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1
Lynch, Patrick D., Kyle W. Shertzer, Enric Cortés, and Robert J. Latour. "Abundance trends of highly migratory species in the Atlantic Ocean: accounting for water temperature profiles." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 4 (2018): 1427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy008.
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Abstract Relative abundance trends of highly migratory species (HMS) have played a central role in debates over the health of global fisheries. However, such trends have mostly been inferred from fishery catch rates, which can provide misleading signals of relative abundance. While many biases are accounted for through traditional catch rate standardization, pelagic habitat fished is rarely directly considered. Using a method that explicitly accounts for temperature regimes, we analysed data from the US pelagic longline fishery to estimate relative abundance trends for 34 HMS in the Atlantic Ocean from 1987 through 2013. This represents one of the largest studies of HMS abundance trends. Model selection emphasized the importance of accounting for pelagic habitat fished with water column temperature being included in nearly every species’ model, and in extreme cases, a temperature variable explained 50–60% of the total deviance. Our estimated trends represent observations from one fishery only, and a more integrated stock assessment should form the basis for conclusions about stock status overall. Nonetheless, our trends serve as indicators of stock abundance and they suggest that a majority of HMS (71% of analysed species) are either declining in relative abundance or declined initially with no evidence of rebuilding. Conversely, 29% of the species exhibited stable, increasing, or recovering trends; however, these trends were more prevalent among tunas than either billfishes or sharks. By estimating the effects of pelagic habitat on fishery catch rates, our results can be used in combination with ocean temperature trends and forecasts to support bycatch avoidance and other time-area management decisions.
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Usmawadi, Usmawadi. "Implementation of the UNCLOS 1982 in Utilization of Highly Migratory Species By Indonesia." Sriwijaya Law Review 4, no. 1 (2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol4.iss2.119.pp124-135.
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Indonesia is one of the producers of tuna and tuna species (tuna, skipjack, and mackerel tuna), which are increasing every year. Its geographical location and area of its many Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) bordering many neighboring countries, requires Indonesia to implement the CLS 1982 provisions on far-migratory fish. In this connection, Indonesia implements two forms. Firstly, in the form of legislation, which Indonesia has issued about 17 regulations, starting from the level of the Law to the Ministerial Regulation. Secondly, Indonesia has been active as a member of regional fisheries organizations whose territory borders on the Indonesian EEZ. Consequently, from the issuance of this Ministerial Regulation, Indonesia must carry out fisheries monitoring on board, to meet the higher quality data needs. So that Indonesia is faced with carrying out monitoring on fishing vessels operating in the convention area of the RFMOs, namely the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, the Commission for Southern Blue Fin Tuna Conservation, and the Central and Western Pacific Fisheries Commission. In order to optimize this implementation, Indonesia needs to prepare officials, facilities, and infrastructure that can support the compliance and enforcement of legislation that has been issued. Indonesia should immediately formulate fisheries policies in the high seas outside the Indonesian EEZ, which involve and benefit Indonesian fishermen.
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Bourouiba, L., Jianhong Wu, S. Newman, et al. "Spatial dynamics of bar-headed geese migration in the context of H5N1." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 52 (2010): 1627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0126.
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Virulent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) since 2005 have raised the question about the roles of migratory and wild birds in the transmission of HPAI. Despite increased monitoring, the role of wild waterfowl as the primary source of the highly pathogenic H5N1 has not been clearly established. The impact of outbreaks of HPAI among species of wild birds which are already endangered can nevertheless have devastating consequences for the local and non-local ecology where migratory species are established. Understanding the entangled dynamics of migration and the disease dynamics will be key to prevention and control measures for humans, migratory birds and poultry. Here, we present a spatial dynamic model of seasonal migration derived from first principles and linking the local dynamics during migratory stopovers to the larger scale migratory routes. We discuss the effect of repeated epizootic at specific migratory stopovers for bar-headed geese ( Anser indicus ). We find that repeated deadly outbreaks of H5N1 on stopovers during the autumn migration of bar-headed geese could lead to a larger reduction in the size of the equilibrium bird population compared with that obtained after repeated outbreaks during the spring migration. However, the opposite is true during the first few years of transition to such an equilibrium. The age-maturation process of juvenile birds which are more susceptible to H5N1 reinforces this result.
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Giorgio, Antonella, Salvatore De Bonis, Rosario Balestrieri, Giovanni Rossi, and Marco Guida. "The Isolation and Identification of Bacteria on Feathers of Migratory Bird Species." Microorganisms 6, no. 4 (2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6040124.
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Worldwide, bacteria are the most ubiquitous microorganisms, and it has been extensively demonstrated that migratory wild birds can increase bacterial global scale dispersion through long-distance migration and dispersal. The microbial community hosted by wild birds can be highly diverse, including pathogenic strains that can contribute to infections and disease spread. This study focused on feather and plumage bacteria within bird microbial communities. Samples were collected during ornithological activities in a bird ringing station. Bacterial identification was carried out via DNA barcoding of the partial 16S rRNA gene. Thirty-seven isolates of bacteria were identified on the chest feathers of 60 migratory birds belonging to three trans-Saharan species: Muscicapa striata, Hippolais icterina, and Sylvia borin. Our results demonstrate the possibility of bacterial transfer, including pathogens, through bird migration between very distant countries. The data from the analysis of plumage bacteria can aid in the explanation of phenomena such as migratory birds’ fitness or the development of secondary sexual traits. Moreover, these results have deep hygienic–sanitary implications, since many bird species have synanthropic behaviors during their migration that increase the probability of disease spread.
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Li, Huanan, Qian Li, Bo Li, et al. "Continuous Reassortment of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenetic Avian Influenza Viruses Demonstrating High Risk to Public Health." Pathogens 9, no. 8 (2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080670.
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Since it firstly emerged in China in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has rapidly replaced predominant H5N1 to become the dominant H5 subtype in China, especially in ducks. Not only endemic in China, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in South Korea, Japan, and Europe. Here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs continuously reassorted with local H5, H6, and H7N9/H9N2. Species analysis reveals that aquatic poultry and migratory birds became the dominant hosts of H5N6. Adaption to aquatic poultry might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 better adapt to migratory birds, thus enabling it to become endemic in China. Besides, migratory birds might help clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 transmit all over the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs also showed a preference for α2,6-SA receptors when compared to other avian origin influenza viruses. Experiments in vitro and in vivo revealed that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 HPAIVs exhibited high replication efficiency in both avian and mammal cells, and it also showed high pathogenicity in both mice and chickens, demonstrating high risk to public health. Considering all the factors together, adaption to aquatic poultry and migratory birds helps clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 overcome the geographical isolation, and it has potential to be the next influenza pandemic in the world, making it worthy of our attention.
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Ong, David M. "Joint Development of Common Offshore oil and Gas Deposits: “Mere” State Practice or Customary International Law?" American Journal of International Law 93, no. 4 (1999): 771–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555344.
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The entry into force of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea1 and its widespread ratification2 have renewed interest in the remaining gaps and ambiguities in its provisions on the control of shared marine resources. The discussion has recently focused on die regulation of common or transboundary fishing stocks3 and migratory species,4 a problem that was considered serious enough to merit the adoption of another multilateral convention. The 1995 Agreement on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks5 was designed to resolve the increasing number of disputes on this issue.6
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GARCIA-LONGORIA, LUZ, OLOF HELLGREN, STAFFAN BENSCH, FLORENTINO DE LOPE, and ALFONSO MARZAL. "Detecting transmission areas of malaria parasites in a migratory bird species." Parasitology 142, no. 9 (2015): 1215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000487.
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SUMMARYThe identification of the regions where vector-borne diseases are transmitted is essential to study transmission patterns and to recognize future changes in environmental conditions that may potentially influence the transmission areas. SGS1, one of the lineages of Plasmodium relictum, is known to have active transmission in tropical Africa and temperate regions of Europe. Nuclear sequence data from isolates infected with SGS1 (based on merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) allelic diversity) have provided new insights on the distribution and transmission areas of these allelic variants. For example, MSP1 alleles transmitted in Africa differ from those transmitted in Europe, suggesting the existence of two populations of SGS1 lineages. However, no study has analysed the distribution of African and European transmitted alleles in Afro-Palearctic migratory birds. With this aim, we used a highly variable molecular marker to investigate whether juvenile house martins become infected in Europe before their first migration to Africa. We explored the MSP1 allelic diversity of P. relictum in adult and juvenile house martins. We found that juveniles were infected with SGS1 during their first weeks of life, confirming active transmission of SGS1 to house martins in Europe. Moreover, we found that all the juveniles and most of adults were infected with one European transmitted MSP1 allele, whereas two adult birds were infected with two African transmitted MSP1 alleles. These findings suggest that house martins are exposed to different strains of P. relictum in their winter and breeding quarters.
