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Journal articles on the topic "Hill House Farm"
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Rennie, Sarah-Jane. "Small Changes to Avoid Major Loss: Collaborative Conservation Practices at Rouse Hill House and Farm." Studies in Conservation 65, sup1 (August 29, 2020): P262—P267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2020.1789390.
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BOHAN, A., L. SHALLOO, P. CREIGHTON, T. M. BOLAND, and N. MCHUGH. "A survey of management practices and flock performance and their association with flock size and ewe breed type on Irish sheep farms." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 8 (August 3, 2017): 1332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000399.
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SUMMARYA detailed survey was undertaken to assess the rate of production and current management practices on Irish sheep farms and quantify their associations with flock size and ewe breed type. A total of 39 questions relating to the farm production system and farm management practices were devised, including: producer age, location, farm size, livestock numbers and type, in addition to flock management data such as flock breeding policy, lamb finishing strategy, flock health, lambing date, winter housing and feeding practices. A total of 717 sheep producers were surveyed across 45 different discussion groups. The surveyed respondents were sub-divided into four groups depending on flock size (very small, small, medium and large) and into three groups depending on ewe breed type (maternal, terminal and hill). The average survey respondent was 48 years old, with a flock size of 150 breeding ewes on a farm size of 58 ha. The average stocking rates were 6·55 and 3·14 ewes/ha and weaning rates were 1·44 and 1·02 lambs per ewe joined to the ram for the lowland and hill flocks, respectively. Relative to very small flocks (<62 ewes), larger flocks (>190 ewes) had higher stocking rates (6·98v.5·66 ewes/ha) and ewe to ram ratios (40v.30), and tended to lamb later in the year. The rate of technology adoption such as faecal egg sampling and pregnancy scanning was greater on larger flocks compared with smaller flocks. Flocks with maternal ewe breeds had higher scanning and weaning rates, and drafted a greater proportion of lambs off grass compared with flocks with terminal and hill ewe breeds. Flocks with maternal and terminal ewe breed types were more likely to winter house ewes, lamb indoors, test silage quality and have a handling unit compared with flocks with hill-type ewe breeds. Results from the present study provide a bank of knowledge on current Irish sheep industry performance and show that flock size and ewe breed type have a significant impact on key flock performance variables.
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Lane, Karli J., Kenneth J. Stalder, Jay D. Harmon, Locke A. Karriker, and Anna K. Johnson. "PSII-11 Comparison of multiple heat sources in the farrowing house: Effect on production and energy efficiency." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.409.
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Abstract Pre-weaning mortality, currently 20% in the United States, continues to rise and has been estimated to cost $400 to $600 million annually. Creep heat accounts for 36% (125 watt heat lamps) of the estimated 685,000 kWh electrical subtotal used in a 3000 sow farm. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat source type on production and electrical usage in the farrowing house at the Iowa State University Allen E. Christian Swine Teaching Farm. Seven multiparous crossbred sows housed in farrowing stalls were randomly assigned to a heat source treatment; Baby Pig Heat Mat – Single 48 (Kane Manufacturing, Pleasant Hill, IA; MAT n = 4) or Hog Slat® Poly Heat Lamp Fixture (Hogslat, Newton Grove, NC; LAMP n = 3). LAMP was controlled via a thermostat and varied by height and MAT was controlled via Thermostat Programmable 1 Zone (Kane Manufacturing, Pleasant Hill, IA). Both heat sources were set at 32.2⁰C and this was confirmed using an infrared temperature gun. Kill-A-Watt EZ Meter P4460 were connected to the individual heat source for group lactation duration to measure kilowatt hours (kWh) and were read twice weekly. Piglets were weighed on D1 (farrowing = D0) and at weaning. Production data including pre-weaning mortality and piglet weight at weaning were analyzed using a mixed model with parity, room and covariate of litter birth weight being fixed effects and sow being random. There was no difference in production values, pre-weaning mortality (P > 0.63,MAT=11.11%, LAMP = 11.76%) and piglet weaning weight (P > 0.13, MAT = 5.30 ± 0.18 kg, LAMP = 5.99 ± 0.21 kg), due to heat source type. The MAT (LS Mean 11.59 ± 1.31 kWh) used 4.2 times less electricity than LAMP (LS Mean 57.30 ± 1.56 kWh) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, with no difference in production values heat mats controlled with a programmable thermostat can decrease the high energy needs in the farrowing house.
