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1
Bassoullet, Jean-Paul, and Michel Colchen. "Découverte D'Archaeosepta platierensisForaminifère du dogger alpin, Himalaya du Ladakh (Inde)." Geobios 20, no. 4 (January 1987): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(87)80088-8.
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Bharti, Meenakshi. "Diversity of Calliphoridae and Polleniidae (Diptera) in the Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 10 (October 26, 2023): 24104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8603.15.10.24104-24115.
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The family Calliphoridae (Diptera: Calyptratae: Oestroidea) is primarily known for its synanthropic, necrophagous, and myiasis–causing species. This study presents an updated checklist of blow fly species recorded in the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal, and Pakistan. The dataset includes 23 genera and 69 Species from Indian Himalayas, 18 genera and 52 species from the Pakistani Himalayas, and 22 genera and 74 species from Nepalese Himalaya. The data is categorised into three elevation zones: the Shivalik range (350–1,200 m), Lesser Himalaya (1200-2,200 m), and Upper Himalaya (2,200 m and above) taking into consideration factors such as vegetation, temperature, and other environmental variables. The Sorensen Similarity Index was utilized to quantify the degree of species overlap and similarity among blow fly communities within these elevation ranges.
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Mahéo, Gweltaz, Hervé Bertrand, Stéphane Guillot, Georges Mascle, Arnaud Pêcher, Christian Picard, and Julia De Sigoyer. "Témoins d'un arc immature téthysien dans les ophiolites du Sud Ladakh (NW Himalaya, Inde)." Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science 330, no. 4 (February 2000): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1251-8050(00)00130-0.
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Vandenhelsken, Mélanie. "Quête du présent dans le passé par un groupe de culture tibétaine au Sikkim1 (Himalaya oriental, Inde)." Journal des anthropologues, no. 104-105 (June 1, 2006): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/jda.520.
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Barker, Joel D., Susan Kaspari, Paolo Gabrielli, Anna Wegner, Emilie Beaudon, M. Roxana Sierra-Hernández, and Lonnie Thompson. "Drought-induced biomass burning as a source of black carbon to the central Himalaya since 1781 CE as reconstructed from the Dasuopu ice core." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 7 (April 13, 2021): 5615–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5615-2021.
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Abstract. Himalayan glaciers are melting due to atmospheric warming, with the potential to limit access to water for more than 25 % of the global population that resides in these glacier meltwater catchments. Black carbon has been implicated as a factor that is contributing to Himalayan glacier melt, but its sources and mechanisms of delivery to the Himalayas remain controversial. Here, we provide a 211-year ice core record spanning 1781–1992 CE for refractory black carbon (rBC) deposition from the Dasuopu glacier ice core that has to date provided the highest-elevation ice core record (7200 m). We report an average rBC concentration of 1.5 µg L−1 (SD=5.0, n=1628) over the 211-year period. An increase in the frequency and magnitude of rBC deposition occurs after 1877 CE, accompanied by decreased snow accumulation associated with a shift in the North Atlantic Oscillation Index to a positive phase. Typically, rBC is deposited onto Dasuopu glacier during the non-monsoon season, and short-lived increases in rBC concentration are associated with periods of drought within neighboring regions in northwestern India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Using a combination of spectral and back-trajectory analyses, as well as a comparison with a concurrent analysis of trace metals at equivalent depths in the same ice core, we show that biomass burning resulting from dry conditions is a source of rBC to the central Himalaya and is responsible for deposition that is up to 60 times higher than the average rBC concentration over the time period analyzed. We suggest that biomass burning is a significant source of rBC to the central Himalaya and that the rBC record can be used to identify periods of drought in nearby regions that are upwind of Dasuopu glacier.
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Deepani, Vijit, and Monika Saini. "Demographic Fluctuation among Himalayan Populations." Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijra.2454.9118.3217.6.
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Background: Himalayas constitute vast mountain range in Asia spreading over 2500 Km (from east to west) at a high altitude along the northern fringes of the Indian subcontinent. The population dynamics in Himalayan domain has been immensely influenced by the variations in climatic and topographic conditions. As a result, population trends in relation to several demographic parameters are observed as population growth varies across this immense geographical contour. Objective: The present study attempts to assess and compare several crucial demographic parameters of select population groups (tribes and caste groups) residing in Himalayan province so as to provide a comprehensive picture of their demographic profile. The variation in demographic variables has also been addressed in relation to socio-economic and biological attributes. Materials and Methods: Multiple demographic determinants viz., sex-ratio, index – of – ageing, age at marriage and menarche, crude birth rate, total fertility rate, crude death rate and infant mortality rate are utilized to address demographic diversity in Himalayan population groups. Results: The sex ratio has been observed to be higher among reported population groups in Central Himalayas in comparison to Western and Eastern Himalayas. The measures of fertility – CBR, GFR and TFR – depict high values in certain population groups of Central Himalayas (Johar Bhotia, Rang Bhotia and Raji) in comparison to Western and Eastern province. Contribution: The present paper provides a comprehensive picture of the demographic profile among select Himalayan population groups. This will aid to understand the trend in demographic characteristics in the Himalayan province.
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RAMSANKARAN, RAAJ, U. C. KOTHYARI, and J. S. RAWAT. "Simulation of surface runoff and sediment yield using the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model: a study in Kaneli watershed, Himalaya, India / Simulation de ruissellement de surface et d'érosion à l'aide du modèle WEPP: cas du bassin versant de Kaneli, Himalaya, Inde." Hydrological Sciences Journal 54, no. 3 (June 2009): 513–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.54.3.513.
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Baniya, Binod, Narayan Prasad Gaire, Qua-anan Techato, Yubraj Dhakal, and Yam Prasad Dhital. "High altitudinal vegetation dynamics including treeline ecotone in Langtang National Park, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 9, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v9i2.36605.
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Identification of high altitudinal vegetation dynamics using remote sensing is important because of the complex topography and environment in the Himalayas. Langtang National Park is the first Himalayan park in Nepal representing the best area to study vegetation change in the central Himalaya region because of the high altitudinal gradient and relatively less disturbed region. This study aimed at mapping vegetation in Langtang National Park and its treeline ecotone using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Two treeline sites with an altitude of 3927 and 3802 meters above sea level (masl) were selected, and species density was measured during the field survey. The linear slope for each pixel and the Mann Kendall test to measure significant trends were used. The results showed that NDVI has significantly increased at the rate of 0.002yr-1 in Langtang National Park and 0.003yr-1 in treeline ecotone during 2000-2017. The average 68.73% equivalents to 1463 km2 of Langtang National Park are covered by vegetation. At the same time, 16.45% equivalents to 350.43 km2 are greening, and 0.25%, i.e., 5.43 km2 are found browning. In treeline ecotone, the vegetation is mostly occupied by grasses, shrublands and small trees where the NDVI was found from 0.1 to 0.5. The relative changes of NDVI in barren lands are negative and vegetative lands above 0.5 NDVI are positive between 2000 and 2017. The dominant treeline vegetation were Abies spectabilis, Rhododendron campanulatum, Betula utilis and Sorbus microphyla, with the vegetation density of 839.28 and 775 individuals per hectare in sites A and B, respectively. The higher average NDVI values, significantly increased NDVI, and higher density of vegetation in both A and B sites indicate that the vegetation in treeline ecotone is obtaining a good environment in the Himalayas of Nepal.
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Wang, Zhicheng, Yukun Kang, Yan Wang, Yuchen Tan, Baohui Yao, Kang An, and Junhu Su. "Himalayan Marmot (Marmota himalayana) Redistribution to High Latitudes under Climate Change." Animals 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2023): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13172736.
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Climate warming and human activities impact the expansion and contraction of species distribution. The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) is a unique mammal and an ecosystem engineer in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). This pest aggravates grassland degradation and is a carrier and transmitter of plagues. Therefore, exploring the future distribution of Himalayan marmots based on climate change and human activities is crucial for ecosystem management, biodiversity conservation, and public health safety. Here, a maximum entropy model was explored to forecast changes in the distribution and centroid migration of the Himalayan marmot in the 2050s and 2070s. The results implied that the human footprint index (72.80%) and altitude (16.40%) were the crucial environmental factors affecting the potential distribution of Himalayan marmots, with moderately covered grassland being the preferred habitat of the Himalayan marmot. Over the next 30–50 years, the area of suitable habitat for the Himalayan marmot will increase slightly and the distribution center will shift towards higher latitudes in the northeastern part of the plateau. These results demonstrate the influence of climate change on Himalayan marmots and provide a theoretical reference for ecological management and plague monitoring.
