Journal articles: 'Highway on-ramp'

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Liu, Haobing, Shuyang Zhang, Guojun Chen, and Qian Gao. "Observed Characteristics and Modeled Emissions of Transit Buses on Ramps." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072770.

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On-ramps and off-ramps that serve as connections between high-speed facilities and arterials are potential hotspots for vehicle emissions. The engine load associated with grade and acceleration on uphill ramps can lead to significant emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) over a short distance. This study explores transit bus operations and emissions at ramps using Global Positioning System (GPS) data collected from Detroit transit buses. Ramp-associated operating data are extracted from the vehicle traces using ArcGIS and assigned to the applicable United States Environmental Protection Agency’s emission rates, i.e., EPA’s Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES). The results show that transit bus emission rates for on-ramp operations at 40 mph (64.37 km/h) are about double the average emission rate on the MOVES highway cycles. For lower on-ramp speeds (< 64.37 km/h), as average speeds decrease, on-ramp emission rates drop roughly to the highway emission rates given the less aggressive acceleration noted in the data. Off-ramp emission rates are approximately half of the highway emission rates. The study also finds that post-ramp acceleration, right after buses enter the highway from the on-ramp, contributes to high emissions, because of the high-speed and high-power operations. This is true for the loop on-ramp, where the bus emission rate after entering the highway is higher than the emissions associated with driving on the ramp. On-ramp emissions are found to vary across a wide range of conditions, indicating that further study and more data are needed to explore the overall impacts of on-ramp and post-ramp activity in emissions modeling. A sensitivity analysis of ramp grade effect on emission indicates that ramp grade should be specifically considered in project-level analyses. The research results are useful for understanding ramp driving characteristics, the potential impacts of ramp grade on emissions, and the ramp hotspot analysis.

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Chiang, Tung-Chien, and Wen-June Wang. "Highway on-ramp Control using Fuzzy Decision Making." Journal of Vibration and Control 17, no. 2 (August 23, 2010): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546309349854.

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Wang, Qiao-Ming, Rui Jiang, Xiao-Yan Sun, and Bing-Hong Wang. "Assigning on-ramp flows to maximize highway capacity." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 388, no. 18 (September 2009): 3931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2009.05.030.

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Xiao, Jinjian, Yubo Weng, and Yingna Xie. "Highway Ramp Radius Effects on Driving Safety Cognition." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 428 (January 17, 2020): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/428/1/012079.

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Liu, Yugang, Hongbo Yi, Jiali Li, Bin Chen, and Hongtai Yang. "Design and Control Method of Switchable On- or Off-Ramp for Urban Highway." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (September 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7375416.

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High volume of traffic is loaded on urban highway during peak hours as well as the ramp connecting main road and auxiliary road of highway. Once the demand exceeds the capacity of the ramp, congestion may happen on both main road and the auxiliary road. To deal with this problem, an new urban highway ramp, switchable ramp (SR) that can switch between on and off condition, is proposed in this paper. A macroscopic time-space discrete model is built in this paper to model this process by dividing the studied time period into short time periods and the studied road segment into small sections. The impact of the type of ramp on upstream and downstream traffic flow is analyzed. A segment of urban highway in Chengdu, China, is used as a case study. The traffic flow data in peak hours is collected and used. Mathematical analysis proves that the SR system proposed in this paper can reduce the total travel time (TTT) in the studied area. Results show that the SR system is more useful when the traffic volume is high.

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Wang, Huanjie, Shihua Yuan, Mengyu Guo, Xueyuan Li, and Wei Lan. "A deep reinforcement learning-based approach for autonomous driving in highway on-ramp merge." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 10-11 (February 24, 2021): 2726–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407021999480.

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In this paper, we focus on the problem of highway merge via parallel-type on-ramp for autonomous vehicles (AVs) in a decentralized non-cooperative way. This problem is challenging because of the highly dynamic and complex road environments. A deep reinforcement learning-based approach is proposed. The kernel of this approach is a Deep Q-Network (DQN) that takes dynamic traffic state as input and outputs actions including longitudinal acceleration (or deceleration) and lane merge. The total reward for this on-ramp merge problem consists of three parts, which are the merge success reward, the merge safety reward, and the merge efficiency reward. For model training and testing, we construct a highway on-ramp merging simulation experiments with realistic driving parameters. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can make reasonable merging decisions based on the observation of the traffic environment. We also compare our approach with a state-of-the-art approach and the superior performance of our approach is demonstrated by making challenging merging decisions in complex highway parallel-type on-ramp merging scenarios.

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Poots, Jerry F. "Bumps on the entrance ramp to the information highway." Postgraduate Medicine 99, no. 6 (June 1996): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1996.11946135.

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Lee, Ha Youn, Hyun-Woo Lee, and Doochul Kim. "Traffic states of a model highway with on-ramp." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 281, no. 1-4 (June 2000): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(00)00021-2.

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Mufhidin, Amar, and Eviani Subiastuti. "Traffic Analysis Due To Development on Off Ramp Becakayu Highway." IJTI (International Journal of Transportation and Infrastructure) 4, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijti.v4i1.1163.

