1,70 mg/dL) e triglicerídeos (C45: 114,61 ± 7,18; LPHC45: 79,46 ± 7,49; R: 110,36 ± 8,48 mg/dL) nos animais submetidos à dieta LPHC por 45 dias. A expressão hepática da enzima 7α-hidroxilase e da proteína de ligação ao elemento de resposta aos esteróis aumentou 43,96% e 36,27%, respectivamente, no grupo LPHC45, quando comparadas ao grupo C45. A atividade das enzimas málica (C45: 85,92 ± 9,01; LPHC45: 171,63 ± 14,98; R: 159,09 ± 13,16 nmol.mg prot-1.min-1) e ATP-citrato liase (C45: 290,88 ± 11,57; LPHC45: 444,98 ± 20,79; R: 386,75 ± 23,47 nmol.mg prot-1.min-1) foi maior nos grupos LPHC45 e R, em relação ao grupo C45. A análise conjunta destes dados demonstra que a dieta hipoproteica-hiperglicídica administrada por 45 dias leva a alterações no metabolismo desiodativo hepático, modulando o perfil lipídico e que talvez possam resultar em um futuro quadro de esteatose hepática.
The low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet (LPHC) administered to male rats for 15 or 45 days after weaning, change various metabolic and hormonal parameters. It is also known that the hormones produced by the thyroid gland have a key role to tissue level to maintain body’s homeostasis. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the LPHC diet long-term and exchange of LHPC diet for balanced diet on the deiodinative metabolism in different tissues, as well as some of the actions attributed to thyroid hormone. Male Wistar rats (~100g) were randomly divided into the following groups: 1) controls - fed a diet containing 17% protein and 63% carbohydrates for 45 days (C45 group); 2) LPHC - fed a diet containing 6% protein and 74% carbohydrates for 45 days (LPHC45 group), and 3) reversal - fed for 15 days with LPHC diet and for 30 days with the control diet (R group) (ANOVA-one way; p<0.05). The quantification of the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood of the animals of the R group showed an increase of 11.7% and 11.6%, compared with the C45 group and LPHC45 group, respectively (C45: 8439.58 ± 59.46; LPHC45: 8448.06 ± 105.86; R: 9428.39 ± 48.96 pg/mL). Analysis of protein expression of iodothyronine deiodinase 1 in liver, kidney and thyroid, and protein expression of iodothyronine deiodinase 2 in brown adipose tissue, long digital extensor and soleus muscles, hypothalamus, and pituitary only showed alteration in liver of the LPHC45 group, with an increase of 17.38% in the isoform 1, compared with the control animals. This group also showed an increase of 27.02% in the content of liver receptor for thyroid hormone β1 compared with the C45 group. The fasting lipid profile showed a reduction in total cholesterol (C45: 97.35 ± 7.87; LPHC45: 65.41 ± 4.78; R: 94.32 ± 5.25 mg/dL), in HDL cholesterol (C45: 56.58 ± 3.90; LPHC45: 36.74 ± 1.28, R: 54.21 ± 4.30 mg/dL), in VLDL (C45: 22 92 ± 1.44; LPHC45: 15.89 ± 1.50; R: 22.07 ± 1.70 mg/dL), xix and triglycerides (C45: 114.61 ± 7.18; LPHC45: 79.46 ± 7 49; R: 110.36 ± 8.48 mg/dL) in animals subjected to LPHC diet for 45 days. The hepatic expression of 7α-hydroxylase enzyme and the binding protein sterol response element had an increase of 43.96% and 36.27%, respectively, in LPHC45 group when compared with the C45 group. The activity of malic enzyme (C45: 85.92 ± 9.01; LPHC45: 171.63 ± 14.98; R: 159.09 ± 13.16 nmol.mg prot-1 .min-1) and ATP-citrate lyase (C45: 290.88 ± 11.57; LPHC45: 444.98 ± 20.79; R: 386.75 ± 23.47 nmol.mg prot-1 .min-1) was higher in LPHC45 and R groups, compared with C45 group. The analysis of these data shows that the low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet administered for 45 days leads to alterations in hepatic deiodinative metabolism by modulating the lipid profile and that may perhaps result in a future framework of hepatic steatosis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Maesako, Masato. "Exercise is more effective than diet control in preventing high fat diet-induced β-amyloid deposition and memory deficit in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/188709.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Romanatto, Talita. "O Knockout para o receptor 1 de TNF-a protege contra obesidade induzida por dieta." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310352.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Licio Augusto Velloso
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:36:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Romanatto_Talita_D.pdf: 1337280 bytes, checksum: 7ec7fd5e6f446c2f8f8a42019123e0d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: O aumento da prevalência de obesidade em várias regiões do planeta é um dos mais importantes fenômenos clínico-epidemiológicos da atualidade. Fatores como a mudança do hábito alimentar e o estilo de vida sedentário, aliados a determinantes genéticos ainda pouco conhecidos desempenham um papel relevante na patogênese dessa doença. Nos últimos quinze anos, desde o descobrimento do hormônio leptina, avanços consideráveis foram obtidos na caracterização dos mecanismos hipotalâmicos do controle da ingestão alimentar e da termogênese. Em um estudo recente demonstrou-se que o consumo de uma dieta rica, em gordura induz a expressão de várias citocinas pró-inflamatórias no hipotálamo e que a inibição da via de sinalização intracelular da serina quinase JNK é capaz de reverter parcialmente algumas das conseqüências clínicas do consumo dessa dieta (De Souza et al, 2005). No presente estudo avaliou-se a importância do receptor 1 de TNF-cc(TNFRI) na gênese do processo inflamatório desencadeado pela dieta rica em gordura. O TNFR1 é responsável pela maioria dos efeitos do TNF-ct, no entanto no contexto da obesidade induzida por dieta, a função desse receptor não está completamente esclarecida. Para tanto, camundongos knockout (KO) para o TNFR1 e seu respectivo background genético, C57BL6, foram tratados por 8 semanas com dieta hiperlipídica e observamos que o TNFR1 KO está protegido da obesidade induzida por dieta por meio de aumento na termogênese. Em ambas as dietas, padrão e hiperlipídica (HF), TNFR1 KO ganha menos peso apesar de aumento na ingestão alimentar. Adiposidade e diâmetro dos adipócitos estão reduzidos, assim como as concentrações sanguíneas de insulina e leptina. TNFR1 KO estão protegidos de resistência hipotalâmica à via da leptina por meio de preservação da sinalização da leptina através de JAK2, STAT3 e FOX01. TNFR1 KO apresentam aumento de termogênese, pelo aumento do consumo de 02, aumento da expressão de UCP-1 e UCP-3, no tecido adiposo marrom e músculo esquelético, respectivamente, e aumento do consumo de O2 de mitocôndrias isoladas de músculo. Isso demonstra que a via de sinalização do TNF-a pelo TNFR1 representa um importante mecanismo envolvido na termogênese deficiente associada à obesidade.
Abstract: In diet-induced obesity, hypothalamic and systemic inflammatory factors trigger intracellular mechanisms that lead to resistance to the main adipostatic hormones, leptin and insulin. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) is one of the main inflammatory factors produced during this process and its mechanistic role as an inducer of leptin and insulin resistance has been widely investigated. Most of TNF-a inflammatory signals are delivered by TNFR1; however, the role played by this receptor in the context of obesity-associated inflammation is not completely known. Here, we show that TNFR1 knockout (TNFR1 KO) mice are protected from diet-induced obesity due to increased thermogenesis. Under standard rodent chow or ligh-fat diet, TNFR1 KO gain significantly less body mass in spite of increased caloric intake. Visceral adiposity and mean adipocyte diameter are reduced and Dlood concentrations of insulin and leptin are lower. Protection from hypothalamic eptin resistance is evidenced by increased leptin-induced suppression of food ntake and preserved activation of leptin signal transduction through JAK2, STAT3 jnd FOX01. Under high fat diet, TNFR1 KO mice present a significantly increased expression of the thermogenesis-related neurotransmitter, TRH. Further evidence if increased thermogenesis includes the increased 02 consumption and C02 traduction in respirometry measurements, increased expressions of UCP1 and JCP3 in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, respectively, and increased 02 onsumption by isolated skeletal muscle fiber mitochondria. This demonstrates that 'NF-ct signaling through TNFR1 is an important mechanism involved in obesity-ssociated defective thermogenesis.
Doutorado
Medicina Experimental
Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Hamman, Robyn. "Oocyte quality and viability in Nguni and Hereford cows exposed to a high protein diet." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53297.

Full text

Abstract:

Protein is a fundamental part of nutrition in all animals but ruminants have the ability to metabolise and utilise non-protein nitrogen for this use. This allows for an economical alternative source of protein that does not compete with human resources. Previous evidence suggests that feeding high levels of protein to support increased demands for growth and production may have a negative impact on reproduction, since protein is rapidly converted to ammonia and further metabolised to urea which are both toxic to the reproductive system. Investigations within the South African climate indicated that the Nguni cow maintained higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels during periods of drought than other cattle breeds. The Nguni breed is well adapted to extreme situations but as its popularity grows and the breed is promoted for emerging farmers it becomes essential to know if it possesses adaptations which could predispose it to reproductive failure if supplemented in the same manner as other commercial breeds. In this prospective experimental study, 22 multiparous cows of two breeds, the Hereford and the Nguni, were block randomised into a cross over design whereby all animals were fed a total mixed ration (TMR). The test group was provided with an increasing rumen degradable protein content in the form of feed grade urea. The control group was maintained on a urea free TMR. In the test group, the urea inclusion rate was increased weekly by 50 g to allow for rumen microflora adaptation and prevent acute urea toxicity. They reached a maximum inclusion rate of 200 g urea per cow per day. All animals had serum collected and oocytes aspirated by transvaginal ultrasound guided oocyte pick up (OPU) were counted and graded twice weekly. Following this, all usable oocytes were pooled per breed and treatment, and were subject to in vitro maturation, fertilisation and culture in order to assess the effect of elevated protein on oocyte competence and viability. Oocyte quality was defined as the number of oocytes with cumulus cells (Grade 1 3 oocytes) harvested per OPU, and oocyte viability was defined as the number of oocytes that cleaved by day 2 or that reached at least the morula stage by day 7 in the in vitro embryo system. Multivariable analyses were performed on BUN, antral follicle count (AFC) and number of grade 1 3 oocytes harvested per OPU session, and on the oocyte viability outcomes in the vitro embryo system. Nguni cows receiving 150 g dietary urea per day had lower mean BUN levels than Herefords (17.5 and 19.3 mg/dL respectively, P = 0.02). However dietary urea inclusion level, serum albumin level and sampling day were the only independent predictors of serum BUN. Nguni cows had lower mean antral follicle count (AFC) and number of oocytes harvested than Herefords (9.1 and 3.1, and 11.7 and 4.3 respectively, P < 0.01). The vet performing the aspiration, within day sampling order and BUN level >20 mg/dL were independently associated with the number of grade 1-3 oocytes after adjusting for AFC and the random effect of the individual animal. Increasing weighted mean serum albumin and decreasing weighted mean beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) were independently associated with the number of oocytes that cleaved (day 2) or that reached the morula stage (day 7) (P = 0.01 and P = 0.08 respectively). It was concluded that increasing dietary urea, low BCS and increasing serum albumin, but not breed, were associated with increasing BUN levels in cows. It was further concluded that BUN >20 mg/dL adversely affected the occurrence of cumulus cells around oocytes and that serum albumin and BHBA were, but neither dietary urea level nor breed was independently associated with viability of bovine oocytes in this study. Although the data were inconclusive about breed differences in protein metabolism, this study suggests that serum albumin has the potential to be used as predictor of the interaction between protein and energy metabolism and its effect on oocyte development.
Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Production Animal Studies
MMedVet

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Pye, Kathleen. "Effects of high protein consumption on bone and body composition from early to late adulthood in female rats." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112347.