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Pratap, Bhanu, Parmanand Sharma, Lavkush Patel, Ajit T. Singh, Vinay Kumar Gaddam, Sunil Oulkar, and Meloth Thamban. "Reconciling High Glacier Surface Melting in Summer with Air Temperature in the Semi-Arid Zone of Western Himalaya." Water 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081561.
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In Himalaya, the temperature plays a key role in the process of snow and ice melting and, importantly, the precipitation phase changes (i.e., snow or rain). Consequently, in longer period, the melting and temperature gradient determine the state of the Himalayan glaciers. This necessitates the continuous monitoring of glacier surface melting and a well-established meteorological network in the Himalaya. An attempt has been made to study the seasonal and annual (October 2015 to September 2017) characteristics of air temperature, near-surface temperature lapse rate (tlr), in-situ glacier surface melting, and surface melt simulation by temperature-index (T-index) models for Sutri Dhaka Glacier catchment, Lahaul-Spiti region in Western Himalaya. The tlr of the catchment ranges from 0.3 to 6.5 °C km−1, varying on a monthly and seasonal timescale, which suggests the need for avoiding the use of standard environmental lapse rate (SELR ~6.5 °C km−1). The measured and extrapolated average air temperature (tavg) was found to be positive on glacier surface (4500 to 5500 m asl) between June and September (summer). Ablation data calculated for the balance years 2015–16 and 2016–17 shows an average melting of −4.20 ± 0.84 and −3.09 ± 0.62 m w.e., respectively. In compliance with positive air temperature in summer, ablation was also found to be maximum ~88% of total yearly ice melt. When comparing the observed and modelled ablation data with air temperature, we show that the high summer glacier melt was caused by warmer summer air temperature and minimum spells of summer precipitation in the catchment.
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Bhandari, S., and J. H. Speer. "Growth-climate relationship of Pinus wallichiana in three different parts of the Himalayas." Banko Janakari 30, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v30i1.29177.
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We have used six tree-ring width chronologies of Pinus wallichiana from the Himalayan region, which are available in the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB), to determine their growth trends through time and the growth-climate relationship. Each of the chronologies downloaded from the ITRDB was detrended using an Age-dependent Cubic Smoothing Spline with a 20-year starting spline stiffness in the RCSigfree Software Program. We broke the six chronologies into three regions based on natural breaks between the sample sites. Altogether, three composite chronologies were made, one each from Bhutan, Nepal, and Pakistan. The average value for common periods was taken from each of those two chronologies to make a composite chronology. Across the three regions, the growth was lowest in the 1810s and has increased since 1980s. The growth showed a significant positive response to the winter temperature (November-February) in the eastern Himalayas in Bhutan. The chronology from Nepal showed that the growth of this species had a significant positive response to the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index of the previous year’s December and the current year’s January and March. In the western Himalayas of Pakistan, the growth of the same species is positively correlated to the annual self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index. Winter temperature limits the growth of this species in the eastern Himalayas where there is enough moisture whereas the growth of this species is primarily limited by moisture in the western Himalayas
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Kaushal, P., A. K. Gulhati, Hari Sankhyan, Sunil Kumar, and J. Sharma. "Structural Parameters of Woody Elements in Wildlife Sanctuary, Sainj under GHNP, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-3449i0.
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Ecological status of flora in Great Himalayan National Park (Wildlife Sanctuary-Sainj) was undertaken to evaluate the plant biodiversity of Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (GHNP-CA) in Kullu district representing the biogeography zone-24 in North West Himalaya. A total of 832 plant species belonging to 427 genera and 128 families of higher plants were recorded within GHNP. During the vegetation survey of Wildlife Sanctuary, Sainj in different altitudinal zones, 28 species of trees were recorded. Some species of trees viz. Picea smithiana, Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow, are dominant species between the altitudes from 1500 to 3500 m. whereas, the species, Prunus cerasoides, Morus alba, Hippophae salicifolia and Prunus species are sparsely present in this area. The altitude from 3000-3500m, showed the highest concentration of dominance and species diversity. The altitude from 1500-2000m showed the highest richness and the highest evenness between altitude 2500-3000 m. It is also concluded that total number of species decreased with increase in elevation and diversity index value was high in lower elevation in comparison to higher elevation.
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Rai, Samresh, Binod Dawadi, Yafeng Wang, Xiaoming Lu, Huang Ru, and Shalik Ram Sigdel. "Growth response of Abies spectabilis to climate along an elevation gradient of the Manang valley in the central Himalayas." Journal of Forestry Research 31, no. 6 (July 9, 2019): 2245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01011-x.
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Abstract The Himalayas are characterized by a broad gradient of bioclimatic zones along their elevation. However, less is known how forest growth responds to climatic change along elevation. In this study, four standard tree-ring width chronologies of Himalayan fir (Abiesspectabilis) were developed, spanning 142–649 years along an elevation gradient of 3076–3900 m a.s.l. Principal component analysis classified the four chronologies into two groups; the ones at lower elevations (M1 and M2) and higher elevations (M3 and M4) show two distinct growth trends. Radial growth is limited by summer (June–August) precipitation at M3, and by precipitation during spring (March–May) and summer at M4. It is limited by spring temperatures and winter precipitation (December–February) at M1. Tree-ring width chronologies also significantly correlate with winter and spring Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) at M1, and with summer PDSI at M3 and M4. Thus, Himalayan fir growth at high elevations is mainly limited by moisture stress rather than by low temperatures. Furthermore, the occurrence of missing rings coincides with dry periods, providing additional evidence for moisture limitation of Himalayan fir growth.
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Baloori, S. S., Pallavi Upreti, and Jyotsna Kukreti. "A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY REVIEW OF RIVER YAMUNA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WATER QUALITY INDEX IN THE HIMALAYAN REGION OF INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 05 (May 31, 2022): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14722.
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India with 4% of fresh water resources is facing a dual challenge of water scarcity and pollution. Several rivers in India originate from Himalayan systems and forms the basis of Indias Economy. River contamination and diminishing water quality is reducing populations accessibility to clean and safe drinking Water. As one of the significant perennial tributaries of The Ganga Water systems, River Yamuna passes through the heartlands of thegreat North India Plains sustaining cities, feeding millions. Since Yamuna passes through major urban settlement it is heavily polluted with untreated industrial waste, sewage, domestic waste making its way into the river. The study presents a comprehensive reviewof the water quality assessmentsof theriver Yamuna with special reference to Water Quality Index based on severalhydrological parameters. Based on the levels of contamination the whole stretch of Yamuna from its source (at Uttarakhand) till its confluence with Ganga (at Allahabad) has been divided into 5 segments. While all the lower stretches depict high to very high pollution levels, the upper segment of the river in the Himalayas show good water quality. Water quality parameters of river Yamuna depict that BOD, DO and COD levels are not in range of permissible limits in Delhi segment but it falls under permissible limits range in Himalayan segment. Other than these parameters, ammonia, TKN and other organic and inorganic matters fall under the desired standards in Himalayan region of Yamuna.
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Mukhtar, Zarka, Simone Bizzi, and Francesco Comiti. "Supervised Geomorphic Mapping of Himalayan Rivers Based on Sentinel-2 Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 19 (September 25, 2023): 4687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15194687.