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The kalimalang highway is a connecting road between the city of Jakarta and Bekasi, the high mobility of passenger vehicles and goods is a problem of congestion that must be minimized. The volume of vehicles on the Kalimalang highway has increased quite high each year, but this has not been matched by growth in capacity. Therefore the government plants to build the Becakayu toll road to reduce congestion. This study aims to determine bottlenecks that occur due to the construction of an off-ramp on the Becakayu toll road, especially in section 2A, which is located on Jl. Veteran, while the location under review is the intersections affected by the construction of the off-ramp including the intersection of four signaling BCP, intersection of four signaling Veteran and Sarbini unsigned intersection, Data analysis in this study uses the MKJI 1997 method. From this method displays the behavior of traffic, for signal intersections will display signal time, capacity, vehicle stopped ratio, queue length, and average delay and for unsignalized intersections will display capacity, average delay and queue opportunity. From the results of this study it was found that the signaled intersection had an average value of DS > 1, so for the service level at the intersection is the current forced / jammed with low speed. Where the largest queue length occurred 1876.7 m, an average delay of 210.30 SMP/ sec, and vehicles stopped at an average of 7378 SMP/hour. And for unsignalized intersections having an average DS <0.45, the service level at the intersection is a stable flow with operating speed starting to be limited by traffic conditions, this intersection has the greatest queue probability (QP%) 8.48-20.35 in the Saturday time period - afternoon and intersection delay 9.5 SMP / sec.

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Du, Chuanhong, Licai Liu, Shuaishuai Shi, and Jiao An. "Prediction of Traffic Flow on Highway Ramp in Scenic Area." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1646 (September 2020): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1646/1/012057.

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Aghdashi, Seyedbehzad, Joy Davis, Thomas Chase, and Chris Cunningham. "Modeling and Validating Traffic Responsive Ramp Metering in the Highway Capacity Manual Context." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 12 (September 30, 2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120949533.

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This paper presents a methodology for modeling traffic responsive (or adaptive) ramp metering in the freeway facilities method based on the sixth edition of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM6). Currently, the HCM only provides an option to meter on-ramps as user input using 15-min average flow rates with a focus on planning-level analyses. As a result, the possibilities for simulating and modeling ramp meters with any traffic responsive ramp metering algorithm in the HCM context are limited. Moreover, the freeway facilities methodology in the HCM plays a vital role in the analysis of travel time reliability, which is built on a set of operational scenarios. However, with the lack of traffic responsive ramp metering, analysts are burdened with the task of manually entering average effective ramp metering rates for each on-ramp within the set of reliability scenarios. This process can require a substantial amount of time, in addition to increasing the potential for inaccuracy and bias in freeway and performance measure estimations. As a result, this paper is designed to fill a significant research gap by providing a method for analyzing traffic responsive (or adaptive) ramp metering, an active traffic and demand management strategy, using the core freeway facilities methodology in the HCM. The direct application of the method focuses on the MaxView metering algorithm. However, the proposed framework can be used to model any traffic responsive ramp metering algorithm. The results are validated using real-world sites located on the I-540 westbound freeway corridor in North Carolina.

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Pribyl, Ondrej, Milan Koukol, and Jana Kuklova. "Computational Intelligence in Highway Management: A Review." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 27, no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v27i5.1667.

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Highway management systems are used to improve safety and driving comfort on highways by using control strategies and providing information and warnings to drivers. They use several strategies starting from speed and lane management, through incident detection and warning systems, ramp metering, weather information up to, for example, informing drivers about alternative roads. This paper provides a review of the existing approaches to highway management systems, particularly speed harmonization and ramp metering. It is focused only on modern and advanced approaches, such as soft computing, multi-agent methods and their interconnection. Its objective is to provide guidance in the wide field of highway management and to point out the most relevant recent activities which demonstrate that development in the field of highway management is still important and that the existing research exhibits potential for further enhancement.

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Li, Honghai, and Rongjian Dai. "The merging control method of on-ramp vehicles based on cooperative vehicle infrastructure system for highway entering ramp." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 688 (December 6, 2019): 044057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/688/4/044057.

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Chen, Jing, Lan Lin, and Rui Jiang. "Assigning on-ramp flows to maximize capacity of highway with two on-ramps and one off-ramp in between." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 465 (January 2017): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.08.053.

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Rohde, P. P., and J. P. Dowling. "The on-ramp to the all-optical quantum information processing highway." Science 349, no. 6249 (August 13, 2015): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7250.

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Sun, Jia Feng, Ning Yang, Juan Li, Jing Qiao, and Jian Gang Qiao. "Research on Interchange Ramp Circular Curve Radius Based on Land-Saving Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 4109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.4109.

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As an important part of expressway, interchange has space multi-layer structure form and function of stereoscopic transportation steering, which transforms traffic flow, combs and controls traffic. At present the overpass occupies excessive land and large-scale project, which is serious waste of land resources. Under the premise of ensuring road capacity and traffic safety, in order to save land resource, based on Traffic Engineering, Psychology and other theory, the paper used the method of combination of computer simulation and field experiment, that’s through simulation of a driving simulator cabin got the tensity threshold of driver’s psychological and physiological reaction. Field tests were carried on about cars and drivers on the 68 expressway interchanges in Liaoning and Hubei province by using MC5600, dynamic driver heart physiological tester and other equipments. In addition, the paper surveyed the speed of the vehicle on the road and drivers’ psychological and physiological reaction, constructed mathematical model of driver tensity through analyzing feature point velocity and law of drivers’ psychological and physiological reaction, put forward suggested value of land-saving ramp circular curve radius ensuring traffic safety and service level from the point of speed consistency and driver tensity, which would make expressway interchange design meet the concept of economical highway. Therefore, the paper ensures the quality of highway geometric design as well as improves the effectiveness of highway construction and operation.