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Gray, Lindsey J., Gregory A. Sword, Michael L. Anstey, Fiona J. Clissold, and Stephen J. Simpson. "Behavioural phase polyphenism in the Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera )." Biology Letters 5, no. 3 (2009): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0764.
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Swarming and the expression of phase polyphenism are defining characteristics of locust species. Increases in local population density mediate morphological, physiological and behavioural changes within individuals, which correlate with mass marching of juveniles in migratory bands and flying swarms of adults. The Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera ) regularly forms migratory bands and swarms, but is claimed not to express phase polyphenism and has accordingly been used to argue against a central role for phase change in locust swarming. We demonstrate that juvenile C. terminifera express extreme density-dependent behavioural phase polyphenism. Isolated-reared juveniles are sedentary and repelled by conspecifics, whereas crowd-reared individuals are highly active and are attracted to conspecifics. In contrast to other major locust species, however, behavioural phase change does not accumulate across generations, but shifts completely within an individual's lifetime in response to a change in population density.
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Dias, Maria P., José P. Granadeiro, Richard A. Phillips, Hany Alonso, and Paulo Catry. "Breaking the routine: individual Cory's shearwaters shift winter destinations between hemispheres and across ocean basins." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1713 (2010): 1786–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2114.
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There is growing evidence that migratory species are particularly vulnerable to rapid environmental changes arising from human activity. Species are expected to vary in their capacity to respond to these changes: long-distance migrants and those lacking variability in migratory traits are probably at considerable disadvantage. The few studies that have assessed the degree of plasticity in behaviour of marine animals suggest that fidelity to non-breeding destinations is usually high. In the present study, we evaluated individual flexibility in migration strategy of a highly pelagic seabird, the Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea . Geolocation data from 72 different migrations, including 14 birds that were tracked for more than one non-breeding season, showed a remarkable capacity to change winter destinations between years. Although some birds exhibited high site fidelity, others shifted from the South to North Atlantic, from the western to eastern South Atlantic, and from the Atlantic to Indian Ocean. Individuals also showed flexibility in stopover behaviour and migratory schedule. Although their K-selected life-history strategy has the disadvantage that the chances of microevolution are slight if circumstances alter rapidly, these results suggest that Cory's shearwaters may be in a better position than many other long-distance migrants to face the consequences of a changing environment.
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Álvarez-Varas, Rocío, Noemi Rojas-Hernández, Maike Heidemeyer, et al. "Green, yellow or black? Genetic differentiation and adaptation signatures in a highly migratory marine turtle." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1954 (2021): 20210754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0754.
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Marine species may exhibit genetic structure accompanied by phenotypic differentiation related to adaptation despite their high mobility. Two shape-based morphotypes have been identified for the green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) in the Pacific Ocean: the south-central/western or yellow turtle and north-central/eastern or black turtle. The genetic differentiation between these morphotypes and the adaptation of the black turtle to environmentally contrasting conditions of the eastern Pacific region has remained a mystery for decades. Here we addressed both questions using a reduced-representation genome approach (Dartseq; 9473 neutral SNPs) and identifying candidate outlier loci (67 outlier SNPs) of biological relevance between shape-based morphotypes from eight Pacific foraging grounds ( n = 158). Our results support genetic divergence between morphotypes, probably arising from strong natal homing behaviour. Genes and enriched biological functions linked to thermoregulation, hypoxia, melanism, morphogenesis, osmoregulation, diet and reproduction were found to be outliers for differentiation, providing evidence for adaptation of C. mydas to the eastern Pacific region and suggesting independent evolutionary trajectories of the shape-based morphotypes. Our findings support the evolutionary distinctness of the enigmatic black turtle and contribute to the adaptive research and conservation genomics of a long-lived and highly mobile vertebrate.
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Kružić, Nikolina, Bosiljka Mustać, Ivan Župan, and Slavica Čolak. "Meagre (Argyrosomus regius Asso, 1801) aquaculture in Croatia." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 74, no. 1 (2016): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2016-0003.
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Abstract The objective of this review is to present current status of meagre aquaculture in Croatia. Meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) is a fast growing migratory fish species which used to be widespread along the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Today, it is very rare in fisheries catches and is considered highly endangered. Recently, meagre has become an increasingly important species in the Mediterranean aquaculture. In Croatia, meagre is a relatively new cultured species whose farming started after the year 2000. Since the European Commission identified species diversification as a top priority in the framework of the 2020 strategies for Aquaculture, and with recent studies revealing that meagre adapt easily to captivity and maintain a rapid growth rate, this species became an interesting candidate for Croatian as well as Mediterranean aquaculture.
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Malysh, Julia, Yuri Tokarev, Svetlana Malysh, Jiang Xingfu, and Andrei Frolov. "Biodiversity of beet webworm microsporidia in Eurasia." BIO Web of Conferences 18 (2020): 00019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201800019.
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The beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis (LS) has eruptive type of population dynamics and high migratory activity. The LS outbreaks are therefore difficult to predict and the pest belongs to the category of highly dangerous pests. However, during periods of depressions this insect is not observed within the most of its range and is very susceptible to infection by pathogens, including various species of microsporidia, some of which are not specific parasites of the order Lepidoptera. The distribution of LS microsporidia in Eurasia is quite extensive. During the study period of LS from 2003 to 2019, we have found 6 species of microsporidia. The parasite list includes not only species known for Lepidoptera such as Nosema sp. and Vairimorpha thomsoni, but also Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae as the typical pathogen from Apis mellifera, as well as Endoreticulatus cf poecilimonae, a pathogen similar to Endoreticulatus poecilimonae from Poecilimon thoracicus. Moreover, two isolates from the genus Tubulinosema identified in LS belong to the group of parasites with a very wide host range, including humans. In laboratory experiments, LS proved high sensitivity to microsporidia N. pyrausta from Ostrinia nubilalis and N. tyriae from Tyria jacobaeae. Its susceptibility to Paranosema locustae from Locusta migratoria has also been discovered.
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Rosello, Mercedes, Juan Vilata, and Dyhia Belhabib. "Atlantic Shortfin Mako: Chronicle of a Death Foretold?" Laws 10, no. 3 (2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10030052.
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This article outlines recent events concerning the conservation and management trajectory of a highly migratory shark species, the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), in the North Atlantic, where it has been routinely captured recreationally and as part of commercial fishing operations alongside other species. Noting recent warnings concerning the high mortality of the species in this ocean region, and the threat of imminent population collapse, this article sets out a number of applicable law of the sea provisions, and carries out an evaluation of relevant measures for target and incidental capture species, discussing their applicability to the mako fishery. It also presents an analysis of regional and global governance actions taken to date by the international community and by individual actors, noting a number of shortfalls, and outlining potential responses.
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Lanteri, Luca, Laura Castellano, and Fulvio Garibaldi. "New record of Alopias superciliosus Lowe, 1841 in the North-Western Mediterranean and annotated review of the Mediterranean records." Acta Adriatica 58, no. 2 (2017): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32582/aa.58.2.10.
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On 9th September 2015 the head of a shark belonging to the genus Alopias, was landed at Camogli harbour in the Ligurian Sea (North Western Mediterranean). The specimen has been caught 16 miles far from the coast (44° 06’ N, 008° 57’ E) as by-catch of the mesopelagic swordfish longline, but only the head was recovered, due to the predatory/scavenging activity by other shark specimens. The specimen was a female of big-eye thresher shark Alopias superciliosus a highly migratory species worldwide distributed in tropical and temperate waters but rarely caught in the Mediterranean Sea. The present record is the northenmost reported for this species in the Mediterranean area and the sixth in Italian waters.
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Gill, Jennifer A., José A. Alves, William J. Sutherland, Graham F. Appleton, Peter M. Potts, and Tómas G. Gunnarsson. "Why is timing of bird migration advancing when individuals are not?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1774 (2014): 20132161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2161.