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The Himalayan region is a hotspot in terms of expected future hydrological and geomorphological variations induced by climate change on proglacial areas and the related implications for human societies established along the downstream rivers. Due to the remoteness of the proglacial zones in the Himalayas and the associated logistical problems in carrying out traditional field and UAV-based morphological monitoring activities, remote sensing here plays a crucial role to monitor past and current fluvial dynamics, which could be used to anticipate future changes; however, there has been, so far, limited research on morphological changes in Himalayan proglacial rivers. To address this gap, a morphological classification model was designed to classify recent changes in Himalayan proglacial rivers using the Google Earth Engine platform. The model is the first of its kind developed for the Himalayan region and uses multispectral S-2 satellite data to delineate submerged water channels, vegetated surfaces, and emerged, unvegetated sediment bars, and then to track their variations over time. The study focused on three training sites: Langtang-Khola (Nepal), Saltoro (Pakistan), and Nubra (Jammu and Kashmir) rivers, and one testing site, the Ganga-Bhagirathi River (India). A total of 900 polygons were used as training samples for the random forest classifier, which were further divided into 70% calibration and 30% validation datasets for the training sites, and a separate validation dataset was acquired from the testing site to assess the model performance. The model achieved high accuracy, with an average overall accuracy of 96% and a kappa index of 0.94, indicating the reliability of the S2 data for modeling proglacial geomorphic features in the Himalayan region. Therefore, this study provides a reliable tool to detect past and current morphological changes occurring in the Himalayan proglacial rivers, which will be of great value for both research and river management purposes.
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Tiwari, Samakshi. "Birds of Kanetiya area - inventory, notable sightings, and overview of seasonal changes in reporting frequency of bird species in an unprotected area of Himachal Pradesh, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 7 (July 26, 2023): 23529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7520.15.7.23529-23544.
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Biodiversity of unprotected areas in the western Himalayan region is under threat. Despite this, it is poorly studied and documented. The citizen science platform eBird was used to record bird species of the unprotected Kanetiya area (Darbhog panchayat), Shimla, Himachal Pradesh from August 2019–2020. Reporting frequency using this data was calculated to represent an index of species abundance. This was calculated independently for each species across three seasons and reported as a metric that can be tracked over time. One-hundred-and-twenty-four (20% of the species from Himachal Pradesh) species of birds belonging to 13 orders and 43 families were recorded. Of these, 37 (30%) were recorded year-round and the remaining 87% (80%) were migratory. The checklist consisted of five species of high conservation concern and 22 species of moderate conservation concern. This checklist also provides insights into the distributions of some species whose ranges within India are not yet well defined (Northern Long-eared Owl Asio otus, Aberrant Bush Warbler Horornis flavolivaceus, Himalayan Owl Strix nivicolum) and into migration through this part of the Himalaya (Black Stork Ciconia nigra). Locals can be educated to upload short checklists for monitoring since they have helped the local forest department’s conservation efforts.
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Bharti, Simran, Adyan Ul Haq, L. T. Sasang Guite, Shruti Kanga, Fayma Mushtaq, Majid Farooq, Suraj Kumar Singh, Pankaj Kumar, and Gowhar Meraj. "Development of Inherent Vulnerability Index within Jammu Municipal Limits, India." Climate 12, no. 1 (January 22, 2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli12010012.
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Evaluating inherent vulnerability, an intrinsic characteristic becomes imperative for the formulation of adaptation strategies, particularly in highly complex and vulnerable regions of Himalayas. Jammu City, situated in the north-western Himalayas within a transitional zone between the Himalayan range and the plains, is not only susceptible to intense seismic activities but also faces multiple hazards, including floods, earthquakes, avalanches, and landslides. In recent years, the region has experienced growth in population with rapid progress in infrastructure development, encompassing the construction of highways, dams, and tunnels as integral components of urban development initiatives. Therefore, this study has been conducted to assess the inherent vulnerability index (VI) in Jammu City at ward level as a function of sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and exposure, using ecological and social indicators in GIS environment. The primary objective was to identify the most vulnerable area and ascertain the corresponding municipal ward, aiming to formulate a comprehensive ranking. The 22 indicators analysed were from four major components, namely social, infrastructure, technological, and ecological. The ecological indicators like Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land use/Land cover were derived from Landsat 8 OLI satellite data. The results show that the majority of the area of the city falls into the moderate (20%), high (25.49%), and very high (25.17%) vulnerability categories, respectively, clustered in north-western and south-western transects with densely populated residential areas. The results can assist policymakers in identification of components of inherent vulnerability for focused resource management and formulating adaptation strategies to address the current stressors in the region.
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Qureshi, Kamil A., and Shuhab D. Khan. "Active Tectonics of the Frontal Himalayas: An Example from the Manzai Ranges in the Recess Setting, Western Pakistan." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 3362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203362.
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The Himalayan main frontal thrust (MFT) accommodates most of the present-day Indo–Asia convergence with related periodic earthquakes. The seismicity and deformation mechanism varies considerably across the frontal Himalayas. We mapped a segment (Manzai Ranges) of the MFT at the western margin of the Himalayas and analyzed its deformation mechanism and active tectonics using geomorphic indices and the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) technique. Two frontal thrust faults (Khirgi and Jandola) were mapped using Sentinel-2B band ratios in the study area. Water gaps were present in the form of deflected streams at the tip of the growing anticlines. The C-band RADAR interferometry (Sentinel-1A) showed an average uplift of 5–9 mm/year in the satellite line of sight (LOS) from May 2018 to October 2019. The velocity profiles show an uplift variation across the anticlines and may be related to the displacement transfer from the zone of compression in the Manzai Ranges to the zone of transpression in the Pezu–Bhittani Ranges. Four types of morphometric analyses were carried out to assess the relative tectonic activity, namely mountain front sinuosity index (Smf), valley floor width to height ratio (Vf), normalized longitudinal river profile, and normalized channel steepness index (Ksn). The landscape response to active tectonics in the study area was recorded as a deep fluvial incision in V-shaped valleys, convex river profiles, topographic breaks as knickpoints, and a high Ksn index. The geomorphic parameters show a relative increase in tectonic uplift and deformation from the Kundi anticline to the Khirgi and Manzai anticline. We concluded that the frontal structures in the western Himalayas are still going through an active phase of deformation and landscape development with both seismic and aseismic creep.
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Bahuguna, Vivekanand, Ashish Kumar Chowdhary, Shurveer Singh, Gaurav Bhatt, Siddhant Bhardwaj, Nikita Lohani, and Satyanand Bahuguna. "A food spectrum analysis of three bufonid species (Anura: Bufonidae) from Uttarakhand region of the western Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 13 (October 26, 2019): 14663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4335.11.13.14663-14671.
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The ecological diversity of insects and its predators like amphibians are important determinants in ecological balance. A total of 1,222 prey items in 84 specimens were examined to contribute the understanding of the diets of three Duttaphrynus species, viz., himalayanus, melanostictus, and stomaticus from Uttarakhand, the western Himalaya, India. Gut content analysis of three bufonids revealed acceptance of a wide range of terrestrial insects and other invertebrates as their food. The index of relative importance indicated that the most important preys were Formicidae, Coleoptera and Orthoptera. Duttaphrynus melanostictus had the broadest dietary niche breadth, followed by D. himalaynus and D. stomaticus. The wide prey spectrum well indicates that these species are the generalist and opportunist invertebrate feeder. Information pertaining to the food spectrum analysis contributes to understanding the ecological roles and used as a baseline data for future successful amphibian conservation and management programs in the Himalayan ecosystem.
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Parajuli, A., M. B. Chand, R. B. Kayastha, J. M. Shea, and P. K. Mool. "Modified temperature index model for estimating the melt water discharge from debris-covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 368 (May 7, 2015): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-368-409-2015.
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Abstract. In the Nepalese Himalayas, the complex topography, occurrence of debris covered glaciers, and limited data availability creates substantial difficulties for modelling glacier melt. The proper recognition of melt processes governs the accurate estimation of melt water from glacier dominated systems, even in the presence of debris-covered glaciers. This paper presents a glacier melt model developed for the Lirung sub-basin of Langtang valley, which has both a clean glacier area, 5.86 km2, and a debris-covered glacier area, 1.13 km2. We use a temperature index approach to estimate sub-daily melt water discharge for a two week period at the end of monsoon, and the melt factor is varied according to the aspect and distributed to each grid processed from the digital elevation model. The model uses easily available data and simple extrapolation techniques capable of generating melt with limited data. The result obtained from this method provides accurate estimate with an R2 value of 0.89, bias of 0.9% and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.86, and suitable in Himalaya where data availability is major issue.
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Chaudhary, Abha, Prakash Biswakarma, Varun Joshi, Asha Pandey, and Ruchi Singh. "Frequency ratio analysis to determine the landslide susceptibility in East Sikkim district of Indian Himalayan region." Disaster Advances 17, no. 1 (December 5, 2023): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/171da044061.