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Zine el Abidine, Kherroubi, Aknine Samir, and Bacha Rebiha. "A Dynamic Bayesian Network Based Merge Mechanism for Autonomous Vehicles." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 9953–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019953.

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This work explores the design of a central collaborative driving strategy between connected cars with the objective of improving road safety in case of highway on-ramp merging scenario. Based on a suitable method for predicting vehicle motion and behavior for a central collaborative strategy, a dynamic Bayesian network method that predicts the intention of drivers in highway on-ramp is proposed. The method was validated using real data of detailed vehicle trajectories on a segment of interstate 80 in Emeryville, California.

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Brewer, Marcus A., and Jayson Stibbe. "Investigation of Design Speed Characteristics on Freeway Ramps using SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 3 (January 13, 2019): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118823515.

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Freeway ramp design guidance has existed in the United States for many decades, coinciding with the advent of the nation’s freeway network and the Interstate Highway system. Some principles associated with ramp design are largely unchanged since their inception, and a review of those principles in the context of today’s drivers and vehicles is beneficial for identifying potential updates to existing guidance. The process of collecting the necessary data may consist of a variety of methods, each with limitations on the number of ramps, vehicles, and trips that can be studied. A current research project is exploring the feasibility of using data from the Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) to identify relationships between ramp design speed characteristics and drivers’ choices of operating speeds on those ramps. The NDS data provides a dataset that is unprecedented in its size and detail, but its suitability for this type of analysis is largely unknown. This paper summarizes the activities and findings of the current research project, including basic models for estimating vehicle speeds on freeway ramps based on the NDS data; these models may be used in conjunction with other ongoing related research efforts to suggest material for potential updates to existing ramp design guidance.

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Kherroubi, Zine El Abidine, Samir Aknine, and Rebiha Bacha. "New Off-Board Solution for Predicting Vehicles' Intentions in the Highway On-Ramp Using Probabilistic Classifiers (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 10 (April 3, 2020): 13841–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i10.7193.

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Kim, Tae-Heon, Chang-Gyun Roh, Won-Gil Kim, and Bong-Soo Son. "Analysis on Propagation of Highway Traffic Flow Turbulence at Entrance-Ramp Junctions." Journal of the Korean Society of Road Engineers 14, no. 2 (April 15, 2012): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7855/ijhe.2012.14.2.109.

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Belitsky, Vladimir, Nevena Marić, and Gunter M. Schütz. "Phase transitions in a cellular automaton model of a highway on-ramp." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 40, no. 37 (August 29, 2007): 11221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/40/37/002.

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Mei Chao-Qun, Huang Hai-Jun, and Tang Tie-Qiao. "A cellular automaton model for studying the on-ramp control of highway." Acta Physica Sinica 57, no. 8 (2008): 4786. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.57.4786.

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Savard, Marc, Marc-André Careau, and Alain Drouin. "Experimental study on the dynamic effects caused by vehicular traffic on a ferry boarding ramp." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l01-069.

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This article presents some of the results obtained during a load test conducted on a ferry boarding ramp operated by the Société des traversiers du Québec. The measurements highlight the sensitivity of these structures to the dynamic effects caused by two heavy vehicles. Since the dynamic behaviour of highway bridges is affected by parameters different from those that affect ferry boarding ramps, the article presents a reflection on the dynamic load allowance suitable for the evaluation or design of this latter type of structure.Key words: boarding ramp, bridge, dynamic amplification factor, design codes.

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MORICHI, Shigeru, and Tetsuo SHIMIZU. "A Study on the Real-time Ramp Control Method in Urban Highway Network." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 13 (1996): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.13.915.

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HUA, WEI, FENG-YAN ZHOU, and JIAN-HUA CHEN. "THE EFFECTS OF OFFSETTING AND WEDGING CELL LATTICES IN THE ON-RAMP SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics C 20, no. 07 (July 2009): 1039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183109014175.

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On-ramp is generally regarded as one of the key bottlenecks along the highway. In the present paper, three different merging relationships between on-ramp and main lane are analyzed and presented. The first case parallels each cellular position of accelerating lane to that of main lane. In the second case, each cell of accelerating lane keeps half cell ahead. The third case wedges each cell of accelerating lane into cells of main lane from 1/4 overlap to all. Based on a cellular automaton model, the simulations have been done to demonstrate how vehicles from on-ramp affect the traffic flow moving on main road under the above three different cases. The results show that driver behavior under the third case is closer to the real traffic situation in China, where an on-ramp car finds it hard to merge into main lane with the same velocity. All three phase diagrams show the complex phase transitions, but this reflects the degree of the stochastic nature of traffic flow in reality.

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Stoll, Tanja, Lucas Weihrauch, and Martin Baumann. "After you: Merging at Highway On-Ramps." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641266.