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Recent advances in spring arrival dates have been reported in many migratory species but the mechanism driving these advances is unknown. As population declines are most widely reported in species that are not advancing migration, there is an urgent need to identify the mechanisms facilitating and constraining these advances. Individual plasticity in timing of migration in response to changing climatic conditions is commonly proposed to drive these advances but plasticity in individual migratory timings is rarely observed. For a shorebird population that has significantly advanced migration in recent decades, we show that individual arrival dates are highly consistent between years, but that the arrival dates of new recruits to the population are significantly earlier now than in previous years. Several mechanisms could drive advances in recruit arrival, none of which require individual plasticity or rapid evolution of migration timings. In particular, advances in nest-laying dates could result in advanced recruit arrival, if benefits of early hatching facilitate early subsequent spring migration. This mechanism could also explain why arrival dates of short-distance migrants, which generally return to breeding sites earlier and have greater scope for advance laying, are advancing more rapidly than long-distance migrants.
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Gwinner, E. "Circadian and circannual programmes in avian migration." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 1 (1996): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.39.
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In migratory birds, endogenous daily (circadian) and annual (circannual) rhythms serve as biological clocks that provide the major basis for their temporal orientation. Circannual rhythms are responsible for the initiation of migration both in autumn and spring. This function of timing migrations is particularly important for birds that spend the winter close to the equator where the environment is too constant or irregular to provide accurate timing cues. In addition, circannual rhythms produce programmes that determine both the temporal and the spatial course of migration. In Sylvia warblers, the time programmes controlling autumn migration are organized in a species- or population-specific manner. It has been proposed that, in first-year migrants, the time programme for autumn migration plays a major role in determining migratory distance, thus providing the vector component in a mechanism of vector navigation. It is not yet clear, however, whether this programme does indeed determine migratory distance or whether it only provides the temporal framework within which other factors determine how far a bird flies. Evidence against the first alternative comes from findings indicating that migratory activity can be drastically modified by a constellation of rather specific, but highly relevant, factors and that the resulting changes in migratory activity are not compensated by subsequent increases or decreases of migratory activity. In normally day-active but nocturnally migrating birds, circannual signals cause alterations in the circadian system leading to the development of nocturnal activity. Although the nature of these signals is unknown, there is evidence that changes in the diurnal pattern of melatonin secretion by the pineal gland are associated with, and possibly causally involved in, the waxing and waning of nocturnal activity. These changes in the melatonin pattern presumably also affect general synchronization properties of the circadian system to Zeitgebers in such a way that circadian rhythms adjust faster to new conditions after long transmeridian flights.
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Lovas-Kiss, Ádám, Orsolya Vincze, Viktor Löki, et al. "Experimental evidence of dispersal of invasive cyprinid eggs inside migratory waterfowl." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 27 (2020): 15397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004805117.
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Fish have somehow colonized isolated water bodies all over the world without human assistance. It has long been speculated that these colonization events are assisted by waterbirds, transporting fish eggs attached to their feet and feathers, yet empirical support for this is lacking. Recently, it was suggested that endozoochory (i.e., internal transport within the gut) might play a more important role, but only highly resistant diapause eggs of killifish have been found to survive passage through waterbird guts. Here, we performed a controlled feeding experiment, where developing eggs of two cosmopolitan, invasive cyprinids (common carp, Prussian carp) were fed to captive mallards. Live embryos of both species were retrieved from fresh feces and survived beyond hatching. Our study identifies an overlooked dispersal mechanism in fish, providing evidence for bird-mediated dispersal ability of soft-membraned eggs undergoing active development. Only 0.2% of ingested eggs survived gut passage, yet, given the abundance, diet, and movements of ducks in nature, our results have major implications for biodiversity conservation and invasion dynamics in freshwater ecosystems.
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Frank, Kenneth T., and Nancy L. Shackell. "Rapid Communication / Communication rapideArea-dependent patterns of finfish diversity in a large marine ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 9 (2001): 1703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-123.
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The speciesarea relationship (SAR) is considered a cornerstone of terrestrial and freshwater ecology and conservation. It has rarely been examined in a large marine ecosystem because it has been assumed that sufficient data are lacking and (or) the scales of oceanic systems are too large. Using data drawn from fishery surveys, we show a positive relationship between the number of finfish species and the area of submarine, offshore banks on the continental shelf off eastern Canada. Banks of similar size yielded similar species richness regardless of the distance between them. Area per se had a stronger influence on species number than did habitat diversity. The slope of SAR observed is consistent with the tendency for many of the species to be highly migratory with widely dispersing offspring. This results in strong interactions among banks. The combined densities of all species increased with bank area, suggesting that larger banks have higher resources per unit area. Populations and species on larger banks should be more resilient to local extinctions relative to those on smaller banks, and natural or human-induced perturbations might be expected to impact the community structure of the small, extinction-prone populations at a faster rate.
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Suprastini, Suprastini, Erwin Riyanto Ardli, and Agus Nuryanto. "DIVERSITAS DAN DISTRIBUSI IKAN DI SEGARA ANAKAN CILACAP." Scripta Biologica 1, no. 2 (2014): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.sb.2014.1.2.441.
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Fish is one of the aquatic commodities with significant economic value, and Segara Anakan areas is a habitat for valuable fishes for local fisherman. Segara Anakan is a eutrophic waters and serves as nursery and spawning ground and also provide an optimal environment for several species fish larvae to grow, either sedentary or migratory species. Therefore it is suggested that diverse species inhabit Segara Anakan and different part of those areas has different species because different species commonly exhibit different habitat preferences. The objectives of this research were to determine the diversity and spatial distribution of fish species in Segara Anakan Cilacap. This research was a survey with the Cluster Random Sampling was implemented as sampling technique. Species diversity was analyzed descriptively, as well as the spatial distribution. The relationships between environmental parameters and spatial distribution were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis. Environmental factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, and water DO were measured. The result showed that Stolephorus indicus was the most dominant species in Segara Anakan. The spatial distribution of fishes in every sampling station was found fluctuated. The environmental factors and fish were found highly correlated.
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Shamsi, S., A. Turner, and S. Wassens. "Description and genetic characterization of a newContracaecumlarval type (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Australia." Journal of Helminthology 92, no. 2 (2017): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x17000360.
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AbstractNematode parasites belonging to the genusContracaecumare economically important parasites with zoonotic significance. AdultContracaecumspp. are found in the stomach of marine mammals or piscivorous birds, and larval stages infect a wide range of invertebrates and fish species. Human infection withContracaecumlarvae has been reported in Australia and other countries after the consumption of infected fish. Although the genusContracaecumcomprises numerous species, thus far only fourContracaecumlarval types have been specifically identified, therefore their life cycle and biology are not yet fully understood. In this study, a newContracaecumlarva (type IV), found in the intestinal tissue of carp caught from Coonancoocabil Lagoon, New South Wales, Australia, is described and characterized genetically. It was identified asContracaecum bancrofti,a unique Australian species reported previously from the Australian pelican in Northern Territory, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. This study highlights the role of migratory birds and introduced fish species, such as carp, in distributing zoonotic pathogens not only across the continent but also from marine to freshwater systems. Coonancoocabil Lagoon is located in the Murrumbidgee Valley National Park, a highly managed conservation area with native fish in wetlands located in close proximity to several fish farms and hatcheries. Infection of a highly resilient invasive fish species, such as carp, with a zoonotic parasite of low host specificity, such asContracaecumlarvae, should be alarming for aquaculture and environmental authorities.
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Graves, John E., and Jan R. McDowell. "Stock structure of the world's istiophorid billfishes: a genetic perspective." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 4 (2003): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01290.
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Istiophorid billfishes are highly migratory species that inhabit the tropical and subtropical, epipelagic waters of the world's oceans, a large, relatively homogeneous environment that lacks significant physical barriers. Based on these observations alone, one would not expect marlins, sailfish and spearfishes to exhibit substantial stock structure. This assumption has been evaluated with a variety of techniques, including analyses of morphological characters, adult distribution, tag and recapture data, the spatial and temporal distribution of spawning and, recently, molecular genetic characters. This paper focuses on inferences of istiophorid billfish stock structure derived from investigation of several different classes of molecular markers, and reviews our current understanding of the genetic basis of stock structure of striped marlin, white marlin, blue marlin, sailfish and black marlin. Significant genetic differences exist between Atlantic and Indo-Pacific populations of blue marlin and sailfish, and the presence of distinct mitochondrial DNA lineages suggests that ocean populations were isolated in the past. However, the occurrence of identical genotypes in both oceans is evidence of recent genetic contact. The genetic data do not support recognition of separate Atlantic and Indo-Pacific species of blue marlin or sailfish. White and striped marlin are separated by about the same level of genetic divergence as Atlantic and Indo-Pacific populations of blue marlin and sailfish, but preliminary analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region suggests that, unlike Atlantic and Indo-Pacific populations of blue marlin and sailfish, white marlin and striped marlin represent independent evolutionary units. If white and striped marlin are valid species, they are of very recent origin. Significant intraspecific genetic heterogeneity was found among collections of striped marlin and sailfish within the Indo-Pacific; both species exhibited a clear spatial partitioning of genetic variation among geographically distant collection locations. There was no genetic evidence for within-ocean population structuring for other istiophorids examined. Inferences of billfish stock structure derived from studies of molecular markers complement those obtained using other methods of analysis, and together these studies demonstrate substantial differences in the level of population structuring among istiophorid billfishes, information critical for effective management of these highly migratory species.