Full text

Abstract:

Long-term, high protein diets at 35% of energy may have implications in bone biology. The objective of this study was to comprehensively examine whether a high mixed protein diet at the 35% energy level can be deemed safe with respect to long-term bone health. Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to receive 4, 8, 12, or 17 months of a control (15% of energy as protein) or the high protein diet (35% of energy). Statistical analyses of biochemical, biomechanical, morphological, microarchitectural, and densitometric examinations using a 2-way factorial ANOVA with interaction revealed that elevated protein consumption had no negative consequences to bone health. High protein fed rats had increased lean body mass and decreased body weight and body fat. Thus preliminary results suggest that protein consumption at 35% of energy has a positive effect on body weight and does not hinder the mechanical abilities of bone.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Fundaro, Gabrielle F. "Do Probiotics Protect Against the Deleterious Effects of a High-Fat Diet?" Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64333.

Full text

Abstract:

High-fat diets and obesity have been linked to unfavorable changes in gut bacteria and increased leakage of bacterially-derived lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) from the intestinal tract into circulation, which is associated with low-grade inflammation, metabolic dysregulation and degradation of tight-junction proteins between intestinal cells. Probiotic supplementation is the practice of ingesting live strains of bacteria that are proposed to have a beneficial effect on the host by enriching the intestine with healthy bacteria. The purpose of this project was to determine if probiotic supplementation would prevent increased inflammatory tone, decreased oxidative capacity, and decreased tight-junction protein expression associated with high-fat feeding and elevated endogenous endotoxin. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control (CD, 10% fat) or high-fat (HFD, 60% fat) diet for 4 weeks while receiving a daily oral gavage of water (C-VSL#3, HF-VSL#3) or probiotics (C+VSL#3, HF+VSL#3) equivalent to 1.2 billion live cultures. Changes in body weight, body composition, respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure, and glucose and insulin tolerance were measured in live mice. Markers of metabolic function were measured in whole muscle homgenates and mitochondria isolated from red and white skeletal muscle. Plasma endotoxin was measured in blood collected from fasted mice at the time of euthanization. The large and small intestines were collected and mRNA levels of tight-junction proteins and markers of nutrient sensing were measured. To determine a possible protective effect against endogenous LPS, a second cohort of mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 0.1µg/kg LPS or saline to induce endotoxemia after four weeks of the aforementioned feeding protocol. Markers of metabolic function and inflammation were measured in mitochondria, skeletal muscle and liver. VSL#3 supplementation improved glucose homeostasis and markers of inflammation while enhancing nutrient sensing in the gut.
Ph. D.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Lee, Pui-chi, and 李佩芝. "Phenotypic characterization of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein knockout mice under high fat high cholesterol diet-induced obesity." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197517.

Full text

Abstract:

Background and objectives: A lot of studies proved that adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP), an adipokine mainly expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, is the key link between obesity and inflammation which is suggested to be a therapeutic target for obesity-related diseases. Loss-of-function study was employed by using A-FABP knockout (KO) mice generated by our group to investigate role of A-FABP in high fat high cholesterol (HFHC) diet-induced obesity. Key findings: 1. Our study confirmed that HFHC diet-induced A-FABP KO mice have a significantly increased body weight when compared to the wild-type (WT) control mice. 2. Higher adiposity was the major reason for the A-FABP KO mice to be heavier than the WT controls under HFHC diet induction. 3. The marked increase of the weight of subcutaneous fat and peri-renal fat contributed to the higher adiposity of the HFHC-diet induced A-FABP KO mice when compared to the WT controls. 4. The HFHC-diet induced A-FABP KO mice significantly consumed less oxygen and produced less carbon dioxide suggesting the reduced energy expenditure but had higher weekly energy intake when compared with the WT controls, leading to higher adiposity. 5. The A-FABP KO mice were protected against HFHC diet induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia when compared with the WT controls. There was also a better insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation in A-FABP KO mice under prolonged HFHC diet induction when compared with the WT controls. 6. The A-FABP KO mice were protected against the development of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglycemia when compared the WT controls under HFHC diet induction. However, there was no significant difference in the fasting serum free fatty acids (FFA) level among A-FABP WT and KO mice fed with standard chow (STC) or HFHC diet. 7. A-FABP KO mice were protected against isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) under HFHC diet induction. 8. The A-FABP KO mice were protected against HFHC diet-induced liver injury as indicated by a lower serum ALT level suggesting a better liver function when compared with the WT controls. 9. Under HFHC diet induction, M1 macrophage polarization was dominant in fat tissues of A-FABP WT mice but M2 macrophage polarization was dominant in fat tissues of A-FABP KO mice, suggesting an improved inflammatory status in the adipose tissue of the A-FABP KO mice when compared with the WT controls. This may also be the reason for why HFHC diet-induced A-FABP KO mice have an increased body weight but are metabolically healthier compared to their WT controls. Conclusions: A-FABP KO mice had a significant higher body weight and higher adiposity due to the reduced energy expenditure and increased weekly food intake as indicated in the metabolic cage study and the reason for metabolic healthier is due to the alleviated HFHC diet induced M1 macrophage polarization in various adipose tissues suggesting an improved inflammatory status in A-FABP KO mice comparing to the WT controls.
published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Master of Philosophy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Mogami, Haruta. "Isocaloric high-protein diet as well as branched-chain amino acids supplemented diet partially alleviates adverse consequences of maternal undernutrition on fetal growth." Kyoto University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126437.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Chotechuang, Nattida. "The role of amino acids in liver protein metabolism under a high protein diet : identification of amino acids signal and associated transduction pathways." AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/09/98/PDF/Thesis_Nattida_CHOTECHUANG_last_version.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

La consommation d'un régime hyper protéique (HP) améliore l'homéostasie glucidique, le gain de poids, l'adiposité, en réduisant le tissus adipeux blanc et la taille des adipocytes. Les adaptations métaboliques dues à l'augmentation de l'apport protéique sont au moins caractérisées, au niveau du foie, par la diminution de la lipogenèse et l'augmentation de la conversion des acides aminés (AA) en glycogène. Cependant, le rôle des acides aminés dans le contrôle de ces adaptations métaboliques et des voies de transduction responsables de la transmission du signal " acides aminés " n'ont pas encore été élucidés. L'objectif de notre étude a été de déterminer l'effet de l'augmentation de l'apport en acides aminés sur la traduction et la protéolyse, et d'identifier les voies de signalisation impliquées dans la détection des acides aminés ainsi que l'acide aminé ou le groupe d'acide aminés responsable de ces effets, en utilisant des approches in vivo et in vitro. Les extraits protéiques ont été analysés par western blots pour examiner l'état de phosphorylation des protéines impliquées dans les voies de signalisation qui participent à la détection des AAs et à la régulation de la traduction, à savoir les voies: " mammalian target of rapamycin " (mTOR), " adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase " (AMPK) et " general control non-depressible kinase 2 " (GCN2). Cette étude a montré que l'adaptation à un régime de HP est caractérisée par la stimulation de la traduction dans le foie, au moins au niveau de l'étape d'initiation. Cette activation requiert à la fois la présence de fortes concentrations en AA (au moins la leucine ou des AAs à chaîne branchée) et d'insuline, comme l'indique l'augmentation de la phosphorylation de mTOR, 4E-BP1 et S6 et la diminution de la phosphorylation de l'AMPK et GCN2. L'utilisation de l'AICAR (activateur de l'AMPK) et de la rapamycine (inhibiteur de mTOR) nous a permis de montrer qu'en présence de fortes concentrations en AA et d'insuline, mTOR n'est pas le seul régulateur de 4E-BP1 et de la S6K1 (cibles de mTOR) et que l'AMPK peut également jouer un rôle important dans la régulation de leur état de phosphorylation. En outre, l'augmentation de l'apport protéique provoque une inhibition de la dégradation des protéines dans le foie et une diminution de l'expression des gènes codant les principales protéines du système autophagie et de l'ubiquitine-protéasome. En conséquence, les protéines sont moins ubiquitinées, donc moins dégradées. Les AAs et l'insuline semblent être les principaux régulateurs de la voie de protéolyse ubiquitine-protéasome et les voies mTOR et AMPK seraient les médiateurs des effets acides aminés et de l'insuline. Ces résultats suggèrent que le contrôle des voies cataboliques et anaboliques du métabolisme des protéines sont régulées par les mêmes signaux et font intervenir les mêmes voies de signalisation
High Protein (HP) intake improves glucose homeostasis and reduces weight gain, body fat mass, white adipose tissue and adipocyte size in rats. The metabolic adaptation is characterized by at least a decrease in hepatic lipogenesis and an increase in hepatic amino acid (AA) conversion into glycogen. However, the role of amino acids (AAs) in the control of these metabolic adaptations has not been studied, and the transduction pathways involved in the sensing of the increase in AA supply remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of our study was to understand the effect of AAs on translation and on proteolysis, to identify the transduction pathways involved in AA signaling and the AA or the groups of AAs involved in these effects, using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. Western blot analysis was performed on protein extracts to examine the phosphorylation state of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and general control non-depressible kinase 2 (GCN2) transduction pathways which may be involved in AA sensing and in the control of translation in liver. This study demonstrated that adaptation to HP diet was characterized by the stimulation of translation, at least for the initiation step in the liver. Using primary culture of hepatocytes, we showed that this activation required both high AA levels (at least for leucine alone or a branched-chain AA mixture) and insulin, as indicated by the increase of mTOR, 4E-BP1 and S6 phosphorylation and the decrease of AMPK and GCN2 phosphorylation. Using AICAR (AMPK activator) and rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor), we demonstrated that mTOR might not be the only regulator of 4E-BP1 and S6K1 (downstream targets of mTOR) in high AA conditions and that AMPK may also play an important role in their control. Moreover, the HP diet induced the inhibition of protein breakdown in the liver and these results were concomitant with a decrease of gene expression of the major components for both autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in liver. Subsequently, ubiquitinated protein in the liver was lower and both AAs and insulin were required for the down-regulation of ubiquitination. Indeed, mTOR and AMPK were also involved in the control of the ubiquitin proteasome system in the liver in response to the increase in AA and insulin concentrations. These results suggested that the control of the catabolic and anabolic pathways of protein metabolism was regulated by the same set of signals and mediated by the same transduction signaling pathways