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Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication offer new possibilities for cooperatively interactive driving. It enables vehicles to carry out maneuvers cooperatively with other vehicles. However, these maneuvers have to be predictable and understandable to a human driver to prevent the driver from intervening with the automation. In a video-based study, we investigated potential influencing factors on the willingness to behave cooperatively in an on-ramp situation on a highway: the situation’s criticality for the lane-changing vehicle, the way the intention to change the lane was indicated and the scope of action. Moreover, we asked participants to rate their perceived criticality. Participants preferred to change lanes to the left or decelerate to let the other vehicle merge in front of them. If a lane change was not possible, participants rated the situation as more critical. These results are useful for the developing process of human-machine interfaces for cooperatively interacting vehicles.

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Guo, Yong Qing. "The Relationship between Freeway Safety and Geometric Design Elements." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.215.

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This paper mainly quantifies the safety effects of ramp spacing, and other geometric design elements of highway facilities. Negative Binomial (NB) regression models have been applied to estimate of different accident types, including total crashes, fatal-plus-injury crashes, single-vehicle crashes and multiple-vehicle crashes. Data for model estimation was collected in 112 freeway segments where each entrance ramp is followed by an exit ramp on I-5 in the Washington State, US. Three years (2005-2007) of freeway crashes has been examined by the NB model. The modeling results have been geared into the development of accident modification factors (AMFs) for ramp spacing that can be used safety prediction of freeways. Furthermore, the results also suggest some geometric designs are recommended to improve freeway safety

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Amy, Lori E. "Speed-bumps on the on-ramp to the information highway: Going online at average U." Internet and Higher Education 1, no. 4 (January 1998): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-7516(99)80161-4.

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Eads, Brian S., Nagui M. Rouphail, Adolf D. May, and Fred Hall. "Freeway Facility Methodology in Highway Capacity Manual 2000." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1710, no. 1 (January 2000): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1710-20.

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The next edition of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2000) will contain for the first time an operational analysis procedure for directional freeway facilities up to 20 to 25 km long. At the simplest level, this procedure integrates the proposed HCM 2000 methods for the analysis of basic, ramp, and weaving segments to enable the analysis of an entire facility. But the proposed facility methodology goes much further. It allows the user to analyze multiple, contiguous time intervals with timevarying demands and capacities. It can handle both undersaturated and oversaturated traffic conditions (with some limitations). In the latter case, both the spatial and time extent of congestion are estimated. Finally, the method permits the investigation of the effect of many traditional and intelligent transportation system–based freeway improvement strategies such as full or auxiliary lane additions, ramp metering, incident management, and a limited set of high-occupancy-vehicle designs on facility performance. Described here is the conceptual model for and computational steps of the methodology, with emphasis on the components for analysis of oversaturated conditions. The scope and limitations of the methods are also highlighted. Reference is given to a companion paper that describes how the results of the method were validated in the field and how they compared with those obtained from widely used freeway simulation models.

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Kerner, Boris S. "Empirical Features of Congested Patterns at Highway Bottlenecks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1802, no. 1 (January 2002): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1802-17.

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An empirical study was undertaken of congested patterns at highway bottlenecks. On the basis of statistical data it was found that the spatialtemporal structure of congested patterns possesses some predictable features. From these features a classification of congested patterns was made. It was found that the most frequently observed congested pattern is the general pattern (GP). In GP synchronized flow occurs upstream of a bottleneck and wide moving jams spontaneously emerge in that synchronized flow. Capacity in free flow can be about twice as high as capacity in congested traffic upstream of the on-ramp if the GP has formed.

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Walker, Jonathan B., and Kevin Heaslip. "A Low-Cost Real-World Planning Strategy for Deploying a Dedicated Short-Range Communications Roadside Unit on a Highway Off-Ramp." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 19 (July 31, 2018): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118776813.

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The deployment of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) roadside units (RSUs) allows a connected or automated vehicle to acquire information from the surrounding environment, such as a traffic light’s signal phase and timing, using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. Several scholarly papers exist on planning strategies for DSRC RSU deployments using simulation without accounting for wireless communication constraints and environmental changes. This paper proposes an empirical-based planning strategy for a highway off-ramp in a real-world environment. The research goal focuses on developing a low-cost and structured deployment plan for DSRC RSUs with the following objectives: use free planning tools; apply the deployment strategy in a real-world environment; utilize publicly available DSRC RSU data measurements; and leverage existing intelligent transportation systems infrastructure when possible. The proposed planning strategy includes three steps: (1) conduct a virtual site survey, (2) gather baseline performance data for the DSRC RSU equipment, and (3) generate a predictive radio frequency signal. The planning strategy was successfully applied on a highway off-ramp at exit 19A of the Capital Beltway, which encircles Washington, DC.

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Kikuchi, Shinya, and Mitsuru Tanaka. "Estimating an Origin-Destination Table Under Repeated Counts of In-Out Volumes at Highway Ramps: Use of Artificial Neural Networks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1739, no. 1 (January 2000): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1739-08.

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A method is proposed that applies an artificial neural network model to estimate an origin-destination (O-D) matrix for a freeway network for which the data on inflow and outflow at the ramps are gathered regularly. This problem is the same as estimating the elements of an O-D table, given that many sets of data about the right-hand column total (trip production) and the bottom row total (trip attraction) are available. A neural network model is developed to emulate the stimulusresponse process on the freeway traffic, in which the stimulus is the inflow at the entrance ramps and the response the outflow at the exit ramps. After the neural network of a particular structure is trained by many sets of data (e.g., sets of daily volumes), the weights of the neural network are found to represent the ramp-to-ramp volume expressed in the proportion of the in-flow at the corresponding ramps. The model is applied to estimate a ramp-to-ramp O-D table for the Tokyo expressway network. The result is compared with the actual O-D table obtained from a survey. The model is found to be useful not only for estimating the O-D volume with much less data than for the traditional method, but also for verifying the existence of a pattern in the traffic flow.