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Asaduzzaman, Md, Yoji Igarashi, Md Abdul Wahab, et al. "Population Genomics of an Anadromous Hilsa Shad Tenualosa ilisha Species across Its Diverse Migratory Habitats: Discrimination by Fine-Scale Local Adaptation." Genes 11, no. 1 (2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010046.
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The migration of anadromous fish in heterogenic environments unceasingly imposes a selective pressure that results in genetic variation for local adaptation. However, discrimination of anadromous fish populations by fine-scale local adaptation is challenging because of their high rate of gene flow, highly connected divergent population, and large population size. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have expanded the prospects of defining the weakly structured population of anadromous fish. Therefore, we used NGS-based restriction site-associated DNA (NextRAD) techniques on 300 individuals of an anadromous Hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) species, collected from nine strategic habitats, across their diverse migratory habitats, which include sea, estuary, and different freshwater rivers. The NextRAD technique successfully identified 15,453 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. Outlier tests using the FST OutFLANK and pcadapt approaches identified 74 and 449 SNPs (49 SNPs being common), respectively, as putative adaptive loci under a divergent selection process. Our results, based on the different cluster analyses of these putatively adaptive loci, suggested that local adaptation has divided the Hilsa shad population into two genetically structured clusters, in which marine and estuarine collection sites were dominated by individuals of one genetic cluster and different riverine collection sites were dominated by individuals of another genetic cluster. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the riverine populations of Hilsa shad were further subdivided into the north-western riverine (turbid freshwater) and the north-eastern riverine (clear freshwater) ecotypes. Among all of the putatively adaptive loci, only 36 loci were observed to be in the coding region, and the encoded genes might be associated with important biological functions related to the local adaptation of Hilsa shad. In summary, our study provides both neutral and adaptive contexts for the observed genetic divergence of Hilsa shad and, consequently, resolves the previous inconclusive findings on their population genetic structure across their diverse migratory habitats. Moreover, the study has clearly demonstrated that NextRAD sequencing is an innovative approach to explore how dispersal and local adaptation can shape genetic divergence of non-model anadromous fish that intersect diverse migratory habitats during their life-history stages.
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LI, DONGLAI, SIHANG CHEN, HUW LLOYD, SHUYU ZHU, KAI SHAN, and ZHENGWANG ZHANG. "The importance of artificial habitats to migratory waterbirds within a natural/artificial wetland mosaic, Yellow River Delta, China." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 2 (2013): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000099.
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SummaryAnthropogenic conversion of natural wetlands into artificial wetland habitats has produced complex wetland landscapes worldwide. In this study we investigated the responses of migratory and wintering waterbirds to five artificial wetland habitats (aquaculture ponds, paddyfields, irrigation canals, open water reservoirs and saltpans) within a novel natural-artificial wetland landscape, Yellow River Delta (YRD), eastern China from October 2007 to May 2008. The results showed that almost all bird community indicators in the YRD natural wetlands were higher than those in adjacent artificial wetlands. Across the landscape, natural wetlands remained most important for all waterbird guilds, and more than 90% of waterbird populations were dependent on these habitats. Artificial wetlands mainly provided a secondary role, supporting about 70% of waterbird species (including six species that reached 1% of their global or biogeographical flyway populations), but with distinctive functional capacity for specific waterbird guilds in different artificial wetlands. The conservation value of artificial wetlands is often ephemeral, mainly during autumn, for specific migratory waterbirds and complements that of remaining areas of natural wetlands. Therefore, the utilisation patterns of artificial wetlands are highly temporal and the majority of species are dependent on areas of natural wetland. A comprehensive study of the inter-seasonal and inter-annual variations in these different habitats and dependence by the various guilds in the YRD is required to enable the true value of these habitats to be understood. We suggest that the conservation of artificial wetlands should not be at the expense of natural wetlands, which should remain the priority for wetland landscape management. Management to maintain the existing artificial wetlands for migrating and wintering water birds should target habitat features that are absent or limited in natural wetlands thus increasing the carrying capacity of the YRD landscape.
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Bartlam-Brooks, H. L. A., M. C. Bonyongo, and Stephen Harris. "Will reconnecting ecosystems allow long-distance mammal migrations to resume? A case study of a zebra Equus burchelli migration in Botswana." Oryx 45, no. 2 (2011): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000414.
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AbstractTerrestrial wildlife migrations, once common, are now rare because of ecosystem fragmentation and uncontrolled hunting. Botswana historically contained migratory populations of many species but habitat fragmentation, especially by fences, has decreased the number and size of many of these populations. During a study investigating herbivore movement patterns in north-west Botswana we recorded a long-distance zebra Equus burchelli antiquorum migration between the Okavango Delta and Makgadikgadi grasslands, a round-trip distance of 588 km; 55% of 11 animals collared in the south-eastern peripheral delta made this journey. This was unexpected as, between 1968 and 2004, the migration could not have followed its present course because of the bisection of the route by a veterinary cordon fence. As little evidence exists to suggest that large-scale movements by medium-sized herbivores can be restored, it is of significant interest that this migration was established to the present highly directed route within 4 years of the fence being removed. The success of wildlife corridors, currently being advocated as the best way to re-establish ecosystem connectivity, relies on animals utilizing novel areas by moving between the connected areas. Our findings suggest that medium-sized herbivores may be able to re-establish migrations relatively quickly once physical barriers have been removed and that the success of future system linkages could be increased by utilizing past migratory routes.
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YANG, ZIYOU, BENJAMIN J. LAGASSÉ, HUI XIAO, et al. "The southern Jiangsu coast is a critical moulting site for Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmaea and Nordmann’s Greenshank Tringa guttifer." Bird Conservation International 30, no. 4 (2020): 649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270920000210.
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SummaryThe extent of intertidal flats in the Yellow Sea region has declined significantly in the past few decades, resulting in severe population declines in several waterbird species. The Yellow Sea region holds the primary stopover sites for many shorebirds during their migration to and from northern breeding grounds. However, the functional roles of these sites in shorebirds’ stopover ecology remain poorly understood. Through field surveys between July and November 2015, we investigated the stopover and moult schedules of migratory shorebirds along the southern Jiangsu coast, eastern China during their southbound migration, with a focus on the ‘Critically Endangered’ Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmaea and ‘Endangered’ Nordmann’s Greenshank Tringa guttifer. Long-term count data indicate that both species regularly occur in globally important number in southern Jiangsu coast, constituting 16.67–49.34% and 64.0–80.67% of their global population estimates respectively, and it is highly likely that most adults undergo their primary moult during this southbound migration stopover. Our results show that Spoon-billed Sandpiper and Nordmann’s Greenshank staged for an extended period of time (66 and 84 days, respectively) to complete their primary moult. On average, Spoon-billed Sandpipers and Nordmann’s Greenshanks started moulting primary feathers on 8 August ± 4.52 and 27 July ± 1.56 days respectively, and their moult durations were 72.58 ± 9.08 and 65.09 ± 2.40 days. In addition, some individuals of several other shorebird species including the ‘Endangered’ Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, ‘Near Threatened’ Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica, ‘Near Threatened’ Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata and Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii also underwent primary moult. Our work highlights the importance of the southern Jiangsu region as the primary moulting ground for these species, reinforcing that conservation of shorebird habitat including both intertidal flats and supratidal roosting sites in this region is critical to safeguard the future of some highly threatened shorebird species.
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Ma, Ying, Youjun Feng, Di Liu, and George F. Gao. "Avian influenza virus, Streptococcus suis serotype 2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and beyond: molecular epidemiology, ecology and the situation in China." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1530 (2009): 2725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0093.