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Monteiro, Naice Eleidiane Santana 1990. "Efeito das proteínas do soro do leite bovino sobre alterações metabólicas causadas por uma dieta hiperlipídica no camundongo C57BL/6 : disbiose intestinal, resposta inflamatória e parâmetros associados." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254508.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientadores: Jaime Amaya-Farfan, Fernanda de Pace
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:35:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_NaiceEleidianeSantana_M.pdf: 1835989 bytes, checksum: ec62cf398adabcdca614249ae2d4692b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Caracterizada como um dos mais importantes problemas que a saúde pública enfrenta atualmente no Brasil e no mundo, a obesidade está associada a um quadro de inflamação subclínica, que predispõe à resistência à insulina e ao desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus, além de representar fator etiológico para diversas outras doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Sabendo da importância que os alimentos com propriedades bioativas podem ter no tratamento da obesidade é que a utilização das proteínas do soro do leite na dieta vem sendo alvo de diversos estudos, devido aos benefícios que podem trazer à saúde humana. Dentre as propriedades da whey protein, citam-se a capacidade de regular a função imune, atuar como agente antimicrobiano, estimular a síntese de proteína muscular, suprimir o apetite e atuar na redução da gordura corporal, além das propriedades de aumentar a expressão gênica de proteínas anti-estresse (HSPs) e de ativar o transportador de glicose GLUT4, ambas descobertas pelo nosso grupo da FEA. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o impacto que as proteínas do soro do leite, seja na sua forma íntegra ou na forma hidrolisada, possam exercer sobre a homeostase e a proteção do organismo de camundongos, contra os danos causados por uma dieta hiperlipídica. Para alcançar este objetivo, 34 camundongos C57BL/6 recém-desmamados foram divididos em quatro grupos de forma aleatória e alimentados com as seguintes dietas: grupo controle normolipídico (AIN93-G), grupo controle hiperlipídico (HFCAS), grupo hiperlipídico com substituição da caseína pela proteína do soro de leite concentrada (HFWPC), e grupo hiperlipídico, com adição da proteína do soro do leite hidrolisada (HFWPH), por 9 semanas. Os camundongos foram acompanhados quanto ao consumo alimentar e ganho de peso por meio de avaliação poderal em dias alternados, parâmetros bioquímicos e de endotoxemia avaliados por técnicas convencionais, biomarcadores inflamatórios analisados por western blot, além da avaliação do perfil histopatológico do fígado e do estudo metagenômico da microbiota intestinal. Os resultados demonstraram que alimentação com a formulação contendo whey protein, em ambas as formas, por 9 semanas, não diminuiu ganho de peso em comparação aos demais tratamentos, mas foi efetiva em reverter a disbiose causada pela dieta gordurosa, reduzir o processo inflamatório para níveis indistinguíveis do controle, em atenuar a infiltração gordurosa no tecido hepático, além de modular a microbiota intestinal. A caseína não mostrou tais propriedades
Abstract: Recognized as one of the most important issues currently facing public health in Brazil and in the world, obesity is associated to a subclinical inflammation framework, which predisposes to insulin resistance and the development of diabetes mellitus, in addition to representing an etiological factor for several other chronic diseases. Owing to the bioactive properties that the milk whey proteins may have on human health, such as the ability to regulate immune function, act as an antimicrobial agent, stimulate protein synthesis, suppress appetite thus helping to reduce body fat, besides the two newly discovered functions from our laboratory regarding the up-regulation of protective HSPs and activation of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), it is thought that these proteins may also have anti-inflammatory action and, therefore, this study was designed to investigate the impact that whey protein, either in its normal form or in the hydrolyzed form, may exert on homeostasis protecting the mouse from the adverse effects of a high-fat diet. To accomplish this, 34 C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into four groups that received the following diets for 9 weeks: Normolipidic control (AIN93-G), Hyperlipidic control (HFCAS), Hyperlipidic with whey protein concentrate instead of casein (HFWPC) and a Hyperlipidic group with hydrolyzed whey protein (HFWPH) as the only source of protein. Diet intake and weight gain were monitored and recorded every other day. Biochemical parameters and endotoxemia were evaluated using commercial kits, and inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed by western blotting, besides the evaluation of histopathological liver profile and metagenomic study of the intestinal microbiota. The results showed that feeding the formulation contendowheyprotein, in both its forms, for 9 weeks, not decreased weight gain compared to the other treatments, but was effective in reversing dysbiosis caused by high-fat diet, reduce inflammation to levels indistinguishable control and mitigate the fatty infiltration of the casein hepático, in addition to modulate the gut microbiota. Casein did not show such properties
Mestrado
Nutrição Experimental e de Alimentos
Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Parry, Sion A. "Metabolic responses to short-term high-fat overfeeding." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/26916.

Full text

Abstract:

The main aim of this thesis was to increase our understanding of the metabolic responses associated with short-term high-fat overfeeding. To this end, four separate studies are described in this thesis; each of which involved the provision of a high-fat, high-energy diet to young, healthy, lean individuals. The first of these experimental chapters (Chapter 2) determined the effects of a 7-day, high-fat (65%), high-energy (+50%) diet on postprandial metabolic and endocrine responses to a mixed meal challenge. This chapter demonstrates that 7-days of overfeeding impaired glycaemic control in our subject cohort but did not influence the response of selected gut hormones (acylated ghrelin, GLP-1 and GIP). In a mechanistic follow up study utilising stable isotope tracer methodology we then demonstrate that overfeeding-induced impairments in glycaemic control are attributable to subtle alterations in plasma glucose flux, rather than the overt tissue-specific adaptations (e.g. increased EGP, or reduced glucose disposal) that have previously been reported (Chapter 3). In an attempt to delineate the time-course of diet-induced impairments in glycaemic control, we then investigated the effects of 1-day of overfeeding (+80% energy with 73% of total energy coming as fat) (Chapter 4). Results demonstrate that a single day of overfeeding elicits responses which are comparable to 7-days of high-fat overfeeding; highlighting the rapidity with which excessive high-fat food intake can negatively influence glucose metabolism. In chapter 5 we utilised stable isotope tracer and muscle biopsy techniques to demonstrate that 7-days of high-fat overfeeding impairs glycaemic control but does not influence the fed-state mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR). In conclusion, the findings of this thesis demonstrate that while short-term high-fat overfeeding negatively influences whole-body glucose metabolism, skeletal muscle protein metabolism appears to be relatively unaffected in young, lean, healthy humans.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Markova, Mariya [Verfasser], and Susanne [Akademischer Betreuer] Klaus. "Metabolic and molecular effects of two different isocaloric high protein diets in subjects with type 2 diabetes / Mariya Markova ; Betreuer: Susanne Klaus." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1218401990/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Coleman, Mary Dean. "Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Diet on Bone Mineral Density, Biomarkers of Bone Turnover, and Calcium Metabolism in Healthy Pre-Menopausal Females." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28429.

Full text

Abstract:

Low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LCHP) diets have been shown to induce weight loss and beneficial changes in blood lipids that suggest cardiovascular disease risk reduction; however, LCHP diets have not been adequately investigated for health effects on the skeleton. A randomized trial to determine the effects of a LCHP diet on bone mineral status, biomarkers of bone turnover, indicators of acid-base balance, calcium homeostasis and fasting lipids in healthy pre-menopausal women was conducted. Women, aged 32 - 45 y, with a body mass index between 25-41 kg/m2 were randomized into one of two diet groups: LCHP (n = 13) or high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) (n = 12). Anthropometric (body weight, lean mass, fat mass) and bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) measures and markers of lipid metabolism were taken at weeks 0, 6, and 12. Measures of acid-base balance, protein metabolism, and calcium homeostasis were conducted at weeks 0, 1-4, 6, and 12. Serum osteocalcin was analyzed at weeks 0, 1, 2, 6, and 12, while urinary NTx was analyzed at weeks 0, 1 and 2. Weight loss was significant at the end of 12 weeks in both diet groups (P < 0.05) but there was no Diet x Time interaction. Total proximal femur BMD was lower in the LCHP group (P < 0.05) compared to the HCLF group by week 12. Femoral neck BMC decreased in the LCHP diet group (P < 0.05), whereas total forearm BMC increased (P < 0.05) in the HCLF diet group by week 12 of the study. Serum osteocalcin showed significant main effects of diet (P < 0.05) and time (P < 0.0001), but a Diet x Time interaction was not observed. Urinary NTx exhibited no main diet effect, time effect or Diet x Time interaction at weeks 1 or 2. Urinary pH was lower in the LCHP group compared to the HCLF group throughout the study (P < 0.0001). Urinary calcium excretion was higher in the LCHP group and lower in the HCLF group (P < 0.0001) compared to baseline values at all intervals of the study. Urinary phosphorus excretion exhibited a significant diet effect (P < 0.001) and time effect (P < 0.002), while no Diet x Time interaction was observed. Total cholesterol, high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations did not differ between diets during the study. In conclusion, a LCHP diet appears to stimulate bone loss, while a HCLF diet appears to attenuate bone loss in healthy pre-menopausal women undergoing 12 weeks of weight loss.
Ph. D.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Galbreath, Melyn Kreider Richard B. "Effects of a high protein diet on weight loss, markers of health, and functional capacity in senior-aged females participating in the Curves [Registered] fitness program." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5255.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Riggs, Amy Jo. "Calories vs. composition : the effects of dietary alterations on anthropometric measures and biochemical parameters in overweight women." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1231345.

Full text

Abstract:

TITLE: Calories vs. Composition: The effect on dietary alterations on anthropometric measures and biochemical parameters in overweight women.LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine if a high-protein, low-carbohydrate, ad-libitum diet is more effective than an energy-restricted diet in promoting weight loss and improving blood lipid and insulin levels.ABSTRACT TEXT: Thirty overweight/obese (BMI: 25-35kg/m2), premenopausal women were matched for Body Mass Index (BMI) and randomly assigned to one of the two diets: (1) High Protein (HP) (30-40% protein, 40-55% fat, 10-20% CHO); (2) Energy Restricted (ER) (1200kcal/d, 20-25% fat, 15-20% protein, 55-60% CHO). Subjects were given weekly menus matching their assigned macronutrient and/or energy requirements to aid in meal planning and dietary compliance. Baseline and post-diet measures included height, weight, body composition, blood lipids (total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL< and triglycerides (TG)], and plasma insulin levels. There were no significant differences found among the two groups in any of the above-listed variables prior to the study. Twenty-three women completed the 6-week study (HP=11, ER= 12). Compliance to the diets was adequate as indicated by weekly 24-hour recalls and daily urinary ketone levels. Both groups lost a significant amount of weight and body fat (P<0.05), andweight and body fat losses were not significantly different between the groups. In addition, both groups experienced similar decreases in TG, TC, LDL, HDL, and insulin levels. These results indicate that a HP diet is no more effective than an ER diet in promoting favorable changes in body weight, body composition, blood lipids, and insulin levels.
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Estruch, Cucarella Guillem. "ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF HIGH PLANT PROTEIN DIETS ON THE INTESTINAL STATUS OF THE ON-GROWING GILTHEAD SEA BREAM (Sparus aurata, L.)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/113063.