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Albanese, Marina, Roberto Camus, and Giovanni Longo. "Capacity and Queue Modeling for On-Ramp–Freeway Junctions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1852, no. 1 (January 2003): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1852-31.

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With reference to the procedure in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000 for estimation of measures of effectiveness, a model is proposed to estimate merge-area capacity and to predict traffic dynamics and queue evolution for on-ramp–freeway junctions. The aims of the study are to analyze the behavior of flows within the merge area and to propose a methodology to dynamically estimate the capacity of both ramp and main line according to inflow patterns and to develop a mesoscopic model of merge facilities that allows the prediction of merge-area traffic outflow according to inflow patterns and to estimate traffic queue dynamics. The most relevant finding of the study is a methodology for estimation of the capacity of the merge area referred separately to both the main line and the ramp. The proposed approach could be considered as a link between the HCM hypotheses and those of gap-acceptance theory; the capacity of the competitive streams within the merge area depends on the opposing traffic volumes. The model gives information about traffic flows and queue dynamics (including total delay and maximum queue length). The first results of the application to a case study are briefly discussed, and some further developments are suggested.

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Mekky, Ali. "Evaluation of Two Tolling Strategies for Highway 407 in Toronto." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1649, no. 1 (January 1998): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1649-03.

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Two tolling strategies were recently suggested for Highway 407 in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The GTA is one of the fastest growing urban areas in North America with a population of about 5 million. Highway 407, a six-/four-lane freeway, has been considered for many years as a relief for Highway 401—the busiest highway in North America, used by more than a million vehicles per day. Highway 407 is being planned and constructed as a toll highway. The first strategy investigated is to encourage long distance travelers to use Highway 407 by reducing the toll rate from CD$0.075/km to $0.06/km after the first 10 km. This is modeled by using multiclass trip assignment with generalized cost. Aside from the class of drivers who are not going to use the highway for various personal reasons, there are two main classes of drivers—namely, drivers who travel 10 km or more, and those who travel less than 10 km. The second strategy investigated is to put extra tolls on Highway 407 ramps connecting the highway with widened Highways 427, 400, and 404. The purpose of the second strategy is to recover the cost of widening these highways near Highway 407 through ramp toll revenues. The GTA mathematical model, within the EMME/2 environment, and the evaluation process used are described. Evaluation results are discussed.

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Lagerev, Roman, Denis Kapski, Marija Burinskienė, and Andrius Barauskas. "REDUCING A POSSIBILITY OF TRANSPORT CONGESTION ON FREEWAYS USING RAMP CONTROL MANAGEMENT." Transport 32, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2017.1336643.

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Merge junctions are the key elements in the freeway system, as they are likely to function as bottlenecks. Investigations into breakdown occurrence at ramp junctions have demonstrated that when the groups of several vehicles following each other enter the freeway from the ramp, they are expected to create ‘turbulence’ resulting from lane changes, decelerations of vehicles on the mainline and inevitably by the cars merging from the on-ramp. This turbulence can lead to breakdown when the level of mainline demand is adequately high. In other words, the impact of a ramp vehicle on capacity is higher than that of a mainline vehicle, which indicates that a part of vehicles will simultaneously occupy two lanes during the process of changing them thus momentarily decreasing the capacity of the link. This feature becomes particularly important near bottlenecks where it might reduce the already limited throughput. The article introduces the main approaches, methodology, principles and stages of transport demand management on freeways that are aimed at improving the operation quality of transport facilities, including road safety. The technique allows evaluating and optimizing a Ramp-Metering (RM) concept from the viewpoint of minimizing the length of queues on ramps and a possibility of transport congestion. The proposed algorithm estimates the probability of starting congestion formation on the ramp using objective information on traffic conditions in each segment of the highway, which is based on the criterion for vehicle density on the lane. The last chapter shows the examples of traffic flow optimization on Western bypass ramps in Vilnius comparing two strategies for access control management using one or several vehicles per lane. Conclusions, trends and work on future investigations are presented at the end of the article.

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Meng, Lian, Zhang Zhiwei, Gao Jian qiang, and Jin Yuanyuan. "Study on the minimum distance between three lane ramp continuous exits of stereoscopic structure highway." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1972, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1972/1/012068.

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Elefteriadou, Lily, Clara Fang, Roger Roess, and Elena Prassas. "Methodology for Evaluating the Operational Performance of Interchange Ramp Terminals." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1920, no. 1 (January 2005): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192000102.