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The outbreak and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus and the subsequent identification of its animal origin study have heightened the world's awareness of animal-borne or zoonotic pathogens. In addition to SARS, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV), H5N1, and the lower pathogenicity H9N2 AIV have expanded their host ranges to infect human beings and other mammalian species as well as birds. Even the ‘well-known’ reservoir animals for influenza virus, migratory birds, became victims of the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. Not only the viruses, but bacteria can also expand their host range: a new disease, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, caused by human Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection, has been observed in China with 52 human fatalities in two separate outbreaks (1998 and 2005, respectively). Additionally, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection has increased worldwide with severe disease. Several outbreaks and sporadic isolations of this pathogen in China have made it an important target for disease control. A new highly pathogenic variant of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been isolated in both China and Vietnam recently; although PRRSV is not a zoonotic human pathogen, its severe outbreaks have implications for food safety. All of these pathogens occur in Southeast Asia, including China, with severe consequences; therefore, we discuss the issues in this article by addressing the situation of the zoonotic threat in China.
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López-Segoviano, Gabriel, Maribel Arenas-Navarro, Ernesto Vega, and Maria del Coro Arizmendi. "Hummingbird migration and flowering synchrony in the temperate forests of northwestern Mexico." PeerJ 6 (July 6, 2018): e5131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5131.
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Background Many species of birds are morphologically and physiologically adapted for migration. Migratory movements of birds can range from thousands of kilometers, such as when birds migrate from wintering to breeding sites in summer, to several kilometers, such as when birds migrate among habitats in a single mountain system. The main factor that influences bird migration is the seasonal fluctuation of food resources; climate, predation, competition for resources and endogenous programming are also important factors. Hummingbirds are highly dependent on nectar, so their migration is likely correlated with the blooming of plant species. The ecological implications of altitudinal migration in the mountains of North America as well as the latitudinal migration of Selasphorus rufus through Mexico are still poorly understood. To explore these issues, over three non-consecutive years, we evaluated interannual variation in the phenologies of a latitudinal migrant (S. rufus) and an altitudinal migrant (Amazilia beryllina) and their visited plants. Methods We assessed the relationship between two migratory hummingbirds and flower abundance in 20 fixed-radius plots (25 m radius). All available flowers were counted along transects (40 × 5 m) inside each fixed-radius plot. Sampling was performed every 10 days from November 12 through February 20 of 2010–2011, 2013–2014 and 2015–2016, resulting in a total of 11 samples of each plot per period. Phenological variation and the relationships among hummingbird abundance, flower abundance and vegetation type were evaluated using a generalized additive mixed model. Results S. rufus abundance was related to sampling time in the first and third periods; this relationship was not significant in the second period. A. beryllina abundance was related with the sampling time over all three periods. The abundance of S. rufus hummingbirds was significantly related to the number of Salvia iodantha flowers. The abundance of A. beryllina hummingbirds was related to the number of S. iodantha and Cestrum thyrsoideum flowers and the total number of flowers. We found a non-significant correlation between S. rufus and A. beryllina abundance and vegetation types. Conclusion Contrary to expectations, the long-distance migration of S. rufus was not consistent over the sampling periods. The migration of S. rufus through the study region may be altered by changes in climate, as has occurred with other species of migratory birds. In the present study, the migration of S. rufus was correlated with the blooming of S. iodantha. In comparison, the altitudinal migrant A. beryllina responded to the availability of floral resources but was not associated with a particular plant. The migration of this latter species in the area probably depends on multiple factors, including climatic and demographic factors, but is particularly dependent on the supply of floral resources and competition for these resources.
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Poen, Marjolein J., Ron A. M. Fouchier, Richard J. Webby, Robert G. Webster, and Mohamed E. El Zowalaty. "Evidence of the Presence of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Viruses in Wild Waterfowl in 2018 in South Africa." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040163.
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Avian influenza viruses are pathogens of global concern to both animal and human health. Wild birds are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses and facilitate virus transport over large distances. Surprisingly, limited research has been performed to determine avian influenza host species and virus dynamics in wild birds on the African continent, including South Africa. This study described the first wild bird surveillance efforts for influenza A viruses in KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa after the 2017/2018 outbreak with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 in poultry. A total of 550 swab samples from 278 migratory waterfowl were tested using real-time RT-PCR methods. Two samples (0.7%) were positive for avian influenza virus based on the matrix gene real-time RT-PCR but were negative for the hemagglutinin subtypes H5 and H7. Unfortunately, no sequence information or viable virus could be retrieved from the samples. This study shows that avian influenza viruses are present in the South African wild bird population, emphasizing the need for more extensive surveillance studies to determine the South African avian influenza gene pool and relevant local host species.
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KASSARA, CHRISTINA, JAKOB FRIC, and SPYROS SFENTHOURAKIS. "Distribution modelling of Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae Géné, 1839 occurrence in its wintering grounds: a niche-based approach with satellite telemetry data." Bird Conservation International 24, no. 1 (2013): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000361.
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SummaryEleonora’s Falcon is a long-distance migrant of the Palearctic region. In recent years, the advent of satellite telemetry has enabled a more detailed investigation of the species’s migratory and wintering periods. In this study, we model the distribution pattern of four Eleonora’s Falcons originating from Greece within their wintering grounds in Madagascar with the use of satellite telemetry data and a niche-based technique, Maxent. The model predicted few highly suitable areas for the occurrence of the species, restricted to elevated areas receiving large amounts of precipitation during the wintering period, containing patches of primary and degraded humid submontane forests as well as cultivation. Most of these areas occurred within the previously estimated home ranges of the four falcons, as well as of three falcons from another independent study. Taking into account the ongoing alterations in landscape structure that occur within the eastern rainforest region of Madagascar, we believe that it is imperative to better understand the ecological requirements of Eleonora’s Falcon. To this end, we recommend the application of Maxent in the study of habitat selection of the species that could be further refined with the inclusion of biotic interactions and seasonal resource availability.
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Szabó, András, Manuela Melchionda, Giancarlo Nastasi, et al. "In vivo confinement promotes collective migration of neural crest cells." Journal of Cell Biology 213, no. 5 (2016): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201602083.
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Collective cell migration is fundamental throughout development and in many diseases. Spatial confinement using micropatterns has been shown to promote collective cell migration in vitro, but its effect in vivo remains unclear. Combining computational and experimental approaches, we show that the in vivo collective migration of neural crest cells (NCCs) depends on such confinement. We demonstrate that confinement may be imposed by the spatiotemporal distribution of a nonpermissive substrate provided by versican, an extracellular matrix molecule previously proposed to have contrasting roles: barrier or promoter of NCC migration. We resolve the controversy by demonstrating that versican works as an inhibitor of NCC migration and also acts as a guiding cue by forming exclusionary boundaries. Our model predicts an optimal number of cells in a given confinement width to allow for directional migration. This optimum coincides with the width of neural crest migratory streams analyzed across different species, proposing an explanation for the highly conserved nature of NCC streams during development.
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Walsh, Michael G., Siobhan M. Mor, and Shah Hossain. "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Landscape Suitability Varies by Wetland Habitats and the Degree of Interface between Wild Waterfowl and Poultry in India." Viruses 12, no. 11 (2020): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111290.
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, subtype H5N1, constitutes one of the world’s most important health and economic concerns given the catastrophic impact of epizootics on the poultry industry, the high mortality attending spillover in humans, and its potential as a source subtype for a future pandemic. Nevertheless, we still lack an adequate understanding of HPAI H5N1 epidemiology and infection ecology. The nature of the wild waterfowl–poultry interface, and the sharing of diverse wetland habitat among these birds, currently underscore important knowledge gaps. India has emerged as a global hotspot for HPAI H5N1, while also providing critical wintering habitat for many species of migratory waterfowl and year-round habitat for several resident waterfowl species. The current study sought to examine the extent to which the wild waterfowl–poultry interface, varied wetland habitat, and climate influence HPAI H5N1 epizootics in poultry in India. Using World Organisation for Animal Health reported outbreaks, this study showed that the wild waterfowl–poultry interface and lacustrine, riparian, and coastal marsh wetland systems were strongly associated with landscape suitability, and these relationships varied by scale. Although increasing poultry density was associated with increasing risk, this was only the case in the absence of wild waterfowl habitat, and only at a local scale. In landscapes increasingly shared between wild waterfowl and poultry, suitability was greater among lower density poultry, again at a local scale only. These findings provide further insight into the occurrence of HPAI H5N1 in India and suggest important landscape targets for blocking the waterfowl–poultry interface to interrupt virus transmission and prevent future outbreaks.
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Byrne, Michael E., Enric Cortés, Jeremy J. Vaudo, et al. "Satellite telemetry reveals higher fishing mortality rates than previously estimated, suggesting overfishing of an apex marine predator." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1860 (2017): 20170658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0658.