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Stocker et al., David. "Lincolnshire’s middle trent valley: the building stock before enclosure. The case of manor farm house, thorpe-on-the-hill." Vernacular Architecture 46, no. 1 (January 2015): 40–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03055477.2015.1123409.
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Markovic, Bozidarka, M. Markovic, and N. Adzic. "The farm animal genetic resources of Montenegro." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 3-4 (2007): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0704001m.
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The review of farm animal genetic resources, degree of danger of extinction and way of preservation of certain autochthonous breeds of livestock in Montenegro was the aim of this article. Origin, geographical distribution, population size, morphological and productive traits of the important populations of livestock, as brachyceros breed of cattle - Busha, coarse wool domestic breeds of sheep (Pivska, Zetska zuja, Ljaba, Bardoka), domestic hilly horse breed and donkey were presented. .
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Islam, Md Azharul, Md Moklesur Rahman, Md Ashadul Alam, and Md Abu Hemayet. "Productive and reproductive performances of Brown Bengal goat (Hilly goat) at research farm level." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i3.30121.
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A nucleus-breeding flock of selected Brown Bengal goat was established in the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Regional Station, Naikhongchari, Bandarban, with the objective of characterization, conservation and improvement of the breed. A total of 69 does of different generations (Foundation = 07, Generation one = 32, Generation two = 23 and Generation three = 07.) and 07 bucks (All were first generation) were used to study the genetic parameters of Brown Bengal goat on productive and reproductive traits. The studied Animals were bred naturally. Goats were reared under semi-intensive management system in which goats were browsing in nature and allowed to graze in field as well as mounting in hills. All goats were housed in a plastic made floor house and allowed to graze 6-8 hours in a day and concentrate was offered twice daily during morning and evening at the rate of 1% of their body weight per day. The adult body weight of hilly goat was 20.95 kg. The phenotypic characteristics like the face, horn, ear and udder length were 15.56, 7.18, 12.19 and 12.67 cm respectively. On the other hand the hearth girth, front leg, hind leg and body length were 61.51, 46.8, 49.48 and 55.24 cm respectively. The gestation length, kidding to first heat, kidding to conception and kidding interval were 148.52 ± 1.06, 33.48 ± 2.85, 33.40 ± 1.98 and 176.86 ± 1.98 days, respectively. According to parity the GL, AFH, KC and KI were not followed trends up to 3rd parity but kid birth weight was increasing trends with increasing parity up to fifth. The birth weight of male kid (1.25 ± 0.25 kg) was higher than that of female kid (1.13± 0.27 kg). The highest birth weight (1.24±0.02 kg) was found in single birth. According to litter size the birth weight of single kid (1.24 ± 0.01 kg) stood first followed by twine (1.20 ± 0.01), triplet (1.1±0.03 kg) and quadruplet kids (0.93±0.08 kg). . The productive and reproductive performances of brown Bengal goat were not affected by parity. Birth weights of kids were significantly varied with birth type.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2016, 2(3): 477-482
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Ellenblum, R., R. Rubin, and G. Solar. "Khirbat al-Lawza, a Frankish Farm House in the Judean Hills in Central Palestine." Levant 28, no. 1 (January 1996): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.1996.28.1.189.
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Emert, Toby. "Book in Review: A Teaching Guide: Of Porcupines and Trusty Sidekicks and Road Trips to Infinity." ALAN Review 44, no. 3 (June 21, 2017): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21061/alan.v44i3.a.5.