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Landslides are a significant natural disaster causing damage to many mountainous regions worldwide including the Indian Himalayan region. In the East Sikkim district of the Eastern Himalayas, the most used bivariate frequency ratio (FR) model was utilized with high-resolution satellite imagery to understand the susceptibility of the region to landslides. Conditioning factors such as slope aspect, slope angle, slope curvature, drainage density, land use and land cover (LULC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), lithology, and geomorphology were considered in the analysis. LULC is the most crucial factor contributing to landslide susceptibility with a normalized FR value of 14.1. Slope and geomorphology followed closely with values of 12.5 and 11.8 respectively. In contrast, the least important factors were slope aspect and lithology with values of 8.7 and 9.3 respectively. These results can be used to prioritize landslide conditioning factors (LCF) and generate a final landslide susceptibility map (LSM). By adding the values of all LCFs, a landslide susceptibility index was obtained, and the LSM was zoned into high, medium, and low susceptibility classes covering 23.4%, 44.4%, and 32.2% of the study area respectively. The validity of the method used was confirmed using a receiver operating characteristic curve which yielded an accuracy of 78%. The findings highlight the importance of LULC, slope, and geomorphology as critical factors in landslide susceptibility in the East Sikkim district of the Eastern Himalayas.
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Joshi, Savita, S. C. Sati, and Parikshit Kumar. "Antibacterial potential and ethnomedical relevance of Kumaun Himalayan Gymnosperms." Journal of Phytopharmacology 5, no. 5 (October 17, 2016): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2016.5505.
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Ethnomedicinal information is one of the powerful criteria for new drugs discoveries therefore; present investigation was carried out to evaluate the ethnomedicinal and antibacterial potential of traditional Kumaun Himalayan gymnosperms. Besides, an antibacterial value index and relative antibacterial activity of studied plants have been established. Forty four plant leaves extracts in different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, chloroform and hexane) of 11 gymnosperms (Araucaria cunninghamii, Biota orientalis, Cedrus deodara, Cephalotaxus griffithi, Cryptomeria japonica Cupressus torulosa, Ginkgo biloba, Juniperus communis, Picea smithiana, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata) occurring in Kumaun Himalaya were screened for their antimicrobial activity against five pathogenic bacteria using disc diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of studied gymnospermic plant extracts against a panel of bacteria was found effective at 1000 µg/ml. The MIC and MBC values of each extract (where ZOI ≥ 15 mm) were also determined. The methanol extract of screened gymnosperms were found the most effective against all the bacteria (54% to 81%), followed by ethanol extract (45-72%), hexane extract (18-27%), while in chloroform extract it ranged 9-27% only. The extracts of G. biloba exhibited superior Relative Antibacterial Activity (RAA, 20%), followed by A. cunninghamii and P. wallichiana (12% RAA, each). The lowest RAA value was observed for C. torulosa (1%). All data were also analyzed for determination of an Antibacterial Value Index (ABVI) for each studied species of gymnosperm. G. biloba had maximum ABVI i.e. 90 % followed by A. cunninghamii and P. wallichiana (ABVI, 55% each). C. torulosa showed the least ABVI and RAA i.e. 5% and 11%, respectively. The present work fully highlighted the utility of traditionally known 11 gymnosperms of Kumaun Himalaya for their antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria.
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Poudyal, K. N., B. K. Bhattarai, B. K. Sapkota, Berit Kjeldstad, and N. R. Karki. "Estimation of Global Solar Radiation using Pyranometer and NILU-UV Irradiance Meter at Pokhara Valley in Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2014): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10672.
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The global solar radiation (GSR) and cloud transmittance factor (cf) are measured at the horizontal surface since 2009 using calibrated CMP6 Pyranometer and NILUUV Irradiance Meter at Pokhara (28.22°N, 83.32°E) which is about 800m from the sea level lying just 20km south of the Himalayas. This paper explains the daily, monthly and seasonal variation of global solar radiation and also compared with temperature and rainfall to global solar radiation. The annual average daily global solar radiation is about 4.81 kWh/m2/day which is sufficient to promote solar active and passive solar energy technology at sub-Himalaya terrain Pokhara and other similar geographical locations. The correlation coefficient 0.70 is found in between clearness index (K) and cloud transmittance factor (cf). This novel result can be used for location of similar meteorological and geographical characteristics at which solar data are not available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10672Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 69–78
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Azad, Md Alquamar, Neelratan Singh, S. K. Singh, and Apurva Alok. "Evaluation of a Preliminary Support Design of Railway Tunnel Adit in Inner Lesser Himalaya India: An Empirical Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1032, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1032/1/012019.
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Abstract This article addresses the excavation method and support design for the adit tunnel in the Rudraprayag District, Lesser Himalayas of India, using Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Tunneling Quality Index (Q), and New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). Based on ONORM B 2203 correlations with RMR and Q systems, the New Austrian Tunneling Method rock structure classes were developed. Because the geology was constantly changing, NATM concepts were applied. The RMR-based rock mass estimates were overestimated, but the qualitative investigation was correct. The NATM method is more appropriate for a Garhwal Himalayan rock with varying rock mass uncertainty. The present adit research reveals several outstanding questions about rock mass quality, tunnel behavior during construction, and use. The analysis results might be used to build new tunnels in comparable terrain in other parts of the world.
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Bhutia, Yangchenla, Ravikanth Gudasalamani, Rengaian Ganesan, and Somidh Saha. "Assessing Forest Structure and Composition along the Altitudinal Gradient in the State of Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas, India." Forests 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080633.
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Understanding the structure and composition of native forests is a prerequisite in developing an adaptive forest management plan for Himalayan forest ecosystems where climate change is rapid. However, basic information on forest structure and composition are still limited in many places of the Eastern Himalayas. In this study, we aimed to understand the diversity, structure, and composition of forests and their variations along an altitudinal gradient in Himalayan forests. The study was conducted in the Indian federal state of Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas. We carried out a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of species diversity, stand basal area, and stem density along the altitudinal gradient from 900m a.s.l.to 3200m a.s.l. We used stratified random sampling to survey eighty-three plots each 0.1 ha in forest communities that occurred along the altitudinal gradient: (a) lower (900–1700 m) altitude forest (N = 24), (b) mid (1700–2500 m) altitude forests (N = 37), and (c) higher (2500–3200 m)altitude forests (N = 22). We measured and identified all living trees with a >3 cm diameter at breast height in each plot. We counted 10,344 individual plants, representing 114 woody species belonging to 42 families and 75 genera. The family Fagaceae and its species Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (Kurz) Rehder. were reported as the most dominant forest trees with the highest Importance Value Index. The Shannon diversity index was recorded as being the highest for the low-altitude forests, whereas measures of structural diversity varied among forests along with altitude: the mid-altitude forests recorded the highest stem density and the high-altitude forests showed the highest mean stem DBH (diameter at 1.3 m height). One significant finding of our study was the disparity of the size class distribution among forests along the altitudinal gradient. Overall, we found a reverse J-shape distribution of tree diameter signifying the uneven-agedness. However, we showed, for the first time, a complete lack of large trees (>93 cm DBH) in the lower altitude forests. Our study highlights conservation concerns for the low-altitude forests that record high species diversity, although lacked large-diameter trees. We anticipate that our study will provide a comprehensive understanding of forest diversity, composition, and structure along the altitudinal gradient to design conservation and sustainable management strategies
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RIKHARI, H. C., L. M. S. PALNI, S. SHARMA, and S. K. NANDI. "Himalayan yew: stand structure, canopy damage, regeneration and conservation strategy." Environmental Conservation 25, no. 4 (December 1998): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892998000411.
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Taxus baccata L. subsp. wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilger has come into prominence in recent times due to its uncontrolled harvesting from the Himalayan wilds for the extraction of the anti-cancer drug Taxol. It is a very slow growing tree with poor regeneration, and the extent of canopy damage is likely to have serious consequences on biomass yield, plant survival and natural regeneration by affecting 'seed' output. The present study in the Jageshwar area of the Central Himalaya aimed to determine the stand and canopy structure, microsite characteristics, extent of canopy removal, and regeneration in human-disturbed and undisturbed sites. The number of trees, saplings and seedlings varied amongst plots. Leaf area index and canopy volume increased with increasing circumference at breast height. Of the total canopy volume, 57.4% was found to have been removed from the study area (9.54 ha; representing about 8% of the total T. baccata habitat). Regeneration of the species was found to be better in moist and shady microsites at undisturbed locations than in disturbed sites. Efforts made thus far for its conservation, and future strategies are discussed.