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Overfishing is a primary cause of population declines for many shark species of conservation concern. However, means of obtaining information on fishery interactions and mortality, necessary for the development of successful conservation strategies, are often fisheries-dependent and of questionable quality for many species of commercially exploited pelagic sharks. We used satellite telemetry as a fisheries-independent tool to document fisheries interactions, and quantify fishing mortality of the highly migratory shortfin mako shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus ) in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Forty satellite-tagged shortfin mako sharks tracked over 3 years entered the Exclusive Economic Zones of 19 countries and were harvested in fisheries of five countries, with 30% of tagged sharks harvested. Our tagging-derived estimates of instantaneous fishing mortality rates ( F = 0.19–0.56) were 10-fold higher than previous estimates from fisheries-dependent data (approx. 0.015–0.024), suggesting data used in stock assessments may considerably underestimate fishing mortality. Additionally, our estimates of F were greater than those associated with maximum sustainable yield, suggesting a state of overfishing. This information has direct application to evaluations of stock status and for effective management of populations, and thus satellite tagging studies have potential to provide more accurate estimates of fishing mortality and survival than traditional fisheries-dependent methodology.
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Pantin-Jackwood, Mary J., Mar Costa-Hurtado, Eric Shepherd, et al. "Pathogenicity and Transmission of H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Mallards." Journal of Virology 90, no. 21 (2016): 9967–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01165-16.
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ABSTRACTWild aquatic birds have been associated with the intercontinental spread of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD) lineage during 2005, 2010, and 2014, but dispersion by wild waterfowl has not been implicated with spread of other HPAI viruses. To better understand why Gs/GD H5 HPAI viruses infect and transmit more efficiently in waterfowl than other HPAI viruses, groups of mallard ducks were challenged with one of 14 different H5 and H7 HPAI viruses, including a Gs/GD lineage H5N1 (clade 2.2) virus from Mongolia, part of the 2005 dispersion, and the H5N8 and H5N2 index HPAI viruses (clade 2.3.4.4) from the United States, part of the 2014 dispersion. All virus-inoculated ducks and contact exposed ducks became infected and shed moderate to high titers of the viruses, with the exception that mallards were resistant to Ck/Pennsylvania/83 and Ck/Queretaro/95 H5N2 HPAI virus infection. Clinical signs were only observed in ducks challenged with the H5N1 2005 virus, which all died, and with the H5N8 and H5N2 2014 viruses, which had decreased weight gain and fever. These three viruses were also shed in higher titers by the ducks, which could facilitate virus transmission and spread. This study highlights the possible role of wild waterfowl in the spread of HPAI viruses.IMPORTANCEThe spread of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the Gs/GD lineage by migratory waterfowl is a serious concern for animal and public health. H5 and H7 HPAI viruses are considered to be adapted to gallinaceous species (chickens, turkeys, quail, etc.) and less likely to infect and transmit in wild ducks. In order to understand why this is different with certain Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses, we compared the pathogenicity and transmission of several H5 and H7 HPAI viruses from previous poultry outbreaks to Gs/GD lineage H5 viruses, including H5N1 (clade 2.2), H5N8 and H5N2 (clade 2.3.4.4) viruses, in mallards as a representative wild duck species. Surprisingly, most HPAI viruses examined in this study replicated well and transmitted among mallards; however, the three Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses replicated to higher titers, which could explain the transmission of these viruses in susceptible wild duck populations.
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Barans, C. A., M. D. Arendt, T. Moore, and D. Schmidt. "Remote Video Revisited: A Visual Technique for Conducting Long-term Monitoring of Reef Fishes on the Continental Shelf." Marine Technology Society Journal 39, no. 2 (2005): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533205787443917.
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Fisheries observation data collected at similar times and frequencies as hydrographic data could contribute significantly to the development of models for predicting responses of fish assemblages to changing environmental conditions. Traditional collections of fishery observation data rarely occur with sufficient temporal replication for modeling; however, remotely collected underwater video data represents a promising remedy. In August 1999, an experimental underwater fish habitat and video data collection system were established on the middle continental shelf off the coast of Georgia. Short (10 s) video data files were collected hourly during daylight and transmitted 72 km to shore by microwave once daily. An extraordinarily large and valuable dataset was generated despite technical problems, which precluded data collection during more than half of the days within the 1999-2002 study period. Evaluation of 5,590 usable video files from 429 observation days resulted in documentation of presence, relative abundance and behavior for at least 50 species, including several highly migratory pelagic species for which little scientific data exists. Future efforts of this ongoing study will attempt to mitigate technical problems discovered during 1999-2002. Expansion of automated visual sampling to numerous index stations along the continental shelf has the potential of greatly complementing infrequent and expensive sampling cruises to collect ecological and behavioral data.
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Fromentin, Jean-Marc, and Daniel Lopuszanski. "Migration, residency, and homing of bluefin tuna in the western Mediterranean Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 3 (2013): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst157.
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Abstract This study presents the results of an electronic tagging programme on mature Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT) that has been conducted since 2007 offshore of the French Mediterranean Coast. The spatial distributions of ABFT showed little year-to-year variation and the fish concentrated in a small area of the central northwestern Mediterranean, where they may stay for several months. The individual tracks display sinuous trajectories in this area, indicating the possibility of feeding behaviour. No fish went out to the North Atlantic, but several fish displayed some migration to the southern western Mediterranean Sea during winter and the central Mediterranean during the spawning season. The homing behaviour of one fish after a full year as well as the back and forth of several fish further indicates that this restricted feeding area is probably persistent from year to year. We hypothesize that this area could result from local enrichment due to permanent mesoscale oceanographic features related to the North Mediterranean Current and the North Balearic front. The option of a spatial management, through marine protected areas, for a highly migratory species, such as ABFT, thus deserves more careful consideration because those species displayed complex spatial dynamics (e.g. homing), and population structure (e.g. several subpopulations of different sizes).
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Zhou, Jiyong, Wenbo Sun, Junhua Wang, et al. "Characterization of the H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Derived from Wild Pikas in China." Journal of Virology 83, no. 17 (2009): 8957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00793-09.
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ABSTRACT The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus emerged from China in 1996 and has spread across Eurasia and Africa, with a continuous stream of new cases of human infection appearing since the first large-scale outbreak among migratory birds at Qinghai Lake. The role of wild birds, which are the natural reservoirs for the virus, in the epidemiology of the H5N1 virus has raised great public health concern, but their role in the spread of the virus within the natural ecosystem of free-ranging terrestrial wild mammals remains unclear. In this study, we investigated H5N1 virus infection in wild pikas in an attempt to trace the circulation of the virus. Seroepidemiological surveys confirmed a natural H5N1 virus infection of wild pikas in their native environment. The hemagglutination gene of the H5N1 virus isolated from pikas reveals two distinct evolutionary clades, a mixed/Vietnam H5N1 virus sublineage (MV-like pika virus) and a wild bird Qinghai (QH)-like H5N1 virus sublineage (QH-like pika virus). The amino acid residue (glutamic acid) at position 627 encoded by the PB2 gene of the MV-like pika virus was different from that of the QH-like pika virus; the residue of the MV-like pika virus was the same as that of the goose H5N1 virus (A/GS/Guangdong [GD]/1/96). Further, we discovered that in contrast to the MV-like pika virus, which is nonpathogenic to mice, the QH-like pika virus is highly pathogenic. To mimic the virus infection of pikas, we intranasally inoculated rabbits, a species closely related to pikas, with the H5N1 virus of pika origin. Our findings first demonstrate that wild pikas are mammalian hosts exposed to H5N1 subtype avian influenza viruses in the natural ecosystem and also imply a potential transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from wild mammals into domestic mammalian hosts and humans.
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Loss, Scott R., Tom Will, Sara S. Loss, and Peter P. Marra. "Bird–building collisions in the United States: Estimates of annual mortality and species vulnerability." Condor 116, no. 1 (2014): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/condor-13-090.1.
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Abstract Building collisions, and particularly collisions with windows, are a major anthropogenic threat to birds, with rough estimates of between 100 million and 1 billion birds killed annually in the United States. However, no current U.S. estimates are based on systematic analysis of multiple data sources. We reviewed the published literature and acquired unpublished datasets to systematically quantify bird–building collision mortality and species-specific vulnerability. Based on 23 studies, we estimate that between 365 and 988 million birds (median = 599 million) are killed annually by building collisions in the U.S., with roughly 56% of mortality at low-rises, 44% at residences, and <1% at high-rises. Based on >92,000 fatality records, and after controlling for population abundance and range overlap with study sites, we identified several species that are disproportionately vulnerable to collisions at all building types. In addition, several species listed as national Birds of Conservation Concern due to their declining populations were identified to be highly vulnerable to building collisions, including Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), Painted Bunting (Passerina ciris), Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa), and Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorum). The identification of these five migratory species with geographic ranges limited to eastern and central North America reflects seasonal and regional biases in the currently available building-collision data. Most sampling has occurred during migration and in the eastern U.S. Further research across seasons and in underrepresented regions is needed to reduce this bias. Nonetheless, we provide quantitative evidence to support the conclusion that building collisions are second only to feral and free-ranging pet cats, which are estimated to kill roughly four times as many birds each year, as the largest source of direct human-caused mortality for U.S. birds.