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When I was a kid, my mother would send me or my younger brother to the attic—typically in late July or early August—to drag down the Samsonite suitcases to prepare for the annual family road trip to visit my father’s aunts, uncles, and cousins. In the late 1940s, my grandparents had plucked my father and his siblings from a backroad farm in the Tennessee hills and plunked them down on a similar backroad farm in Virginia. At the time, when telephones and car trips, even postage stamps, were luxuries, the comfort of family must have seemed a lifetime away. To maintain the bond, my grandfather’s nine sisters—none of whom ever moved more than 40 miles from the house they grew up in—hosted a summer family potluck. My grandfather always attended, even when he could not afford to take his family along. When my parents married, they made the trip to the reunion our annual “vacation.” The eight-hour road trip was a highlight of the year; it was essentially the only traveling my family did, and it required preparations. My mother spent the week prior to the trip choosing the clothes we would take, filling the toiletry case with small bottles of shampoo and new toothbrushes, and shopping for groceries for our in-route picnic lunch. My father disliked restaurants and air conditioning, so a shady picnic at a roadside table was a welcome relief from the sweaty backseat of our Chevrolet Impala. The hills of East Tennessee were dotted with “attractions”: air-brushed t-shirt shops, miniature golf greens, pancake houses, and steak-and-potato restaurants. After a few days, we would return home, mimicking the accents of our distant cousins and showing off our inexpensive souvenirs. Now, with the ubiquity of air travel, a journey of 350 miles seems inconsequential, but when I was young, the idea of a road trip possessed a sense of possibility. As the miles ticked by, moving me away from what I knew and understood best, the world across the state border shimmered with expectation.
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Lopes, Jane Luísa Wadas, Irae Amaral Guerrini, and João Carlos Cury Saad. "EFEITOS DE LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Eucalyptus grandis W. (HILL ex. MAIDEN) EM SUBSTRATO DE FIBRA DE COCO." IRRIGA 10, no. 2 (June 14, 2005): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2005v10n2p123-134.
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EFEITOS DE LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Eucalyptus grandis W. (HILL ex. MAIDEN) EM SUBSTRATO DE FIBRA DE COCO Jane Luísa Wadas Lopes1; Iraê Amaral Guerrini2; João Carlos Cury Saad11Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP.2Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP 1 RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar lâminas de irrigação na produção de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis espaçadas a 49 cm2, produzidas com substrato de fibra de coco pasteurizada. O experimento foi conduzido na empresa Camará – Mudas Florestais em Ibaté, SP, nas estações inverno – primavera do ano de 2003, constituindo-se de um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo cinco lâminas de irrigação diárias (6, 8, 10, 12 e 14 mm), aplicadas através de uma barra de irrigação em diferentes horários (10, 13 e 16 h). Aos 108 dias após a aplicação das lâminas foram realizadas avaliações da sobrevivência final das mudas em todas as parcelas, altura de parte aérea, diâmetro de colo, relação altura da parte aérea / diâmetro de colo, número de pares de folhas, número de ramos, matéria seca da parte aérea e da radicular, matéria seca total e área foliar. Os resultados indicaram que houve influência das lâminas de irrigação na sobrevivência das mudas, sendo que sob as lâminas de 6 e 8 mm dia-1 a produção ficou drasticamente comprometida. Com relação às características morfológicas, verificou-se, pela análise de regressão realizada, a influência das lâminas em todas as variáveis. Desta maneira, concluiu-se que as lâminas de irrigação de 12 e de 14 mm dia-1 foram as que mais contribuíram para o desenvolvimento das mudas, com qualidade ótima aos 108 dias após semeadura. As características químicas do substrato possibilitaram ótimo desenvolvimento das plantas. UNITERMOS: Manejo hídrico, substrato, viveiro, eucalipto. LOPES, J.L.W., GUERRINI, I.A., SAAD, J.C.C. EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION DEPTHS ON Eucalyptus grandis W. (HILL ex. MAIDEN) SEEDLINGS IN COCONUT FIBER SUBSTRATE 2 ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the effects of irrigation depths on Eucalyptus grandis seedling produced on coconut fiber substrate. The experiments took place in Camará Commercial Farm (Camará Mudas Florestais – Forest Seedling), in Ibaté, SP, from June to September 2003, in a randomized block design experiment with 4 replications and daily irrigations (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm), applied at different times (at 10 am, 1 pm and 4 pm). 