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LEKHAK, Kumod, Pawan RAİ, and Padam Bahadur BUDHA. "Extraction of Water Bodies from Sentinel-2 Images in the Foothills of Nepal Himalaya." International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1240074.
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This paper evaluates an integrated water body mapping method in sub Himalayan region of Nepal with optical images of Sentinel – 2 satellites of European Space Agency. The objectives of this study is to evaluating the integrated method of water body mapping with Sentinel – 2 data and to find the optimal mapping method in Sub Himalaya region. This method extracts the information on water bodies by combining image indices and near infrared band and used slope image to remove false results.. The study results indicate that difference of indices is more accurate to map the water bodies than single index method as it enhance the contrast between water bodies and other environmental features. On the basis of the accurately mapped water bodies of the study area, this research conclude that the multi spectral images from the Sentinel images can be ideal data source for water bodies monitoring with fine spatial and temporal resolution. Although smaller water bodies with high vegetation cover cannot be detected by this method, the integrated water body mapping method is suitable for the applications multi-spectral images in this field.
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Neupane, Bijaya, Nar Bahadur Chhetri, and Bijaya Dhami. "Habitat selection of Himalayan Musk Deer Moschus leucogaster (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Moschidae) with respect to biophysical attributes in Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 18703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6725.13.7.18703-18712.
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Himalayan or White-bellied Musk Deer Moschus leucogaster, an IUCN indexed endangered species, is distributed in isolated pockets in the Himalaya. The deer population is decreasing owing to several pressures that include habitat loss and fragmentation, and poaching. It is essential to identify preferred habitat characteristics to support appropriate management strategies for conserving this endangered species. This study was carried out in the Nysheang basin of Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal to identify habitats preferred by the musk deer. Habitat field parameters were collected using transect surveys. To analyze vegetation use and availability, nested quadrate plots size 20 m2 were established. Ivlev’s electivity index (IV) (-1 to +1) was employed to determine habitat preference, and one-way ANOVA (F) and chi-square tests (χ2) were used to examine different habitat parameters. Similarly, the importance value index (IVI) of the vegetation was calculated. Our results showed that the Himalayan Musk Deer strongly preferred habitats at 3601–3800 m altitude (IV= 0.3, F= 4.58, P <0.05), with 21–30º slope (IV= 0.2, F= 4.14, P <0.05), 26–50 % crown cover (IV= 0.25, F= 4.45, P <0.05), 26–50 % ground cover (IV= 0.15, F= 4.13, P <0.05), and mixed forest (IV= 0.29, χ2= 28.82, df= 3, p <0.001). Among the trees, Abies spectabilis (IVI= 74.87, IV= 0.035) and Rhododendron arboretum (IVI= 55.41, IV= 0.02) were the most preferred, while Rhododendron lepidotum, Cassiope fastigiata (IV= 0.35) and Berberis aristata (IV= 0.25) were the most preferred shrubs, and Primula denticulata (IV= 0.87) and Primula rotundifolia (IV= 0.31) were the most preferred herbs. These preferred habitat conditions should be maintained and conserved to sustain a viable population of deer in the study area. Further studies will be required to assess the effects of climate change on habitat suitability.
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Wani, Zishan Ahmad, Sajid Khan, Jahangeer A. Bhat, Akhtar H. Malik, Tahira Alyas, Shreekar Pant, Sazada Siddiqui, Mahmoud Moustafa, and Ahmad Ezzat Ahmad. "Pattern of β-Diversity and Plant Species Richness along Vertical Gradient in Northwest Himalaya, India." Biology 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11071064.
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The structure and distribution patterns of Himalayan vegetation are poorly explored, and research on species composition along the elevation gradient in these mountain ranges is still deficient. The current study was undertaken to analyze the variation and pattern of plant species composition along a vertical gradient in northwestern Himalaya, India. A total of 18 sites were selected along an elevation gradient ranging from 2200 to 3900 m asl positioned at an interval of 100 m. The Renyi diversity profile, non-metric multidimensional scaling based on the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity metric and beta diversity components among the elevation belts were calculated. Furthermore, to study the influence of altitude on species richness and diversity, a generalized additive model was created. Two hundred and ten plant species representing 66 families and 147 genera were recorded. The Renyi diversity profiles show that the lower and mid-altitudes had rich species diversity. The results of the non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis show a considerable variation in the total plant species composition among the studied elevation belts. The observed multiple-site Sorensen dissimilarity index across the studied elevation belts was very high. The contribution of species replacement or the turnover component to the observed dissimilarity was much higher than the nestedness component. Furthermore, the herbaceous and tree richness showed a significant decrease with increase in elevation; however, the richness of shrubs showed a bimodal pattern. The present study increases our understanding of the trends and patterns of species richness along the vertical gradient in the Himalayan region.
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Pandey, Rishikesh. "Life and Livelihoods in the ‘Forbidden Kingdom’, the Trans-Himalaya, Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 11 (December 31, 2017): 24–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v11i0.18822.
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Rural livelihoods in Nepal are generally based on ecosystem resources. Despite a large number of studies on the Himalayan livelihoods, representation of the Trans-Himalaya, particularly Upper-Mustang, are rare. Such a scarcity could be associated with the fact that the place was isolated from the rest of the world and mainstream Nepali societies for a long time and also used to be known as ‘forbidden kingdom.’ This paper documents livelihood situation of Upper-Mustang in reference to the data collected in 66 households, in-depth interviews taken with 22 key informants, and focus group discussions conducted in 6 locations. Household livelihood system was studied with reference to five livelihood capitals, which were transformed into Livelihood Capital Index (LCI) at first and Livelihood Sustainability Index (LSI) later. Households in the Trans-Himalaya fulfill their livelihood requirement from multiple sources such as farming and livestock ranching together with small-scale enterprises, remittance and labouring. Overall status of livelihood capital is weak that cannot satisfy households’ food and livelihood requirements. There exists inter-household variation in the status of livelihood capitals.The households with diversified livelihood options have relatively secured livelihood, although such security is relative to the households of Upper-Mustang. Considering the weak status of agro-livestock system, which is mostly associated with unfavorable geographic conditions and lack of agro-livestock service provision, the region has sound scope for tourism industries and production as well as marketing of medicinal and aromatic plants, and fruits. Therefore, there is a plenty of possibility of diversifying livelihoods, however, neither the communities are eager to do so nor the state policies are encouraging. Therefore, together with expansion and advancement of physical infrastructure, effective service delivery and provision for social welfare, government programs should be facilitative for optimum and sustainable utilization of ecosystem resources for the sustainability of household livelihood system.Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11, 2017; 24-59
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Baniya, Binod, and Jaya Ram Karki. "Ecological Risk Assessment using Satellite Derived NDVI, HFP and Rainfall Erosivity in Nepal." Cognition 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cognition.v4i1.46437.
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Understanding vegetation dynamics is becoming increasingly crucial to maintain ecosystem in the Himalaya region. An assessment of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and human footprint pressure indicates the ecological risk scenario of Nepal. The original NOAA NDVI product available from 1981-2015 were used. Similarly, Human footprint pressure data for 1993 and 2009 were used. The study purpose was to develop ecological risk map based on NDVI dynamics and human pressure to natural resources. The result showed that the intensity of vegetation dynamics was 0.065 yr-1 with large positive and negative intensities observed in 2006 and 1984, respectively. Both of the intensity of vegetation changes and variance of NDVI showed increased ecological fragility in the Tran-Himalayan region. However, negative correlation between NDVI and rainfall erosivity showed reduced soil erosion and ecological risk in the region. The human footprint pressure has increased up to 43 which together with increasing annual population growth trend (1.35 yr-1) has exerted pressure on the natural system and created ecological risk. The results have important implications for a better understanding of the vegetation dynamics in response to ongoing climatic variability and associated ecological risks in Nepal.