Full text

Abstract:

Aunque el uso de altos niveles de fuentes de proteína vegetal en piensos para doradas de engorde se ha alcanzado con éxito en cuanto al crecimiento, estas dietas todavía están asociadas a efectos negativos en la eficiencia nutricional y en la capacidad inmunitaria. El intestino es el órgano donde se produce la primera interacción entre el pez, los nutrientes y las bacterias del medio, y desarrolla un papel crucial en la digestión de los nutrientes y la respuesta infamatoria e inmune. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en el impacto de distintas dietas con altos niveles de proteína vegetal, y especialmente, en la evaluación del estatus intestinal de las doradas de engorde alimentadas con altos niveles de sustitución de la harina de pescado durante un periodo largo de tiempo. Los cambios observados en el intestino se caracterizaron mediante el uso de distintas estrategias, como el análisis de la digestibilidad y la retención de amino ácidos, de la excreción de amonio, de la actividad de enzimas digestivos, de los cambios histológico o de la expresión de genes relacionados con la función y el mantenimiento de la arquitectura intestinal, así como técnicas ómicas para el análisis del proteoma y de la microbiota intestinal. Se ensayaron distintos niveles de sustitución de harina de pescado, pero el impacto de las dietas con una sustitución completa, bien complementada con subproductos de origen marino o suplementada con aminoácidos libres sintéticos, recibió mayor atención. La sustitución completa de la harina de pescado provocó una reducción, aunque ligera, del crecimiento y de la eficiencia digestiva y nutritiva de la dorada de engorde, aunque el impacto sobre el crecimiento era mayor cuando los peces eran alimentados desde la época de juveniles con estas dietas. La digestibilidad y el nivel de síntesis de proteína se vio alterada, aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas en la actividad enzimática digestiva. No obstante, el impacto de las fuentes vegetales cuando no había fuentes de proteína marina en la dieta era especialmente crítico para la supervivencia de los peces. En el intestino de estos peces solo se observaron diferencias menores relacionadas con la inflamación a nivel histológico, pero también se observó una disminución en la expresión génica de genes involucrados en la inflamación y la respuesta inmune. El análisis de la microbiota intestinal reveló cambios significativos en la composición de su composición, especialmente en el intestino posterior, sugiriendo una posible falta de capacidad de regular la respuesta inmune y de modular la colonización de bacterias patógenas tras un largo periodo de alimentación con esta dieta. Por otro lado, el análisis del proteoma de la mucosa intestinal también mostró un claro impacto sobre distintos procesos biológicos relacionados con el mantenimiento del homeostasis intestinal y de la integridad epitelial. Por el contrario, no se observó un impacto de la sustitución de la harina de pescado a nivel de expresión génica o del proteoma cuando se incorporaba a la dieta una fuente de proteína marina complementaria, aunque sí que se observaron algunos signos menores de inflamación. Por último, se desarrolló un sistema ex vivo para estudiar la respuesta inflamatoria e inmune de la mucosa intestinal a la presencia de distintas bacterias, y se realizó un ensayo preliminar en dorada para evaluar el efecto de la dieta sobre esta respuesta. En resumen, en este trabajo se ha realizado una evaluación extensa y detallada de los efectos a nivel intestinal de la inclusión de altos niveles de proteína vegetal en la dieta para doradas de engorde. Los resultados indican que las alteraciones en la capacidad inmune, la homeostasis y la microbiota intestinal aparecían solo cuando la proteína procedía exclusivamente de fuentes vegetales, y podrían explicar la mayor mortalidad registrada con esta dieta.
Malgrat que la utilització d'alts nivells de proteïna vegetal en pinsos per a dorades en la fase d'engreixament s'ha aconseguit amb èxit en quan al creixement, aquestes dietes encara s'associen amb freqüència amb efectes negatius en l'eficiència nutricional i la capacitat immunitària. L'intestí és l'òrgan on es produeix la primera interacció entre el peix, els nutrients de la dieta i les bactèries de l'ambient, i juga un paper fonamental en la digestió dels nutrients i en la resposta inflamatòria i immune. Aquesta tesi doctoral es centra en l'impacte de diferents dietes experimentals amb un alt nivell de proteïna vegetal, i especialment, en l'avaluació de l'estat de l'intestí de les dorades d'engreixament alimentades durant un llarg període amb alts nivells de substitució de farina de peix. Els distints canvis observats a nivell intestinal es van descriure mitjançant l'ús de distintes estratègies, com l'anàlisi de la digestibilitat i la retenció dels aminoàcids, de l'excreció d'amoni i de l'activitat enzimàtica, dels canvis histològic o de l'expressió de gens relacionats amb la funció i el manteniment de l'estructura intestinal, així com tècniques òmiques per a l'anàlisi del proteoma i de la microbiota intestinal. Es van assatjar diferents nivells de substitució de farina de peix, però l'impacte de les dietes amb substitució completa, bé complementada amb subproductes d'origen marí o suplementada amb aminoàcids lliures sintètics, va rebre major atenció. La substitució completa de la farina de peix va tenir un efecte lleugerament negatiu sobre el creixement i l'eficiència digestiva i nutritiva de la dorada d'engreixament, encara que l'impacte era major quan els peixos eren alimentats des de la fase de juvenils amb aquesta dieta. La digestibilitat i el nivell de síntesis de proteïna es va veure alterada, encara que no s'observaren diferències significatives en l'activitat dels enzims digestius. No obstant, l'impacte de les fonts vegetals quan s'eliminaven per complet les fonts de proteïna marina de la dieta era especialment crític en la supervivència dels peixos. En l'intestí d'aquests peixos sols s'observaren xicotets indicis d'inflamació a nivell histològic, però també es va observar una disminució l'expressió de gens involucrats amb el procés inflamatori i la resposta immune. L'estudi de la microbiota intestinal va revelar canvis significatius en la composició, especialment a l'intestí posterior, suggerint una possible falta de capacitat de regular la resposta immunitària i de modular la colonització per part de patògens després d'un llarg període d'alimentació amb aquesta dieta. D'altra banda, l'anàlisi del proteoma de la mucosa intestinal també va mostrar un impacte clar sobre diferents processos biològics relacionats amb el manteniment de l'homeòstasi intestinal i de la integritat de l'epiteli. Per contra, no es van observar un impacte de la substitució de la farina de peix a nivell d'expressió gènica o proteoma quan s'incloïa a la dieta una font complementària de proteïna d'origen marí, encara que sí que s'observaven alguns signes d'inflamació. Per últim, es va desenvolupar un sistema ex vivo per avaluar la resposta inflamatòria i immune de la mucosa intestinal davant la presència de diferents bactèries, i es va realitzar un assaig preliminar per determinar l'efecte de la dieta sobre aquesta resposta. En resum, en aquest treball s'ha realitzat una avaluació extensa i detallada dels efectes a nivell intestinal de la inclusió d'alts nivells de fonts de proteïna vegetal a les dieta per a les dorades d'engreixament. Els resultats indiquen que les alteracions en la capacitat immunitària, l'homeòstasi i la microbiota intestinal eren observades solament quan la proteïna era exclusivament obtinguda de fonts vegetals, i podrien explicar la major mortalitat observada amb aquesta dieta.
Although the inclusion of plant protein sources at high levels in aquafeeds for on-growing gilthead seabream has been successfully achieved on gilthead seabream in terms of growth, these diets are still associated to detrimental effects in feed efficiency and immune capacity. The intestine is the organ where takes place the first interaction of the host with dietary antigen or environmental bacteria, and plays a major role in the digestion of nutrients and the inflammatory and the immune response. The present PhD thesis focus on the impact of classical formulated high plant protein diets on fish performance, but especially, on evaluation of the intestinal status in on-growing fish long-term fed with high levels of fishmeal replacement. Changes at intestinal level were characterized by using different approaches, including protein and amino acid digestibility and retention and ammonia excretion, digestive enzyme activity, histology, expression of genes related with inflammation, immunity, structure and digestion, but also using whole tissue-level techniques for the analysis of the impact on proteome and gut microbiota. Different levels of fishmeal replacement were assayed, although the impact of diets with total replacement, complemented by inclusion of alternative marine by-products or supplemented by free amino acids, received greater attention. Total fish replacement produced a negative but minor impact on the growth and nutritive and digestive performance of on-growing gilthead seabream. Nevertheless, when fish were fed from juvenile stage with plant protein based diets, a higher negative impact in growth terms was noticed. Digestibility and metabolic use of amino acids was altered, but no differences were observed in the digestive enzyme activities. Nonetheless, feeding fish with total dietary fishmeal replacement by plant protein without any marine protein source was especially critical for survival rate. In these fish, gut histological assessment only revealed minor alterations related with an inflammatory response, but gene expression assay showed a down-regulation of several genes involved in the inflammatory and immune response. Moreover, a drastic change in the microbiota composition was observed, especially at the hindgut, revealing a possible lack of capacity to regulate a defensive response and to face with pathogen colonisation after a long-term coupling with these diet. Likewise, gut mucosa proteome analysis also suggests an impact on biological processes related with the maintenance of gut homeostasis and the epithelial integrity. In contrast, total fishmeal replacement did not induce alterations at transcript or proteomic level when diet was complemented with marine ingredients, although some minor inflammatory signs were reported. On the other hand, an ex vivo system to study the inflammatory and immune response of the gut mucosa to the presence of different bacteria was developed, and a preliminary assay evaluating the impact of the diet on this response was performed. To sum up, present works represents a wide assessment at intestinal level of the effects of including plant protein sources at high levels in aqua feeds for on-growing gilthead seabream. Results indicate that alterations in the immune capacity, the gut homeostasis and the microbiota were observed when protein was exclusively provided by plant sources, and could explain the higher mortality reported with this diet.
Estruch Cucarella, G. (2018). ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF HIGH PLANT PROTEIN DIETS ON THE INTESTINAL STATUS OF THE ON-GROWING GILTHEAD SEA BREAM (Sparus aurata, L.) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113063
TESIS

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Mobley-Meulman, Margaret. "Exercise Participation during Weight Loss on a High Protein – Low Carbohydrate Diet Plan in Females Aged 15-25 Years." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1188.

Full text

Abstract:

Weight gain due to poor diet and lack of exercise is responsible for over 300,000 deaths each year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Obese adults have an increased risk for serious health conditions including high blood pressure and cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, respiratory problems, and certain cancers (National Cancer Institute, 2012). Participation in exercise can help control weight, strengthen muscles and bones, and reduce the incidence of cardiac events, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, colon and breast cancers, osteoporotic fractures, gallbladder disease, obesity, depression, anxiety, and delay mortality (ACSM, 2009). The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of exercise participation during weight loss on a high protein-low carbohydrate diet plan during a 12-week span in females aged 15 to 25 years. Specifically, this research study was a comparison of markers of health such as weight, fat mass, percent body fat, and fat-free mass in females who consistently exercised during the diet (Exercisers) from those who did not participate in consistent exercise (Non- Exercisers). The population in this study was selected due to the transition from high school to college being a critical period because it is associated with many identity choices and lifestyle changes that can lead to weight gain (Anderson, Shapiro, & Lundgren, 2003). The data indicate participation in regular exercise, while consuming a high protein-low carbohydrate diet plan, increases the loss of body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat when compared to participating in the diet plan alone. There was no significant difference in fat-free mass reduction between the groups. One implication for practice is recommending moderate to vigorous exercise for a minimum of 30 minutes at a time, totaling a minimum of 150 minutes per week, for females trying to achieve weight loss. Based from the results of this research study, in order to achieve a greater amount of body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat reduction one should consider incorporating exercise participation and high protein-low carbohydrate dieting into their weight loss plan.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Masuda, Aya. "Nutritional regulation of resistance to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the lactating rat." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23638.