108 days after sowing, the following parameters were assessed: aerial part height, bond diameter, aerial part height/bond diameter relation, number of leaf pairs, branch number, aerial part and root dry matter, total dry matter and leaf area. The results pointed out that the irrigation depths as well as the substrate affected the bedder final quality. The survival degree was strongly influenced by the watering laminar flux; i.e., depths of 6 and 8 mm, that drastically compromised the production. Regarding the morphological characteristics, regression analysis demonstrated that the irrigation depths influenced all parameters. Thus, it can be concluded that irrigation depths of 12 and 14 mm day-1 helped the bedder development achieving excellent quality at 108 days after sowing. KEYWORDS: water management, substrate, greenhouse, eucalyptus.
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Chavatte-Palmer, P., Y. Heyman, and I. Schwartz. "26 EFFECTS OF SOMATIC CLONING ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN YOUNG AND ADULT CATTLE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab26.
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Somatic cloning in cattle is associated with important gestational abnormalities, including implantation delay during the first 2 months of pregnancy and abnormal fetal and placental growth (known as large offspring syndrome, or LOS) in the third trimester. In our laboratory, between 3 and 25% of the cloned blastocysts transferred to recipient cows reach term, depending on genotype. About 20% of the newborns die rapidly due to various causes that appear to be direct consequences of the LOS. We previously reported on a thymic atrophy resulting from nuclear transfer (Renard et al. 1999 Lancet 353, 1459-1491) and have further diagnosed distinct pathological events occurring in the infancy and adult age of clones, including death due to apparently benign infections (despite treatment) and also thymic atrophy in approximately 20% of the postmortem cases. These observations in clones have led us to investigate the immune function of apparently normal bovine clones. Holstein cows housed in the same farm were used. Circulating lymphocyte populations during the resting state were marked, counted in 17 clones and 17 contemporary controls ranging from 15 days to 5 years of age, and allotted to one of three groups: 1 (0.5-2 months, n = 4 clones, n = 6 controls), 2 (3-9 months, n = 7 clones, n = 5 controls) and 3 (1.5-5 years, n = 6 clones, n = 6 controls). Clones originated from adult fibroblast cells from four different genotypes distributed in the three groups. Peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBCs) were collected, marked, and counted by flow cytometry. The specific markers were CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD11b, CD25, CD45RO, P46 (NK cells), ��, PanB, MHC1, and MHC2. In a second experiment, six clones from three different genotypes and six controls aged 8-9 months were vaccinated with 10 mg ovalbumin in alum to evaluate the na�ve immune response. The cell subset proportions were not different between clones and controls. There was no difference between groups for antibody response to vaccination. However, T cell restimulation with specific antigens after immunization with evalbumin was significantly lower in clones compared to controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, nonspecific stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was also lower in clones (P < 0.05). These results show that lymphocyte populations are normally represented in apparently healthy clones. Bovine clones presented, however, a reduced capacity to build up a cellular immune response against a newly encountered antigen, such as ovalbumin. It remains to be determined whether these functional alterations are a result of defective reprogramming of immune functions during the cloning process or the consequence of an abnormal placental development leading to altered feto-placental interactions during pregnancy and fetal programming. Previous work by others has shown that there may be an abnormal expression of MHC1 in the placenta of bovine clones (Hill et al. 2002 Biol. Reprod. 67, 55-63), and this may well be part of the same phenomenon affecting overall immune regulation in clones.