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Interchange ramp terminals are critical components of the highway network. They provide the connection between various highway facilities (e.g., freeway–arterial and arterial–arterial), and their safe and efficient operation is essential. The objective of this research was to develop improved methods for capacity and quality-of-service analysis of interchange ramp terminals. The research focuses on at-grade intersections but not on the freeway proper. All geometric configurations and interchange types except trumpet interchanges are considered, and the scope of the research includes only signalized interchanges and not “Stop” sign–controlled interchanges and roundabouts. The development of the analytical methodology is primarily based on simulation. The reason for using simulation is that adequate samples of field data are not available, and it is prohibitively expensive to collect them for all types of interchange configurations. The research team assessed several simulation models that were identified as capable of simulating all types of interchange ramp terminals and selected the most appropriate one for model development. Once a simulation model was selected, a variety of interchange configurations were simulated, and selected measures of effectiveness were obtained. Analytical models were developed on the basis of the results of simulation to predict different measures, such as average control delay, volume-to-capacity ratio, and queue-to-storage ratio, for a variety of design and traffic control characteristics.

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Nešić, Miladin, Dušan Mladenović, Mirjana Ilić, Ivana Andrijanić, Mirko Koković, and Momir Kočović. "Implementation of modern tools for the improvement of the road infrastructure on the Trans-European road network – road safety inspection (RSI)." Put i saobraćaj 65, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.65.02.08.

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The European Directive on the Road Infrastructure Safety Improvement (2008/96/EC) has established the implementation of appropriate procedures as the basic tools for improving the road infrastructure on the trans-European road network. The Law on Roads (2018) prescribes the implementation of the following procedures: Road safety impact assessment; Road safety audit; Road safety inspection; Risk mapping; Black spot identification; and In depth road accident studies. The Law on Roads also prescribes that the Minister will prescribe the manner of implementation and the contents of the Evaluation, Audit and Independent Assessment reports, as well as the manner of determining the major risk portions and the identification and ranking of hazardous sites (black spots). Since the method of implementation and the content of the report are not yet prescribed, the authors contributed in this paper to defining the manner of implementation and content of the traffic safety report on the example of the section of the highway, as the highest category of state road. In the framework of the training of auditors and auditors, among others, a pilot project was carried out for the safety of traffic on the part of the E-75 (A1) highway, about 2,7 km ahead of the Mali Požarevac loop, including the loop. The verified part of the highway also includes a ramp with a toll ramp, service facility, overpass, bridge, etc., so the selected checked part is representative for defining a recommendation for the mode of implementation and the model for the preparation of the report.

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Torbic, Darren J., and Marcus A. Brewer. "Enhanced Design Guidelines for Interchange Loop Ramps." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 39 (May 22, 2018): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758394.

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The objective of this research was to develop improved design guidance for interchange loop ramps. Despite their long use, there is little research on the design, safety, and operational characteristics of loop ramps. An observational field study was conducted to investigate the relationship between speed and lane position of vehicles and design elements of the ramp proper, and differences in performance between single-lane and multi-lane loop ramps. An assessment was also undertaken to determine how well crash prediction methods in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) represent the safety performance of two ramp types with distinctly different geometrics: loop and diamond ramps. Based on the research results, recommendations regarding the design of the loop ramp proper, applicable at service interchanges are as follows: (a) for a given radius and design speed, recommended lane and shoulder widths for loop ramps are provided that are expected to induce speeds at or below the ramp design speed, result in similar levels of safety, and encourage drivers to stay within their intended travel lane; (b) regarding multi-lane loop ramps, outside lane widths of 12 ft for entrance ramps and 14 ft for exit ramps are sufficient to accommodate traffic comprised primarily of passenger vehicles, but if the outside lane is expected to accommodate moderate to high volumes of trucks, the outside lane width should be increased; and (c) when implementing the HSM ramp crash prediction methodology, calibration factors should be calculated separately for diamond and loop ramps.

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Arora, Karan, Saeid Saidi, Bidoura Khondaker, and Lina Kattan. "Derivation of Van Aerde Traffic Stream Model and Studying the Effect of Ramp Metering." International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 15, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2015.1.2.01.

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With increase in population, demand for traffic is increasing tremendously. As a consequence congestion on urban freeways or highways during the morning and evening peak hours is always increasing. This research examines the traffic condition on Highway 2(i.e Deerfoot Trail), Calgary,Canada by providing ramp metering (funded by Government of Canada in Collaboration with MITACS Globalink Program). In order to accommodate increasing traffic demand, constructing new highways and adding lanes is not always the best option. Instead proper management of transportation system can help in increasing its efficiency. It is therefore important to increase our understanding of traffic flow models to help estimating the efficiency of different road facilities and therefore prepare us to make enlightened decisions in the design process of new road facilities or improving older ones.

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Smith, J. A., M. Sievers, S. Huang, and S. L. Yu. "Occurrence and phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban storm-water runoff." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2000): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0407.

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A total of 42 storm-water overland-flow samples were collected from four sampling sites (a highway off-ramp, a gas station, and a low- and high-traffic-volume parking lot). For each sample, the suspended-sediment and water phases were separated and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The gas station site produced the highest total PAH loading (2.24 g/yr/m2), followed by the high-traffic-volume parking lot (5.56 X 10-2 g/yr/m2), the highway off-ramp (5.20 × 10-2 g/yr/m2), and the low-traffic-volume parking lot (3.23 × 10-2 g/yr/m2). In several samples, one or more PAHs were detected in the aqueous phase at concentrations above its aqueous solubility. This result suggests the presence of colloidal-size particles capable of sorbing PAHs to an appreciable extent, or the presence of an oil-and-grease microemulsion. Based on rainfall and PAH data from seven discrete storm events, PAH concentrations were usually highest during the “first flush” of storm-water runoff and tapered off rapidly as time progressed. It is apparent from these analyses that storm-water runoff from parking lots, highways, and gas stations is a significant source of PAHs to the environment. Because some of the PAHs are carcinogens or suspected carcinogens, best management practices such as oil/grit separators should be implemented at “hot spots” in urban areas to mitigate potential PAH pollution.