Full text

Abstract:

Animals acquire immunity against gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infection depending on their age and continual exposure to larvae, however, expression of this acquired immunity is often penalized during pregnancy and lactating period. This is described as periparturient relaxation in immunity (PPRI), and suggested to have nutritional basis. Although dietary protein has positive effect on immunity against GI nematode infection in mammalian host, we have not fully achieved to characterise the detailed interaction between PPRI and dietary protein. Therefore, this PhD aimed to further investigate this interaction in a well-established Nippostrongylus brasiliensis re-infected lactating rat model. Feeding high protein diet (HP) as opposed to low protein diet (LP) during pregnancy was necessary in maintaining sufficient maternal performances and systemic immune response (Chapter 2 and 3). Accumulation of host’s body protein reserve during pregnancy was significantly higher in HP fed animals compared to LP fed counterparts, which led to improvement in both maternal performances and immunity during the early stage of lactation. However, as lactation period progressed and re-infection of N. brasiliensis took place, importance of current dietary status, rather than the accumulated protein reserve, became evident for maternal performances and immunity. Indeed, animals fed HP during lactation showed significantly heavier pup weight compared to LP fed animals; HP animals showed higher serum immunoglobulin levels and reduced worm burden compared to LP. N. brasiliensis, however, goes through systemic migration, entering host’s skin and migrating to lung parenchyma through blood vessels before reaching the intestine. In Chapter 4, a detailed lung pathology study following N. brasiliensis infection was performed to generate data on the effects of the nematode in the lung of the rat host as such data were scarce. Rat host showed similar lung pathology to that of mice; up-regulation of genes related to type 2 immunity and development of emphysema-like pathology were observed following N. brasiliensis re-infection. In Chapter 5, the effect of dietary protein supplementation on lung and intestinal histology and gene expression analysis was investigated. It was shown that HP fed animals showed higher expression of genes related to type 2 immunity compared to LP in the lung. This effect of protein supplementation in the lung may have contributed to fewer worm burdens in HP fed rats compared to LP in the intestine. Dietary protein supplementation significantly affected the expression of genes related to goblet cells; it resulted in up-regulation of the expression of Retnlb and down-regulation of Agr2 and Tff3 in HP fed animals compared to LP. It is evident that dietary protein is modulating intestinal immunity, and this may be targeted towards specific pathways. In addition, the effect of dietary protein supplementation on immune cell populations of secondary lymphoid organs was analysed. Marked increase in the percentage of macrophage in the spleen and T cell in the mesenteric lymph node was observed following protein supplementation, highlighting the importance of dietary protein on systemic immunity during the parasite infection. These results demonstrate that dietary protein supplementation is effective for improving both maternal performances and immune responses, not only at the intestinal phase but also at the migrating phase, when animal is undergoing PPRI during N. brasiliensis infection. Such information is expected to define strategic utilisation of nutrient supply and to result in development of sustainable parasite control strategies in mammals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Fillmore, Natasha. "Chronic AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation and a High-Fat Diet Have an Additive Effect on Mitochondria in Rat Skeletal Muscle." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2548.

Full text

Abstract:

Factors that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle include AMPK, calcium, and circulating FFAs. Chronic treatment with either AICAR, a chemical activator of AMPK, or increasing circulating FFAs with a high fat diet increases mitochondria in rat skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combination of chronic chemical activation of AMPK and high fat feeding would have an additive effect on skeletal muscle mitochondria levels. We treated Wistar male rats with a high fat diet (HF), AICAR injections (AICAR), or a high fat diet and AICAR injections (HF+AICAR) for six weeks. At the end of the treatment period, markers of mitochondrial content were examined in white quadriceps, red quadriceps, and soleus muscles, predominantly composed of unique muscle-fiber types. In white quadriceps, there was a cumulative effect of treatments on LCAD, cytochrome c, and PGC-α protein, as well as on citrate synthase and β-HAD activity. In contrast, no additive effect was noted in the soleus and in the red quadriceps only β-HAD activity increased additively. The additive increase of mitochondrial markers observed in the white quadriceps may be explained by a combined effect of two separate mechanisms: high fat diet-induced post transcriptional increase in PGC-α protein and AMPK mediated increase in PGC-α protein via a transcriptional mechanism. These data show that chronic chemical activation of AMPK and a high fat diet have a muscle type specific additive effect on markers of fatty acid oxidation, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and transcriptional regulation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Al-Dehneh, Adnan. "The contribution of recycled urea to the synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen of dairy cows fed high grain and forage diets using nitrogen-15-labelled urea." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185802.

Full text

Abstract:

Lactating Holstein cows were used to evaluate the contribution of recycled urea nitrogen to bacterial protein exiting the rumen, and appearing in milk and feces during continuous jugular infusion of ¹⁵N-labelled urea in long-term infusion (72 h) and short term infusion (3, 12, 20, and 24 h) studies. Two cows in the first trial, and four cows in the second trial fitted with T-type duodenal cannulae were fed either a high grain or high forage diet. Urea labeled with ¹⁵N was infused continuously into the jugular vein for 72 h in trial 1 and for 3, 12, 20, and 24 h in trial 2. Cr₂O₃ was used as a digestibility marker. In trial 1, duodenal digesta, feces and urine were sampled every 4 h for 5 d (during 72 h of infusion and 48 h thereafter). Milk and blood were sampled every 12 h for 5 d, and total urine was collected for 5 d. In trial 2, duodenal digesta and urine were sampled every 6 h for 3 d. Feces, milk and blood were sampled every 12 h for 3 d, and total urine was collected for 3 d. Percent of total N in digesta and bacteria entering the duodenum which originated from recycled N was greater in cows fed high grain than high forage, 20 vs 10%, P < .23 and 28 vs 15%, P < .18 respectively, for trial 1. In both trials, ¹⁵N enrichment of digesta and bacteria entering the duodenum was higher for high grain from shortly after the beginning until the end of infusion periods of more than 20 h. Enrichment patterns of urine (and blood) were inverse of those in digesta and bacteria, reflecting a greater recycling of urea on the high grain diet. Flow of N from the rumen to the small intestine was higher on high grain than on high forage in both trials, (128 vs 107% of N intake for trial 1, and 123 vs 98% of N intake for trial 2), which was consistent with the larger amount of recycled N on high grain. Urinary excretion of ¹⁵N accounted for about 84% of that excreted in trial 1, and 76% in trial 2; whereas, feces and milk accounted for a total of 16% in trial 1, and 24% in trial 2. Percent of ¹⁵N infused which was retained in the body 2 d after infusion ceased was 23% in tiral 1, and 17% at 72 h in trial 2. It was estimated by the ¹⁵N ratio techniques that 64 to 74% of the total N passing into the duodenum was bacterial N in trial 1. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that about twice as much endogenous N is recycled and incorporated into bacterial N on a high grain than a high forage diet fed to lactating cows. The higher N passage into the duodenum than N intake on a high grain diet might be explained by more N being recycled into the rumen.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Jarrett, Selene. "Altered protein and fatty acid composition of porcine follicular fluid due to a high fibre diet and the subsequent effects on oocyte maturation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33086.

Full text

Abstract:

Background Ovarian follicular fluid serves as the microenvironment for a maturing oocyte prior to ovulation. Previous studies have shown that gilts fed a high fibre (HF) diet before ovulation have improved fertility compared to gilts fed a control (C) diet, including a higher proportion of metaphase II oocytes following in vitro maturation (IVM). Hypothesis The molecular composition of porcine follicular fluid (pFF) was altered by the diet and that these alterations conferred the fertility benefits. Aims The aim of this study was to compare the protein composition of pFF from pigs fed a control diet with pFF of pigs fed a high fibre diet, to identify whether a high fibre diet fed to pigs during their oestrous cycle altered the composition of pFF. Additionally, the pFF of fertile animals was compared with the pFF of non-fertile animals to identify whether pFF composition was associated with fertility; fertile animals produced an embryo following in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Differences in the molecular composition were to be used to ascertain the potential underlying mechanism(s) involved in dietary induced improvements to oocyte maturation. Results The protein composition of pooled pFF from 12 HF-pigs and 12 C-pigs was compared by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Additionally, within each dietary group, the composition of pooled pFF from pigs whose oocytes produced blastocysts following in vitro fertilisation (C-Bl and HF-Bl) was compared with pFF from pigs whose oocytes did not produce blastocysts (C-No and HF-No respectively; n=6 per group). These proteomic analyses identified differentially expressed proteins, associated with several canonical pathways including acute phase response signalling, complement system and LXR/RXR activation, as determined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Quantitative western blots revealed the differential expression of candidates associated with these canonical pathways. Plasminogen expression was lower (P≤0.05) in pFF of HF-pigs compared to pFF of C-pigs. In pFF from C-Bl gilts, apolipoprotein A4 (P≤0.01) and apolipoprotein M (P≤0.05) expression were higher compared to pFF from C-No gilts. Plasmin expression was lower (P≤0.05) in pFF from HF-Bl gilts compared to pFF from C-Bl gilts. Due to the interest in the differentially expressed apolipoproteins (involved in cholesterol and lipid efflux), a targeted metabolomic analysis was carried out to measure the concentration of nine fatty acids (FAs) in pFF of individual pigs in C-No, C-Bl, HF-No, HF-Bl groups (n=6 per group); adrenic, arachadonic, arachidic, dihomo- γ-linolenic, docosapentaenoic, erucic, linoleic, palmitoleic and oleic acids were measured by LC-MS/MS. The analysis revealed the lower concentration of linoleic acid (LA, p≤0.05) and higher concentration of erucic acid (P≤0.05) in HF-pFF compared to C-pFF. Following the results of the targeted metabolomic analysis, cumulus-oocytecomplexes (COCs) were matured in TCM 199 medium supplemented with 0 (No-LA), 50, 100 or 200 μM LA for 44 hours (n = 320 per treatment). COC diameters were measured and the COCs were categorised into "full", "partial" or "no" expansion. COCs were denuded, fixed and stained to determine their stage of maturation. IVM with 200 μM LA resulted in the reduced diameter of COCs (p≤0.01), fewer COCs with full cumulus expansion (p≤0.05) and fewer metaphase II oocytes (p≤0.05). Discussion Plasminogen is the precursor to plasmin, a proteolytic enzyme involved in weakening the follicular wall prior to ovulation. The lower expression of plasminogen and plasmin in pFF of high fibre pigs implies a delay in the accumulation of the inflammatory proteins required for ovulation. The delay in ovulation can result in the lengthening of the oocyte maturation process, leading to more mature oocytes, as observed in the previous studies. A disruption in the expression of apolipoproteins may also occur in high fibre-fed pigs. The increase in apolipoproteins associated with blastocyst development was only observed with pFF of control pigs but not high fibre pigs. An alteration in lipid homeostasis in the high fibre pigs could potentially affect oocyte energy consumption. LA concentration was also lower in pFF of high fibre pigs. LA is an essential fatty acid, indicating that the difference in concentration is directly from the diet. The lower levels of LA can potentially be beneficial to oocyte maturation, which is substantiated by the negative effects of a high LA concentration on IVM of abattoir derived oocytes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Iyathurai, Gunaretnam. "Effects of high protein diet intake, ammonia and urea concentrations on mid-luteal phase endometrial gene expression levels in post-partum dairy cows." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41979.