Books on the topic "Hill House Farm"
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Bardsley, Sharon. The Hill House ostrich handbook: The essential practical guide for day to day ostrich farming. 2nd ed. Weeton, Lancs: [The Author], 1996.
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MacBride, Roger Lea, and David Gilleece. The Rocky Ridge Collection: Little House on Rocky Ridge, Little Farm in the Ozarks, in the Land of the Big Red Apple, on the Other Side of the Hill (The Rocky Ridge Series , So4). Trophy Pr, 1996.
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MacBride, Roger Lea, and David Gilleece. The Rocky Ridge Collection: Little House on Rocky Ridge, Little Farm in the Ozarks, in the Land of the Big Red Apple, on the Other Side of the Hill (The Rocky Ridge Series , So4). Trophy Pr, 1996.
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Smith, Virginia. Bluegrass Peril (Steeple Hill Love Inspired Suspense #82). Steeple Hill, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Hill House Farm"
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Templeton, Lieselotte K. "My Uncle Otto Stern." In Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry, 27–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_3.
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AbstractIt was only since 1946 [1945] when my uncle moved to Berkeley that I got to know him well. Before this time we had never lived in the same town, and I had only seen him rarely. Otto Stern moved into a house he had bought several years earlier in the Berkeley hills not far from my parents’ house. Because he was a bachelor, he hired a housekeeper who came in six days a week for a few hours to cook and keep house. He loved good food and good wine. The housekeeper for the last years did not keep the house as clean as he would have liked, but her cooking met with his approval, so she stayed for many years. On Sundays, he would have dinner with his sister, Berta (my mother) and family, or he would go into town for dinner in a restaurant and then to a movie. He loved movies, and Shirley MacLaine was one of his favorite actresses.
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Sharples, Niall. "The House as a Cosmology." In Social Relations in Later Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199577712.003.0008.
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One of the most popular sub-disciplines of archaeology is experimental archaeology, the re-creation of items, structures, and practices of past societies in the present day. This area of study has a long pedigree in Continental Europe, but was a relatively late development in Britain. One of the pioneers of this approach was Peter Reynolds, who created the Butser Ancient Farm Research Project to explore life in the Iron Age (Reynolds 1979). When it was set up, in the 1970s, experimental archaeology was undertaken with full scientific rigour. Important goals included the quantification of resources required to create a house, the management of ancient breeds of domestic animals, the productivity of Welds of ancient cereals, and the function of pits. All these tasks were carried out with a critical attention to detailed data recording and scientific rigour. More recently, experimental archaeology has become geared towards the general public, and though Butser Farm has retained a scientific core to its activities it also caters for a wider public, providing both knowledge and entertainment about past societies. I had a brief experience of this work in 1977 when I took part in a week-long Weld school at Butser Farm, organized by Glasgow University. This was a key period in the development of the Iron Age farm. The original farm had been created on a spur near the top of Butser, specifically away from easy public access and in a very exposed location. Public interest in the experiment had become difficult to manage and a new site had just been located in the Queen Elizabeth Country Park, a much more accessible location near the main road from Portsmouth to London. The new location was designed to be a public amenity that would attract visitors to the Country Park and represented a move from ‘Laboratory to Living Museum’ (Reynolds 1979: 93). The main job we were to undertake was to help with the construction of a large roundhouse that would form the centre of the new farm. Two previous timber houses had been built up on the hill, but both had been fairly modest affairs; one was based on a house plan from Wheeler’s excavation at Maiden Castle, the other was slightly larger and based on the excavation of a house in the Balksbury enclosure, Hampshire (Reynolds 1979).
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Grene, Nicholas. "Conclusion." In Farming in Modern Irish Literature, 217–22. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861294.003.0010.