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F. Braby, Michael, and Ted D. Edwards. "The butterfly fauna of the Griffith district, a fragmented semi-arid landscape in inland southern New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 2 (2006): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060140.
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Thirty-three species of butterflies are recorded from the Griffith district in the semi-arid zone of inland southern New South Wales. The butterfly community comprises the following structure: 19 species (58%) are resident; 7 (21 %) are regular immigrants; 2 (6%) are irregular immigrants; 5 (15%) are vagrants. Except for a few migratory species, most occur in relatively low abundance. Lack of similar studies elsewhere in western New South Wales precludes generalizations regarding the species richness, composition and structure of semi-arid butterfly communities. Comparison of the butterfly fauna with that from five other inland regions on the slopes and foothills of the Great Diving Range, revealed that the Griffith district is most similar in species richness and composition to that of Deniliquin and to a lesser extent Wagga Wagga and Cowra in the south, than with two regions in the higher summer rainfall area of the north of the State (Coonabarabran-Mendooran, Narrabri-Bellata). Overall, the butterfly fauna of inland New South Wales (total of 73 species, of which 49 occur in the southern regions) is depauperate compared with that recorded from the coastal/subcoastal areas east of the Great Dividing Range. Attention is drawn to the conservation significance of several vegetation types and habitat remnants in the Griffith district. Much of the native vegetation in the district has been extensively modified since European settlement due to excessive clearing for agriculture, resulting in a highly fragmented landscape for the conservation of native flora and fauna. With the exception of the lycaenid Candalides hyacinthinus Simplex, which is considered threatened locally, there is a general absence of narrow range endemic butterflies associated with mallee-heathland or mallee-woodland, possibly as a result of widespread land clearing practices of mallee vegetation in the past.
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Notohamijoyo, Andre, Martani Huseini, and Syafril Fauzi. "ASEAN tuna ecolabelling (ATEL): the challenge and opportunity of the first seafood regional ecolabelling in the world." E3S Web of Conferences 74 (2018): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187404004.
Full textAbstract:
Tuna (Thunnus sp) is the highest economic value and the most popular fish in the world. Exploitation of tuna fisheries was feared to threaten environment and social welfare for the people of the countries related to that resources. Many international organizations encourage countries involved in tuna trade to follow certain fisheries ecolabel standards. Nonetheless, driven ecolabel schemes do not yet reflect optimal sustainable tuna management. Tuna is a highly migratory species across the sea region of various countries. The effective management of tuna requires cross-country cooperation, but the certification system is not regional yet especially in Southeast Asia which has highest tuna production in the world. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) has begun consolidation to start the regional system of ecolabel which named ASEAN Tuna Ecolabelling (ATEL). In the ASEAN Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (AMAF) meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, 12-13 October 2018, ATEL has agreed as a scheme of tuna ecolabelling in South East Asia region. The approval at the Ministerial level make ATEL the first regional seafood ecolabel scheme in the world. It needs more research for the implementation of ATEL in the future both in terms of challenges and opportunities.
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Shrestha, Dhiraj, Balkrishna Bhattachan, Hiramani Parajuli, and Sujata Shrestha. "Avian/Bird flu: A review: H5N1 outbreaks in Nepal." Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 9, no. 1 (2021): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njb.v9i1.38647.
Full textAbstract:
Avian/Bird flu is a viral disease of birds, caused by avian influenza virus (AIV). A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has breached the barrier of species to humans and other animals escalating the pandemic threat. If the H5N1 evolves to a human-to-human transmissible virus retaining its pathogenicity, it can trigger an influenza pandemic. H5N1 has a mortality rate of about 60%, varying with strains. Meaningful antigenic alteration in hemagglutinin (HA) and/or neuraminidase (NA) results in recurring pandemics. The HPAI H5N1 subtype alone has outreached more than 77 nations around the world since the first human case and death was reported in 1997. Wild and migratory birds are the AIV reservoirs. Poultry is primarily impacted by incidents and outbreaks of the disease. A wide range of serological and molecular methods have substantially aided in the identification of bird flu in humans. Candidate vaccines have been developed, yet are not ready for widespread use. Oseltamivir (brand name: Tamiflu) is the preferred drug for the management of human Influenza-like illness (ILI). Surveillance, mass awareness, and pandemic preparedness abiding WHO recommendations are of paramount importance for the prevention of bird flu outbreaks.
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Rourke, Meaghan L., Helen C. McPartlan, Brett A. Ingram, and Andrea C. Taylor. "Biogeography and life history ameliorate the potentially negative genetic effects of stocking on Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii)." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 8 (2010): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10037.
Full textAbstract:
Stocking wild fish populations with hatchery-bred fish has numerous genetic implications for fish species worldwide. In the present study, 16 microsatellite loci were used to determine the genetic effects of nearly three decades of Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) stocking in five river catchments in southern Australia. Genetic parameters taken from scale samples collected from 1949 to 1954 before the commencement of stocking were compared with samples collected 16 to 28 years after stocking commenced, and with samples from a local hatchery that supplements these catchments. Given that the five catchments are highly connected and adult Murray cod undertake moderate migrations, we predicted that there would be minimal population structuring of historical samples, whereas contemporary samples may have diverged slightly and lost genetic diversity as a result of stocking. A Bayesian Structure analysis indicated genetic homogeneity among the catchments both pre- and post-stocking, indicating that stocking has not measurably impacted genetic structure, although allele frequencies in one catchment changed slightly over this period. Current genetic diversity was moderately high (HE = 0.693) and had not changed over the period of stocking. Broodfish had a similar level of genetic diversity to the wild populations, and effective population size had not changed substantially between the two time periods. Our results may bode well for stocking programs of species that are undertaken without knowledge of natural genetic structure, when river connectivity is high, fish are moderately migratory and broodfish are sourced locally.
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Kai, Kwok Hon, and Richard T. Corlett. "Seasonality of forest invertebrates in Hong Kong, South China." Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, no. 4 (2002): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002419.
Full textAbstract:
Because of its position on the northern margin of the tropics (22° 17′N) and the southern coast of a huge continent, Hong Kong has a climate in which both temperature and rainfall are highly seasonal. Although summer temperatures are equatorial, the January mean is only 15.8 °C,and the absolute minimum recorded at sea level is 0 °C (Dudgeon & Corlett 1994). As a result, all aspects of the ecology of Hong Kong show seasonal changes. The most dramatic changes occur in the bird fauna, with the majority of species migratory (Carey et al. 2001). The winter fruiting peak in secondary shrublands and the forest understorey coincides with the arrival of partially frugivorous migrant robins and thrushes (Corlett 1993). However, while resident insectivore-frugivores consume almost entirely fruit during this period (Corlett 1998), all the winter visitors continue to eat insects and some (e.g. Phylloscopus warblers) are entirely insectivorous. The study of insect seasonality reported here formed part of a 30-mo study of the seasonality of a forest bird community in Hong Kong (Kwok & Corlett 1999, 2000). Plant names follow Corlett et al. (2000).
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McGuigan, Charles J., Lela S. Schlenker, John D. Stieglitz, Daniel D. Benetti, and Martin Grosell. "Quantifying the effects of pop-up satellite archival tags on the swimming performance and behavior of young-adult mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 78, no. 1 (2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0030.
Full textAbstract:
Pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) have been used to demonstrate habitat utilization and large-scale migrations of aquatic species and are a critical tool to manage highly migratory fish populations. Use of PSATs has increased in recent years; however, few studies have investigated the physiological and behavioral effects of carrying a PSAT. To address this gap, young-adult mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus; 25–35 cm fork length) were tagged with miniature PSATs and assessed in a two-part experiment utilizing swim tunnel respirometry and behavioral analysis of free-swimming individuals. Swim tunnel respirometry revealed significant reductions in the critical and optimal swimming speeds of tagged fish (10.2% and 20.9%, respectively), as well as significant reductions in maximum metabolic rate and aerobic scope (16.1% and 21.4%, respectively). In contrast, mean and maximum velocity, acceleration, total distance traveled, survival, and feeding success of free-swimming tagged fish showed no impacts of tagging compared with untagged conspecifics held in the same tank. The results of this study highlight the importance of considering multiple methodologies to assess the impacts of tagging fish and provide insight into the data collected by PSATs deployed on wild fish.