Full text

Abstract:

Fertility in high producing dairy cows has been decreasing over decades. Elevated ammonia and urea levels in circulation and reproductive fluids due to high protein intake is one of the major contributory factors for decreasing fertility observed in dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of a) ammonia and urea, and b) high protein diet intake on the mRNA expression levels of mid-luteal phase endometrial candidate fertility genes in lactating dairy cows. In experiment I, the mRNA levels of endometrial candidate genes were measured using qRT-PCR after treating the endometrial tissues (100mg/well) with different concentrations of ammonium chloride (0, 75, 150, 300, 600 μM) or urea (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 mM), in-vitro. A high concentration of ammonium chloride (600 μM) or urea (16 mM) decreased (P<0.05) the expression levels of FGF2 and IGFBP1 genes when compared to the control. However, a mild concentration of ammonium chloride (150 μM) or urea (4 mM) increased (P<0.05) the expression levels of HSPA1A, IGFBP3, SERPINA14 and BCL2 genes. The expression levels of IGF1 and BAX genes were not affected (P>0.05) by any of the ammonium chloride or urea concentrations tested. In experiment II, the mRNA levels of the candidate genes were measured using qRT-PCR in the mid-luteal phase endometrium of post partum dairy cows fed with a high (17.3% DM) or a low (14.8% DM) protein diet. The mRNA levels of all genes tested except IL1A were not different (P>0.05) between the two groups. The mean number of small and large follicles, mean size of large follicles, mean size of CL, and the number of days to first ovulation were negatively affected by high protein diet intake. Milk analysis showed higher (P<0.05) MUN levels in the high protein group relative to that of low protein. Milk yield was not different (P>0.05) between the two groups. I conclude from this study that the deleterious effect of excess dietary protein on dairy cow fertility may be due to alterations in follicular and CL dynamics and therefore embryo quality rather than any changes in the uterine environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Parker, Barbara. "The effect of a high protein diet on insulin sensitivity and body composition during energy restriction and energy balance in Type 2 diabetes /." Title page and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbp238.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Scanlon, Jessica Patricia. "High fat diet has sexually dimorphic effects on body composition, adiposity and glucose homeostasis in Poly(A)-binding protein 4 (Pabp4) knockout mice." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28893.

Full text

Abstract:

Obesity can lead to a range of health problems including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and causes an estimated 2.8 million deaths annually (2016). It is a growing epidemic affecting over 600 million people worldwide (in 2014), with 26.8% of the adult population in England alone being obese, an increase of 10% in the last decade, and 62.9% overweight or obese. This trend is predicted to continue, and is attributed to an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, coupled with a high calorie “western diet”, which is estimated to cost >£25billion/year in the UK (2015), which is predicted to rise to £49.9 billion by 2050. It is clear that both sex and genetics affect the extent to which individuals exposed to a high fat diet develop adiposity and its associated morbidities, although the mechanisms underlying these differences are not well understood. Here we explore this aetiology, focusing on poly(A)-binding protein 4 (PABP4), an RNA-binding protein in which polymorphisms associated with altered cholesterol levels and cardiovascular disease risk were identified in human GWAS studies. To this end, I take advantage of an unpublished Pabp4 knock-out mouse, maintained on either normal (ND) or high fat diet (HFD), to explore the role of PABP4 in determining the response to high fat diet. PABP4 is a poorly characterised member of the PABP family, which are multifunctional central regulators of global and mRNA-specific translation, and stability. In cell lines, PABP4 is predominantly cytoplasmic, consistent with such functions. However, analogously to PABP1, the prototypical PABP family member, PABP4 is relocalised to stress granules or the nucleus in response to specific cellular stresses and/or viral infections, suggesting a role in altering gene expression programs in responses to changing cellular conditions. Whilst the expression pattern of PABP4 within tissues has not been previously characterised, western blotting of adult mouse tissues revealed that PABP4 is highly expressed in tissues relevant to obesity, T2DM and NAFLD, such as adipose, pancreas, liver and muscle, consistent with the idea that it may play a role in regulating gene expression programs in response to HFD. Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections provided additional insight, revealing a distinct cellular distribution of PABP4 in some tissues, when compared to the well characterised PABP1. Birth weight and post-birth growth can affect adult metabolism. In particular, low birth weight and catch-up growth, characterised by preferentially putting down adipose over lean mass, increases the risk of metabolic conditions in adulthood, such as obesity, T2DM and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, Pabp4-/- and wildtype mice were weighed at birth and daily until weaning. Interestingly this revealed that Pabp4-/- mice have a reduced weight at birth that is exacerbated to weaning (21days (P21)) (5.7% and 18.3% reductions respectively). This analysis also uncovered a reduced survival to weaning, with both male and female Pabp4-/- mice being present at sub-Mendelian ratios by P21 (p=0.0056). Whilst most death occurred neonatally, Pabp4-/- mice showed an increased rate of attrition until weaning, preceded in some cases by an arrest of weight gain. Weight gain was also tracked from 4 weeks to 12 weeks of age on normal diet showing that Pabp4-/- mice had reduced weight into adulthood (12% reduction at 12wks). Analysis of weight gain by sex uncovered a sexually dimorphic effect of Pabp4-deficiency, with female, but not male, Pabp4-/- mice remaining reduced in weight compared to wildtype after 8 weeks on ND (13.4% reduction in female weight). Body composition analysis showed that fat mass was equivalent to wildtype at 12 weeks of age in both sexes but that female Pabp4-/- mice had a 14.3% reduction in lean mass. Neither the catch-up growth in males nor the reduced lean mass in females was sufficient to result in a change in glucose homeostasis. As the risk of developing metabolic disorders in adult life is a consequence of both genetic and environmental factors, such as diet, Pabp4-/- were placed on a HFD at 4 weeks of age for 8 weeks. HFD models the ‘western’ diet, and has been shown to induce obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in wildtype mice. Whereas Pabp4-/- mice were only distinguishable from wild-type in terms of female lean mass on normal diet, pronounced sexually dimorphic differences were observed in HFD fed mice. Male Pabp4-/- mice appeared to be partially protected from the negative effects of an 8 week HFD regimen, with a 44% decrease in adipose mass gain compared to wildtype despite equal lean mass. Pabp4-/- male mice also had significantly reduced ectopic lipid stores, with an 81% decrease in hepatic triglyceride concentration compared to wildtype, meaning that NAFLD has not developed. Furthermore, Pabp4- /- male mice did not develop hyperinsulinemia on HFD and retained insulin sensitisation (assessed via glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT)), although they displayed wildtype-like elevated plasma glucose concentrations (compared to ND). Western blotting had detected high PABP4 levels in the pancreas, indicating a possible pancreatic origin of these alterations. However, immunofluorescence revealed that PABP4 was confined to the exocrine portion of the pancreas, and was undetectable in the insulin producing pancreatic beta cells, suggesting this phenotype may not be beta cell in origin. This is consistent with the fact that the Pabp4-/- male mice retained an appropriate glucose-induced burst of insulin secretion, and therefore insulin production appears unimpaired. Thus, the primary defect may reside in the exocrine pancreas, which aids digestion, or in other key metabolism related tissues (e.g. muscle, liver, adipose and brain), or a combination thereof. In HFD fed wildtype mice, insulin resistance is caused by increased adiposity and ectopic lipid depots, which blunt insulin stimulated signalling cascades, meaning that the normal responses to insulin (e.g. cellular up take of glucose in muscle and arrested glucose production in liver, to decrease plasma glucose concentrations), are impaired. Therefore, the absence of insulin resistance in HFD fed Pabp4-/- male mice may be a consequence of the reduced increase in adipose mass and ectopic lipid deposits detected in these mice, and their consequent lack of inhibition on insulin signalling pathways. The reduced adiposity was not a result of reduced food intake or dietary fat absorption as male Pabp4-/- mice did not eat less nor exhibit apparent steatorrhea (fatty stools). These results highlight that the Pabp4-/- male mice appear to have an alteration in energy use/storage, and the investigation of this will form the basis of future work. When fed HFD, female Pabp4-/- mice revealed a divergent phenotype to that of wildtype female mice and Pabp4-/- male mice. HFD fed Pabp4-/- female mice showed no difference to HFD-fed wildtype mice in terms of weight, but still exhibited the reduction in lean mass seen on ND, but now with a 22.8% increase in volume of adipose tissue. Together, this means that HFD fed Pabp4-/- females have a higher body fat percentage (32.6% compared to 25.9 % for wildtype females). In contrast to the males, there was no difference in terms of hepatic triglycerides in HFD fed Pabp4-/- female mice and they showed greater hyperglycaemia than wildtype (GTT), although like males they retained insulin sensitisation (ITT). These potentially conflicting results in terms of insulin sensitivity and plasma glucose concentrations may result from the alterations in body composition, which can confound results when lean mass is altered and total body weight is used for calculating doses for GTT/ITT. Interestingly, adiponectin, an adipokine normally found in inverse proportion to adipose mass, was increased in plasma from HFD fed Pabp4-/- female mice (21% increase from HFD fed wildtype mice). Whilst surprising given the increase fat mass of Pabp4-/- females, the insulin sensitising properties of adiponectin may help to explain the retained insulin sensitivity detected in the female Pabp4-/- mice.
The finding that HFD revealed metabolic differences in the Pabp4-/- mice lead to the question of whether Pabp4-/- mice have issues adapting to other situations which require modulation of energy storage and glucose homeostasis. One such event is pregnancy, when maternal regulation of insulin resistance is tightly modulated throughout gestation. We therefore characterised the maternal Pabp4-/- environment in late pregnancy (E18.5), when insulin sensitivity decreases to 40-60% lower than pre-pregnancy which results reduced maternal glucose uptake, freeing the glucose up for the rapidly developing foetus. Pregnant Pabp4-/- mice had elevated plasma insulin concentration post fasting (63.7% increase), however glucose homeostasis was wildtype-like, both in terms of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, throughout a GTT. However, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in E18.5 Pabp4-/- foetuses were significantly decreased (9% and 44.3% respectively). Pabp4-/- foetuses also had reduced foetal and placental weight/length parameters. This establishes that the differences in weight observed at birth were present by late gestation and secondly, that the reductions in both foetal glucose and insulin concentrations which may contribute to or underlie the reduced growth. It also suggests that the differences seen in adulthood on HFD may be a consequence of metabolic differences present during pregnancy. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that PABP4 plays a key role in the regulation of mRNAs which are important in growth, post-natal survival and metabolic adaption to high fat diet.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Mofokeng, Henrietta Refiloe. "Identification of a transducin (beta)-like 3 protein as a potential biomarker of prediabetes from rat urine using proteomics." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4144_1361870602.