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In her memoir, The Crocodile by the Door, Selina Guinness finds herself the caretaker and prospective heir of the Victorian house and substantial hill farm in Rathfarnham, on the outskirts of Dublin, where she had spent years of her childhood with her uncle and grandmother. Following the death of her uncle, she has to calculate the exact acreage of the farm for the purposes of the valuation required for probate and death duties. She walks the place with Susie Kirwan, who (with her husband Joe) has managed and worked the farm on behalf of the Guinness family for fifty years:...
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Bradley, Richard. "The Circular Ruins." In The Idea of Order. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199608096.003.0006.
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This is not a book about a period or a place; it is about an idea. Why did so many people in prehistoric Europe build circular monuments? Why did they choose to live in circular houses, when other communities rejected them? Why was it that those who preferred to inhabit a world of rectangular dwellings so often buried their dead in round mounds and worshipped their gods in circular temples? The best way of introducing such questions is through a specific example. Certain monuments exert a special fascination. Beside the road at Uisneach in the Irish Republic is a signboard which makes some remarkable claims. This was the ‘site of the Celtic festival of Beltane’ and ‘an ancient place of assembly’. It was associated with ‘the Druidic fire cult’ and the ‘seat of Irish kings’. The notice makes a still more intriguing assertion, for the Hill of Uisneach was also the ‘sacred centre of Ireland in pagan times’. The archaeology of the hill is hardly less remarkable, and it is easy to see how it has suggested such ideas. Some interpretations of the site are based on its distinctive topography, and others on literary evidence (Schot 2006, 2011). The hill is an irregular plateau which rises out of an extensive plain. It is also at the junction of two different landscapes. To the east, there have been many discoveries dating from the prehistoric and early medieval periods. To the west, where the soil is less fertile, they are comparatively rare. Uisneach dominates the view from all directions. It also commands an extensive vista on every side. Indeed, Macalister and Praeger (1928) who studied its archaeology over eighty years ago published a map showing the land that can be seen from the hilltop. Although it is claimed that twenty Irish counties are represented, the area does not extend as far as the coast (Figure 1). Not all those regions can be observed from a single point. In order to appreciate the full extent of the view, it is necessary to move between a series of ancient monuments.
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Harding, Dennis. "Function 2: Social, Economic, Ritual." In Iron Age Hillforts in Britain and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695249.003.0012.
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In southern England, in terms of prevailing environmental conditions most hillforts could have been occupied or used on a permanent rather than seasonal basis. With the exception of Exmoor and Dartmoor in the far south-west, none are located above the 300m contour and therefore could potentially have sustained a mixed agricultural regime. In northern England, Wales, and Scotland, on the other hand, there are hillforts at altitudes that make seasonal use more likely, although even with some of the larger hillforts in southern Scotland and Northumberland, like Eildon Hill, Hownam Law, and Yeavering Bell, higher altitude may not have precluded occupation on a significant scale. We have already seen that some hillforts in southern Scotland and the Cheviots show ample evidence of occupation in the form of house stances, so that a residential function as a primary purpose is hardly in doubt. Sites like Hayhope Knowe or Camp Tops may be categorized as protected villages, and though some might seem scarcely to qualify as hillforts at all (Frodsham et al. 2007), others like Sundhope Kipp boast defensive earthworks, which seem almost disproportionate in scale to the area of the internal settlement. Sometimes the houses are so densely arranged within the interior as to exclude the possibility of division into different activity zones, unless some of these seemingly identical roundhouses actually served as workshops or stores rather than just for domestic occupation. Despite their relatively high altitude and exposed locations, there is every reason to believe that some sites were permanently occupied, since evidence of cord-rig agriculture often lies in immediate proximity to the enclosure. Even so, these cultivation plots must have been on the margins of viability in the Iron Age, and it is possible that these Borders upland sites by the later first millennium BC were used only seasonally. Indeed, progressive environmental deterioration may be a reason why the earthwork phase of enclosure at Hayhope Knowe was never completed. Archaeologically it is hard to point to evidence that might distinguish seasonal from permanent occupation. The number of buildings may be indicative of the intensity of use, but might stake-wall construction with numerous episodes of rebuilding indicate seasonal construction, as opposed to more permanent post-built houses? On the other hand, stone foundations could have been renovated seasonally in a manner than might be hard to distinguish archaeologically from permanent use.