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Hegdahl, Trine J., Lena M. Tallaksen, Kolbjørn Engeland, John F. Burkhart, and Chong-Yu Xu. "Discharge sensitivity to snowmelt parameterization: a case study for Upper Beas basin in Himachal Pradesh, India." Hydrology Research 47, no. 4 (February 19, 2016): 683–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.047.
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Snow- and glacier melt are important contributors to river discharge in high-elevated areas of the Himalayan region. Thus, it is important that the key processes controlling snow and glacier accumulation and melting, are well represented in hydrological models. In this study, the sensitivity of modelled discharge to different snowmelt parameterizations was evaluated. A distributed hydrological model that operated on a 1 × 1 km2 grid at a daily time resolution was applied to a high-elevated mountainous basin, the Upper Beas basin in Indian Himalaya, including several sub-basins with a varying degree of glacier covered areas. The snowmelt was calculated using (i) a temperature-index method, (ii) an enhanced temperature-index method including a shortwave radiation term, and (iii) an energy balance method. All model configurations showed similar performance at daily, seasonal, and annual timescales and a lower performance for the validation period than for the calibration period; a main reason being the failure to capture the observed negative trend in annual discharge in the validation period. The results suggest that model performance is more sensitive to the precipitation input, i.e. interpolation method than to the choice of snowmelt routine. The paper highlights the challenges related to the lack of high quality data sets in mountainous regions, which are those areas globally with most water resources.
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Sathyaseelan, M., S. K. Ghosh, and C. S. P. Ojha. "ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF A HIMALAYAN CATCHMENT WITH LAND COVER INDICES AND LST RELATIONSHIP USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS – A GEOSPATIAL APPROACH." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-M-1-2023 (April 21, 2023): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-m-1-2023-285-2023.
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Abstract. Environmental sustainability assessment is a crucial part of the management of natural resources. Remote Sensing based environmental land cover indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and its associated Land Surface Temperature (LST) are the major governing factors for the environmental processes that happen on the surface of the earth . These NDVI, NDWI, NDBI, NDMI, and LST are generated for 2020 using the Landsat satellite datasets. The process-based relationship among them is complex and involves various parameters but may be easily represented by multiple linear regression models. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one such type that efficiently handles and evaluates the contribution of each of these factors to each other based on the sampling units. The study area is the upper Ramganga catchment in the Indian Himalayas, consisting of 117 sub-catchments. These catchment units (samples) are entangled with these environmental factors. The results of the PCA reveal the relationship between each of the environmental factors and their priority. Based on the uncorrelated factors priority suggestion from the PCA, catchment units were classified as high, moderate, or low categories based on their dominance in the relationship among the factors. These spatial variations in the environmental factors can help to assess the sustainability of resources in the Himalayan catchment.
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Kumari, Nikul, Ankur Srivastava, and Umesh Chandra Dumka. "A Long-Term Spatiotemporal Analysis of Vegetation Greenness over the Himalayan Region Using Google Earth Engine." Climate 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9070109.
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The Himalayas constitute one of the richest and most diverse ecosystems in the Indian sub-continent. Vegetation greenness driven by climate in the Himalayan region is often overlooked as field-based studies are challenging due to high altitude and complex topography. Although the basic information about vegetation cover and its interactions with different hydroclimatic factors is vital, limited attention has been given to understanding the response of vegetation to different climatic factors. The main aim of the present study is to analyse the relationship between the spatiotemporal variability of vegetation greenness and associated climatic and hydrological drivers within the Upper Khoh River (UKR) Basin of the Himalayas at annual and seasonal scales. We analysed two vegetation indices, namely, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) time-series data, for the last 20 years (2001–2020) using Google Earth Engine. We found that both the NDVI and EVI showed increasing trends in the vegetation greening during the period under consideration, with the NDVI being consistently higher than the EVI. The mean NDVI and EVI increased from 0.54 and 0.31 (2001), respectively, to 0.65 and 0.36 (2020). Further, the EVI tends to correlate better with the different hydroclimatic factors in comparison to the NDVI. The EVI is strongly correlated with ET with r2 = 0.73 whereas the NDVI showed satisfactory performance with r2 = 0.45. On the other hand, the relationship between the EVI and precipitation yielded r2 = 0.34, whereas there was no relationship was observed between the NDVI and precipitation. These findings show that there exists a strong correlation between the EVI and hydroclimatic factors, which shows that changes in vegetation phenology can be better captured using the EVI than the NDVI.
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Schmid, F. "Les Brachycentrides en Inde (Trichoptera, Integripalpia)." Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 62, no. 2 (1992): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660644-06202004.
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The brachycentrids are represented in India by only two genera. The only species of Brachycentrus is distributed all along the Himalayan Range. Micrasema is represented by twelve species, ten of which are presently described as new. A few short taxonomic and phyletic considerations are also given.
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Namgail, Tsewang, Sipke E. van Wieren, and Herbert H. T. Prins. "Distributional congruence of mammalian herbivores in the Trans-Himalayan Mountains." Current Zoology 59, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.1.116.
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Abstract Large-scale distribution and diversity patterns of mammalian herbivores, especially less charismatic species in alpine environments remain little understood. We studied distributional congruence of mammalian herbivores in the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh to see if the distributions of less prominent and smaller herbivores can be determined from those of larger and more prominent herbivores like ungulates. Using a similarity index, we assessed shared distributions of species in 20×20 km2grid-cells in an area of about 80,000 km2. We used the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) to classify mammalian herbivores into groups with similar distributions. We then used the G-test of independence to look for statistical significance of the groups obtained. We identified six groups of mammalian herbivores with distributions more similar than expected at random. The largest group was composed of nine species whereas the other large group comprised six species. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), used to relate the groups with environmental features, showed that the largest group occurred in higher and flatter areas, while the other large group occurred in lower and steeper areas. Large herbivores like ungulates can be used as surrogate for less prominent small herbivores while identifying areas for latter’s protection in the inaccessible mountainous regions of the Trans-Himalaya.
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Farooq, Imran, G. M. Bhat, S. K. Pandita, Rameshwar Sangra, Arjun Singh, Gulzar Hussain, Yudhbir Singh, and Ahsan-ul-Haq. "Study of slope instability on the Bhaderwah–Bani Highway, Jammu and Kashmir, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 68, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2019): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2019.42.
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Northwest Himalaya has witnessed lot of mass movements during the Quaternary period which have led to palaeoenvironmental degradation and deposition of erratic size sediments. These sediments have developed as fossil slides along the mountain slopes. In last few decades, the frequency of landslides has increased due to various factors such as complex geology, geotechnical properties of the rocks and anthropogenic activities. The investigation of rock slopes require geo–engineering evaluation to assess the instability of critical slopes leading to landslides particularly in the Himalayan region, where rocks are highly folded, faulted, jointed and weathered. In the present study, a total of 15 rock slopes have been selected for rapid assessment of instability condition using rock mass rating basic (RMRb), slope mass rating (SMR) and kinematics analysis techniques along Bhaderwah–Bani Highway in Jammu and Kashmir. Field surveys were conducted regarding required input data collection followed by laboratory works. The results of RMRb show two classes of rock mass, i.e., Class II–Good (86.58%) and Class III–Fair (13.42%). The SMR index classify rock slopes into different stability class results, which infers completely unstable (L4 and L14), unstable (L1, L2, L3, L8, L9, L11, L12 and L13), partially stable (L5, L6 and L7) and stable (L10 and L15) categories. The final output of kinematic analysis verify different modes of structurally controlled slope failures i.e., planar (30.72%), wedge (57.6%) and toppling (11.52%), representing all 15 sites in the study area.
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Yadav, Ram R., Won-Kyu Park, and Amalava Bhattacharyya. "Dendroclimatic Reconstruction of April–May Temperature Fluctuations in the Western Himalaya of India Since A.D. 1698." Quaternary Research 48, no. 2 (September 1997): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1919.
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AbstractRing-width chronologies of Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara (D. Don.) G. Don.), Himalayan pine (Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson), and Himalayan spruce (Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss.) from the western Himalayan region, India, have been used to reconstruct mean April–May temperature back to A. D. 1698. The reconstruction correlates significantly with the average April–May instrumental temperature record (r= +0.62, 1876–1988) and is characterized by annual to multiyear fluctuations. The most striking feature of the present reconstruction is the absence of any warming trend in the 20th century. Relationships between the mean April–May temperature for the western Himalayan region, Indian summer monsoon rainfall, and Southern Oscillation Index indicate that the tree-ring chronologies, as surrogate temperature records, will provide valuable data for climate change studies with regional and global perspectives.