Full text

Abstract:

Obesity is a globally increasing disease particularly in developing countries and among children. It is mainly caused by intake of diets high in fat and the lack of physical activity. Obesity is a risk factor for diseases such as type II diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and certain cancers. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are above normal but have not
reached those of diabetes. It is difficult to diagnose, as there are no signs or symptoms. Some type II diabetes patients bear no symptoms at all and the disease is discovered late. Proteomics is a field that can provide opportunities for early diagnosis of diseases through biomarker discovery. The early diagnosis of diabetes can assist in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Therefore there is a need for the early diagnosis of diabetes. Twenty Wistar rats were used. The rats were initially fed a CHOW diet, which is the standard balanced diet for rats, for 4 weeks. The rats were then divided into 2 groups of 10 where 1 group was fed CHOW and another was fed a high fat (HF) diet in order to induce obesity. The two groups were fed their respective diets for 18 weeks. Rats were weighed. Rats were placed in metabolic chambers and 24 hour urine samples were collected. Ketone levels were measured by Ketostix. Urine proteins were precipitated by acetone, quantified and separated on both the 1D SDS-PAGE and the 2D SDS-PAGE. Protein expression changes between CHOW and HF fed rats were determined and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Protein spots intensities increased and decreased between the CHOW and HF fed rats. Transducin (beta)-like 3 was identified as the only differentially expressed protein, which might serve as a potential biomarker for prediabetes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Christiansen, Michael Lee. "Gastrointestinal acidity, protein and starch digestibility and amino acid absorption in ruminants fed a high-concentrate diet with limestone, magnesium oxide or defluorinated phosphate." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54321.

Full text

Abstract:

Twelve wether lambs (32kg) with abomasal and ileal cannula were fed a 90% concentrate basal diet (800 g/d), basal + 1.5% magnesium oxide (MgO)(812 g/d), basal + 1.5% limestone (812 g/d) or basal + 3.0% limestone (824 g/d) to study the effect of·these minerals on intestinal pH, rumen fermentation, N balance, dry matter and crude protein digestibility (DMD, CPD), and small intestinal disappearance of amino acids (AAD). Limestone (3%) increased (P < .03) rumen pH. Magnesium oxide increased (P < .10) ileal and fecal pH. Limestone significantly increased N absorption and pre-abomasal DMD, but decreased (P < .03) AAD. N retention was not improved by the treatments. An 82-d feeding trial was conducted with 72 wether lambs (avg initial wt: 28 kg) to study the effect of 1 or 3% fine (70% < 53 µ) or coarse (85% > 425 µ) limestone on rumen environment, weight gain and feed efficiency of lambs fed an all-concentrate diet. Rumen pH and VFA molar proportions were not affected by the treatments. Limestone (3.0%) decreased (P < .10) total rumen VFA concentrations and increased (P < .10) fecal pH. Weight gain was not different (P > .10) among the treatments. Coarse limestone increased (P < .10) feed efficiency. Five Angus heifers (285 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulae were fed a 90% concentrate control diet (7.5 kg/d) or the same diet containing 1.60% defluorinated phosphate-regular (5.5%, 19.0% and 33.0% on 1400, 1180 and 850 µ sieves, respectively, DRP-R), 1.60% defluorinated phosphate-coarse (85% evenly among large sieves, DRP-C), 1.28% limestone or .5% MgO to study the effect of limestone or MgO on intestinal pH, DMD, starch digestibility (SD), CPD and AAD in beef cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. Ileal pH was increased by MgO. Fecal pH was increased (P < .05) as follows: MgO > DRP > limestone and control. Minerals increased (P < .05) duodenal liquid flow. Limestone and DRP-C increased (P < .05) acid flow to the duodenum. Total tract DMD, SD and CPD were similar among treatments. Limestone and DRP-R increased (P < .10) AAD. DRP-C tended to increase AAD, but differences were not statistically significant.
Ph. D.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Alves, Kênia Larissa Gomes Carvalho. "Diversidade bacteriana ruminal e eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio em novilhos nelore alimentados com diferentes teores e fontes de proteína na dieta /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181869.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Telma Teresinha Berchielli
Resumo: Objetivou-se a caracterização da comunidade bacteriana ruminal em novilhos Nelore alimentados com diferentes teores e fontes proteicas em dietas de alto concentrado, e a identificação de possíveis associações entre o perfil microbiano ruminal e as variações na eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio animal. Foram utilizados seis novilhos Nelore, castrados, canulados no rúmen e duodeno, distribuídos em um modelo de blocos incompletos, com seis dietas e quatro períodos experimentais. O volumoso usado foi à cana de açúcar e os concentrados possuíam xdois teores de inclusão de proteína bruta 10 e 13 % e três fontes proteicas: farelo de soja+ureia (FS), glúten de milho 60 (GLU) e grãos secos por destilação oriundo do processamento do milho (DDG). A fonte proteica DDG foi significativa na avalição dos índices de diversidade Shannon Wiener e Simpson (P<0,010). Avaliou-se a riqueza pelo índice Chao1 e os resultados demonstram um ambiente ruminal mais rico com o teor de 10% (P<0,010) e a fonte FS (P<0,010). Animais alimentados com 13% de PB apresentaram maior abundância dos filos Elusimicrobia e Spirochaetes (P>0,01) e menor abundância de Bacteriodetes e Synergistetes (P>0,01). A retenção de nitrogênio não foi influenciada pelo teor e a fonte utilizada, assim, os dados de retenção de nitrogênio foram distribuídos em três clusters: alta, média e baixa utilizando o NbClust package versão 2.0. Endomicrobium_Other_other (P =0,043) e Eubacterium (P=0,023) estiveram associados com a alta ret... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this study was to characterize the ruminal bacterial community in Nellore steers fed different levels and protein sources in high concentrate diets and to identify possible associations between the ruminal microbial profile and the variations in the efficiency of animal nitrogen utilization. Six Nellore steers were used, cannulated in the rumen and duodenum, distributed in a model of incomplete blocks, with six diets and four experimental periods. The soybean meal + urea (FS), corn gluten 60 (GLU) and dry grains were obtained by distillation from the sugar cane and the concentrates had two inclusion levels of crude protein 10 and 13% and three protein sources: of corn processing (DDG). The DDG protein source was significant in the evaluation of diversity indexes Shannon Wiener and Simpson (P <0.010). The richness was evaluated by the Chao1 index and the results showed a richer ruminal environment with 10% content (P <0.010) and FS source (P <0.010). Animals fed with 13% CP showed greater abundance of Elusimicrobia and Spirochaetes (P> 0.01) and lower abundance of Bacteriodetes and Synergistetes (P> 0.01). Nitrogen retention was not influenced by the content and the source used, so the nitrogen retention data were distributed in three clusters: high, medium and low using the NbClust package version 2.0. The low N retention was associated with Prevotella (P = 0.029), Weissella (P = 0.024), and Mogibacterium (P = .089) and Eubacterium. (P = 0.043). When we corre... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Linhares, Boakari Yatta. "EFFECTS OF A SYSTEMIC HIGH UREA CONCENTRATION ON THE ENDOMETRIAL AND EMBRYONIC TRANSCRIPTOMES OF THE MARE." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/42.

Full text

Abstract:

Pregnancy loss remains a major source of economic cost to the equine industry. Frequently, the exact causes of pregnancy loss remain unknown. It has been shown, in other species, that increased dietary protein leading to elevated blood urea nitrogen concentrations (BUN) can be a factor in decreased survival of the early embryo. Our studies provided novel information regarding the effects of elevated BUN on endometrium and embryos from mares as well as insights on changes in their gene expression. Our first objective was to develop an experimental model to elevate BUN during diestrus using intravenous urea infusion. We analyzed the effects of an acute elevation in BUN on uterine and vaginal pH along with changes in the endometrial transcriptome of mares with RNA sequencing. There was a significant increase in BUN and a decrease in uterine pH in the urea group compared to the control group. A total of 193 genes were differentially expressed (DEG) between the urea and control groups. The DEG were predicted to be related to cell pH, ion homeostasis, changes in epithelial tissue, fatty acid metabolism, and solute carriers. Our second objective was to evaluate the effects of elevated BUN in the endometrium of mares using a chronic oral urea administration to elevate BUN in mares. Uterine and vaginal pH were evaluated and RNA sequencing of the endometrium was again performed. There was an increase in BUN in the urea-fed mares, but no significant change in uterine or vaginal pH between the groups. A total of 60 DEG were characterized, with prediction of transcriptomic changes in the endometrium of mares related to cell death (necrosis) and cellular movement (invasion of cells). Our third objective was to determine the effects of a high BUN on the transcriptome of day-14 embryos. There was a positive correlation between plasma BUN and blastocoele fluid urea nitrogen concentration. Changes in embryo transcriptome were related to survival of organism, angiogenesis, adhesion, and quantity of cells. Our final objective was to evaluate the correlation between BUN and follicular fluid urea nitrogen and evaluate the survival of embryos collected from donor mares with high BUN concentrations. Urea nitrogen concentration was positively correlated between the plasma and follicular fluid of mares. Additionally, there was a higher pregnancy rate when embryos were collected from mares with lower BUN. Overall, these results further elucidate the mechanisms through which urea affects endometrial and embryonic transcriptome of mares with high BUN, serving to identify effects of a high BUN in the reproductive tract of mares that might lead to decreased fertility.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Cedernaes, Jonathan. "Intestinal Gene Expression Profiling and Fatty Acid Responses to a High-fat Diet." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Funktionell farmakologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-196207.