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Fagan, Brian. "The World of the Pueblos." In From Stonehenge to Samarkand. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160918.003.0013.
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The search for El Dorado, the fabled land of gold, brought Spanish conquistadors north from New Spain into the harsh deserts of the North American Southwest. They were searching for the Seven Lost Cities of Cibola, cities said to have been founded as long ago as the eighth century by a legendary bishop who had fled west from Lisbon, Portugal, in fear of the Moors and Islam. When a Franciscan friar, Fray Marcos of Niza, returned to Mexico City from a preliminary expedition in 1539 with stories of a “faire citie with many houses builded in order” and gold and silver in abundance, the viceroy of New Spain quickly organized a major expedition under Francisco Coronado. The expedition ranged widely over the Southwest and far into the interior plains from 1540 to 1542. The disappointed Spaniards found no gold, however, just crowded pueblos “looking as if [they] had been crumpled all up together.” Coronado and his men visited Zuñi pueblos, as well as Pecos in what is now northern New Mexico, where the pueblo was “square, situated on a rock, with a large court or yard in the middle, containing the steam rooms. The houses are all alike, four stories high. One can go over the whole village without there being a street to hinder.” Coronado returned to Mexico City empty-handed from a seemingly desolate and unproductive land. The pueblos were largely forgotten until a sparse population of Catholic friars and then colonists moved northward into the arid lands about a century later. By the early nineteenth century, the great pueblos of Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde were but vague memories, except to the Native Americans who claimed ancestry from them, and were never visited by outsiders. In 1823, José Antonio Vizcarra, governor of the Mexican province of New Mexico, rode through Chaco Canyon with a small military party during a campaign against the local Navajo. He was in a hurry and contented himself with the observation that the great houses were built by unknown people. Sixteen years later, an American government expedition against the Navajo descended into the Chaco Canyon drainage and sighted “a conspicuous ruin” on a low hill.
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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. "Introduction: Obeying Nature." In The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.003.0005.
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This book focuses on the human-caused environmental woes of America’s 11 contiguous western states, its mostly arid western continental frontier. In the nineteenth century, penny pamphlets and dime novels mythologized the American west, making icons of its prospectors, “cowboys,” northwestern loggers, and wide open spaces. The west was free of encroaching neighbors and government controls, open to fresh starts. As Robert Penn Warren wrote, in All the King’s Men, “West . . . is where you go when the land gives out and the old-field pines encroach . . . when you are told that you are a bubble on the tide of empire . . . when you hear that thar’s gold in them-thar hills. . . . ” But the “West” was more than gold and oil bonanzas—it was also a land of rich soils, bountiful - sheries, immense, dense forests, desert wonders, and sparkling streams. It is no myth that the western states were America’s treasure house. The romantic myths related to “winning” the west tend to obscure both its basic objective of resource exploitation and the huge public expenditures that supported every aspect, bestowing fortunes on a few. Western resources supported U.S. industrial growth and affluent lifestyle, but now they are highly depleted or largely gone, and the region is in danger of losing the ability to sustain an even moderately comfortable future. Much of what we have done to these magni- cent lands opened them to devastating erosion and pollution. Today, whole mountains are being dismantled to produce metals from barely mineralized zones. Entire regions may be devastated in the attempt to extract the last possible drops of petroleum. We soon could cut down the last remnants of ancient western forests, along with the possibility of ever again seeing their like. Large-scale farming has opened vulnerable western soils to erosion by water and wind, perhaps inviting another dust bowl era. Irrigating vast crop acreages has converted many of them to salt farms, perhaps resembling the conditions that spelled doom for the ancient Babylonian Empire.