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Samtleben, Nadja, Aleš Kuchař, Petr Šácha, Petr Pišoft, and Christoph Jacobi. "Impact of local gravity wave forcing in the lower stratosphere on the polar vortex stability: effect of longitudinal displacement." Annales Geophysicae 38, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-95-2020.
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Abstract. The effects of gravity wave (GW) breaking hotspots in the lower stratosphere, especially the role of their longitudinal distribution, are evaluated through a sensitivity study by using a simplified middle atmosphere circulation model. For the position of the local GW hotspot, we first selected a fixed latitude range between 37.5 and 62.5∘ N and a longitude range from 112.5 to 168.75∘ E, as well as an altitude range between 18 and 30 km. This confined GW hotspot was then shifted in longitude by 45∘ steps, so that we created eight artificial GW hotspots in total. Strongly dependent on the location of the respective GW hotspot with regard to the phase of the stationary planetary wave of wavenumber 1 (SPW 1) generated in the model, the local GW forcing may interfere constructively or destructively with the modeled SPW 1. GW hotspots, which are located in North America near the Rocky Mountains, lead to an increase in the SPW 1 amplitude and EP flux, while hotspots located near the Caucasus, the Himalayas or the Scandinavian region lead to a decrease in these parameters. Thus, the polar vortex is less (Caucasus and Himalayan hotspots) or more weakened (Rocky Mountains hotspot) by the prevailing SPW activity. Because the local GW forcing generally suppresses wave propagation at midlatitudes, the SPWs 1 propagate into the polar region, where the refractive index turned to positive values for the majority of the artificial GW hotspots. An additional source of SPW 1 may be local instabilities indicated by the reversal in the meridional potential vorticity gradient in the polar region in connection with a positive EP divergence. In most cases, the SPWs 1 are breaking in the polar region and maintain the deceleration and, thus, the weakening of the polar vortex. While the SPWs 1 that form when the GW hotspots are located above North America propagate through the polar region into the middle atmosphere, the SPWs 1 in the remaining GW hotspot simulations were not able to propagate further upwards because of a negative refractive index above the positive refractive index anomaly in the polar region. GW hotspots, which are located near the Himalayas, influence the mesosphere–lower thermosphere region because of possible local instabilities in the lower mesosphere generating additional SPWs 1, which propagate upwards into the mesosphere.
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Habib, Tariq, Sadheer Ahmad, and Zeeshan Hashmat Mughal. "Variation in Diversity Pattern of Plants along Environmental Variables at Qazi Nag Range, Kashmir Region, Western Himalaya." Planta Animalia 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55627/pa.01.1.0158.
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Species composition and abundance patterns in eighteen forest sites from 1700m to 3400m elevation were studied to evaluate species diversity and richness at Qazi Nag Range, Kashmir region, Western Himalaya. Evaluation of species diversity was determined by Shannon-Weiner's index of diversity (H') Sheldon evenness index (E) and Margalef species richness index (R'). Species diversity values ranged from 3.497 to 2.773 at 1700m and 3400m respectively whereas species richness varied from 1.83 (1700m) to 0.8 at 3200m. The species diversity and richness values were recorded higher from 2300 to 2600 m having best combination of heat and precipitation which ensure survival of more species. Diversity values declined towards upper and lower reaches, which might be due to flow of individuals from both upslope and low-lying areas. Correlation analyses showed that the environmental variables as altitude and potassium were found negatively correlated with diversity index while pH, EC Organic matter and soil saturation were recorded positively correlated with species diversity. This study highlights the importance of local and landscape scale environmental variables on species diversity and vegetation patterns in Kashmir Region, Western Himalaya
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Pandey, Arvind Chandra, Tirthankar Ghosh, Bikash Ranjan Parida, Chandra Shekhar Dwivedi, and Reet Kamal Tiwari. "Modeling Permafrost Distribution Using Geoinformatics in the Alaknanda Valley, Uttarakhand, India." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 15731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315731.
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The Indian Himalayan region is experiencing frequent hazards and disasters related to permafrost. However, research on permafrost in this region has received very little or no attention. Therefore, it is important to have knowledge about the spatial distribution and state of permafrost in the Indian Himalayas. Modern remote sensing techniques, with the help of a geographic information system (GIS), can assess permafrost at high altitudes, largely over inaccessible mountainous terrains in the Himalayas. To assess the spatial distribution of permafrost in the Alaknanda Valley of the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand state, 198 rock glaciers were mapped (183 active and 15 relict) using high-resolution satellite data available in the Google Earth database. A logistic regression model (LRM) was used to identify a relationship between the presence of permafrost at the rock glacier sites and the predictor variables, i.e., the mean annual air temperature (MAAT), the potential incoming solar radiation (PISR) during the snow-free months, and the aspect near the margins of rock glaciers. Two other LRMs were also developed using moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived land surface temperature (LST) and snow cover products. The MAAT-based model produced the best results, with a classification accuracy of 92.4%, followed by the snow-cover-based model (91.9%), with the LST-based model being the least accurate (82.4%). All three models were developed to compare their accuracy in predicting permafrost distribution. The results from the MAAT-based model were validated with the global permafrost zonation index (PZI) map, which showed no significant differences. However, the predicted model exhibited an underestimation of the area underlain by permafrost in the region compared to the PZI. Identifying the spatial distribution of permafrost will help us to better understand the impact of climate change on permafrost and its related hazards and provide necessary information to decision makers to mitigate permafrost-related disasters in the high mountain regions.
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Pant, Ramesh Raj, Khadka Bahadur Pal, Faizan Ur Rehman, Kiran Bishwakarma, Lalit Pathak, and Lal Bahadur Thapa. "Water quality and health risk assessment in the Gandaki river basin, central Himalaya, Nepal." Scientific World 16, no. 16 (August 4, 2023): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v16i16.56827.
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Public health is at threat due to chemical contaminants in drinking water which may have direct health concerns. The suitability of water for health is primarily governed by the mineral constituents present in the water. The present study was carried out to evaluate the water quality and associated health risks in the Gandaki River Basin (GRB) in Central Himalaya, Nepal considering hydrochemical variables such as total dissolved solids (TDS); major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+); major anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, and HCO3-) and trace metals (As, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ba, Cr, Li and Sr) in spatiotemporal levels. Water Quality Index (WQI), Health Risk Assessment (HRA), and Cancer Index (CI) were analyzed to evaluate the overall quality of water in the GRB. The results revealed that all the examined variables were within the National Guidelines recommended for domestic uses. Moreover, the results revealed that concentrations of TDS, major ions, and trace metals showed significant seasonality and the WQI values were found to be 36.38, 23.77, and 30.36 in pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon, respectively indicating better water quality in the monsoon season. Additionally, CI analysis of the selected trace metals such as As, Cr and Pb indicated relatively low cancer risk in the river water during all the seasons. The hazard quotient (HQ) dermal values of all the elements were < 1, signifying the little or no adverse effects via a dermal path, while HQ ingestion values of Ba, Li, Sr, and Zn were found to be >1 during all the seasons indicating their possible threat via ingestion path. This study provides a useful database and suggests regular assessment and, also appropriate policy formulations for safeguarding the water bodies in the Himalayas.