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Al-Kaisy, A., J. A. Stewart, and M. Van Aerde. "A simulation approach for examining capacity and operational performance at freeway diverge areas." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 760–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-038.

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Freeway diverge areas, and particularly those in the proximity of exit ramps, are often viewed as potential bottlenecks in freeway operations. The existing diverge procedures within the 1994 and 1997 Highway Capacity Manual updates are limited in that they do not provide a direct estimate of freeway capacity nor do they model performance at oversaturated traffic conditions. Moreover, a parallel investigation on these procedures revealed some inconsistencies in predicting measures of performance at those critical areas. This paper describes the use of computer traffic simulation to explore the patterns of capacity and operational performance behaviour at these areas under the impact of some key geometric and traffic variables. For this purpose, the microscopic traffic simulation model INTEGRATION was selected to conduct an extensive experimental work on a typical ramp-freeway diverge section. Five control variables were investigated, namely, total upstream demand, off-ramp demand, length of deceleration lane, off-ramp free-flow speed, and number of lanes at mainline. The impact of upstream or downstream ramps is considered beyond the scope of this research. Except for off-ramp free-flow speed, the impact of other control variables on capacity and operational performance was shown to be significant. Also, the simulated trends of traffic behaviour showed considerable agreement with logic and expectations in light of the current state of knowledge on freeway operations.Key words: freeways, diverge, capacity, operations, traffic simulation.

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Sun, Jian, Kang Zuo, Shun Jiang, and Zuduo Zheng. "Modeling and Predicting Stochastic Merging Behaviors at Freeway On-Ramp Bottlenecks." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9308580.

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Merging behavior is inevitable at on-ramp bottlenecks and is a significant factor in triggering traffic breakdown. In modeling merging behaviors, the gap acceptance theory is generally used. Gap acceptance theory holds that when a gap is larger than the critical gap, the vehicle will merge into the mainline. In this study, however, analyses not only focus on the accepted gaps, but also take the rejected gaps into account, and the impact on merging behavior with multi-rejected (more than once rejecting behavior) gaps was investigated; it shows that the multi-rejected gaps have a great influence on the estimation of critical gap and merging prediction. Two empirical trajectory data sets were collected and analyzed: one at Yan’an Expressway in Shanghai, China, and the other at Highway 101 in Los Angeles, USA. The study made three main contributions. First, it gives the quantitative measurement of the rejected gap which is also a detailed description of non-merging event and investigated the characteristics of the multi-rejected gaps; second, taking the multi-rejected gaps into consideration, it further expanded the concept of the “critical gap” which can be a statistic one and the distribution function of merging probability with respect to such gaps was analyzed by means of survival analysis. This way could make the full use of multi-rejected gaps and accepted gaps and reduce the sample bias, thus estimating the critical gap accurately; finally, considering multi-rejected gaps, it created logistic regression models to predict merging behavior. These models were tested using field data, and satisfactory performances were obtained.

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Salehi, Najmeh, Julia Somers, and Benjamin Seibold. "Off-Ramp Coupling Conditions Devoid of Spurious Blocking and Re-Routing." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 20 (August 24, 2018): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118792997.

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When modeling vehicular traffic flow on highway networks via macroscopic models, suitable coupling conditions at the network nodes are crucial. Frequently, the evolution of traffic flow on each network edge is described in a lane-averaged fashion using a single-class Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model. At off-ramps, split ratios (i.e., what percentage of traffic exits the highway) are prescribed that can be drawn from historical data. In this situation, classic FIFO coupling conditions yield unrealistic results, in that a clogged off-ramp yields zero flux through the node. As a remedy, non-FIFO conditions have been proposed. However, as we demonstrate here, those lead to spurious re-routing of vehicles. A new coupling model, FIFO with queue (FIFOQ), is presented which preserves the desirable properties of non-FIFO models while not leading to any spurious re-routing.

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Li, Chao, and Yu Lan Wang. "Method of TER Location for High-Grade Highway Based on Fuzzy Rough Set." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1212.

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The location technology of Truck Escape Ramp(TER) is the important guarantee for fully developing the TER actions and ensuring operation safety of heavy vehicles on long-steep downgrade. In order to improve the precision of TER location, this paper thoroughly analyzed the influence factors of TER location from the view of traffic accidents statistical data, road conditions and vehicle status. Expounded the theory of fuzzy rough set. Put forward the method of highway TER location based on fuzzy rough set. Used this method to evaluate the running safety of the unit sections on the long-steep downgrade. Calculated the comprehensive safety index values of sample sections and made ones with high comprehensive safety index values as the candidate sections for TER. Determined the accurate positions of the TER based on comparison of the comprehensive safety index value of adjacent candidate sections. Setting effect shows that the TER position determined by the method are scientific and rational.

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Liu, Ke, and Li Hui Wang. "Earthquake Damage of Curved Highway Bridges in 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1571.