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Wang, Rui, Yiming Zhang, Weiming Tian, Jiong Cai, Cheng Hu, and Tianran Zhang. "Fast Implementation of Insect Multi-Target Detection Based on Multimodal Optimization." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (2021): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040594.
Full textAbstract:
Entomological radars are important for scientific research of insect migration and early warning of migratory pests. However, insects are hard to detect because of their tiny size and highly maneuvering trajectory. Generalized Radon–Fourier transform (GRFT) has been proposed for effective weak maneuvering target detection by long-time coherent detection via jointly motion parameter search, but the heavy computational burden makes it impractical in real signal processing. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been used to achieve GRFT detection by fast heuristic parameter search, but it suffers from obvious detection probability loss and is only suitable for single target detection. In this paper, we convert the realization of GRFT into a multimodal optimization problem for insect multi-target detection. A novel niching method without radius parameter is proposed to detect unevenly distributed insect targets. Species reset and boundary constraint strategy are used to improve the detection performance. Simulation analyses of detection performance and computational cost are given to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. Furthermore, real observation data acquired from a Ku-band entomological radar is used to test this method. The results show that it has better performance on detected target amount and track continuity in insect multi-target detection.
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Becker, Michael A. "Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC)." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 4 (2015): 851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.4.0851.
Full textAbstract:
On April 2, 2015, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS or Tribunal) rendered an advisory opinion on the rights and obligations of flag states and coastal states regarding illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). ITLOS confirmed that the full Tribunal—not just its Seabed Disputes Chamber—has jurisdiction to render advisory opinions, a matter of controversy that had previously been untested. The Tribunal also held that under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or Convention), flag states have a “due diligence” obligation to ensure that vessels flying their flag do not engage in IUU fishing activities, and that the flag state may be held liable if that obligation of due diligence is breached. In addition, the Tribunal clarified that where fisheries competence has been transferred from a state to an international organization, it is the organization, not the flag state, that may face liability for a failure to have taken adequate measures to prevent IUU fishing. Finally, the Tribunal confirmed that coastal states have a duty to consult and cooperate with each other in the sustainable management of shared stocks and highly migratory species.
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Stary, Victoria, Ram Vinay Pandey, Johanna Strobl, et al. "A discrete subset of epigenetically primed human NK cells mediates antigen-specific immune responses." Science Immunology 5, no. 52 (2020): eaba6232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aba6232.
Full textAbstract:
Adaptive features of natural killer (NK) cells have been reported in various species with different underlying mechanisms. It is unclear, however, which NK cell populations are capable of mounting antigen-specific recall responses and how such functions are regulated at the molecular level. Here, we identify and characterize a discrete population of CD49a+CD16− NK cells in the human liver that displays increased epigenetic potential to elicit memory responses and has the functional properties to exert antigen-specific immunity in the skin as an effector site. Integrated chromatin-based epigenetic and transcriptomic profiling revealed unique characteristics of hepatic CD49a+CD16− NK cells when compared with conventional CD49a−CD16+ NK cells, thereby defining active genomic regions and molecules underpinning distinct NK cell reactivity. In contrast to conventional NK cells, our results suggest that adaptive CD49a+CD16− NK cells are able to bypass the KIR receptor-ligand system upon antigen-specific stimulation. Furthermore, these cells were highly migratory toward chemokine gradients expressed in epicutaneous patch test lesions as an effector site of adaptive immune responses in the skin. These results define pathways operative in human antigen-specific adaptive NK cells and provide a roadmap for harnessing this NK cell subset for specific therapeutic or prophylactic vaccine strategies.
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Wąs-Barcz, Anna, Rafał Bernaś, and Roman Wenne. "The genetic approach for assessing sea trout stock enhancement efficiency – An example from the Vistula River." Archives of Polish Fisheries 25, no. 2 (2017): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2017-0007.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMany countries in the Baltic Sea basin have initiated enhancement programs for Baltic migratory sea trout,Salmo truttaL., to compensate for losses stemming from anthropogenic pressure that has resulted in the declining population abundance of this species. Regular stock enhancement has been conducted in Poland since the 1960s. Currently, over one million sea trout smolts are released into Polish rivers annually. In most Baltic countries, including Poland, stock enhancement depends on hatcheries producing material using spawners caught in native rivers. However, increasing difficulty obtaining spawners in recent years in Poland has meant that stock enhancement performed in the Vistula has been done largely with material obtained from broodstocks. Simultaneously, there is a lack of information regarding the proportion of wild and cultured sea trout in this river basin. This paper is a review of methods applied to identify individuals from natural and artificial sea trout spawning in rivers, and it proposes using genetic techniques as an alternative to traditional marking methods. A set of 13 microsatellite loci are proposed that are characterized by high selectivity. Using negative controls while simulating the assignment of parental pairs revealed that the number of loci in the set was highly significant and should not be reduced. This method could be useful in the proposed assessment of the proportions of wild and cultured fish in Polish rivers.
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Ford, W. Mark, Eric R. Britzke, Christopher A. Dobony, Jane L. Rodrigue, and Joshua B. Johnson. "Patterns of Acoustical Activity of Bats Prior to and Following White-Nose Syndrome Occurrence." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2, no. 2 (2011): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/042011-jfwm-027.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract White-nose Syndrome (WNS), a wildlife health concern that has decimated cave-hibernating bat populations in eastern North America since 2006, began affecting source-caves for summer bat populations at Fort Drum, a U.S. Army installation in New York in the winter of 2007–2008. As regional die-offs of bats became evident, and Fort Drum's known populations began showing declines, we examined whether WNS-induced change in abundance patterns and seasonal timing of bat activity could be quantified using acoustical surveys, 2003–2010, at structurally uncluttered riparian–water habitats (i.e., streams, ponds, and wet meadows). As predicted, we observed significant declines in overall summer activity between pre-WNS and post-WNS years for little brown bats Myotis lucifugus, northern bats M. septentrionalis, and Indiana bats M. sodalis. We did not observe any significant change in activity patterns between pre-WNS and post-WNS years for big brown bats Eptesicus fuscus, eastern red bats Lasiurus borealis, or the small number of tri-colored bats Perimyotis subflavus. Activity of silver-haired bats Lasionycteris noctivagans increased from pre-WNS to post-WNS years. Activity levels of hoary bats Lasiurus cinereus significantly declined between pre- and post-WNS years. As a nonhibernating, migratory species, hoary bat declines might be correlated with wind-energy development impacts occurring in the same time frame rather than WNS. Intraseason activity patterns also were affected by WNS, though the results were highly variable among species. Little brown bats showed an overall increase in activity from early to late summer pre-WNS, presumably due to detections of newly volant young added to the local population. However, the opposite occurred post-WNS, indicating that reproduction among surviving little brown bats may be declining. Our data suggest that acoustical monitoring during the summer season can provide insights into species' relative abundance on the landscape as affected by the occurrence of WNS.
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Brown, Charles R., and Mary Bomberger Brown. "Ectoparasitism shortens the breeding season in a colonial bird." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 2 (2015): 140508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140508.
Full textAbstract:
When blood-feeding parasites increase seasonally, their deleterious effects may prevent some host species, especially those living in large groups where parasites are numerous, from reproducing later in the summer. Yet the role of parasites in regulating the length of a host's breeding season—and thus the host's opportunity for multiple brooding—has not been systematically investigated. The highly colonial cliff swallow ( Petrochelidon pyrrhonota ), a temperate-latitude migratory songbird in the western Great Plains, USA, typically has a relatively short (eight to nine week) breeding season, with birds rarely nesting late in the summer. Colonies at which ectoparasitic swallow bugs ( Oeciacus vicarius ) were experimentally removed by fumigation were over 45 times more likely to have birds undertake a second round of nesting than were colonies exposed to parasites. Late nesting approximately doubled the length of the breeding season, with some birds raising two broods. Over a 27 year period the percentage of birds engaging in late nesting each year increased at a colony site where parasites were removed annually. This trend could not be explained by changes in group size, climate or nesting phenology during the study. The results suggest that ectoparasitism shortens the cliff swallow's breeding season and probably prevents many individuals from multiple brooding. When this constraint is removed, selection may rapidly favour late nesting.
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Bergin, Anthony. "Conservation and management of highly migratory species." Ocean & Coastal Management 24, no. 2 (1994): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(94)90028-0.
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