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Naithani, S., P. K. Champati ray, and R. C. Joshi. "A MULTI PARAMETRIC MICRO-LEVEL VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR MOUNTAIN HABITAT: A CASE EXAMPLE FROM BHILANGANA BLOCK, UTTARAKHAND HIMALAYA, INDIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W8 (August 21, 2019): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w8-267-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Although vulnerability is a relatively simple concept reflecting the degree of harm or adverse impacts on an individual, group or a system due to hazards, its implementation is rather complex due to underlying social, economic and physical dimensions of vulnerability along with coping capacity. This complex problem is addressed through a multi hazard vulnerability assessment model at a smallest human habitat i.e., village level in Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, India. The model can be effectively upscaled to higher administrative levels to present a multi-scalar view of the state of vulnerability in one of the worst disaster affected regions in India. It was tested for Bhilangana block of Uttarakhand state (India) set in multi-hazard prone North-west Himalaya. The analysis included elements of population, buildings and road infrastructure measured across dimensions of physical, social and economic conditions. A total of 32 factors were used to define vulnerability; data was normalized and aggregated to obtain a single index value for each village. Each component and overall comparative vulnerability were estimated using k-means clustering, where natural clusters of villages with similar vulnerability emerged as one class. Results show that remotely located villages like Pinswar, Gainwali, Banoli and Gangi exhibit highest vulnerability to multi-hazards. Least vulnerable villages are clustered around local business or tourist centres. The results highlight the spatial variation of vulnerability and its causative factors which are crucial for introducing appropriate policy measures to strengthen villages that are high on vulnerability parameters.</p>
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Sano, Masaki, R. Ramesh, MS Sheshshayee, and R. Sukumar. "Increasing aridity over the past 223 years in the Nepal Himalaya inferred from a tree-ring δ18O chronology." Holocene 22, no. 7 (December 14, 2011): 809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611430338.
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A tree-ring δ18O chronology of Abies spectabilis from the Nepal Himalaya was established to study hydroclimate in the summer monsoon season over the past 223 years (ad 1778–2000). Response function analysis with ambient climatic records revealed that tree-ring δ18O was primarily controlled by the amount of precipitation and relative humidity during the monsoon season (June–September). Since tree-ring δ18O was simultaneously correlated with temperature, drought history in the monsoon season was reconstructed by calibrating against the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Our reconstruction that accounts for 33.7% of the PDSI variance shows a decreasing trend of precipitation/moisture over the past two centuries, and reduction of monsoon activity can be found across different proxy records from the Himalaya and Tibet. Spatial correlation analysis with global sea surface temperatures suggests that the tropical oceans play a role in modulating hydroclimate in the Nepal Himalaya. Although the dynamic mechanisms of the weakening trend of monsoon intensity still remain to be analyzed, rising sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean could be responsible for the reduction of summer monsoon.
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Agnihotri, Priyanka, and Tariq Husain. "Analysis of species diversity in Pedicularis associations of Eastern Himalayan." Indian Journal of Forestry 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-9kp05s.
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Species diversity of Pedicularis and associated plants in Sikkim Himalaya was studied in the year 2003-2004. On the basis of important value index (IVI) species of Ranunculus and Taraxacum were observed to be dominant in microhabitat associations. Index of richness was maximum 0.91 at Lachen, at the altitude of 3500 m and index of diversity was maximum 0.53 at Changu, 3500 m. Index of diversity was higher in Eastern Sikkim than Northern Sikkim but Index of richness was higher in Northern Sikkim.
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Rashid, Ijaz, Muhammad Umair Hassan, Muhammad Nazim, Mohamed Elsherif, Qian Dou, Debo Hu, Muhammad Kamran, Qing Dai, and Haider Butt. "Structural colouration in the Himalayan monal, hydrophobicity and refractive index modulated sensing." Nanoscale 12, no. 41 (2020): 21409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr06382g.
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Acharya, D., A. K. Raina, and S. Panthee. "Challenges to study the Anisotropic Rocks using index tests in the Himalaya Region: A review from the Nepal Himalaya." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 861, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 022050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/861/2/022050.
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Nagai, H., K. Fujita, T. Nuimura, and A. Sakai. "Southwest-facing slopes control the formation of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya." Cryosphere 7, no. 4 (August 14, 2013): 1303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1303-2013.
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Abstract. To understand the formation conditions of debris-covered glaciers, we examined the dimension and shape of debris-covered areas and potential debris-supply (PDS) slopes of 213 glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya. This was undertaken using satellite images with 2.5 m spatial resolution for manual delineation of debris-covered areas and PDS slopes. The most significant correlation exists between surface area of southwest-facing PDS slopes and debris-covered area. This result suggests that the southwest-facing PDS slopes supply the largest quantity of debris mantle. The shape of debris-covered areas is also an important variable, quantitatively defined using a geometric index. Elongate or stripe-like debris-covered areas on north-flowing glaciers are common throughout the Bhutan Himalaya. In contrast, south-flowing glaciers have large ablation zones, entirely covered by debris. Our findings suggest that this difference is caused by effective diurnal freeze–thaw cycles rather than seasonal freeze–thaw cycles, permafrost degradation, or snow avalanches. In terms of geographic setting, local topography also contributes to glacier debris supply and the proportion of debris cover on the studied glaciers is suppressed by the arid Tibetan climate, whereas the north-to-south asymmetric topography of the Bhutan Himalaya has less influence on the proportion of debris cover.
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Tawde, Sayli Atul, Anil V. Kulkarni, and Govindasamy Bala. "An estimate of glacier mass balance for the Chandra basin, western Himalaya, for the period 1984–2012." Annals of Glaciology 58, no. 75pt2 (July 2017): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.18.
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ABSTRACTAn improved understanding of fresh water stored in the Himalaya is crucial for water resource management in South Asia and can be inferred from glacier mass-balance estimates. However, field investigations in the rugged Himalaya are limited to a few individual glaciers and short duration. Therefore, we have recently developed an approach that combines satellite-derived snowlines, a temperature-index melt model and the accumulation-area ratio method to estimate annual mass balance of glaciers at basin scale and for a long period. In this investigation, the mass balance of 146 glaciers in the Chandra basin, western Himalaya, is estimated from 1984 to 2012. We estimate the trend in equilibrium line altitude of the basin as +113 m decade−1and the mean mass balance as −0.61 ± 0.46 m w.e. a−1. Our basin-wide mass-balance estimates are in agreement with the geodetic method during 1999–2012. Sensitivity analysis suggests that a 20% increase in precipitation can offset changes in mass balance for a 1 °C temperature rise. A water loss of 18% of the total basin volume is estimated, and 67% for small and low-altitude glaciers during 1984–2012, indicating a looming water scarcity crisis for villages in this valley.
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Ingty, Tenzing. "Pastoralism in the highest peaks: Role of the traditional grazing systems in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function in the alpine Himalaya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): e0245221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245221.
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Rangelands cover around half of the planet’s land mass and provide vital ecosystem services to over a quarter of humanity. The Himalayan rangelands, part of a global biodiversity hotspot is among the most threatened regions in the world. In rangelands of many developing nations policies banning grazing in protected areas is common practice. In 1998, the Indian state of Sikkim, in the Eastern Himalaya, enacted a grazing ban in response to growing anthropogenic pressure in pastures and forests that was presumably leading to degradation of biodiversity. Studies from the region demonstrate the grazing ban has had some beneficial results in the form of increased carbon stocks and regeneration of some species of conservation value but the ban also resulted in negative outcomes such as reduced household incomes, increase in monocultures in lowlands, decreased manure production in a state that exclusively practices organic farming, spread of gregarious species, and a perceived increase in human wildlife conflict. This paper explores the impact of the traditional pastoral system on high elevation plant species in Lachen valley, one of the few regions of Sikkim where the grazing ban was not implemented. Experimental plots were laid in along an elevation gradient in grazed and ungrazed areas. Ungrazed areas are part of pastures that have been fenced off (preventing grazing) for over a decade and used by the locals for hay formation. I quantified plant species diversity (Species richness, Shannon index, Simpson diversity index, and Pielou evenness index) and ecosystem function (above ground net primary productivity ANPP). The difference method using movable exlosure cages was used in grazing areas to account for plant ANPP eaten and regrowth between grazing periods). The results demonstrate that grazing significantly contributes to greater plant species diversity (Species richness, Shannon index, Simpson diversity index, and Pielou evenness index) and ecosystem function (using above ground net primary productivity as an indicator). The multidimensional scaling and ANOSIM (Analysis of Similarities) pointed to significant differences in plant species assemblages in grazed and ungrazed areas. Further, ecosystem function is controlled by grazing, rainfall and elevation. Thus, the traditional transhumant pastoral system may enhance biodiversity and ecosystem function. I argue that a complete restriction of open grazing meet neither conservation nor socioeconomic goals. Evidence based policies are required to conserve the rich and vulnerable biodiversity of the region.