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The curved bridges suffered severe damages or even collapsed during 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake. A field survey of seismic performance of RC curved bridges was examined. Damage patterns and the probable causes of RC curved bridges including Baihua bridge and ramp bridge of Huilan interchange are presented and analyzed in this paper. The main failure was pure shear failure or shear-flexural failure of the pier columns. Bearings and expansion joints damage were another common failure pattern. Lesson learned from the damage of RC curved bridges in this earthquake, the recommendations on the seismic design of RC curved bridges are presented involving ductility of bridge columns, design of curved bridges, design of bearings and devices preventing girders falling down. Suggestions for the future seismic design and retrofitting of RC curved bridges are also presented in moderate to severe earthquake area.

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Hao, Wei, Zhaolei Zhang, Zhibo Gao, Kefu Yi, Li Liu, and Jie Wang. "Research on Mandatory Lane-Changing Behavior in Highway Weaving Sections." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (July 23, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3754062.

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As the accident-prone sections and bottlenecks, highway weaving sections will become more complicated when it comes to the mixed-traffic environments with connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) and human-driven vehicles (HVs). In order to make CAVs accurately identify the driving behavior of manual-human vehicles to avoid traffic accidents caused by lane changing, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of the mandatory lane-changing (MCL) process in the weaving area. An analytical MCL method based on the driver’s psychological characteristics is proposed in this study. Firstly, the driver’s MLC pressure concept was proposed by leading in the distance of the off-ramp. Then, the lane-changing intention was quantified by considering the driver’s MLC pressure and tendentiousness. Finally, based on the lane-changing intention and the headway distribution of the target lane, an MLC positions probability density model was proposed to describe the distribution characteristics of the lane-changing position. Through the NGSIM data verification, the lane-changing analysis models can objectively describe the vehicle lane-changing characteristics in the actual scenarios. Compared with the traditional lane-changing model, the proposed models are more interpretable and in line with the driving intention. The results show significant improvements in the lane-changing safe recognition of CAVs in heterogeneous traffic flow (both CAVs and HVs) in the future.

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Liu, Xingliang, Jinliang Xu, Yaping Dong, Han Ru, and Zhihao Duan. "Defining Highway Node Acceptance Capacity (HNAC): Theoretical Analysis and Data Simulation." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 15, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8939621.

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A new concept of Highway Node Acceptance Capacity (HNAC) is proposed in this paper inspired by a field data observation. To understand HNAC in microscopic view, boundary condition of successful merging is found using car-following behaviours and lane-changing rules, which could also explain traffic oscillations. In macroscopic view, linear positive relationship between HNAC and background traffic volume is obtained based on moving bottleneck. To determine the explicit form of the relationship, data simulation considering car-following behaviours and traffic flow theory is used. In the results, the synchronization phenomenon of oscillation in on-ramp (with respect to main road) and intersected road is found. The explicit equation of HNAC is determined based on standard deviation and correlation coefficient analysis, and also proved to be accurate with model validation, which is helpful in studies related to propagation mechanism of traffic emergencies on highway network.

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Rouphail, Nagui M., SangKey Kim, and Seyedbehzad Aghdashi. "Application of High-Resolution Vehicle Data for Free-Flow Speed Estimation." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2615, no. 1 (January 2017): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2615-12.

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The use of probe vehicle data for highway performance monitoring is increasingly being adopted in many countries. In the United States, third-party data provider entities such as Google, INRIX, HERE, and TomTom are delivering products to state and local transportation agencies that are enabling them to identify bottlenecks, incidents, and other key operational events on the basis of probe vehicle speed and travel time. However, the capacity analysis methods in the U.S. Highway Capacity Manual continue, for the most part, to rely on the analyst’s ability to gather data at fixed points, whether manually or from fixed point sensors. This paper explores the use of intelligence to drive (i2D) high-resolution vehicle data to assess several research questions related to free-flow speed (FFS) estimation, a key parameter in freeway segment analyses. On the basis of 1 year of high-resolution data collected from a local fleet of about 20 vehicles driven by volunteer drivers, researchers accumulated more than 20 million s of driving, which when filtered were used to evaluate research questions and develop enhanced predictive models for FFS. Speed limit and section ramp density (i.e., those ramps within the segment proper only) were found to have had a strong effect on the value of FFS. Driver familiarity was found to have an effect also, although this effect was not conclusive across 10 study sites. Finally, an FFS predictive model that incorporates speed limit and section ramp density was found to fit the high-resolution data quite well, generating an absolute error of only 1.3% across all sites. That finding compares with an error of 6.6% with the current Highway Capacity Manual 2010 model predictions.

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Choocharukul, Kasem, Kumares C. Sinha, and John L. Nagle. "Development of a Congestion Management System Methodology for the Indiana State Highway Network." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1781, no. 1 (January 2002): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1781-06.

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A methodology for developing congestion management–related projects for the Indiana state highway network is described. The methodology is based on a sketch planning analysis technique that can be used with limited input data. The software package provides estimates of costs and other effects of potential congestion mitigation projects to undertake in a given year, which can be used by planners and programmers in long-range planning. Project types include road widening, high-occupancy-vehicle facilities, ramp metering, incident management, and arterial traffic signal coordination. The impact is assessed in travel time savings, vehicle operating cost savings, crash cost savings, and emission reductions. An example application of the methodology is given for the 7.81-mi segment of I-65 between Interchanges 116 and 123 in the Indianapolis area.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Highway on-ramp'

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