Full text

Abstract:

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) regulates nutrient uptake, secretes hormones and has a crucial gut flora and enteric nervous system. Of relevance for these functions are the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the solute carriers (SLCs). The Adhesion GPCR subfamily is known to mediate neural development and immune system functioning, whereas SLCs transport e.g. amino acids, fatty acids (FAs) and drugs over membranes. We aimed to comprehensively characterize Adhesion GPCR and SLC gene expression along the rat GIT. Using qPCR we measured expression of 78 SLCs as well as all 30 Adhesion GPCRs in a twelve-segment GIT model. 21 of the Adhesion GPCRs had a widespread (≥5 segments) or ubiquitous (≥11 segments) expression. Restricted expression patterns were characteristic for most group VII members. Of the SLCs, we found the majority (56 %) of these transcripts to be expressed in all GIT segments. SLCs were predominantly found in the absorption-responsible gut regions. Both Adhesion GPCRs and SLCs were widely expressed in the rat GIT, suggesting important roles. The distribution of Adhesion GPCRs defines them as a potential pharmacological target. FAs constitute an important energy source and have been implicated in the worldwide obesity increase. FAs and their ratios – indices for activities of e.g. the desaturase enzymes SCD-1 (SCD-16, 16:1n-7/16:0), D6D (18:3n-6/18:2n-6) and D5D (20:4n-6/20:3n-6) – have been associated with e.g. overall mortality and BMI. We examined whether differences in FAs and their indices in five lipid fractions contributed to obesity susceptibility in rats fed a high fat diet (HFD), and the associations of desaturase indices between lipid fractions in animals on different diets. We found that on a HFD, obesity-prone (OP) rats had a higher SCD-16 index and a lower linoleic acid (LA) proportions in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) than obesity-resistant rats. Desaturase indices were significantly correlated between many of the lipid fractions. The higher SCD-16 may indicate higher SCD-1 activity in SAT in OP rats, and combined with lower LA proportions may provide novel insights into HFD-induced obesity. The associations between desaturase indices show that plasma measurements can serve as proxies for some lipid fractions, but the correlations seem to be affected by diet and weight gain.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Duraffourd, Céline. "Rôle des récepteurs μ-opioïdes dans l’induction de la néoglucogenèse intestinale observée lors d’un régime hyperprotéique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10321.

Full text

Abstract:

Une alimentation HP permet une importante diminution de la prise alimentaire, chez l’Homme et l’animal, par rapport à une alimentation STD. Les précédents travaux du laboratoire montrent que le mécanisme d’action des protéines implique une induction de la PIG chez le rat en période post-absorptive. Ce glucose, libéré et détecté dans la veine porte, permet l’activation de noyaux hypothalamiques impliqués dans la régulation des sensations de satiété. L’objectif de ce travail consistait à mettre en évidence le type de peptides pouvant induire la PIG en régime HP et d’essayer de découvrir leur mécanisme d’action. L’activité de la Glc6Pase et de l’expression des protéines Glc6Pase et PEPCK ont été quantifiées chez des rats nourris en régime STD ou HP et perfusés avec des perfusions d’acides aminés, de peptides µ-opioïdes et des solutions de di- ou tri-peptides. Les résultats montrent que le même mécanisme d’action est utilisé par les protéines et les antagonistes µ-opioïdes pour induire la PIG. Des expériences de dénervation portale et une étude immunohistochimique ont démontré la présence de récepteurs µ-opioïdes dans la veine porte probablement impliqués dans cette induction. Des perfusions de di ou tri-peptides chez le rat ont démontré que la PIG était induite par tous les di ou tri-peptides testés. L’étude phénotypique de la souris KO µ-opioïde nourrie en régime STD, HP ou ayant subi des perfusions portales de di ou tri-peptides, ont confirmé que la PIG pouvait être induite par des di ou tri-peptides et que leur mécanisme d’action nécessitait la présence de récepteurs µ-opioïdes. Cette étude suggère que tous les di- ou tri-peptides produits par la dégradation des protéines pourraient induire la PIG par un mécanisme dépendant des récepteurs µ-opioïdes
Protein feeding promotes an important decrease of food intake in humans and animals, compared on chow diet. Previous data show that this mechanism implicates intestinal glucose production (IPG) induction in rat during the post-absorptive time. Glucose released and detected into the portal vein produces an activation of hypothalamic nuclei implicated in the regulation of satiety sensations. The aim of this study was to highlight peptides which could induce IPG on HP diet and try to discoverer them mechanism. Quantification of Glc6Pase and protein expression of Glc6Pase and PEPCK were assessed in rats fed on chow or HP diet and infused with amino acids, µ-opioïd peptides and di- or tri-peptides. Our results show that the same mechanism is shared by both proteins and µ-opioïd antagonists to induce IGP. Experiments of portal vein denervation and an immunochemistry study showed that µ-opioïd receptors are present in the portal vein, probably implicated in this induction. Di or tri-peptides infusions in rat exhibited that the IGP was induced by all tested di or tri-peptides. Phenotypic study of µ-opioid mice fed on chow, HP diet or having undergone portal vein infusions of di or tri-peptides, confirmed that IGP could be induced by di or tri-peptides and their mechanism takes place with µ-opioïd receptors. This study suggests that all di or tri-peptide produced by protein degradation could induce IGP by a µ-opioïd receptor-dependent mechanism

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Sakita, Saori. "Development and Use of a Physiologically Based Mathematical Model Describing the Relationships and Contributions of Macronutrients to Weight and Body Composition Changes." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2552.

Full text

Abstract:

The effect of the dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss has been a controversial issue for decades. During that time, a high-protein, high-fat, and low-carbohydrate diet has been one of the more popular weight loss diets with the public. We hypothesized that a computer simulation model using STELLA software could help to better understanding the effect of the dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss. We calculated daily total oxidation instead of total energy expenditure as others have done based on the facts that carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein oxidation. In order to create a simple and accurate model comparing dietary macronutrient composition effects, we eliminated exercise as a factor and focused on a sedentary population. The model was validated by five sets of published human data. Following model validation, simulations were carried out to compare the traditional high-carbohydrate diet recommended by the American Dietetic Association and two well-known high-protein diets (Atkins and the Zone diet). The results of computer simulation suggested that the lean tissue retention effect of a high-protein diet, especially with a lower-fat diet, compared with a traditional high carbohydrate diet over 6 months.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

KUO, HSUAN-CHIH. "Apolipoprotein A-IV Enhances Thermogenesis in Brown Adipose Tissue and Energy Expenditure." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1628701770248129.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Dikotope, Sekgothe Abram. "Response of serum lipids to a fat meal in Black South African subjects with different apoe genotypes." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1059.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemical Pathology)) --University of Limpopo, 2013
Objectives The present study investigated how the serum lipids responded to a high-fat meal in black South African subjects with different APOE genotypes, a population that until recently was reported to be consuming a traditional diet of low fat and high carbohydrates. Methods Sixty students (males and females) of the University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus were successfully genotyped using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and grouped into four APOE genotype groups; ε2, ε2/ε4, ε3 and ε4. Only thirty-three subjects volunteered to participate in the oral fat-tolerance test (OFTT), but two were excluded for having abnormal total cholesterol (6.05 mmol/l) and LDL cholesterol (3.12 mmol/l) so only 31 subjects were left. The numbers per group were ε2=5, ε2/ε4=8, ε3=9 and ε4=9. After an overnight fast blood was drawn for measurements of baseline serum parameters. Subjects were administered a high fat meal 30 minutes after the baseline blood sample was drawn. Blood was drawn at intervals of 20, 40, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes for measurements of postprandial serum parameter levels. Serum parameters measured were triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose and insulin. Results Mean levels of serum lipids at baseline in mmol/l were as follows; group 1[TG=0.69(0.55-0.81), TCHOL=3.10±0.29, HDL-C=1.12±0.32, LDLC= 1.67±0.28]; group 2 [TG=0.61(0.53-1.00), TCHOL=2.98±0.53, HDLC= 1.20±0.37, LDL-C=1.43±0.37]; group 3 [TG=0.67(0.28-0.86), TCHOL=2.96±0.54, HDL-C=1.22±0.30, LDL-C=1.46±0.47]; group 4 [TG=0.76(0.51-1.16), TCHOL=3.27±0.51, HDL-C=1.12±0.17, LDLC= 1.79±0.47]. There was no significant difference in the mean levels of baseline triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and ix high density lipoprotein cholesterol between the APOE groups hence no significant difference in the response to a fatty meal. Conclusions There was no significant change in serum lipid concentrations after a fatty meal in individuals with different APOE genotypes in a population that consume a traditional diet of low fat and high carbohydrates. Due to the small sample size, the results should be interpreted with caution. A larger study is recommended to ascertain the role of APOE genotypes on serum lipid response to a fatty meal in Black South African population.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Glosse, Philipp [Verfasser], Michael Marc Uwe [Gutachter] Föller, Gabriele I. [Gutachter] Stangl, and Lars-Oliver [Gutachter] Klotz. "Identification of novel regulators of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) production : the role of high-fat diet and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [kumulative Dissertation] / Philipp Glosse ; Gutachter: Michael Marc Uwe Föller, Gabriele I. Stangl, Lars-Oliver Klotz." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222974827/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Glosse, Philipp [Verfasser], Michael [Gutachter] Föller, Gabriele I. [Gutachter] Stangl, and Lars-Oliver [Gutachter] Klotz. "Identification of novel regulators of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) production : the role of high-fat diet and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [kumulative Dissertation] / Philipp Glosse ; Gutachter: Michael Marc Uwe Föller, Gabriele I. Stangl, Lars-Oliver Klotz." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2020. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:4-1981185920-353921.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Chorell, Elin. "Mapping the consequenses of physical exercise and nutrition on human health : A predictive metabolomics approach." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-43844.

Full text

Abstract:

Human health is a complex and wide-ranging subject far beyond nutrition and physical exercise. Still, these factors have a huge impact on global health by their ability to prevent diseases and thus promote health. Thus, to identify health risks and benefits, it is necessary to reveal the underlying mechanisms of nutrition and exercise, which in many cases follows a complex chain of events. As a consequence, current health research is generating massive amounts of data from anthropometric parameters, genes, proteins, small molecules (metabolites) et cetera, with the intent to understand these mechanisms. For the study of health responses, especially related to physical exercise and nutrition, alterations in small molecules (metabolites) are in most cases immediate and located close to the phenotypic level and could therefore provide early signs of metabolic imbalances. Since there are roughly as many different responses to exercise and nutrients as there are humans, this quest is highly multifaceted and will benefit from an interpretation of treatment effects on a general as well as on an individual level. This thesis involves the application of chemometric methods to the study of global metabolic reactions, i.e. metabolomics, in a strategy coined predictive metabolomics. Via the application of predictive metabolomics an extensive hypothesis-free biological interpretation has been carried out of metabolite patterns in blood, acquired using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), related to physical exercise, nutrition and diet, all in the context of human health. In addition, the chemometrics methodology have computational benefits concerning the extraction of relevant information from information-rich data as well as for interpreting general treatment effects and individual responses, as exemplified throughout this work. Health concerns all lifestages, thus this thesis presents a strategic framework in combination with comprehensive interpretations of metabolite patterns throughout life. This includes a broad range of human studies revealing metabolic patterns related to the impact of physical exercise, macronutrient modulation and different fitness status in young healthy males, short and long term dietary treatments in overweight post menopausal women as well as metabolic responses related to probiotics treatment and early development in infants. As a result, the studies included in the thesis have revealed metabolic patterns potentially indicative of an anti-catabolic response to macronutrients in the early recovery phase following exercise. Moreover, moderate differences in the metabolome associated with cardiorespiratory fitness level were detected, which could be linked to variation in the inflammatory and antioxidaive defense system. This work also highlighted mechanistic information that could be connected to dietary related weight loss in overweight and obese postmenopausal women in relation to short as well as long term dietary effects based on different macronutrient compositions. Finally, alterations were observed in metabolic profiles in relation to probiotics treatment in the second half of infancy, suggesting possible health benefits of probiotics supplementation at an early age.
Embargo until 2012-06-01

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Higher protein diets'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles